COMPLEX NUMBERS AND 4

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
INTRODUCTION
4.1.
In
earlier classes, we have studied that the solution of a quadratic equation
ar+bxtc=0, a0, with real coefficients a, b, c is given by real numbeTs Z1 and Iz
-b+ yb'-4ac -b-b2- 4ac
where I = and xo = only if b2- 4ac >0. For b2 - 4c < 0, we
2a 2a
havethesolution in the set of real numbers. For example, the equation ²+ 1 = 0
do not
real solution as x + l=0 gives x = - 1, which is not possible as square of every real
has no
number is
non-negative. The mathematical need to have
solution for negative discriminant
extend the real number system to a new kind of numbers, called complex
led us to
numbersthat allow us to take the Square root of negative numbers.
We now explainin what sense such roots are to be regarded.
When the quantity under the radical sign is negative, we can no longer consider the
symbol/ as indicating a possible arithmetical operation. But just as Ja may be defined as
symbol which obeys the relation Jaxa = a, so we shall define JLa to be such that
a
It will
Lax-a =-a, and we shall accept the meaning to which this assumption leads us.
und that this definition will enable us to bring these quantities under the dominion of
ordinary algebraic rules.
By definition,we have -ix-1=-1
Ja.-1xya.-1=a-1)
i.e., (Wa.-1) =-a
Thus, the product va.-1 may be regarded as equivalent to -a. It is alw ays
convenient to indicate the imaginary character of an expression by the presence of the
symbol 1
e.g., -4 =J4x(-1) =2/-1; /-81 =/81x(-1) =9/-1 etc.
The symbol -1 is often represented by the letter i, read as iota which is an imaginary
unit.

-9 3
Thus 3=V-1.V3 =iN3 ; =-1.=i
4 4
V16
 4.2 LEMENTS
4.2. > POWERS OF i
Since
-1; =i. l=-i; i'=.2 1 and
90 on
1 1
-i, i2
j2-1 -1,
Also, we have i 1

1 1i i 1 1
1 i 1 1and 80 On.
We can therefore calculatethe value ofii to any integral power.

For example, " =6.i=(i').i=1xi =i

;2 =24. =((-) =-i
1 -i
i17
17 20
Generally, ifn is a positive integer,
¡n =(iy =1; ;4n +1 =4n .i-i
;An+2 = ,; =-1; n* =jn. i=-i
Thus all integral powers of i give one of the four values viz.,
4.3. º COMPLEX NUMBERS

It is usual to applythe term imaginary' to allexpressions which are

+1,-1,+i,-i.
not whol
Thus a+b-1 ie., a +ib may be taken as the general type of all
Here a and b are real quantities, but not necessarily rational. It is
number which is defined below.
also imknownagnaryas tenhe
Anumber of the form a +ib, where a and b are real numbers and i=-1.
complex number and is generally denoted by z.
For example, 5 + 12i, 2+iV3 etc. are all complex numbers. The set of al.
numbers is denoted by C.
This notation of the complex number gives us a very convenient tool for ur
sum, product etc. of complex numbers. We can now add, multiply etc. the compler t
of the type a + ib in the same way as we do for the real numbers, remembering that :
4.3.1. Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex Number
For the complex number z =a +ib, a is called the real part, denoted by Rebi
iscalled the imaginary part, denoted by Im (z). For example, if z=3 +5i, then e
and Im(z) = 5.
 OMI'IbN
NUM
1C EQUATIONS
Remark:
complexnumber
the expressed
Thestandardform of complex in the
number.
forma +ib, where a, be
4.3

Ina
complex numberza+ ib: Rand i J-iis ealled
0, then z=a. a Such
()
Ifa - 0, b 0, then z ib, number
Such a
is called a
purely real
number.
complex number is callednumber.
a
Thus, zis
a real number if
= 0,
and only if Im (z) =0 purely imaginary
onlyiý Re(2) and purely
a
imaginary part of a
The
number a can
complex number is areal
im aginary number ifand
Everyreal
Thus, set real
of
be
numbers Riswritten as a +Oi. For number.
a
proper subset of set of example, 3can be written as 3+O.
44 > EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS complex numbers C.
Two complex numbersz =a+ b
and z, = c + id
ie.. Re(z,)=}Re (z,) and Im (z,) =Im (z,). are equal if a =c and
Thus, Re (z,)=Re (z,)
and Im 2)=Im (z,).
SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1,)valuate the
following :
() -25 x-81
(ü) -25 +4- 16
SOLUTION. () -25 x-81 =-1 +3-9
= 451 =
J25x-1 81 =5ix9i
[:-1=i]
45x-1=-45.
(ü) L25 +4 -16 +3 -9 = -1 25 +416 -1 t:=-1
+39-1
= 5i + 4 (4i)+ 3(3i) = 5i+
16i + 9i =30i.
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate :
1
() 37 (ü)
(ü) (-J- 1)án 3, neN
34 7 2

(iw) (v)

SOLUTION. () /37 = j86,/= (i), i=(1), i=i

1
I:: =l]
(ü) -1
;76 ()19 (1)l9 =-1. [:P=-1|
(üi) (--1)4n +3 =(-i)an +3=(-i)an( i
- (-in(-i3) =1.(-2.)=i. [:: P=-1]
 4.4

(i)

1.-)

+1+2i --1+1+2i -2i

-iy (1+ iy
(0)
(12-i2y
- ((1-) (1+ i))" =
= [1-(- 1))" = 2

Show that i" + i +i isa real number

EXAMPLE 3.
.i +(iy° +(4)7.j2
sOLUTION. 10 +;20 +;30 =(i
=(1).(-1)+ (1)° +(1)'.(-1)
=-1+1-1=-1

which is a real number.

EXAMPLE 4. Show that ;n + int +/n+2 +in+3 = 0, ne N.
SOLUTION. L.H.S, =" +in+l +;n+2+in+3
=/" +i" .i+i".i2+/.; ==in +i.i+;
=/" (1+i-1-i) =0=R.HS. (-1)+i(-i)
EXAMPLE 5. Find the value ofx andyif
(i) 2+ (x + iy) = 5-i (iü) 2- 3i =x- yi
SOLUTION. () We have 2+(x + iy) =5-i
(2 +*) + iy =5+(-1)i
Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
2+x=5 and y=-1

x=3 and y=-1.

(iü) We have 2-3i =x-yi
2-3(-1) =x-yi
2+3=X-y ’ 5=x- yi
Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
x=5, y=0.
 NUMBERSAND
QUADRATC FOUATIONs
Find
Ithe real values of xand y
6.
rAMI if:
oUTION.
Here (|+0y(6)-
-(2i) x (2 *i)
Equating
the real and imaginary parts on
and y² 1-x both sides, we get
+6 =2(y²+ 1)
y² = 4 y= +2
I =y + 1 ’
Now,
r=4+ 1 -5
Hencer=5and y = 2 or x=5 and y=-2.

EXERCISE 4.1
Svaluatethefollowing:
-9x-121
() -25 x-49
16+3-25+-36 -3-16 (iw) 3-4 +
4
4-9-5-16
Evaluatethefollowing:
g
(ü) -79
(iv) 1++t+
(c) it++13 (vi) 1+0 +1001000
(ü) 2:+6+316-619+ 4;25 (viiü) P+;l3 +¡l4 15
the following:
e Bvaluate
2572

(iü)
,582 +378 576 574
ofx and y, if
4 Find the value
=3-i6
(i) 4x+i (3x- y) (iü) (3y -2) +i(7- 2r) =0
-5+i2/5 y=42
(i) (iv)
i i - 9+5i
ANSWERS
1. () - 33 (ü) -35 (ii) 13i (iv) - 2i () -3
2. () - i (iü) i (ii) -1 (iv) 0
() 4i (vi) 2 (vü) 1+ 4i (viù) 0
 BLEMINTS
7

4. )
(iv) x m-4,y 20
(Vo0), y-0
NUMBERS
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX
4.5. complex number, we
ofa
Usingthe usual notation a +ib
properties of complex numbers. then a = 0, b = 0.
ahall now
Property 1. Ifa+ ih = 0,
Proof. Since a+ ib = 0
a-ib
a'=(-ib) =i6=-62
Or

Or a'+b=0
the sum of their squares cannot be equal to
Since a and b are real quantities,
aand b are both separately equal to zero.
a=0, b=0
as follows :
The above property can be stated
real part is
fa complex quantity is equal to zero, thenthe
separatelyy
imaginary part is also separately equal to zero.
Symbolically, ifz = 0, then Re (2) = 0 and Im (2) = 0. equalto r,
Property 2. Ifa + ib= c+ id, then a = c, b=d.
Proof. Since a+ ib =c+ id
a-c=-i(b-d)

Or (a-c)'=¡ (6-d)'=-(6-d)²
Trosy
Or (a-c) + (b-d) =0
Now since (a - c and(6 -d) are both non-negative, their sum cannot be (Irans
eequal
unless each of them is separately equal to zero.
a-c= 0 a =c

and b-d= ’ b=d

The above propertycan also be stated as follows:

Iftwo complex quantities are equal, then their real parts are equal and also thetr ig:
parts are equal.
Symbolically, if z, =Zy, then Re (z,) - Re (z,) and Im (z,) =Im (z,).
 ie
T'hert he
-i

tch bimg f
eC.
The pract
Let , c+

Pruper Thee t t oft mles quanià

Prot

-
(

46 º ALGEBRA OFCOMPLEX NUMBES

4&1. Properties of Addition of Complex Nambes

Property LAddition is e l o C
Proof The sum of tro mpler uns is s lex nner
 mfahire in C. ELEMENTS
dbe two complex
sf) (ac)oitb d) numbers
The r
, for all ,, ,¬ C.
1::Addition is h
eme , ,
e Adeihion is Gsriatirein C.
three complex
=Re +c) +i(b+) (e +if)

=(e+ ið)+ Ke +e) +i (d +f)

=(G+i)+ Ke + id) +(e+if)
[: Addition
= + Zz +
tene. , +) + z =, + (z, +) for all Z, Zz¬ C.
PropertyAristence of additive identity in C
Proof Let z= + be any compler number and 0 =0+ i0
Then z+0 =(c +i) + (0+ 0) = (a +0) +i(b +0) =a + ib
z+0 =z
0+z =(0+0) +(a +ib) =(0+a) +i(0+b) =a+ih
Hence, z+0 =z=0+z
Thus0 + 0 isthe additive identity in C.
Property 5. Eristence of additive innerse in C.
Proof. Let z=c+ibe C
-Z=-a - i
Adding (1) and (2), we have
z+(-2)=(a+ ib) + (-a-ib) =(a-a)+i(b-b) =0+i) =0
Similariy. (-z)+ z =0
z+(-z) =0=(-z) +z
Additive inverse of acomplex number z is - z.
62 Difference of Two Complex
Numbers
Given any tuo complex numbers 2, and z, then their
ddition ofz, and -z). difference z, -z, is defined as
 NUMBIRsAND oUADRATC tOUATIONS
o ih and
If eid, then
(a +ib)
of Multiplicntion of
+(-e-id) (a-c) i(b d)
oporty. Multiplieation is closedComplex
in C. Nu..oers
Tho produet oftwo complex
Iroot. numbers is ncomplex number
Cisclosed with respect to multiplication.
Property2. Multiplication is
Proot. Let 2,
commutative in C.
a +ib and z, c+ id be
two complex
=(a +ib)(c. +id) =(ac -
bd) +i(ad + be)numbers. Then
= (ca - db) + i (da + cb)
|
= (ca - db)+ i(cb + da) Multiplication is commutative in R\
=(e + id) (a + ib)=
Z,.Z,
Hence
Property.3.Multiplication is associative in C.
Proof. Let z, =a+
ib, Z, =c +id and Z,
=e+if be three complex numbers. Then
(z, z)Zg = (a +ib) (c + id)l(e + if)
= I(ac- bd)+ i(ad + bc)] (e + if)
= I(ac-bd) e- (ad +
bc)fl+i(ac - bd) f+ (ad + bc) el
= [ace - bde - adf- befl + i[acf-
bdf + ade + bce ]
= [a (ce - df)- b (cf+ de)) +i la (cf+ de) + b
(ce - d))
= (a+ ib) [(ce - df) +i(ef+ de)]
= (a+ ib) [(c + id) (e + if))
=24 (Z, z)
Hence, (z, zz)s =z, eg z) for all z, Zgy Zy EC.
Property 4. Multiplication is distributive over addition in C.
Proof. Let z, = a+ ib, Z, =C+ d and 2,=e+if be three complex numbers. Then
z, (2, + z) = (a + ib). (e + id) + (e +if)
= (a + ib). [(e +) + i(d +ff))
= [a (c + e)-b (d +f)l +i (a (d +f) + b (c +e)]
= lac + ae - bd-bf] +i lad + af+ be + bel
 4.10
-liar bd) (ar bpli
KLEMENTS MATHEN
iI(ad +be). (af t bey
-(ac -bd)+i(ad+be)l +I(ae - bf)+i (af +be)
id) +(a +ib) (e +if)
-(a+ ib)(e +

for all y ,e C.
Hene. ofmultiplicativeidentityin C
Property8.Rristence complex number and 1=1+i0,
any(1 +i.0) =(a. l -b.0) + i(a .0+b.1) =
-(abe+ib)
z.l+ib
Proof. Letz a
then
(1.a--0. b) +i (b.14
+i.0)(a+ ib) =
Again,
z.l=1.2
1.z=(1

multiplicative identity in C.
Thus, 1 = 1+Oi is the ofmultiplicative inverse in C
0.a)=a+i
Property 6. Eristence complex number.
a non-zero
Proof. Let z = a + ib be
non-zero
. Atleast one ofa, b is
a' +6'>0
Corresponding to any non-zero complex number a +ib, there.exists a
*+ iy such that
(a+ ib) (*+ iy)= 1+0i
+ 0i ax - by =1 and ay +bx =0
Or (ax -by) +i(ay + bx) = 1
Solving these equations for x and y, we get
-b
and
+6
-b

which is the multiplicative inverse ofz =a+ ib and denoted byzor

Remark: Ifz =a + ib is a non-zero complex number, then

1 a-ib
ti
a+ib a+ib a-ib a +62 a' +62
1
Thus is equal to the multiplicative inverse ofz.

Hence the multiplicative inverse is same as its reciprocal.

 NUMI
QATON9
iproblems,
n practteal, following method in employed to 411

Multiplientireinverse of a+ib- enleulote the

Note:

muttipfiestive inver to
pivisionofComplex Numbers

anytwo complex number8 2, and Z, where Z,

Gien + 0, then
1 their quotient is
deined
as

sOMEIMPORTANTIDENTITIES
47.
For I complex numbers z, and z,:
all

(Z,-zg) =Z; -22,2, +z.?2

à)
=z,' +3z z, +3zjzg"2 t z 3
3
-z
(E, ) =z, -3z, z, +3z,z,
(w)
2-z = (Z +zg) (z, -2)

Proof. ) We have,

2
|Distributive law)
2
(Distributiwe law)
+ Z12, t Zz t Z 2
2 2
[Commutative law of multiplication]
+22,22 + z
(üi) (z, +z,) =(z +2,.(z +z,)(z +2z12, tz").(z t2,) (See part ()]
=(z?+2z;2, +z,) z+a' +2z,2) +2z,)z
3
=,'+221',tz'z
= +z'2, +2z,2, 2 ++z,3
-'+32,4 +32;2,° +z,
Similarly, other identities can be proved.

Note: Many other identities which are true for all real numbers, can also be proved for all complex
numbers.
 4.12
FLEMENTS OF MATHEMN
An Importont Note:
nthe use of imaginary guantities there is one point of
notice.
We know that Jay hSoh for all positive real numbers a and b
importanee
when cither a>0, b <0 or an <0, 6> 0.
6ut in case, both a and b are negative quantities 1.e.,
does not hold.
a<0 and b<0,
then
In fact, -ax\-b=(i Va)ivb)= Vab =- ab, where a and b
numbers. are
eg., 3x-2 =- -3) x(-2) = /6 is wrong. oRtr
The correct result is -3x-2 =i/3xi y2 =i2 W2x3) =-V6.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE1. Simplify the following and writethe results in the form a +ib:
() (NCERT] (ü) (1+i)o +(1-i9

(üi) (- 43 +-2) (243 -i)

INCERT EXEMY,
SOLUTION. (E) 6)|-i=-32 =-3(-1)
=3=3+ 0i
(ü) (1+i)6 +(1-i)3- [(1+)9 +(1-i
= (1 + i2+ 2i)8 + 1-j8-3i + 312
=(1-1+2i) + 1+i -3i3 [:: =-1; =it
= (2i) - 2-2i =8j32-2;
=-8i-2- 2i =-2-10i.

(üi) - \3t-2) (2/3-)= (-+29(2/3-9

= -6+43i+2/6i-22
= -6+3 i+2/6i+2
=(42-6) + W3 +2/6)i.
EXAMPLE 2. Express each of the complex numbers given below in the form a +ib:

NCEER
orIEN
NUMBERSAND QUADRATIC EOUATIONS

("()-4
25
10
21

the 17
, Epresseach of
following numbers in the
UTION.(i) (1-) =(1-i)' (1-)2
(üi) forma+ib:
sON
-(1-2i+i)(1-2i+) UNCERT
=(1-2i-1) (1-2i-1)
=-2i) (- 2i)= 4i" = 4(-1) -4
=-4+i.0
3

4
=-|8+3.i+3.2.+.
9 27

--(8+4+ .(-)+. 1

--B) 1+4i
107
27

(üi) 2(1-i) (3-4) (5-)

(1-4i)(1+4i) (1+) (1-i)| (5+i)(5-i)
 4.14
BL.BMENTS OMAT
-)|(3-4iX6-)
26-12
1+41 2(1-)| 16-3i-20;
25+1
11-23i
26

-[l+4-17+177) (11-231
17
(-16+ 21i)(11-23i) 176 +
17x 26 388i +2
442
307+ 699i 307 599
442 442 442

EXAMPLE 4. Express each of thefollowing in the form A+iB:

(i) 2-4-25 (3+iN5)(3-i/5)
(üi)
1-/-16 (V3+N2 i)-(W3-iV2)
SOLUTION. () 2--25 2-5i 2-5i 1+4i
1-4-16 1-4i 1-4i 1+4i
2+&i-5i - 20: 22 +3i 22 3
1-16j 17 17 17 i.

(ü) (8+i\5)(3-iV5) (3)-i/5je

(43+42)-W-iV2) 3+42i-/3+2i
9-(-5) 9+5 X
22i 2/2 i i
14i 7 7
2422 2-) 2
EXAMPLE 5. Find the complex number which when multiplied by 5+3i shall ivst
SOLUTION. Let the required complex number be z.
According to the given condition,
z (5 +3i) =3-4i ’ 3- 4;
z=
5+3i
34i 5-3i
X
5+3i 5- 3i
2 =
15- 9; - 20i + 12;
25 +9
 AND gUADMATIE tOUATHS
NUMBERS

x I6-291-
12
14 4
34

| complexnumber
roquirod
in 43 94
vnluen of xand yif (
the

thereal
Fint hn9 if 11e
iy)(2 +P - 11 )
Honce,

Wohave( z
6.
KAMII

sAITIOw. 2y)(4 +44+P)- 10 10

(3r
2iy)(4 + 41- 1) = 10)+ 10
(3r- 2iy)(3 +
44)-10 10
12xi yi-yi=10+ 10%
9r +
Eyi By (- 1)- 10+ 101
+(12x -
+ &y) +
(12x- Ery) 10)+ 10
(9x
realandimaginary partaon beth siden, we y
the and
Equating 10 12%-y 10
9x + By
14 1

above equations,
we yet z=
the
Solving
(a+ iby (a-ib
XAMPLE
7.S
Simplif: a-ib

(a+ib) (a-ib (a+ ib -la-ib?

sOLUTION. a -ib a+ ib a-(ib?

2i963 +Bia?b+ 3ai-B +3inb-Bait!

-2i6 +6iab 263a-b)

(2+i³ into real and imaginury part.

EXAMPLE8.Separate 3+2i

+3.2".i+3.2.²+i3
sOLUTION. (2+i)3 =2°
=8+12i-6-i= 2+11i

(2+i)³ 2+11i 2+11i3-2i 28+ 291 22 29

3+2i 3+2i 3+2i 3-2i 9+4 13 13
28 29
Real part= and imaginary part= 13
13
 4.16 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATIK
EXAMPLE 9, Ir(l+i) I+iy, then find the value ofx +y.
2-i

SOLUTION. We have, x +iy

(1+i)
2-i
1 +2i +i?
2-i
INCERT XEM
1+2i-1 2i
2-i 2-i

21 2+i 4i+24i +2(-1)

2-i 2+i 2-;2 4-(-1) -2+5 4i
4
x+ iy = 65
Bquating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
2 4
and y = 5
5
2 4 2
I+y = -

EXAMPLE 10. Prove that (x +1 +)(*+1-) -1+i)(*-1-)=#44

SOLUTION. LHS.= [(a + 1) +i)(+ 1)- i)) [(t- 1) +i) («-1)-))
= [+ 1-1) [(- 1- i)
= e+2r +1-(- 1)] e?-2x +1--1)]
= ²+2x + 2] [2- 2x + 2]
=[(r'+2) + 2x] [(2 + 2) 2:]
= (2+ 2)2- (2x2
= x+ 4r?+ 4 4r =+4= RH.S.

EXAMPLE 11. If = 1fhen find thee least positive integral value of m.

NCR
SOLUTION. We have 1+i 1+iX1+i 1+2i+i 1+2i-1 2i
1-i 1-i 1+i 1²-2 1+1 2

=1 ’ )=1

’ mis a multiple of 4. [:
Hence,the least positive integral value of mis 4.
EXAMPLE 12. Find the additive inverse of (2 +3i.
SOLUTION. Let z =(2+3i) =4+9; +12i =4-9+12i =-5+12i
.:. Additive inverse of z = 5- 12i.
 NUMBERS
AND OUADRATIC EQUATIONS

13.Aindh emultiplicative
inverse (reciproenl) of the
wAMTE

2 fol os ing
( i )Let
z=7+7i
soIIO.
1 1
Multiplicantive
inverse of
2 7+7i
1

7-47i7-71
7+7i1-hi 49-
1-47i_7-71 1 11
49+7 56 8 847
1,V3
i
z2 2
1
Multiplicativeinverse of z =
: -1.J3
2

1 V3
2 2
1 V3
2 2
1,3 1 /3
2 2
2 2
|1,3/3 (-)+3. 1 J3.1.3
+ i
8 2 2 2 2
3
3
4 4

|1 3V3 i+ 343 i + i
8 8 8
=1=1+i0.

(x+i)² (*²+1)²
2x+1 »prove that a' ++62
EXAMPLE 14. Ifa + ib = b = NCERT,
(2x +)?
(*+i)?
x+i +2xi x-1+2xi
SOLUTION. a+ ib= =

2x+1 2x+1 2x²+1

a+ ib = x-1 2x
2x+1 2x+1
 Rquating real andimnginary parta on both wien, wa have

(2 (2D

(2r'+1 (2x'+1) (2r'1

+1+ 2x
(2x'+ )? (2x +)
(r"+1)
Hence, a'+6' (2x"+1)²

EXAMPLE 15. If x -iy" Ve-idib prove that x + y

la-ib
sOLUTKON. X-y = c-id
a-ib
(x-iy=
C-id
a-ib C+id
’ 2 + (iy)- 2ixy = X
c- id c+id
ac + iad-ibc - ibd
x2-y2 - 2ixy =
e-(id)
ac + iad-ibe + bd (ac + bd) + i(ad -bc)

Bquating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

ac + bd ad - bc
*?-y²= and - 2ocy =

Now, (a2 + y2) = (2-y2 + 4 x2y?

ac + b ad-bo )2
= +
c + d?
a' +ba²+2acbd aa²+be- 2adbe
(e²+ d)2 (c+ d²?
a'e +ba' + 2acbd +a'd +6¢- 2adbe
(e² +d'²
a'c² +ba² +a'a' +6e
 ND
NUN
BERS A ATIONS
EX

Hence
the
resul

16.
u+ iv, then shouw that "
wAME

(r +iy)3 = u+ iv
y
sOUTION. Here (NCRRTI
(iy+ 3iy (r?) + 3x (iy u+ iv
- iy3 + 3ix²y - 3ry² = u +iv
3-3ry +i(3r²y - y³) =u+ iu
Equatingreal and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
-3ry2 and
3r'y-y=y
x (r-3y) =u and y (322
-y) =v
and

HV2-3y +3*°-y = 4x
-4y' -4(²-y)
W= 4 (x?-y').
Hence,

SQUARE ROOT OF ACOMPLEX NUMBER

48.
ib be a comnplex nuaber such that
Let a +
Ja + ib =+iy, where * and yare real
numbers ..(1)
we have
Squaringboth sides,
(a +ib)= (* + iy)
a+ib =x + iy+ 2ixy
a+ib = (-y) + 2ixy
Comparingreal and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
a2-y²=a ...(2)
2xy = b ...(3)
and
Now, ( + y') = (*-y? + 4x3y2
(2+ y22=a + 62 [Using (2) and (3))
(+y)= ya? + 62 ...4) (: Sum of squares of real numbers is always +vel
From (2) and (4) by addition and subtraction, we get
1
+a
 4.20

and
FLEMENtS

and
y= t
-a)
Ifb is positive, then by egn. (3), x and y are of the same sign,

Ja + ib = t + 62

Ifb is negative, then by eqn. (3), x and y are of different

-a)
signs.
Ja+ ib = +| + 62
-a)
EXAMPLE 17. Find the sauare root of the followin8:
(2) 1+4 3 i (iü) -8- 6i.
SOLUTION. () Let /1+4 J3i = x+ iy
Squaring both sides, we have
1+4 J3 i=(*+iy)
=*² +iy +2ixy =(*-y')+(24y) i
Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
2-y² =1
and 2ry = 4 J3 4xy² =48
Now, (x' +y²)² =(r'-y2) +4x'y =(1) +48 = 49
*+y =7 ...(4)
[Using (2), and
[::Sum of squares of real numbers
is
From (2)and (4) by addition and subtraction, we get aluays
2x =8 x=4 x=t2
and 2y =6 ’ y =3 y=t/3
Since y > 0, therefore x and y are of same sign.
x =2, y= /3 Or *=-2, y=-V3
Then from (1), /1+4 /3i=x +iy = ± (2+J3 i).
 4ND OUADRATIC BQUATIONS
MSKS

tyl-22 5
-43i
- t/4-3 - 22 a

t2(3225
- t/2 3 - 2-50
L8-6 =I+y
sides,wehave
iy)
-8-6 = r +
=+ry
=f-+(2ryk
realand imaginary parts on both sides, we get
ChaRng
F-=-8
2ry= - 6 ’ 4=36

=(-8+36 = 64 +36 =100

F+=10 ...(4) ( Sum of squaresof real numers is alwcys - oel
and(4) by addition
and subtraction, we get
(2)
Frm 2r= 2 r=11

2y²= 18 ’ y=9 ’ y=+3

<0,thereforez and y are of opposite sign.
Since y
y=-3 or =-1, y=3
either r =1,
Thenfrom(1), J-8-6i = r+iy= +(1-3).
ShortcutMethod :

Square root of -8-6=t-8-6

= 1/-8-2.1.3i

= t1-9-2.1.3i

= t/1 +(3) -2.1.3i

= ty1-3)² =t(1-3).
 ELEMENTS OMATHEMA
4.22
EXERCISE 4.2

1. Evahate:
() 4 x(1 - 64)
write the result in
the form a +
ib:
(ii ) Cie1
indicated operation and
2. Perform the (3 -5i)
(ii) (- 2+3i)
() (2i +5) (2 (ii ) +31) (5
3 + J5 i
+4
(v) 2
(iv)

(vm) (V6 -7) (V6- 7i)2 +(-2 +7i)

3. () Divide 2-3i by 5- 4i. 37:
complex number which when multiplied by 2 + 5i gives
(2) Find a iB:
Express the following complex numbers in the form A +
4
3+-1
(i)
5+2i (iü) 2-/-1 (iii)2+3i
-1+/3i 3+2i
(1+i)4
5+9i (u) (vi) (1+i²
(iv) (1-i)4
-3+4i 3-i
2+i
(viii) 1
(vii) (3 + 4i)-1 (1+i) (1 2i) 3
1-2
5. Simplify :
1+2i+3;2
i1+i
(E) (1-i)2 +(1+)2 (iü)
12i+3;2 (iii)

(1-i) (3- i) I(V2 +i/3)+(V2-iW3))

(iv) (1+i) (3 + i) (v)
3-i 3+i [(W3 +iV2)+ (V3 -iW2)1
Showthat:
3+2i 3-2i 2+3i
(i) + is rational (iü) isreal
2-5i 2+5i 3+ 4¿
7. If Z =-3i, Zy =3+ 4i, Z =2-3i, verify that
(i)
8. (¿) If3+ (a + ib) = 5 + 8i, find the values of aand b.
(ü) Find the values ofx and ygiven that (x + iy) (2 3i)= 4 +i
(üii) If (« +iy= (a + ib), prove that a² +b2 =(2 +y2)2.
9. Determine real numbers x and y for which the following equations are true :
(i) 2x + (3x + y)i= 4+ 10i (ii) (3 -4i) (x + iy) = 1
(iii)x + 4iy= ix +y + 3 2
(iw)
ö-+ yi =-2+4i
 MEERS
2AORAT

BÀttive inT

multplicative
he

inererel) )
)2
5P
e
ma

4-5

=3-;shos
(oun)
i2-)3
-r*iy. prove that
prove that -l
Prorethhat
ifz,,Z¬ C, then
Re z,2=Re z) Re -
Im z,2)- Re
z-I Im2) in z
root of the
the square following:
() 7+24 (iü) 5 -12

(i) - i [NCERT] (D) -441

625
-2-2,5.
2-4 2
5-4 5- 4
ANSWERS
16 + 2; (i) 16
1. ()

2 ) 21 + 20: (i) 9+19:

iüi -2-23
24 N6 i
(iw) 7+
5

(pü) -(142\5 +45)+210i.

(u)
615i
36
13
48 24

22 7
3. (i) i (iü) -1-i
41 41
 4N
ELEMENTS oF MAHRM.
4 ) 3-8) (6/99),
(iii 12
() 1+( 13 1a
(oi)
(vii)
() 2 2 (ix) 1
()
(iii) i
14 (o)
)
5 14
(ü) x= 13 J
13
3 4
(iü) x= , y=
9 ) x=2, y 4 25 25
(iü) x= 4, y
2 /2 =1
(v) x= - y= -3
( ) x= 0, y =6 3 (ui) x= 3,
10. () -4 (u) 16 - 30i (iüü) 3 - 5i (iv) 18
y=-1
2 3
13 13
11. ()
3_2i
13 13
(iü)
13
+
13 (iii)
13 13
4 3 11 60
1
(v)
25
+
25
(v) 3721 3721 (vi) 4N3
49 49
31 5
(vù) (viiü)
25 25 13 13

16. () t(4+3i) (iü) ±(3-2i)

(üi) ±(1+43 )
(iv) (v) t 25 (vi) 0+ 2
J41
4.9. CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Ifz =a+ib,(a, be R) is acomplex number, then its conjugate is denoted by 7
to a - ib. and is er
Thus z= a+ ib ’ z=a+ib= a-ib.
For example, if z=2+ 3i, then =2-3i ;
and if z=4i, then 2=-4i.
Notation. The complex conjugate of acomplex number z is denoted by z.

Note: tis obuious that the complex conjugate of acomplex number is obtained by changing the sign fa
imaginary part.
 415

sONE
PIROPERTESs cOATE COMPLEINAJMBEPS
Prgarty1L

(2
i=n -
Prom (I) and (2)|

Fngerty2 friaa
amplznamber,tthen (z) =z
-1)

(2)

Prom (1) and (2))

f smciez mIES an be statei 2s follw:

umber ia the number itself.
n g f mglz njugte ofa
number,then :
Prugerty 2 lfzaaeplez (iü) z.~20.
z+2=2 Rel2) (iü) z-Z = 2i Im (z)
Prst Lt z=c+
Z=0-5
z+Z =2 Re (z)

ib,-(a-b) =25 z-Z =22 Im (z)

As z-Z =(a-
z~=la-,.(a-ib)=a-b =a--8)= +b'20
that the sum f tuo compler conjugate numbers is a real
The atrve property sws numbers is a purely imaginary number
ts onplez conjugate
Taer, the itterencof numbers is a non-negative real number.
Ld the prduet of tuwo ngl njugate
then
Progerty4 Ifejz are tuo complez numbers,
(i) (z,-z,) =~,-,

(io) provided z, #0
Z

Prud. le z, =a+b and z, =c+ id.

..1)
The z1-b and , =¢-id
z +2, =(a+ib)+le+id) =(a+c) +i(b+d)
[From (1)
z, +4) =(a+c) -i(b+ d)=(a-ib) + (c- id) =~ +
Tha, z +z) =1, +