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Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

TRUE/FALSE
1. The indexed variables (members) of an array must be integers.
ANSWER: FALSE
2. The locations of the various indexed variables in an array can be spread out all
over the memory.
ANSWER: FALSE
3. The following array declaration is legal
double scores[]={0.1,0.2,0.3};
ANSWER: true
4. Arrays can be passed to functions.
ANSWER: TRUE
5. Arrays can be returned from a function.
ANSWER: FALSE
6. If a function is expecting a pass by reference parameter, you can pass an index
variable from an array of the same base type to that function.
ANSWER: TRUE
7. When you have a function that expects an array, it should also expect the size of
the array or the number of indexed variables with valid data.
ANSWER: TRUE
8. The following function declaration guarantees the values in the array argument
are not changed.

void function1(int array[], int numElements);

ANSWER: FALSE
9. The following function will work with any size integer array.

void function1(int array[], int numElements);

ANSWER: TRUE
10. If you use the const modifier in a function declaration, you do not include it in the
function definition.
ANSWER: FALSE
Short Answer
1. Write the code to declare a two dimension array of integers with 10 rows and 20
columns.
ANSWER: int array[10][20];
2. Write the code to declare an array of 10 doubles named list;
ANSWER: double list[10];
3. The modifier that guarantees that an array argument will not be changed is called
______.
ANSWER: const
4. How many indexed variables does the following array have?
int myArray[]={1,2,3,6,5,4,7,1,2};
ANSWER: 9
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

5. How many indexed variables does the following array have?

int myArray[12]={1,2,3,6,5,4,7,1,2};
ANSWER: 12
6. Write the declaration for a function named funct1 that expects an array of floats,
the number of elements in the array and does not return any value.
ANSWER: void funct1(float myArray[], int numElements);
7. If you put a value in the square brackets of a one-dimension array parameter, this
value is _________ by the compiler.
ANSWER: ignored
8. If your index used to access the indexed variables of the array has the value of a
non-existent index, this is called _________
ANSWER: Index out of range, Index out of bounds, or illegal.
9. The computer remembers the address of which indexed variable(s) in an array?
______
ANSWER: the first
10. A computer's memory consists of numbered locations called __________.
ANSWER: bytes
11. In the expression
double score[10];
double is called the ___________ of the array
ANSWER: base type
12. In the expression
cout << score[i] << endl;
i is called the
ANSWER: index or subscript
13. An _______ is used to process a collection of data all of which is the same type
ANSWER: array
14. The individual variables that comprise an array are called __________
ANSWER: indexed variables, subscripted variables, or elements.
15. Indexes are numbered starting at _________
ANSWER: 0
Multiple Choice
1. What are the valid indexes for the array shown below?
int myArray[25];
a. 0-25
b. 0-24
c. 1-25
d. 1-24
ANSWER: B
2. What is wrong with the following code?
float scores[10], total;
a. Cannot declare regular and array variables together.
b. Arrays must be integers
c. The 10 should be replaced with a variable name, whose value is input
from the user
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

d. Nothing.
ANSWER: D
3. Given an array named scores with 25 elements, what is the correct way to access
the 25th element?
a. scores+25
b. scores[24]
c. scores[25]
d. scores[last]
ANSWER: B
4. Why should you use a named constant for the size of an array?
a. Readability of code
b. Makes changes to the program easier
c. Helps reduce logic errors
d. All of the above
ANSWER: D
5. Given an array of integers of size 5, how does the computer know where the 3rd
indexed variable is located?
a. It adds 3 to the base address of the array
b. It adds space for 3 integers to the base address of the array
c. It remembers where all the indexed variables of the array are located.
d. None of the above
ANSWER: B
6. What is wrong with the following code fragment?
const int SIZE =5;
float scores[SIZE];
for(int i=0; i<=SIZE;i++)
{
cout << "Enter a score\n";
cin >> scores[i];
}
a. Array indexes start at 1 not 0
b. Arrays must be integers
c. Array indexes must be less than the size of the array
d. Should be cin >> scores[0];
ANSWER: C
7. Which of the following declare an array of 5 characters, and initializes them to
some known values?
a. char array[5]={'a','b','c','d','e'};
b. char array[4]={'a','b','c','d','e'};
c. char array[5]={''};
d. char array[]={'a','b','d','e'};
e. A and C
f. B and D
g. all of the above
ANSWER: E
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

8. If you declare and initialize an integer array of size 10, but only list 5 values, what
values are stored in the remaining 5 indexed variables?
a. 0
b. garbage
c. 0.0
d. '0'
ANSWER: A
9. Arrays are always passed to a function using
a. pass by value
b. pass by reference
c. pass by array
d. you cannot pass arrays to a function
ANSWER: C
10. Give the following declarations, which of the following is a legal call to this
function?
int myFunction(int myValue);

int myArray[1000];
a. cout << myFunction(myArray);
b. cout << myFunction(myArray[0]);
c. myArray = myFunction(myArray);
d. myArray[1] = myFunction(myArray[0]);
e. A and B
f. A and C
g. B and D
ANSWER: G
11. Which of the following function declarations correctly expect an array as the first
argument?
a. void f1(int array, int size);
b. void f1(int& array, int size);
c. void f1(int array[100], int size);
d. void f1(float array[], int size);
e. All of the above
f. C and D
g. A and B
ANSWER: F
12. Which of the following function declarations correctly guarantee that the function
will not change any values in the array argument?
a. void f1(int array[], int size) const;
b. void f1(int array[], int size);
c. void f1(int &array, int size);
d. void f1(const int array[], int size);
e. void f1(int array[], const int size);
ANSWER: D
13. The following function definition has an error in it. What line is this error on?
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

0. void f1(const double array[], int size)

1. {
2. int i=0;
3. while(i< size)
4. {
5. array[i] += 2;
6. cout <<array[i];
7. i++;
8. }
9. }
a. 0
b. 2
c. 5
d. 6
e. 2
ANSWER: C
14. Which of the following function declarations could be used to input data from the
keyboard into the array?
a. void input(int array[], int &numElements, int MAX_SIZE);
b. void input(int array[], int numElements, int MAX_SIZE);
c. void input(int &array[], int numElements, int MAX_SIZE);
d. int array[] input(int array[], int &numElements, int MAX_SIZE);
ANSWER: A
15. If we want a search function to search an array for some value and return either
the index where the value was found, or -1 if not found, which of the following
prototypes would be appropriate?
a. void search(const int array, int target, int numElements);
b. void search(const int array, int target);
c. int search(const int array[], int numElements);
d. int search(const int array[], int target, int numElements);
ANSWER: D
16. Given the following function definition for a search function, and the following
variable declarations, which of the following are appropriate function
invocations?

const int SIZE=1000;

int search(const int array[], int target, int numElements);

int array[SIZE], target, numberOfElements;

a. search(array[0], target, numberOfElements);
b. result=search(array[0], target, numberOfElements);
c. result=search(array, target, numberOfElements);
d. result=search(array, target, SIZE);
ANSWER: C
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

17. Given the following function definition, will repeated calls to the search function
for the same target find all occurrences of that target in the array?
int search(const int array[], int target, int numElements)
{
int index=0;
bool found=false;

while((!found) && (index < numElements))

{
if(array[index] == target)
found=true;
else
index++;
}
if(found==true)
return index;
else
return -1;
}
a. Yes
b. No
c. Impossible to tell without looking at the values of the array
d. It depends on the value of target.
ANSWER: B
18. Given the following function definition, what modifications need to be made to
the search function so that it finds all occurrences of target in the array?
int search(const int array[], int target, int numElements)
{
int index=0;
bool found=false;

while((!found) && (index < numElements))

{
if(array[index] == target)
found=true;
else
index++;
}
if(found==true)
return index;
else
return -1;
}
a. Add another parameter to indicate where to stop searching
b. Add another parameter to indicate where to start searching
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

c. This already can find all occurrences of a given target

d. Have the function return the whole array
ANSWER: B
19. Which sort algorithm does the following outline define?
for i between 0 and number_used-1 inclusive
put the ith smallest element at array[i]
a. sequential
b. selection
c. bubble
d. swap
ANSWER:B
20. Which of the following array declarations are legal?
a. int array[10];
b. int size;
cin >> size;
int array[size];
c. int array[]={0,0,0};
d. const int size=9;
int array[size];
e. All of the above
f. All but C
g. All but B
ANSWER: G
21. Which of the following function declarations will accept the following two-
dimension array?
int pages[10][30];
a. void f1(int pages[][], int size);
b. void f1(int pages[][30], int size);
c. void f1(int pages[10][], int size);
d. void f1(int& pages, int size);
ANSWER: B
22. If you need a function that will handle multi-dimensional arrays, you must specify
the following sizes inside the square brackets.
a. All the sizes
b. All sizes except the last dimension
c. All sizes except the first dimension
d. None of the sizes
ANSWER: C
23. What is the output of the following code fragment?
int array[4][4], index1, index2;
for(index1=0;index1<4;index1++)
for(index2=0;index2<4;index2++)
array[index1][index2]=index1 + index2;
for(index1=0;index1<4;index1++)
{
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

for(index2=0;index2<4;index2++)
cout << array[index1][index2] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
a. 0 1 2 3
1234
2345
3456
b. 0 1 2 3
0123
0123
0123
c. 0 0 0 0
1111
2222
3333
d. 0 0 0 0
0123
0246
0369
ANSWER: A
24. Which of the following correctly declare an array that can hold up to 3 rows of 5
columns of doubles?
a. int array[3],[5];
b. int array[3][5];
c. float array[3][5];
d. float array[3,5];
ANSWER: C
25. Which of the following function declarations can be passed the following array?
char myArray[6][8];
a. void f1(char a[][], int sizeOfFirst);
b. void f1(char a[][8], int sizeOfFirst);
c. void f1(char& a, int sizeOfFirst);
d. void f1(char a[6][8], int sizeOfFirst);
e. B and D
f. A and D
ANSWER: E
26. A two dimension array can also be thought of as
a. a table
b. an array of arrays
c. a file
d. none of the above
e. A and C
f. A and B
ANSWER: F
Test Bank for Problem Solving with C++: The Object of Programming, 9/e
Chapter 7 Arrays

27. Which of the following will correctly assign all the values in one array to the
other array? (Assume both arrays are of the same type and have SIZE elements)
a. array1=array2;
b. array1[]=array2;
c. for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
array1[i]=array2[i];
d. for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
array1[]=array2[];
ANSWER: C
28. Which of the following will read values from the keyboard into the array?
(Assume the size of the array is SIZE).
a. cin >> array;
b. cin >> array[];
c. cin >> array[SIZE];
d. for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
cin >> array[i];
ANSWER: D
29. Which of the following correctly uses C++11’s range-based for statement to
iterate through every element of the array variable arr?
a. for (auto x : arr)
b. foreach (x in arr)
c. for (auto x; x < arr.length; x++)
d. for x in arr
ANSWER: A
30. What is the output of this code?
int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3};
for (int &element : arr)
element+=10;
for (int element : arr)
cout << element << endl;
a. 1 2 3
b. 11 12 13
ANSWER: B
31. What is the output of this code?
int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3};
for (int element : arr)
element+=10;
for (int element : arr)
cout << element << endl;
a. 1 2 3
b. 11 12 13
ANSWER: A
Another Random Scribd Document
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of
Peeps at Many Lands: Siam
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Peeps at Many Lands: Siam

Author: Ernest Young

Illustrator: Edwin A. Norbury

Release date: June 2, 2018 [eBook #57253]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PEEPS AT MANY

LANDS: SIAM ***
 PEEPS AT
MANY LANDS

SIAM
A TYPICAL CANAL SCENE. Chapter II.
PEEPS AT MANY LANDS
 SIAM

BY

ERNEST YOUNG, B.Sc.

HEAD MASTER OF THE LOWER SCHOOL OF JOHN LYON,
HARROW
FORMERLY OF THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, SIAM
AUTHOR OF "THE KINGDOM OF THE YELLOW ROBE," ETC.

WITH TWELVE FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

IN COLOUR
BY

EDWIN A. NORBURY, R.C.A.

LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1908

TO

MY CHILD FRIEND,
 SYBIL MARJORIE COOPER,

I AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATE THIS, MY FIRST

BOOK FOR CHILDREN
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. A PEEP INTO SIAMESE HISTORY 1
II. IN EASTERN VENICE 5
III. DOWN THE RIVER 10
IV. THE CHILDREN 15
V. SCHOOLS 18
VI. AMUSEMENTS 22
VII. THE STORY OF BUDDHA 27
VIII. THE MONKS 34
IX. THE TEMPLES 39
X. THE SHAVING OF THE TOP-KNOT 44
XI. HOUSES 48
XII. FOOD AND DRESS 55
XIII. FISHING 56
XIV. RICE 60
XV. A PLOUGHING CEREMONY 65
XVI. ELEPHANTS 69
XVII. WHITE ELEPHANTS 75
XVIII. TRIAL BY ORDEAL 79
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
By EDWIN A. NORBURY, R.C.A.
A TYPICAL CANAL SCENE frontispiece
FACING PAGE
A CORNER OF THE GRAND PALACE ENCLOSURE,
4
BANGKOK
THE RIVER MARKET, BANGKOK 9
THE GULF OF SIAM—MOONLIGHT 16
A BUFFALO CART 25
A GROUP OF BUDDHIST MONKS 32
THE TEMPLE OF WAT POH 41
MOUNT PRABHAT 48
A FISHING-BOAT NEAR THE ISLAND PAGODA, PAKNAM 57
THE ANNUAL RICE-PLOUGHING FESTIVAL 64
AN ELEPHANT HUNT AT AYUTHIA 73
A RELIGIOUS WATER PROCESSION 80

Sketch-Map of Siam on p. viii.

SKETCH-MAP OF SIAM.
SIAM
 CHAPTER I
A PEEP INTO SIAMESE HISTORY

You have doubtless already learned in your history of England that at

one time this island home of ours was peopled by wild, uncivilized
tribes, who were driven away into the hills of the north and the west
by invaders who came to our shores from the lands on the other
side of the North Sea. At different times, Jutes, Saxons, Danes, and
Angles poured their warriors upon our coasts, killed the people,
burnt their homes, and stole their cattle. And one of these invading
tribes, the Angles, gave its name to a part of our island, which is to
this day known as England—that is, Angle-land, the land of the
Angles.
Now, in the same way, the people who live in Siam at the present
time are the descendants of invaders who swept into the country
and drove the original inhabitants into the hills. No one is quite
certain where the Siamese actually came from, but it is likely that
their home was upon the mountain-slopes of Tibet. Their ancestors
were a wild and vigorous race who tattooed themselves. They
descended from the mountains and settled in China, where they
became a peaceable people, living upon their farms, rearing their
crops and tending their herds, and perhaps thinking little of war and
bloodshed any more. These people are known as the Shans. Then,
one day, there came down upon them a great horde of invaders,
who drove most of them away from their homes. Some stayed
behind as slaves; other wanderers travelled to the west and settled
in the country we now call Burma; and, finally, some of the exiles
pushed on to the valleys and hill-sides of Northern Siam, and these
are the people whose descendants we call the Siamese. The word
"Siam" is really the word "Shan," the name of the earliest settlers in
the land. Amongst the first of the European nations to visit this little-
known country were the Portuguese; and when they came home to
Europe again, and told their story of the people they had found in
Further India, they both spelled and pronounced the word "Shan" as
"Siam," and that is how we get the name. The Siamese never call
themselves by this name. The native name for the people is "Thai,"
which means "free," and the country of Siam is to them always
"Muang Thai"—that is, "the Land of the Free."
We shall not stay here to tell the long story of how the Siamese, in
the course of many hundreds of years, have fought all the people
upon their borders—those who live in Cambodia, Pegu, Annam, and
Burma. This history is full of curious stories of brave and cruel men,
two of whom deserve just a word or two here.
About the time when Charles II. was reigning in England, a Greek
named Constantine Phaulkon arrived in Siam. He had been wrecked,
together with a number of Siamese officials, upon the coast of India,
and they had invited him to visit their country. He accepted the
invitation, and they introduced him to the King. Phaulkon was a very
clever man, and he became the chief friend and adviser of the
Sovereign. He built a fort and a palace, and round the town that was
then the capital he erected a wall, which was strengthened at
intervals by small towers. The ruins of the palace built by this Greek
are still to be seen in the old city. Phaulkon grew so powerful that
the Siamese princes and nobles got jealous, and when the King
became sick, so that he could no longer hold the reins of power, the
angry princes and their friends made up their minds to get rid of the
King's foreign favourite. One dark night Phaulkon was summoned to
attend a meeting of the chief men of the country. He hurried to the
palace, little thinking what was in store for him. On his arrival he
was seized and thrown into prison, and finally he was tortured to
death.
Now, about a hundred years later, at a time when George III. was
on the throne of England, and when we were fighting the American
colonists because they would not pay the taxes we tried to impose
upon them, another foreigner rose to great power in Siam. This
foreigner was a Chinaman, named Phya Tak. The Burmese had
invaded Siam, and had done a great deal of damage. So Phya Tak
got together an army, composed chiefly of robbers and outlaws, and
with these fierce soldiers he drove all the Burmese away. When he
had achieved this great victory, he came to Bangkok, and caused
himself to be crowned King of the country; and ever since his day
Bangkok has been the capital of Siam. Phya Tak did not reign very
long, for after a time he became mad. He fled to a monastery and
donned the robes of a priest. But this did not help him very much,
for the man who had been his chief friend and general murdered the
mad King and reigned in his stead. The usurper assumed the crown
in 1782, and the Sovereign who now rules over the country is his
great-grandson. The present King's full name and title is His Majesty
Phrabat Somdetch Phra Paramindr Maha Chula Lon Kawn Phra Chula
Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua. He became King when he was not quite
seventeen years of age, and his health at that time was so delicate
that at first it was feared he would not live. However, on the day that
he was crowned it rained very heavily, and then all his subjects felt
very happy indeed; for if it rains when the King is crowned, then will
he certainly live for many years. And so it has happened, for he is
still alive, having reigned now about twenty-nine years.
A CORNER OF THE GRAND PALACE ENCLOSURE, BANGKOK.
 CHAPTER II
IN EASTERN VENICE

Bangkok, the present capital of Siam, has been called "the Venice of
the East," on account of its innumerable waterways. The whole place
is threaded with canals of every possible size and description. There
are canals that are like great broad thoroughfares, where huge boats
may be seen carrying to and fro rice, fruit, and other products of the
fields and orchards; and tiny little water-lanes, where the broad
fronds of the graceful coco-nut palm sweep down over the sluggish
stream, where green parrots scream at you from amongst green
branches, and ugly dark crocodiles lie asleep in the thick and sticky
mud.
Along the sides of the "streets" there are long lines of floating
houses in which the people live. Each house floats on a big raft,
made of separate bundles of bamboo. Thus, when the floating
foundation begins to rot, the bundles can be replaced one by one
without disturbing the people on the raft. The raft is loosely moored
to big wooden stakes, which are driven deep in the bed of the river,
so that the houses rise and fall with the tide. In front of the house
there is always a little platform or veranda, on which the people pass
most of their time, and where, if they pretend to keep a shop, they
display the goods which they wish to sell. It is on this platform that
all the members of the family take their bath. They dip a bucket or
can into the water, draw it up, and then pour the contents over their
heads.
When the occupant of one of these floating dwellings wishes to
move, he sends for no furniture van or cart; but he simply shifts his
house, his furniture, and his family all at the same time. If he be
fairly well-to-do, he hires a steam-launch, and the little vessel goes
puffing and screaming up or down the river or the canal, as the case
may be, dragging behind it the miniature Noah's ark, while on the
platform the little ones of the household are to be seen, bubbling
over with merriment at the novelty of their experience. If the owner
of the house be too poor to hire a steam-launch, he calls to his aid a
number of muscular friends and relatives, and then, with the aid of
great shovel-shaped paddles, they coax the home away to its new
locality.
Some of the people who live on the water do not inhabit floating
houses, but boats, and in these they can travel about from time to
time as fancy or business may direct. Many people spend the whole
of their lives on boats. They are born on a boat, reared on a boat,
get their education neglected on a boat, go a-courting on a boat, get
married on a boat, and never forsake the water till life is over and
they set out on that long mysterious journey, from which no boat or
carriage will ever bring them back. There is not much room in a
boat, but the inhabitants thereof seem perfectly contented with their
lot; in fact, the Siamese seem to be always and everywhere perfectly
happy and contented: they are one of the merriest and most
cheerful people upon the face of the earth.
The water population is quite complete in itself, and does not
depend upon those who dwell upon the land for any assistance
whatever. There are not only floating houses, but floating
restaurants, floating theatres, and even floating jails. The water
population has its own market-place upon the broad bosom of the
great river that sweeps through the centre of the capital. In the
market the buyers and sellers are chiefly women, for the women are
much cleverer and much more energetic than men. The market
begins soon after midnight, and lasts till seven or eight in the
morning. During the dark hours of the night the boats are massed
together in such a way that scarcely an inch of water can be seen.
They are laden with fish, eggs, rice, and fruit. Each boat has a little
lamp at the prow, and in the soft yellow light that twinkles above the
polished surface of the stream, you can catch glimpses of the black-
haired, dark-skinned women busy with the vending of their
merchandise, and all the time laughing and chattering with the glee
of a carefree people. They are just like a party of merry children out
on a big picnic. As soon as the sun rises, off home they go, leaving a
broad and empty expanse of river where formerly there was a dense
crowd of little boats and busy women.

THE RIVER MARKET, BANGKOK. Page 7.

It very seldom happens that anyone falls overboard; and even if a
person does fall into the water it matters but little, for there is no
Siamese who cannot swim. When the children are ever so tiny, their
mothers fasten under their arms a big tin float. Then they throw the
babies—for they are nothing more—into the warm waters of the
canal or river, where they bob up and down like so many animated
bits of brown cork upon the surface of the stream.
There are, of course, many people who, in the capital especially, live
upon land, and of their houses we shall say something in a later
chapter. The land part of the capital, except for the palace and the
temples, is not very interesting. The new brick houses and streets
are very ugly, and the old wooden houses and streets are very
smelly.
Some years ago there was an old horse-tram that used to run from
the palace to the place where the steamers are moored. But one day
some European engineers changed all that: they put up electric
wires, and ran electric trams. The natives were more than a little
astonished. They could see a car running along the road, and yet
there was neither horse nor man pushing or pulling. It completely
passed their understanding to make out how the tramcar managed
to get along. At last they came to the conclusion that it must be
propelled by spirits. So they knelt down on the ground, and prayed
to the spirit in the wheels of the car as they went swiftly and
smoothly round. But not many of them ventured to get inside. One
evening the King and Queen came out of the palace, and went for a
ride in the new tram. And what the King had honoured was good
enough for his subjects. To-day the cars carry thousands of people
in many directions, for tram-lines have been laid through all the
principal streets of the capital.
There are no native vehicles in the streets. Outside the capital there
are no roads, and the people travel everywhere by water. When
roads were first made in Bangkok, and carriages were wanted, the
Siamese got their vehicles from other countries. From Japan they
got the rickshaw, a kind of big mailcart, with a Chinaman between
the shafts. The human pony trots along very swiftly, and will carry
you quite a long way for a halfpenny.
From India they got the gharry, a kind of four-wheeler, which is
fitted all the way round with sliding windows, something like those in
the door of a railway carriage, except that the frames of the
windows are oftener filled with Venetian shutters than with glass.
The driver of the gharry is either a Malay or a Siamese. He wears a
red fez cap and a white linen jacket. When it rains he takes off his
clothes and puts them under the seat to keep them dry. As soon as
the rain leaves off and the sun comes out again, he stops the
carriage, and dresses himself once more. The harness is made of
rope, and, as often as not, it breaks. Then you have to wait while
your coachman goes to the nearest shop or house in order to beg a
bit of string wherewith to repair the damage.
 CHAPTER III
DOWN THE RIVER

Siam has only one great river that is entirely her own. It is marked
on English maps as the "Menam," but its real name is the "Menam
Chow Phya." The word "Menam" is made up of two words, maa and
nam, and means the "mother of the waters." It is the name of every
river and stream in the country, and corresponds to our word "river."
The Menam is not merely the mother of the waters, but of the land
also, for all the lower part of Siam is one extensive plain, which has
been built up by the mud, gravel, and sand brought down from the
mountains by the river.
Suppose we get on board a steamer and sail from Bangkok down to
the mouth of the Menam. The distance from Bangkok to the mouth
of the river, measured as the crow flies, is only twelve miles, but so
much does the river twist and turn that we shall be three hours
before we reach the sea. But there is much to be seen in those three
hours, and the time passes away merrily enough.
 THE GULF OF SIAM—MOONLIGHT. Page 10.
Everywhere there are boats—boats of all sizes and shapes, and
without number. Many of these belong to the Chinese, and bear
upon the prow a very realistic representation of an eye; for, says
John Chinaman, "If boat no got eye, how can him see?" Siamese
boats are chiefly canoes, or long, narrow, heavy rua-changs. Both
classes of boats are built of teak, a wood which is plentiful and
cheap, and which is not attacked by the so-called "white ant." The
canoes are paddled in the ordinary way, but they are very
upsettable. Many of these will not even sit upright in the water
unless someone gets inside. Yet great fat men, whose weight sinks
the boat to the very edge of the water, and tiny children, whose
weight looks little more than nothing, can be seen at all hours of the
day darting here and there, like so many flies, on the surface of the
water.
The rua-changs are larger, and are used for carrying people about
from one part of the river to another. They serve the same purpose
as our omnibuses. The boatman, who is naked except for a cloth
round the loins, stands to his work like a Venetian gondolier. He has
only one oar, which works in a groove cut in the side of a short pole
that is fixed on the edge of the boat. With long graceful sweeps of
the heavy oar the boatman both steers and propels his craft at the
same time. The passengers are squatting under paper umbrellas,
which keep off a little of the heat of the sun, and blinking behind the
blue spectacles that guard their eyes from the powerful and painful
reflection of the sun upon the shining waters.
As the capital is left behind the houses get fewer and fewer along
the banks, and the trees come right down to the edge of the river.
On either side of us, as the mouth is neared, there are dreary salt
marshes, which are often flooded by the sea when the tides are
high. On the banks, the fern-like attap-palm, that lover of the mud,
bends over in graceful curves to dip the ends of its long fronds in the
dirty water. Just behind, on firmer ground, rise the stately coco-nut
and areca-nut palms. An eastern saying states: "The coco-nut will
not thrive far from the sound of the human voice." Whether the
coco-nut loves the sound of the Siamese voice or not it is, perhaps,
not possible to say, but certain it is that the Siamese loves the coco-
nut palm, on account of the many useful things that he can get from
it. The young coco-nut is quite a different thing from that seen in
our shops about Christmas-time. In its early stages it resembles a
huge, unripe green plum. Outside there is a smooth green skin, like