ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

 The bitter and sour taste in food is because of the acids and bases present in
them.
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
 Sour taste
 pH Range of acids are 0 to 7
 pH Range of strong acids 0 to 3
 pH Range of weak acids 4 to 7
 It releases H +¿¿ in water
 Corrosive in nature
PROPERTIES OF BASES
 Bitter taste
 pH Range of bases are 7 to 14
 pH Range of strong bases are 11 to 14
 pH Range of weak bases are 7 to 10
 It releases OH −¿¿ ions in water
 Soapy feeling
 Soluble bases are called alkali (alkaline)

Note:
 pH=−log ¿ (concentration)

 pH α 1
¿¿

 pH α ¿ ¿
 Litmus paper is obtained from lichen trees

CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS:
1) Based on occurrence:
 Organic acids – Acids which come from plants and animals is called
organic acids
Example: Lactic acid (milk), Acetic acid (vinegar), Formic acid (ants),
Citric acid (lemon, orange), tartaric acid (turmeric), Oxalic acid
(vegetables)
  Mineral acids – Acids which come from minerals are called mineral
acids
Example – Sulphuric acid ( H 2 S O 4 ¿ , Nitric acid (H N O3), Hydrochloric
acid (HCl), Carbonic acid ( H 2 C O3)

2) Based on strength:
 Strong acids – Complete ionisation of H +¿¿ ions in water
Example: H 2 S O 4, HCl, H N O3
 Weak acids – Partial ionisation of H +¿¿ ions in water
Example: H 2 C O3, CH 3 COOH , H 2 S O3

3) Based on amount:
 Concentrated (conc.) – More amount of acid and less amount of water
 Diluted (Dil.) – Less amount of acid and more amount of water

CLASSIFICATION OF BASES
1) Based on strength – Complete ionisation of OH −¿¿ ions in water
 Strong base-
Example: KOH, NaOH, Ca ¿, LiOH
 Weak bases- Partial ionisation of OH −¿¿ ions in water
Example: NH 4 OH , Al ¿, Mg ¿ , Zn¿
Antacid- help to neutralize the stomach acid

Q. If someone in the family is suffering from a problem of acidity after overeating,

which of the following would you suggest as a remedy– lemon juice, vinegar or
baking soda solution?
The answer is baking soda. It is basic in nature and neutralises the excess acid
present in the stomach
QUESTIONS:
1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled
water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution,
respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the
contents of each test tube?
Distilled water – does not change the colour in both the litmus papers
Basic solution – changes blue litmus red
Acidic solution – changes red litmus blue
2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES:
2.1.1 ACIDS AND BASES IN THE LABORATORY:
 Indicators: An indicator is something that tells us whether a given substance is
an acid or a base by change in its colour
 Natural indicators:
o Indicators that are obtained naturally are called natural
indicators
o Examples of natural indicators –
o

Indicator Colour Acids Bases

Red litmus Red Red Blue
Blue litmus Blue Red Blue
Turmeric Yellow Yellow Red
China rose Light pink Magenta Green
Red cabbage Red Red Green
Beetroot Juice Red Red Yellow

 Synthetic indicators:
o Indicators that are man-made and prepared in lab are called
synthetic indicators
o Examples of synthetic indicators –

Indicator Colour Acids Bases

Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Purple
Methyl Orange Orange Red Yellow
Bromothymol Blue Yellow Blue
Blue

 Olfactory indicators:
o Substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are
called olfactory indicators
o Used by blind people to know whether it is acid or base
o Examples of olfactory indicators –

Indicator Acids Bases

Onion Remains Lost
 Vanilla extract Remains Lost
Cloves Remains Lost

 ACTIVITY 2.1:

 ACTIVITY 2.2:
 Onion smell – lost in NaOH and remains in HCl
 Vanilla extract smell - lost in NaOH and remains in HCl
 Clove smell - lost in NaOH and remains in HCl

2.1.2 HOW DO ACIDS AND BASES REACT WITH METALS?

 Metal + Base → Salt + Hydrogen
 ACTIVITY 2.3:
 Hydrogen gas is evolved
 Soap bubbles filled with hydrogen gas is formed
 Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound
 All the acids react in the same way. But weak acids like acetic acid react
slowly
  ACTIVITY 2.4:

 This reaction is not possible for all metals
 Al + NaOH → NaAl O2 + H 2 (Sodium aluminate)
2.1.3 HOW DO METAL CARBONATES AND METAL HYDROCARBONATES REACT WITH
ACIDS?
 Metal

carbonate/ metal bicarbonate + Acid → Salt + carbon dioxide + water

 Metal carbonates and
metal bicarbonates are
basic in nature and thus,
they do not react with
bases
 ACTIVITY 2.5:

 Other reactions:

Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate

 All carbonates or bicarbonates on heating gives carbon dioxide (mostly)

2.1.4 HOW DO ACIDS AND BASES REACT WITH EACHOTHER?

 Acids + Bases → Salt + water
 ACTIVITY 2.6:
 The solution becomes pink in colour when NaOH is added
 The solution becomes colourless again when HCl is added
  Phenolphthalein is weak acid which becomes pink in colour when bases
are added. However, when acids are added, neutralisation reaction
takes place and the pink colour disappears

 The above case is a neutralisation reaction

 They are mostly exothermic

2.1.5 REACTION OF METALLIC OXIDES WITH ACIDS

 Metal oxide + acid →Salt + water
 Most metal oxides are basic in nature
 ACTIVITY 2.7:
CuO+ 2 HCl → C uCl2 + H 2 O

Colours:
CuO - black
C uCl 2 – Bluish green

 Since metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water, similar to the
reaction of a base with an acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.

2.1.6 REACTION OF NON-METAL OXIDES WITH BASES:

 Non-metal + Base → Salt + water
 Non-metals are generally acidic in nature

 Since this is similar to the reaction between a base and an acid, we can
conclude that non-
metallic oxides are
acidic in nature

QUESTIONS:
 1. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper
vessels?
Curd and sour substances contain some acids. When these acids react with the
brass and copper vessels, it leads to corrosion and the formation of salts which
are harmful to consume

2. Which gas is usually

liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How
will you test for the presence of this gas?
Hydrogen gas is liberated

The presence of hydrogen gas can be tested by bringing a candle near the gas.

3. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce

effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a
balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed
is calcium chloride.

2.2 WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND BASES HAVE IN COMMON?

 ACTIVITY 2.8:
 (Do acids produce H +¿¿ ions?)
 The bulb glows in Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid as they ionise in
water. However, the bulb does not glow in glucose and alcohol solution
as they do not ionise in water
 NaOH and KOH conduct electricity as they ionise in water −¿ ¿
2−¿ ,C H COO ¿

 Acids contain H +¿¿ and anion such as Cl−¿, N O as anions

−¿,S O4 3
¿
3 ¿

 Since the cation present in acid is H - acids produce H +¿¿ ions

+¿¿

2.2.1 WHAT
HAPPENS TO ACID OR BASE IN A WATER SOLUTION
 ACTIVITY 2.9:
 (Do acids produce ions in only aqueous solution?)
  The colour of litmus
paper changes
when it is wet
 HCl shows acidic
character only in
water
 Calcium chloride is used to absorb moisture from the surrounding
 Hence, dry HCl cannot produce hydrogen ions while only solution of HCl
can.

 Hydrogen ions cannot exist independently, hence the exist in the form
of hydronium ions (or) H +¿¿ (aq)


 In the case of bases:

 Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis

 Neutralisation reaction:

 ACTIVITY 2.10:
 The temperature increases. Hence, it is exothermic
 Dilution of NaOH in water also
releases heat. Hence, it is also
exothermic.
DILUTION OF ACIDS AND BASES
 Bases/ Acid + water → Ions
+¿¿
 Acid + water → H 3 O + Anion
 Base + Water → Cation + OH −¿¿
+¿¿
 Example – HCl + H 2 O → H 3 O +Cl−¿¿
NaOH + H 2 O → Na+¿¿+OH −¿¿
 Water is a material in which flow of electrons/ charge will conduct electricity
Example – NaCl does not conduct electricity in solid state, but conducts
electricity in liquid state
 Electron or ions should move to generate electricity
 Acid or bases when dissolved in water dissociates into ions
 The ions in acid or base are helpful for electrical conductivity
 It is an exothermic reaction
 When water is added to acids it is highly exothermic. So, the acid must be
added slowly by stirring. If water is added to acid, it may cause the mixture to
splash out and cause burns. The glass may also break sue to excessive local
heating
 During dilution of acids, the pH of the solution increases
 During dilution of bases, the pH of the solution decreases
 ¿ ¿> ¿ ¿ in acids
 ¿ ¿in bases
 ¿ ¿ in neutral (like water)
 Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of
−¿ ¿

ions ( H 3 O+¿/OH ¿) per unit volume. Such a process is called dilution and the
acid or the base is said to be diluted.

QUESTIONS:
1. Why do HCl, HN O3 , etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while
solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic
character?
HCl, HN O3 ionise in water to form H +¿¿ ions. H +¿¿ ions in aqueous
responsible for the acidic character. Since, glucose and alcohol do not release
+¿¿
H ions in water, they do not show acidic character.

2. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?

In aqueous solution, acids ionise to form ions which are responsible
for conducting electricity.
 3. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
+¿¿ +¿¿
H are responsible for the acidic character of acids. Acids release H
ions only in water. Hence, HCl only changes the colour of wet litmus and not
dry litmus

4. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added
to water and not water to the acid?
When water is added to acids it is highly exothermic. So, the acid must
be added slowly by stirring. If water is added to acid, it may cause the mixture
to splash out and cause burns. The glass may also break sue to excessive local
heating. Therefore, it is recommended that acid should be added to water and
not water to the acid

+¿¿
5. How is the concentration of hydronium ions ( H 3 O ) affected when a
solution of an acid is diluted?
When acids are diluted the concentration of hydronium ions present
in unit volume is decreased

6. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH −¿¿ ) affected when excess
base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
The concentration of hydroxide ions will increase when excess base is
dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide, but it happens to a limited extent
only after which the concentration becomes almost constant.

2.3 HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTIONS?

 Universal indicators – mixture of several indicators
 The universal indicator shows different colours at different
concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.

 A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH scale

has been developed
 The p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German, meaning power
 On the pH scale we can measure pH generally from 0 (very acidic) to 14
(very alkaline)
 pH should be thought of simply as a number which indicates the acidic
or basic nature of a solution
 Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value
  The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale
represent an acidic solution
 As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, it represents an increase in OH–
ion concentration in the solution, that is, increase in the strength of
alkali
 Generally, paper impregnated with the universal indicator is used for
measuring pH

 ACTIVITY 2.11:

 The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH–
ions produced, respectively

 If we take hydrochloric acid and acetic acid of the same concentration,

say one molar, then these produce different amounts of hydrogen ions
 Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids, and
acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak acids

2.3.1 IMPORTANCE OF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE:

1. Are plants and animals pH sensitive?
 Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8
 Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change
 When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain
 When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water
 The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.

2. What is the pH of soil in your backyard?

  Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth

 ACTIVITY 2.12
 the ideal soil pH for growth of plants is 6 to 7
 3. pH in our digestive system
 Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which helps in the digestion of food
without harming the stomach
 During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain
and irritation
 To get rid of this pain, people use bases called antacids
 These antacids neutralise the excess acid. Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of
magnesia), a mild base, is often used for this purpose

4. pH change as the cause of tooth decay

 Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5
 Tooth enamel, made up of calcium hydroxyapatite (a crystalline form of
calcium phosphate) is the hardest substance in the body
 It does not dissolve in water, but is corroded when the pH in the mouth is
below 5.5
 Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating
 Prevention:
 Clean the mouth after eating food
 Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can
neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay

5. Self-defence by animals and plants through chemical welfare

 Bee-sting leaves an acid which causes pain and irritation
 Use of a mild base like baking soda on the stung area gives relief
 Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid causing burning pain

QUESTIONS:
 1. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution
B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is
acidic and which one is basic?
 Solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration and is acidic in nature
 Solution B has less hydrogen ion concentration and is basic in nature

+¿¿
2. What effect does the concentration of H (aq) ions have on the nature of the
solution?
When the concentration of hydrogen ions is more, the solution is acidic.
When the concentration of hydrogen ions is less, the solution is basic

3.
Do

basic solutions also have H +¿¿ (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Basic solutions also have H +¿¿ ions, but they are comparatively less
when compared to the OH −¿¿ ions in the bases. They are called bases as
generate more OH −¿¿ when dissolved in water compared to the amount of
+¿¿
H ions generated

4. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his
fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or
chalk (calcium carbonate)?
Quick lime, slaked lime and chalk are all basic in nature. So, the soil
should be acidic in nature in order for the farmer to treat it with bases

2.4 MORE ABOUT SALTS

2.4.1 FAMILY OF SALTS
 ACTIVITY 2.13

 Sulphate family: K 2 S O 4, Na2 S O4 , CaS O4, MgS O 4, CuS O4

 Sodium family: Na2 S O4 , NaCl, Na2 C O3 , NaN O3
  Cation family/ negative radical family:
 If cations are same in the salts, then they are called cation family/
negative radical family
 Example: Sodium family, Magnesium family (includes chlorides,
sulphates, sulphur trioxide, nitrates, nitrites, carbonates, bicarbonates,
hydroxides, chlorides etc)

 Anion family/ positive radical family:

 If anions are same in the salts, then they are called anion family/
negative radical family
 Example: Sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, carbonates, bicarbonates,
chlorides, hydroxides etc

2.4.2 pH OF SALTS:
 ACTIVITY 2.14:

 Types of salts
 Neutral salts
o pH = 7
o Strong acid + strong base
o Example –
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O
HN O3 + KOH → KN O3 + H 2 O

 Acidic salts
o pH < 7
o Strong acid + weak base
o Example –
H 2 S O 4 + N H 4 OH → (N H 4 )2 S O4 + H 2 O

 Basic salts
o pH > 7
o Weak acid + strong base
o Example – H 2 C O3, CH 3 COOH
 CH 3 COOH + NaOH → CH 3 COOHNa + H 2 O
H 2 C O3 + KOH → K 2 C O3 + H 2 O

2.4.3 CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALT

 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O
 NaCl is used in food
 Common name – table salt
 Chemical name – sodium chloride
 Preparation - HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O and evaporation of seawater

 Seawater contains many salts dissolved in it. Sodium chloride is separated from these salts
 Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of the world
 These large crystals are often brown due to impurities
 This is called rock salt
 Beds of rock salt were formed when seas of bygone ages dried up
 Rock salt is mined like coal

 Common salt – A raw material for chemicals

 The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material for various materials of
daily use, such as
o Sodium hydroxide
o Baking soda
o Baking powder
o Washing soda
o Bleaching powder

1. Sodium hydroxide
 NaOH
 Common name – Caustic soda
Chemical name – Sodium hydroxide

 Preparation:
o When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride
(called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide
o The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the products
formed– chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide
 o Chlorine gas – anode, hydrogen gas- cathode and sodium
hydroxide solution is also found near the cathode

 Uses:
o Chlorine – Water
treatment, swimming
pools, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), disinfectants, CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons), pesticides
o Hydrogen – Fuels, margarine, ammonia for fertilisers
o Sodium hydroxide – De-greasing metals, soaps and detergents,
paper making, artificial fibres

2. Bleaching powder
 CaOCl 2
 Common name – Bleaching powder
Chemical name – Calcium oxy-chloride

 Preparation
o Chlorine gas produced during the electrolysis of the brine
solution is used and also dry slaked lime is used

 Uses
o for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for
bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed
clothes in laundry;
o as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries
o to make drinking water free from germs.

3. Baking soda
 NaHCO 3
o It is a mild, non-corrosive basic salt.
 Common name- baking soda
Chemical name- Sodium hydrogen carbonate (or) Sodium bicarbonate

 Preparation
 Another reaction: Here Sodium carbonate has bitter taste

 Uses
o Commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras,
etc
o Sometimes it is added for faster cooking
o Making of baking powder
o Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient in antacids.
Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and
provides relief
o It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers
NaHCO 3 + HCl →NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2
Here carbon dioxide is the fire extinguisher
Hydrogen carbonate is not stable, so it dissociates into water

and carbon dioxide

o Note:
NaHCO 3 + H 2 O→ NaOH + H 2 CO3

Baking powder
 NaHCO 3
 Common name – baking powder
Chemical name – Sodium hydrogen carbonate/ sodium bicarbonate

 Preparation:
o Baking powder = Baking soda + mild edible acid (eg. Tartaric,
citric)
 o When baking soda is heated or mixed with water, the following
reaction takes place

o Here, carbon dioxide is responsible for the fluffiness of cakes

and water provides moisture

4. Washing Soda:
 Na2 CO 3. 10 H 2 O
 Common name: Washing soda
 Chemical name: Sodium carbonate decahydrate

 Preparation:
o sodium carbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda
o recrystallisation (technique used to purify chemicals) of sodium
carbonate gives washing soda
o It is also a basic salt

o This is
called water of crystallisation and Sodium carbonate becomes a
little wet.

 Uses:
o Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and
paper industries.
o It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as
borax
o Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic
purposes.
o It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

2.4.4 ARE THE CRYSTALS OF SALTS REALLY DRY?

 ACTIVITY 2.15:
  Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of
crystallisation. When we heat the crystals, this water is removed and
the salt turns white
 If you moisten the crystals again with water, you will find that blue
colour of the crystals reappears.
 Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of a salt
 Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate
 Salts are not always dry, they are sometimes wet

 Gypsum:
 Ca SO4 . 2 H 2 O
 Common name: Gypsum
 Chemical name: Calcium sulphate di-hydrate
 It has two water molecules as water of crystallisation

 Preparation:
1 1
o Ca SO4 ⋅ H 2 0 + 1 H 0 → Ca SO4 . 2 H 2 O
2 2 2

 Uses:
o Used to make plaster of Paris
o Used in minerals and cosmetics
o Used in chalk
o Fertiliser in Agriculture

 Plaster of Paris:
1
 Ca SO4 ⋅ H 2 0
2
 Common name: Plaster of Paris
 Chemical name: Calcium Sulphate semi hydrate

 Preparation:

o On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules and

becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate
o Plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it
changes to gypsum once again giving a hard solid mass (gypsum)
 o Note that only half a water molecule is shown to be attached as
water of crystallisation
o It is written in this form because two formula units of Ca SO 4
share one molecule of water

 Uses:
o The substance which doctors use as plaster for supporting
fractured bones in the right position
o Making of gypsum
o Used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making
surfaces smooth

 Plaster of Paris got its name

because it is prepared from the
abundant gypsum found near
Paris, France. The fine white powder used for plaster casts and other
plaster wares is produced by heating the mineral compound gypsum

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl 2
The common name for the given compound is bleaching powder

2. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching

powder
The substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching
powder is calcium hydroxide

3. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water
The sodium compound used for softening hard water is sodium
carbonate it is also known as washing soda.
 4. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give
the equation of the reaction involved.
On heating sodium hydrocarbonate it gives sodium carbonate and
carbon dioxide gas is evolved

5. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water

EXERCISES:
1. Marked in the book
2. Marked in the book
3. Marked in the book
4. Marked in the book

5. Write word equations and then

balanced equations for the reaction taking place when –
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid
reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with
aluminium powder.
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
a) Zn + H 2 S O 4 → ZnS O4 + H 2
b) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + H 2
c) 2Al + 3 H 2 S O4 → Al 2 ( S O 4 )3 +3 H 2
d) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H 2

6. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
categorised as acids. Describe an Activity to prove it.
 Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc.
 Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100 mL beaker.
 Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery through a
bulb and a switch
  Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.
 The bulb does not glow in glucose and alcohols as they do not
dissociate into ions when dissolved in water

7. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?
Distilled water does not contain any ions while rain water does. Hence,
distilled water does not conduct electricity while rain water does

8. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?

Acids dissociate in Hydrogen ions only when dissolved in water. Hence,
they do not show their acidic nature in the absence of water

9. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed

pH as 4,1,11,7 and 9, respectively. Which solution is
(a) neutral?
(b) strongly alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic?
(d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.

(a) 7
(b) 11
(c) 1
(d) 4
(e) 9
C<E<D<A<B

10. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (C H 3 COOH)
is added to test tube B. Amount and concentration taken for both the acids
are same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?
More fizzling will occur in test tube A as hydrochloric acid is a strong
acid while acetic acid is a weak acid
11. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into
curd? Explain your answer.
Milk contains a carbohydrate lactose. When milk sets into curd, lactose
gets converted into lactic acid. Due to the formation of lactic acid, pH of milk
falls below 6.

12. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?

(a) It is done to increase the shelf life of milk. Milk is made slightly alkaline so
that it may not get sour easily due to the formation of lactic acid in it
(b) The alkaline milk takes a longer time to set into curd because the lactic acid
being formed has to first neutralise the alkali present in it.

13. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?

When plaster of Paris is exposed to the moisture, it reacts with the
water round it to form gypsum. Hence, Plaster of Paris should be stores in a
moisture-proof container

14. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.

When acids and bases react to form salt and water it is called
neutralisation reaction
Examples:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O
H 2 S O 4 + KOH → K 2 S O 4 + H 2 O

15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda
Uses of washing soda
 Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
 It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax
Uses of baking soda
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it
neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief
 It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers