Chapter 10

BEAM ELEMENT

Dr. Pham Minh Tuan

 Characteristics of Beam element
There are 4 DOFs, 2 DOFs per node, based on Euler – Bernoulli
Beam theory.
4 unknown displacement coefficients:
dv
v =c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 + c4 x 3 θ= = c2 + 2c3 x + 3c4 x 2
dx
q1 q3
 q1 = v1 , q2 = θ1
1 2 
q2 q4  q3 = v2 , q4 = θ2
Strain energy stored in a beam:
2
1
Ld v
2
U = ∫ EI  2  dx
2 0  dx 
 Shape functions
Substitute x-positions of the nodes into the formulas:
 c1 = v1
 v1 = c1 c = θ
 θ =c  2 1
 1 2  3 1
 ⇔  c3 = − ( v1 − v2 ) − ( 2θ1 + θ2 )
v =
 2 1 2c + c l + c3l 2
+ c4 l 3
 l 2 l
θ = c + 2c l + 3c l 2  2 1
 2 2 3 4 = c4 3 1
( v − v2 ) + 2 ( θ1 − θ2 )
 l l
With v = Nq:

N1=
l
1
(
3
2 x − 3lx + l
3 2
) 3
; N 2=
l
1
3( lx 3 − 2l 2 x 2 + l 3 x )
N 3 = 3 ( −2 x 3 + 3lx 2 ) ; N 4 = 3 ( lx − l x )
1 1 3 2 2
l l
Stiffness matrix & Equivalent nodal loads
Element stiffness matrix:
 12 6l −12 6l  q1 q3
 2 E, I
EI  6l 4 l 2
−6l 2l  1 2
K = 3
e
l  −12 −6l 12 −6l  q2 l q4
 
 6l 2l 2 −6l 4l 2  l
Equivalent nodal forces for a distributed load p: f d = ∫ N T p dx
0
pl pl
p
2 2
1 2 1 2
l pl 2 pl 2
−
12 12
 Equivalent nodal forces

qa 2 L3 − 2a 2 L + a 3  qa 2  6 L2 − 82aL + 3a 2 
F1 = −  ; M = −
1
 
2 L3 12 L2
qa 3 (− 2 L + a ) qa 3 (− 4 L + 3a )
F2 = − ; M2 = −
2 L3 12 L2
 Equivalent nodal forces

3qL qL2 7 qL qL2

F1 = − ; M1 = − ; F2 = − ; M2 =
20 30 20 20
 Equivalent nodal forces

qa 2 10 L3 − 15a 2 L + 8a 3  qa 3 10 L2 − 15aL + 6a 2 

F1 = −  ; M = −  
4 1
20 L 30 L3
qa 4 (− 15 L + 8a ) qa 4 (− 5 L + 4a )
F2 = ; M2 = −
20 L4 20 L3
 Equivalent nodal forces

qL 5qL2 qL 5qL2
F1 = − ; M 1 = − ; F2 = − ; M 2 =
4 96 4 96
 Equivalent nodal forces

3 7 1 1
F1 = − q 2 L − q1L; M 1 = − q 2 L − q1L2
2
20 20 30 20
7 3 1 1
F2 = − q 2 L − q1L; M 2 = q 2 L + q1L2
2
20 20 20 30
 Equivalent nodal forces

 3a 2 2a 3   2 a3 
F1 = −1 − +  P; M = − a − 2 a
+ P
 2 3  1  2
L
 L L   L 
 3a 2 2a 3   a 2 a3 
F2 = − −  P; M = − − + P
 2 3  2  L 2
 L L   L 
 Equivalent nodal forces

P PL P PL
F1 = − ; M 1 = − ; F2 = − ; M 2 =
2 8 2 8
 Equivalent nodal forces

 6a 6a 2   4a 3a 2 
F1 =  − +  M ; M = 1 −
1  + M
 2 3  L 2 
 L L   L 
 6a 6a 2   2a 3a 2 
F2 =  − M ; M =  −
2 + M
 2 3   L 2 
 L L   L 
 Equivalent nodal forces

3M M 3M M
F1 = − ; M1 = − ; F2 = ; M2 = −
4L 4 4L 4
 Example
For the loaded beam below, find the slopes ant the two supports,
and the transverse deflection at the mid-point of beam under the
distributed load.
Material properties of the beam are given as:
E = 200 GPa, I = 4 × 106 mm4

q = 12 KN/m

l1 = 1 m l2 = 1 m
 Example
Q1 Q3 Q5
Q2 Q4 Q6
1 2 3
M1 M2 M3
F1 F2 F3
Element stiffness matrix:
1 2 3 4
 12 6l1 −12 6l1  1
 2 
E1 I1  6l1 4l1 −6l1 2l1 
2
(1)
K = 3 
2

l1 −12 −6l1 12 −6l1  3

  3 4 5 6
 6l 2l12 −6l1 4l12  4  12 6l2 −12 6l2  3
 2 
2
−6l2
K ( ) = 23 2  2
2 E I 6 l 4 l2 2l2  4

l2 −12 −6l2 12 −6l2  5

 
 6l 2l22 −6l2 4l22  6
 Example
Q1 Q3 Q5
Q2 Q4 Q6
1 2 3
M1 M2 M3
F1 F2 F3
System stiffness matrix:
1 2 3 4 5 6
 k (1) (1)
k12
(1)
k13
(1)
k14 0 0  1
 11 
 k (1) (1)
k22
(1)
k23
(1)
k24 0 0  2
 21 
 k (1) (1)
k32
(1)
k33 + k11
(2) (1)
k34 + k12
(2) (2)
k13
(2)
k14  3
K =  31 
 k (1) (1)
k42
(1)
k43 + k21
(2) (1)
k44 + k22
(2) (2)
k23
(2) 
k24 4
 41 
 0 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 )
0 k31 k32 k33 k34  5
 
 0 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 
 0 k41 k42 k43 k44  6
 Example
Q1 Q3 Q5
Q2 Q4 Q6
1 2 3
M1 M2 M3
F1 F2 F3
 0 
External force vector:  0 
 f ( )  0  
1

   0   ql2   0  1
1
 f (1)    0 +   0 2
 2   f (2)   2
  
(1) ( 2)  f (1)   1   ql 2   −6000  3
F = F + F =  3  +  ( 2 )  = 0 + 2  =  
f
 f (1)   2   12   −1000 4
 4   (2)   ql2   −6000  5
 0   3  0 +
f   
   (2)   2   1000  6
 0   f4   ql22 
0 − 
 12 
 Example
System equations:

 k (1) (1)
k12
(1)
k13
(1)
k14 0 0 
 11  Q   0   R 
 k (1) (1)
k22
(1)
k23
(1)
k24 0  1
0 Q   0   R 
1
 21  2    2
 k (1) (1)
k32
(1)
k33 + k11
(2) (1)
k34 + k12
(2) (2)
k13
(2)
k14  Q3   −6000   R3 
 31   =  + 
 k (1) (1)
k42
(1)
k43 + k21
(2) (1)
k44 + k22
(2) (2)
k23
( 2 )  Q4
k24    −1000   0 
 41  Q   −6000   R 
 0 (2) (2) (2) (2)
k34    
5 5
0 k31 k32 k33   
  Q6   1000   0 
 0 (2) (2) (2) (2)
 0 k41 k42 k43 k44 

Boundary conditions: Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q5 = 0
 Example
Solve the reduced equations:
 −4 
 8 2  Q 4   − 1000  Q   − 2. 679 × 10 
8 × 105      = 
4
⇔ =  
  6   −
2 4 Q 1000  6   4.464 × 10 
Q 4

Transverse deflection at the mid-point (B) of beam under the

distributed load:
N1=
l
1
3( 2 x − 3lx + l
3 2
)
3
; N 2=
l
1
3( lx 3 − 2l 2 x 2 + l 3 x )
N 3 = 3 ( −2 x 3 + 3lx 2 ) ; N 4 = 3 ( lx − l x )
1 1 3 2 2
l l
Substitute l = 1 m, xB = 0.5 m, Q3 = Q5 = 0 into vB = Nq:

−0.893 × 10−3 ( m )
⇒ vB =
End of Chapter 10