MICROPROCESSOR (22415 )

IMP QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Draw the labelled format of 8086 flag register. {2 marks }
Ans:

2. Give any two advantages of pipelining in 8086.{2 marks }

Ans:
o The execution unit always reads the next instruction byte from the queue in
BIU. This is faster than sending out an address to the memory and waiting for
the next instruction byte to come.

o More efficient use of processor.

o Quicker time of execution of large number of instruction.

o In short pipelining eliminates the waiting time of EU and speeds up the

processing. -The 8086 BIU will not initiate a fetch unless and until there are
two empty bytes in its queue. 8086 BIU normally obtains two

3. Write the function of following pins of 8086 ? {4 marks }

i. READY
ii. ALE
iii. TEST
iv. DEN

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 Ans:
i. READY :
It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or memory. It is
Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral device is
ready to transfer data.

ii. ALE :
stands for address Latch Enable, as address and data bus are multiplexed;
ALE is used to lock either Address or Data.

4. List any four instructions from the bit manipulation instructions of 8086 ?
{ 4 marks }
Ans: Bit Manipulation Instructions These instructions are used to perform operations
where data bits are involved, i.e. operations like logical, shift, etc.Following is
the list of instructions under this group –
Instructions to perform logical operation
o NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.
o AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit
in another byte/word.
o OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit
in another byte/word.
o XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a
byte/word with the corresponding bit in another byte/word.

5. Explain the following assembler directives : { 4 marks }

i. DB
ii. SEGMENT
iii. EQU
Ans:
i. DB:
The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE variable – A BYTE is
made up of 8 bits.
Declaration examples:
Byte1 DB 10h
Byte2 DB 255; 0FFh, the max. possible for a BYTE
CRLF DB 0Dh, 0Ah, 24h ;Carriage Return, terminator BYTE

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 ii. SEGMENT:
It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the name given to the
segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to the assembler the
start of logical segment.

6. List Assembly Language Programming tools.{ 2 marks }

Ans:
1. Editors
2. Assembler
3. Linker
4. Debugger

7. State the function of READY and INTR pin of 8086 { 2 marks }

Ans:
Ready: It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or memory. It
is Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral device
is ready to transfer data.

INTR: This is a level triggered interrupt request input, checked during last
clock cycle of each instruction to determine the availability of request.
If any interrupt request is occurred, the processor enters the interrupt
acknowledge cycle.

8. Draw flowchart for multiplication of two 16 bit numbers. {2 marks }

Ans:

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 9. Draw flag register of 8086 and explain any four flags. { 4 marks }
Ans:

C-Carry Flag : It is set when carry/borrow is generated out of MSB of result. (i.e D7
bit for 8-bit operation, D15 bit for a 16 bit operation).
P-Parity Flag This flag is set to 1 if the lower byte of the result contains even number
of 1’s otherwise it is reset.
AC-Auxiliary Carry Flag This is set if a carry is generated out of the lower nibble,
(i.e. From D3 to D4 bit)to the higher nibble Z-Zero Flag This flag is set if the result
is zero after performing ALU operations. Otherwise it is reset.
S-Sign Flag This flag is set if the MSB of the result is equal to 1 after performing
ALU operation , otherwise it is reset.
O-Overflow Flag This flag is set if an overflow occurs, i.e. if the result of a signed
operation is large enough to be accommodated in destination register.
Control Flags
T-Trap Flag If this flag is set ,the processor enters the single step execution mode.
I-Interrupt Flag it is used to mask(disable) or unmask(enable)the INTR interrupt.
When this flag is set,8086 recognizes interrupt INTR. When it is reset INTR is
masked.
D-Direction Flag It selects either increment or decrement mode for DI &/or SI
register during string instructions.

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 10.Explain logical instructions of 8086. (Any Four) { 4 marks }
Ans:
AND- Logical AND
Syntax : AND destination, source
Operation
Destination ←destination AND source
Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF
This instruction AND’s each bit in a source byte or word with thesame number bit
in a destination byte or word. The result is put indestination.
Example: AND AX, BX
• AND AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------
• AL 0000 0000 (AND AL,BL)
2) OR – Logical OR
Syntax :OR destination, source
Operation
Destination OR source
Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF
This instruction OR’s each bit in a source byte or word with thecorresponding bit in
a destination byte or word. The result is put in a
specified destination.
Example :
• OR AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------

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• AL 1111 1111
3) NOT – Logical Invert
Syntax : NOT destination
Operation: Destination NOT destination
Flags Affected :None
The NOT instruction inverts each bit of the byte or words at the
specified destination.
Example
NOT BL
BL = 0000 0011
NOT BL gives 1111 1100
4) XOR – Logical Exclusive OR
Syntax : XOR destination, source
Operation : Destination XOR source
Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF
This instruction exclusive, OR’s each bit in a source byte or wordwith the same
number bit in a destination byte or word.

11.Write an assembly language program to solve p = x 2 + y2 using macro. (x

and y are 8-bit numbers) {4 marks }
Ans:
.MODEL SMALL
PROG MACRO a,b
MOV al,a
MUL al
MOV bl,al
MOV al,b
MUL al
ADD al,bl
ENDM
.DATA
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x DB 02H
y DB 03H
p DB DUP()
.CODE
START:
MOV ax,data
MOV ds,ax
PROG x, y
MOV p,al
MOV ah,4Ch
Int 21H
END

12. What is pipelining ? How it improves the processing speed ? {4 marks }

Ans:
o In 8086, pipelining is the technique of overlapping instruction fetcand
execution mechanism
.
o To speed up program execution, the BIU fetches as many as sixinstruction
bytes ahead of time from memory. The size ofinstruction prefetching queue in
8086 is 6 bytes.

o While executing one instruction other instruction can be fetched.Thus it

avoids the waiting time for execution unit to receive otherinstruction.

o BIU stores the fetched instructions in a 6 level deep FIFO . TheBIU can be
fetching instructions bytes while the EU is decoding aninstruction or
executing an instruction which does not require use ofthe buses.

o When the EU is ready for its next instruction, it simply reads the instruction
from the queue in the BIU.

o This is much faster than sending out an address to the system memory and
waiting for memory to send back the next instruction byte or bytes.This
improves overall speed of the processor

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 13. What is role of XCHG instruction in assembly language program ? Give
example. { 2 marks }
Ans:
Role of XCHG: This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the
contents of another register or memory location.

Example:
XCHG AX, BX ; Exchange the word in AX with word in BX.

14. State the use of STC and CMC instructions of 8086. { 2 marks }
Ans:
STC – This instruction is used to Set Carry Flag.

CF1 CMC – This instruction is used to Complement Carry Flag.

CF ~ CF

15. Give the difference between intersegment and intrasegment CALL

{ 4 marks }
Ans:

Sr.no Intersegment Intrasegment Call

1. It is also called Far procedure call It is also called Near procedure call.
2. A far procedure refers to a procedure A near procedure refers to a procedure
which is in the different code segment which is in the same code segment
from that of the call instruction. from that of the call instruction
3. This procedure call replaces the old CS:IP This procedure call replaces the old IP
pairs with new CS:IP pairs with new IP.
4. The value of the old CS:IP pairs are The value of old IP is pushed on to the
pushed on to the stack stack.
SP=SP-2 ;Save CS on stack SP=SP-2 ;Save IP on stack(address of
SP=SP-2 ;Save IP (new offset address of procedure)
called procedure)

5. More stack locations are required Less stack locations are required

6. Example :- Call FAR PTR Example :- Call Delay

Delay

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 16. Explain assembly language program development steps.
Ans:
1. Defining the problem: The first step in writing program is to think very
carefully about the problem that the program must solve.

2. Algorithm: The formula or sequence of operations to be performed by the

program can be specified as a step in general English is called algorithm.

3. Flowchart: The flowchart is a graphically representation of the program

operation or task.

4. Initialization checklist: Initialization task is to make the checklist of

entire variables, constants, all the registers, flags and programmable ports

5. Choosing instructions: Choose those instructions that make program

smaller in size and more importantly efficient in execution.

6. Converting algorithms to assembly language program: Every step in

the algorithm is converted into program statement using correct and efficient
instructions or group of instructions.

17.Write an ALP to find length of string. {4 marks }

Ans:
Data Segment
STRG DB 'GOOD MORNING$'
LEN DB ?
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS : DATA
MOV DX, DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI, STRG
MOV CL,00H
MOV AL,'$'
NEXT: CMP AL,[SI]
JZ EXIT
ADD CL,01H

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INC SI
JMP
NEXT EXIT: MOV LEN,CL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

18.Write an ALP to find largest number in array of elements 10 H, 24 H, 02 H,

05 H, 17 H. { 4 marks }
19.
Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DB 10H,24H,02H,05H,17H
LARGEST DB 00H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV CX,04H
MOV SI ,OFFSET
ARRAY MOV AL,[SI]
UP: INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JNC NEXT
MOV AL,[SI]
NEXT: DEC CX
JNZ UP
MOV LARGEST,AL
MOV AX,4C00H
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

20.Write an ALP for addition of series of 8-bit number using procedure.

{4 marks }

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT

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NUM1 DB 10H,20H,30H,40H,50H
RESULT DB 0H
CARRY DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA
START: MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS, DX
MOV CL,05H
MOV SI, OFFSET NUM1
UP: CALL SUM
INC SI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
SUM PROC; Procedure to add two 8 bit numbers
MOV AL,[SI]
ADD RESULT, AL
JNC NEXT
INC CARRY
NEXT: RET
SUM ENDP
CODE ENDS
END START

21. Define logical and effective address. Describe physical address generation
process in 8086. If DS=345AH and SI=13DCH. Calculate physical address.
{ 4 marks }
Ans:
A logical address: is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element)
appears to reside from the perspective of an executing application program. A logical
address may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an address
translator or mapping function.

Effective Address or Offset Address: The offset for a memory operand is called the
operand's effective address or EA. It is an unassigned 16 bit number that expresses
the operand's distance in bytes from the beginning of the segment in which it resides.
In 8086 we have base registers and index registers.

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 22.Write an ALP to add two 8 bit numbers. { 4 marks }

Ans:
model small
.data
a db 06h
b db 12h
ends
.code
start:
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
mov al,a
mov bl,b
add al,bl
int 3
ends
end start

23. State the use of DAA instruction in BCD addition. {2 marks }

Ans: The DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition) instruction makes the result in
Packed BCD from after BCD addition is performed. It works only on AL register.

24.Write an ALP to multiply two 16 bit signed numbers. { 4 marks }

Ans:
model small
.data
A db 2222h
B db 1111h
Ends
.code
Mov ax,@data
Mov ds,ax
Mov AX,a
Mov BX,b
IMul BX

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Int 03h
Ends
End

25. Write an ALP to count odd numbers in the array of 10 numbers. { 4 marks }

Ans:
. Model Small
.data
BLK DB 10h,40h,30h,60h
e db ?h
o db ?h
ends
.code
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
lea si, BLK
mov bl, 00h
mov bh, 00h
mov cl, 04h
up: mov al, [si]
ror al, 1
jc go
inc bl
jmp next
go: inc bh
next: inc si
dec cl
jnz up
mov e,bl
mov o,bh
int 3
ends
end

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 26. Write a MACRO to perform 32 bit by 16 bit division of unsigned numbers.
{ 4 marks }
Ans:
.model small
Div1 macro no1,no2
mov ax,no1
div no2
endm
.data
num1 dw 12346666h
num2 dw 2222h
.code
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
div1 num1,num2
ends
end

27. Describe how 20 bit Physical address is generated in 8086 microprocessor

with suitable example.
Ans:
Formation of a physical address:- Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which
is also known as base address. BIU attaches 0 as LSB of the base address. So
now this address becomes 20-bit address. Any base/pointer or index register
carry 16 bit offset. Offset address is added into 20-bit base address which
finally forms 20 bit physical address of memory location.

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 Example
Assume DS= 2632H, SI=4567H
DS : 26320H ……...0 added by BIU(or Hardwired 0)
+ SI : 4567H
----------------------------
2A887H

28. Write an ALP to arrange numbers in array in descending order.

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DB 15H,05H,08H,78H,56H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV BL,05H
STEP1: MOV SI,OFFSET ARRAY
MOV CL,04H
STEP: MOV AL,[SI]
CMP AL,[SI+1]
JNC DOWN
XCHG AL,[SI+1]
XCHG AL,[SI]
DOWN:ADD SI,1
LOOP STEP
DEC BL
JNZ STEP1
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

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