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Creative Writing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Various Elements,
Techniques, and Literary
Devices of Drama
Creative Writing – Grade 12
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Various Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices of Drama
First Edition, 2020

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Writer: Junamy Clueh J. Talingting

Editors: Louie Mark G. Garvida , Imelda C. Martinez, Jerryl Jean L. Salunayan
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Creative Writing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Various Elements, Techniques
and Literary Devices of Drama
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Creative Writing Grade 12 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on

Various Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices of Drama!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

Provide additional worksheets to enhance
leaner’s mastery on the various elements,
techniques, and literary devices of drama.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

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Welcome to the Grade 12 – Creative Writing Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Various
Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices of Drama!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what
you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in
various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or

blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery
in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

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 Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Various Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices of Drama. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

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The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Elements of Drama

• Lesson 2 – Techniques in Drama
• Lesson 3 – Literary Device

In this module, you will be able to

• identify the various elements, techniques and literary device of a drama

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. describe drama
2. recall the types of drama
3. analyze the elements, techniques and literary device used in a drama
4. use the various elements, techniques and literary device of a drama to
compose a draft of at least one-scene for a one-act play

What I Know

Let me see how depth your knowledge is about this lesson. Are you
ready? You can begin now.

A. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect.

Use the space provided.

__________ 1. A drama is a type of literature that is written for the purpose of being
read in front of an audience.
__________ 2. Scene is a single situation or unit of dialogue in a play.
__________ 3. Act is composed of many scenes.
__________ 4. Comedy is a form of drama in which there is a display of human
suffering and catharsis for the audience
__________ 5. Tragedy is a form of entertainment meant to be humorous.

B. Directions: Read the statements. Determine the letter of the correct answer.

__________ 6. Someone who writes plays and also known as a dramatist.

A. Actors B. Author C. Playwright D. Characters
__________ 7. It is a piece of writing in the form of drama composed of dialogue,
stage directions and instructions to the actors and director.
A. Comedy B. Drama C. Script D. Playwright

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 __________ 8. The conversation between two or more characters in a literary work.
A. Drama B. Dialogue C. Script D. Playwright
__________ 9. The form of live theatre in which the plot, characters and dialogue
of a game, scene or story are made up in the moment.
A. Comedy B. Drama C. Theatre D. Improvisation
__________ 10. The main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work, which
may be stated directly or indirectly.
A. Conflict B. Drama C. Theme D. Theatre
__________ 11. The person who portrays a character in a performance.
A. Actors B. Author C. Playwright D. Scriptwriter __________ 12. The
audience knows something the characters don’t.
A. Drama B. Improvisation C. Dramatic Irony D. Tragic Irony
__________ 13. It is a literary element that involves a struggle between two
opposing forces, usually a protagonist and an antagonist.
A. Actors B. Conflict C. Problem D. Theme
__________ 14. A drama or literary work that depicts calamitous events and has
an unhappy but meaningful ending.
A. Drama B. Comedy C. Dialogue D. Tragedy
__________ 15. It is a device in which an object, person or situation is given

another meaning beyond its literal one.

A. Act B. Audience C. Improvisation D. Symbolism

Good Job! You have successfully answered the first tasks. Were you able to answer
all the items correctly? If not, do not worry because I am here to help you throughout
this lesson.

Lesson
Elements, Techniques and
1 Literary Devices of Drama

Drama also known as a play, is a form of literature written intentionally for theatrical
performance. It is usually fictional and most of its parts are consisted of scripted

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dialogues, or only the acting in some cases, between characters intended to be
performed.

It is one of the first forms of storytelling in human history. Also, drama was
popular in many other parts of the world. Drama examples have continued to be
significant in different areas of the world and throughout different time periods. One
of the reasons that drama has continued to have such an important place in
literature is its unique way of presenting a narrative in real time.
Did you know that there are various elements, techniques and literary devices
in drama? This module will help you learn the various elements, techniques and
literary devices in drama. This is your Lesson 1 for Quarter 2.

What’s In

Now, let’s take a look at what you have learned from your previous
lesson/experiences. Can you still remember them?
If yes, let’s answer the next activity.

Activity 1: Match Up

Directions: Let us recall important points. Match column A with column B.

Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.

A B
________ 1. Plot A. a word or phrase that goes beyond its literal meaning

________ 2. Theme B. an author's use of vivid and descriptive language

to add depth to their work

________ 3. Setting C. the sequence of events in a story
________ 4. Conflict D. a person or another being in a text
________ 5. Imagery E. the struggle or problem between two opposing forces

________ 6. Character F. the central topic, subject, or message within a

narrative
________ 7. Assonance G. the time and place (or when and where) of the story
________ 8. Alliteration H. the repetition of the sound of a vowel sound
________ 9. Point of View I. repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in
successive or closely associated syllables within a group
of words

________ 10. Figures of Speech J. refers to who is telling or narrating a story

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 Well done! Thank you for trying to remember your previous lesson. I know it
could be hard for you to remember it but you did your best. Now, I think you are
ready. Let’s start with our lesson.

What’s New
Activity 2: Double Trouble
Directions: You have learned about prose and poetry in your previous modules.
Study the two forms of text below. Then, using the Venn diagram below, compare
and contrast the two texts.

Text 1
Act I
Scene 2
The LIGHTS come up on ROSE hanging up clothes.
SHE hums and sings softly to herself.
It is the following morning.
ROSE. (Sings.)
Jesus, be a fence all around me every day
Jesus, I want you to protect me as I travel on my way.
Jesus, be a fence all around me every day.
(TROY enters from the house)
ROSE
Jesus, I want you to protect me
As I travel on my way.
(To TROY.) Morning. You ready for breakfast? I can fix it as soon as I finish hanging up
these clothes?
TROY. I got the coffee on. That'll be all right. I'll just drink some of that this morning.

- From: August Wilson's Fences

Text 2

All the world's a stage,

And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts, His
acts being seven ages. At first, the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.

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- From: All the World's a Stage by William Shakespeare

Now, complete this Venn diagram.

Activity 3: What’s in this Name

Directions: Using the organizer below, write down words associated with
drama.

DRAMA

What is It
How is it? Is your learning from this module progressing? Let’s
continue. This time let us learn about the following concepts:

What is Drama?

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 Drama comes from the Greek Word, “Dran” which means “To do” or “To Act”.
Doing/Acting makes drama. It is the presentation of actions on a stage
through actors/actress before an audience. Like a short story or novel, it has
a setting, characters, plot, and even symbolism.

But What Makes Drama Unique?

Drama has one characteristic peculiar to itself—it is written primarily to be

performed, not read.

Two Types of Drama

1. Tragedy - is a form of drama in which events lead to the downfall of the

main character, often a person of great significance, like a king or hero.
Example: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
2. Comedy - is a form of drama that has a happy ending. Humor comes from
the dialogue and situations.
Example: The Knaves of Shakespeare

Elements of Drama

Categories

1. Literary Elements
Aristotle’s Six Elements
1.1 Plot refers to the action; the basic storyline of the play.
Six Stages in a Plot Structure
Initial Preliminary Rising Action
Incident Event

Denouement Falling Action Climax

1.2 Theme refers to the message that is intended to be expressed

through the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to
be learned from the play.

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 1.3 Characters and Actors- the people (sometimes animals or ideas)
portrayed by the actors.
Typically, each character, both major and minor, is listed alongside a brief
description of the character's role in the story. Below, you can see that Troy is the
main character, and each character is described in relation to him.
Example LYONS, Troy's oldest
son by previous marriage
Characters
GABRIEL, Troy's brother
TROY MAXSON
CORY, Troy and Rose's son
JIM BONO, Troy's friend
RAYNELL, Troy's daughter
ROSE, Troy's wife
Characterization is the way the playwright/author presents a character

Types of Character
1. Protagonist is the main character of a story.
2. Antagonist is the opposite of a Protagonist. Usually the villain or
opponent of the main character
3. Round character are complex and undergo development.
4. Flat character are relatively uncomplicated and do not change
throughout the whole story.

1.4 Dialogue refers to words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters
in the play.
Forms of Dialogue:
It is the conversation between two or more characters is referred to as dialogue
(usually the majority of speech in plays consists of dialogue).
A monologue is when one character delivers a speech to convey his or her
thoughts, although other characters may remain on stage in scene. Similar to
a monologue, a soliloquy is a speech made by one character but delivered
when he or she is alone on stage.
1.5 Music/Rhythm referring to the rhythm of the actors’ voice as they speak
1.6 Spectacle – refers to the visual elements of a play: Set, Costumes, special effects

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 Elements of Drama in the Modern Theater

Characters Plot Theme

Dialogue Convention – refers to

Genre – type Audience
techniques /methods of play

2. Technical Elements
2.1 Scene (Set) refers to the theatrical equipment
2.2 Costumes refers to clothing and accessories used by actors to portray
characters
2.3 Properties any movable object that appears on stage
2.4 Sound refers to the effects an audience hears during the performance
2.5 Lights
2.6 Makeup includes costumes, wigs, and body paints used to transform
characters Other Elements:

1. Playwright-the author of a play (script)

2. Script- the written pages of a play. Scripts are divided into Acts and Scenes.
Acts- long sections of a play, made up of multiple scenes, usually designed
to separate the play into its main parts and to give the audience a “break”
from the performance.

Scenes- shorter sections of a play, usually each scene occurs in one

location at a specific time. Multiple scenes make up an act. It is often
signaled by the entrance or exit of a character or change in setting or focus
of the action

Example from August Wilson's Fences

Act I
Scene 2
The LIGHTS come up on ROSE hanging up clothes.
SHE hums and sings softly to herself.
It is the following morning.

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 ROSE. (Sings.)
Jesus, be a fence all around me every day
Jesus, I want you to protect me as I travel on my way.
Jesus, be a fence all around me every day.
(TROY enters from the house)

3. Setting - the place, together with other conditions, such as time and the
environment, involved in which the events occur. The setting in the drama can
be presented through the visual element deals with the scenes, costumes and
special effects used in it. The setting can as well be enhanced by using viewable
elements, sound effects, and music.
4. Conflict - the internal or external struggle that creates dramatic tension.
Internal Conflict  Person vs Society

 Person vs Self  Person vs. Nature

 Person vs. Supernatural
External Conflict
 Person vs. Fate/God  Person vs. Technology
Person vs. Person
Source: Elements of Drama: Characters, Plot, Setting & Symbolism, 2013)

Techniques in Drama

1. Vocal Dynamics – actors need to expand their vocal toolbox and learn about
the ways that range, pitch, and pronunciation which affect performance
2. Body Language and Mannerisms - actors bring their characters to life by
moving, reacting, and even standing in nuanced ways that are natural for their
character.
3. Use and Awareness of Space - actors need to be aware not just of your “marks”
on stage, but also of the actors who must interact with or move past you
4. Improvisational Techniques refers to the on-the-spot creativity of the actors.

Common Literary Devices Used in Drama

• Figures of speech – words that goes its literal meaning

Metaphor - are one of the most extensively used literary devices. A
metaphor refers to a meaning or identity ascribed to one subject by way of

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another. In a metaphor, one subject is implied to be another so as to draw a
comparison between their similarities and shared traits.
For example:
a rose (object) is substituted for love (feeling)
“Henry was a lion on the battlefield.”
Similes are one of the most commonly used literary devices; referring to the
practice of drawing parallels or comparisons between two unrelated and
dissimilar things, people, beings, places and concepts. Similes are marked
by the use of the words ‘as’ or ‘such as’ or ‘like’

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 For example:

He is like a mouse in front of the teacher.

• Imagery - the author’s attempt to create a mental picture in the mind of the
reader. It appeals to the senses.
For example:
Visual imagery - It was dark in the forest…
Olfactory Imagery (smell) – She whiffed the sweet aroma of his drink
Tactile Imagery (touch) - She held it with her rough hand the soft pillow.

• Symbolism - when an object is meant to be representative of something or

an idea greater than the object itself or it is the frequent use of words,
places, characters, or objects that mean something beyond what they are on
a literal level.

For example: a writer uses the word ‘blood’ once its meaning will be
confined to that instance in which it is used.
But if the word is used repeatedly, as it is in plays like Macbeth and Romeo
and Juliet it expresses some profound ideas. By using a word repeatedly in
different contexts it expresses several interlocking themes. In Romeo and
Juliet ‘blood’ refers to all the following and more themes: violence, youth,
passion, family ties.

• Dramatic Irony – involves the reader (or audience) knowing something

about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no
knowledge.
For example:
From Romeo and Juliet
“Alack, there lies more peril in thine eye / Than twenty of their
swords! Look thou but sweet, / And I am proof against their enmity”
(act 2, scene 2).

Romeo tries to reassure Juliet by claiming he is invincible to

her family's hostility, but the audience knows that the young lovers
are doomed to die as a result of the feud.

• Foreshadowing refers to the use of indicative words/phrases and hints that

set the stage for a story to unfold and give the reader a hint of something
that is going to happen without revealing the story or spoiling the suspense.
Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story.

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Example:
“He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow.”

What’s More
You’ve done a great job in the previous activities. Now, I think
you are equipped with ideas and ready for more challenging and exciting tasks. Try
to answer this.

Activity 4: Extracting Information

Directions: Study the text below and identify the elements/literary device used. Use
and complete the table below.

Sorry, Wrong Number

(A Radio Play) By Lucille Fletcher

CAST
Mrs. Stevenson Sergeant Duffy Chief Operator Information Operator
Operator Third operator Second Operator
First Man Woman at Henchley Hospital
Second Man (George) Western Union Clerk

(Sound: Number being dialed on phone; busy signal.)

Mrs. Stevenson. (a querulous, self-centered neurotic) Oh—dear! (Slams down
receiver.
Dials Operator. )
Operator. Your call, please?
Mrs. Stevenson. Operator? I’ve been dialing Murray Hill 4-0098 now for the last
threequarters
of an hour, and the line is always busy. But I don’t see how it could be busy that
long. Will you try it for me, please?
Operator. Murray Hill 4-0098? One moment, please.
Mrs. Stevenson. I don’t see how it could be busy all the time. It’s my husband’s
office. He’s

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working late tonight, and I’m all alone here in the house. My health is very poor—
and
I’ve been feeling so nervous all day— Operator.
Ringing Murray Hill 4-0098.
(Sound: Phone buzz. It rings three times. Receiver is picked up at the other end.) Man.
Hello.
Source: DepEd Grade 9 Learner’s Material

Elements of Drama Evidence

1. 6. Lucille Fletcher

2. Characters 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

*A separate sheet of paper may be used if necessary.

Activity 5: Think & Match

Directions: Match the literary devices on the left with its appropriate example on the
right. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.

________11 Simile A. Romeo: By some vile forfeit of the untimely death.

________12. Metaphor B. “And to ‘thy go like lightning”
________13. Dialogue C. The servant away with the joint-stools, remove the
court-cupboard, look to the plate.

________14. Imagery D. Romeo thought that Juliet was dead and he kills
himself.

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________15. Dramatic Irony E. My life is a foe of debt!

Activity 6: Say It
Directions: Study the conversation below lifted from Romeo and Juliet by William
Shakespeare. Identify whether the line is a monologue or a dialogue. Write your
answer on the space provided.
_______16. Act Four, Scene Three: Juliet Drinks the Medicine Juliet's
room. Juliet is wearing her wedding-dress.
Juliet: They think that I'm going to marry Paris tomorrow, but they're wrong, (She
takes out Father Lawrence's bottle.) When I drink this, I'll fall asleep. They'll think
I'm dead. Oh, I'm so afraid! I won't wake up for two days. When I wake up, I'll be in
the tomb, with dead bodies around me. But I must do it. Romeo will come and find
me, and we'll be together again! (She drinks the medicine and lies down on her bed.)

_______17. Act Five, Scene One: News from Verona

Romeo is walking along a street in Mantua. There are some shops in the street.
Romeo: Oh, I'm so lonely without Juliet I want to go back to Verona, but I can't go
back yet. I must wait until Father Lawrence sends a message. I'll hear some news
soon, I hope.

_______18. Act Three, Scene One: More Trouble

A busy street in Verona. Some people are walking along the street.
Mercutio and Benvolio are talking.
Benvolio: It's hot today, isn't it? I don't like this weather. People feel angry when it's
so hot. (Tybalt and some friends enter.)
Mercutio: Look! It's the Capulets – over there!
Benvolio: Don't start an argument, we don't want

Activity 7: Write it
Directions: Based on the samples given, try to write your own dialogue. Use the
spaces below.

19-20.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Wow! Congratulations, you made it! Take time to rest for now. You have done so
much.

What I Have Learned

Did you learn something from this lesson? If so, then tell
me.

My journey through this lesson enabled me to learn that drama

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

It made me realize that

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.

Remember the points below:

Drama is a written work intended to be performed.

There are various elements, techniques, and literary device used in drama.

Assessment

Well done! We are now close to the finish line of this module. But, before
we say goodbye, kindly take this test to check how much you have learned
from this module.

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Directions: Study and complete each statement below. Write letter of your answer
on a separate answer sheet.

1. In drama, a/an _______________________ is any conversation between two or

more people.
A. Actors B. Dialogue C. Monologue D. Script

2. _________________ refers to the range, pitch, and pronunciation of the actors

which affect performance.
A. Improvisational Techniques
B. Mannerisms
C. Space
D. Vocal Dynamics

3. A/an ____________________________ is lines spoken by one person (it can be to

someone else, to himself/herself, or to the audience).
A. Actors B. Dialogue C. Monologue D. Script

4. A/an _________________ is the the sequence of events in a story.

A. Act B. Plot C. Scene D. Climax

5. A _________________ is a type of literature that is written for the purpose of being

read in front of an audience.
A. Drama B. Dialogue C. Scene D. Script

6. _________________ is a single situation or unit of dialogue in a play.

A. Act B. Drama C. Dialogue D. Scene

7. _________________ is a form of drama in which there is a display of human

suffering and catharsis for the audience.
A. Comedy B. Drama C. Dialogue D. Tragedy

8. A/an _________________ is composed of many scenes.

A. Act B. Drama C. Dialogue D. Scene

9. A _________________ is a form of entertainment meant to be humorous

A. Comedy B. Drama C. Dialogue D. Tragedy

10. _________________ is author’s attempt to create a mental picture in the mind of

the reader. It appeals to the senses.
A. Imagery B. Metaphor C. Simile D. Symbolism
11. _________________ refers to the on-the-spot creativity of the actors.
A. Improvisational Techniques
B. Mannerisms
C. Space
D. Vocal Dynamics

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12. A___________ is a piece of writing in the form of drama composed of dialogue,
stage directions and instructions to the actors and director.
A. Comedy B. Drama C. Script D. Playwright

13. ____________ is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story.

A. Imagery B. Dramatic Irony C. Foreshadowing D. Symbolism

14. A____________ refers to the visual elements of a play.

A. Costume B. Props C. Set D. Spectacle

15. A type of character that undergo changes in the text.

A. Actors B. Antagonist C. Flat D. Round

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