MAINS Enrichment Material

UPSC/UPPCS

International Relations

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By- Anamika Mishra

India and its relationship with
neighbouring countries.
 India-China
India–China relations have been complex and multifaceted,
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: shaped by a mix of cooperation, conflict, and competition, and
2025 marks 75 years of this diplomatic journey — a moment for
reflection and recalibration.

"India-China relations are a journey from INCH to MILES."

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: INCH = India-China | MILES = Millennium of Exceptional Synergy – PM

"The state of the border will determine the state of the

relationship." – S. Jaishankar
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
"Mutual trust, mutual respect and mutual sensitivity should
remain the basis of our relations." – PM Modi

Keywords – Issues

String of Pearls – China’s naval footprint in IOR.

Malacca Dilemma – China’s chokepoint trade vulnerability.

Himalayan Rivalry – Border tensions (Galwan, Arunachal).

Debt-Trap Diplomacy – BRI-induced financial pressure.

Salami Slicing – Gradual territorial encroachments.

Wolf Warrior Diplomacy – Aggressive foreign posturing.

Keywords – Way Forward

Decoupling – Reducing China-dependence.

Asian Century – India-China as global growth leaders.

China +1 Strategy – Diversifying supply chains beyond

China.

Trade Volume: $136.2 billion (record high)

Trade Deficit: $99.2 billion (slight improvement from 2022's $100B)

Chinese FDI in India (2021): $205.19 million

 India–China Relations: 10 Recent Updates

"Dragon-Elephant Tango" vision by Xi Jinping on 75 years of ties (Apr 2025).

China offers to import more Indian goods to reduce trade imbalance (Apr 2025).

Direct flights resume after 4 years (Jan 2025).

Talks to resume Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (Mar 2025).

India protests China’s mega dam in Tibet over Brahmaputra impact (Feb 2025).

Forward-looking border talks held for peace along LAC (Mar 2025).

Agreement to fast-track border negotiations (Aug 2024).

Disengagement deal in Ladakh ends 4-year standoff (Dec 2024).

Water-sharing concerns raised on Yarlung Tsangpo project (Feb 2025).

Cultural & river cooperation discussed in recent bilateral dialogues (Mar 2025).
 India-Nepal
India and Nepal share a unique relationship of friendship and
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: cooperation, characterized by open borders and deep-rooted
people-to-people contacts of kinship, culture, and civilization.

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: “Nepal is an old friend; our relationship is as deep as the

Indian Ocean and as high as the Himalayas.”— PM Modi

India–Nepal Relations = Culture + Cooperation – Conflict

Legal Framework
·
1950 Treaty of Peace & Friendship

Sugauli Treaty (1815-16)

Trade & Transit Treaty (2018)

BIPPA (2011) – Promotes Indian investment

Mahakali Treaty (1996)

BBIN Initiative – Regional connectivity

Keywords

Geostrategic Buffer, Neighbourhood First, Hydropower Diplomacy

Kalapani Dispute, Operation Maitri, Soft Power, Roti-Beti Ties

Key Areas

Trade: India = Nepal’s largest partner (65% trade)

Defence: Surya Kiran Exercise, military training

Water: Kosi, Gandak, Mahakali Treaties

Energy: Hydropower, Petroleum pipeline, 2022 Vision

Statement

Connectivity: Raxaul–Kathmandu rail, BBIN

Culture: Shared religion, festivals, Bollywood influence

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 India-Pakistan

India–Pakistan relations recently came into focus as the World Bank

appointed a Neutral Expert to resolve disputes over the Kishenganga
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: and Ratle hydroelectric projects under the Indus Waters Treaty —
reflecting continued efforts for peaceful resolution amid deep-rooted
tensions.

The relationship remains complex and conflict-prone, shaped by wars,

terror incidents, and diplomacy, with steadily declining trade —
India’s exports stood at $235 million, while imports dropped to zero in
2024–25.

"Peace with Pakistan is not a choice, it is a necessity." – Dr.

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: Manmohan Singh

From wars to water-sharing, India and Pakistan keep returning to the

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: negotiation table — a reminder that dialogue and diplomacy, like the
Simla Agreement and Lahore Declaration, remain pathways to peace.
 India-Myanmar
Myanmar, a strategic neighbour with a 1,640 km border, is vital to
India’s "Neighbourhood First" and "Act East" policies, but 4
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: years of military rule have turned it into a humanitarian crisis and a
setback to democratic reforms.
“It was a serious blow to democratic reforms.” – UN Secretary-
General António Guterres

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: Often called the “Sick Man of Southeast Asia” due to political
and economic instability.

India–Myanmar relations are rooted in shared culture and strategic depth

— as PM Modi aptly said, it's a bond of “Buddhism, Business,
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: Bollywood, Bharatnatyam, and Burma Teak”, reflecting a timeless
partnership that must now navigate modern challenges with mutual trust
and regional vision.

Key Projects:

Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project

India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway

i
fig : Kaladan Project
 India-Bangladesh
India-Bangladesh ties, despite strong trade, are strained as Dhaka leans
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: towards China with the Teesta project and FTA talks, while India, hosting
PM Sheikh Hasina, struggles to maintain its influence—as noted by EAM
S. Jaishankar.

India-Bangladesh relations stand at a strategic crossroads—defined by

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: deep ties but challenged by shifting geopolitics. To remain Dhaka’s
partner of choice, India must blend economic strength with diplomatic
sensitivity.

Trade: USD 18.2 bn total; India’s exports – USD 16.15 bn (FY22), imports –
USD 1.3 bn (Apr–Nov 2022)

FDI: USD 3.1 bn invested; target – USD 9 bn

Power: 1200 MW electricity exported to Bangladesh

LoC: USD 5 bn given since 2010

Connectivity:

Agartala–Akhaura rail

Inland waterways active

Port access: Chattogram & Mongla

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✨ 🛡
India- Afghanistan
The Gandhar–Bharat sambandha reflects deep-rooted civilisational
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: and cultural ties between India and Afghanistan, now tested by shifting
geopolitics. The 2021 Taliban takeover has heightened regional
uncertainties, challenging India's strategic and security interests in
Kabul.

India and Afghanistan, bound by historic and civilizational ties, are

now navigating a diplomatic recalibration. India’s first official
engagement with the Taliban-backed government post-2021 signals a
pragmatic shift, driven by regional instability, terrorism threats, and
evolving strategic interests.

EAM S. Jaishankar:
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: “A stable, sovereign, and independent Afghanistan is in the interest of the
entire region.”

India’s Afghanistan policy demands calibrated realism, balancing soft

power with strategic hedging to navigate a volatile region.

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: India must blend Vikas (development) and Suraksha (security)

through Samvad (dialogue), Sahyog (cooperation), and connectivity,
ensuring peace and prosperity under the Neighbourhood First policy.

India’s Engagement: Key Investments & Initiatives

Over USD 3 billion invested in development projects

India–Afghanistan Friendship Dam (Salma Dam) – Herat province

Zaranj–Delaram Highway – Enhancing regional connectivity

Chabahar Port (Iran) – Strategic access to Afghanistan bypassing Pakistan

Humanitarian Assistance – Food, medicine, and COVID-19 vaccines

Scholarships & Training – Education, civil services, and medical support for
m Afghan citizens
Strategic Importance: Why Afghanistan Matters to India

Strategic Crossroads: Located at the Heart of Asia, Afghanistan is a

critical transit hub

India’s Extended Neighbourhood: Key to India’s Connect Central

Asia Policy

Strategic Depth for Pakistan: Taliban’s proximity to Islamabad

reshapes South Asian security calculus

Great Game 2.0: Renewed power competition involving China,

Russia, Iran, USA, and India

Gateway to Central Asia: Through Chabahar Port and Zaranj–

Delaram Highway, India bypasses Pakistan

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 India- Maldives
Nearly a year after his election, Maldives President Mohamed Muizzu
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: made his first bilateral visit to India, signaling a desire to reset ties.
PM Modi, reaffirming India’s role as the ‘first responder’, highlighted
New Delhi’s enduring commitment to Maldivian stability and security.

The turnaround in India–Maldives relations is a testament to the strength

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: of subtle diplomacy over muscular posturing. It underscores the value of
sensitive and sustained engagement in navigating complex
neighbourhood dynamics

%
M
22

X Tit S
19 %
11 %

S
2020 2021 2022 2013

fig : Indians travelling

to Maldives
 India-Sri Lanka
The relationship between India and Sri Lanka spans over 2,500 years,
rooted in shared history, Buddhism, and people-to-people ties. Today, it is
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: strategically guided by India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, the
SAGAR doctrine, and Sri Lanka’s ‘India First’ approach in security
matters.

S. Jaishankar: “Our shared heritage and civilizational ties form

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
the foundation of strong India–Sri Lanka relations.”

India–Sri Lanka relations are historic and strategic, shaped by

economic interdependence, cultural closeness, and security
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: cooperation. Proactively resolving issues like Tamil rights, fishermen
conflict, and China’s encroachmentwill ensure a stable, prosperous,
and mutually beneficial partnership in the Indian Ocean region.

Key Dimensions & Issues

Neighbourhood First Policy & SAGAR Doctrine – Strategic outreach to

ensure maritime security and regional cooperation

Tamil Ethnic Issue & 13th Amendment – Push for meaningful devolution and
reconciliation

Indo–Sri Lanka Accord (1987) – Framework for ethnic harmony and strategic
alignment

Katchatheevu Dispute – Sovereignty concerns linked to Palk Bay fishermen

conflict

Palk Bay Conflict – Frequent arrests and tensions due to livelihood overlap

China’s String of Pearls Strategy – Indian concerns over Chinese investments

(Hambantota Port, Colombo Port City)

Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) – Regional mechanism for maritime and

cyber cooperation

FTA (2000) – Boosting bilateral trade, with ongoing talks on upgrading to

ETCA

Economic Crisis & Aid Diplomacy – India’s swift action vs. delayed Chinese
assistance
✨ 🛡

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India-Bhutan
India and Bhutan share a unique, time-tested relationship rooted in
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: geography, history, culture, and mutual trust. This Himalayan
friendship is often hailed as a model of good-neighbourly ties in
South Asia.

As Jawaharlal Nehru rightly said, “Bhutan is a natural friend of India.

Our relations must be based on trust, understanding, and mutual benefit.”
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
The India–Bhutan partnership, built on empathy rather than
expediency, continues to thrive as a beacon of South Asian diplomacy.
 Treaty of Friendship & Cooperation (1949)

Renewed in 2007 to reflect modern aspirations

Trade Relations

India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, accounting for ~80% of its overall trade

Connectivity Boost (2024)

MoU for two strategic rail links:

Kokrajhar–Gelephu

Banarhat–Samste

Doklam Crisis (2017)

India stood firm with Bhutan against Chinese intrusion, reinforcing security trust

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 Bilateral, Regional, and Global
groupings and agreements involving
India and/ or affecting India’s
interest.
 India-USA
India and the United States enjoy a comprehensive global strategic
partnership, anchored in shared democratic values, mutual
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: economic interests, and strong people-to-people ties. The U.S. is
now India’s largest trading partner.

Despite a shaky start during the Cold War, India–US relations have
matured into a robust partnership. Today, they grow across all major
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: sectors, united by a shared commitment to democracy, counter-
terrorism, and a rules-based international order.

Bilateral Trade (2024)

Total Trade (Goods + Services): USD 196 billion

a) Goods Trade (USD 129 billion)

Exports to USA: USD 87.4 billion

Imports from USA: USD 41.8 billion

Trade surplus (goods): USD 45.6 billion

b) Services Trade (USD 67 billion)

Exports to USA: USD 36.33 billion

Imports from USA: USD 29.86 billion

Trade surplus (services): USD 6.7 billion

USA’s FDI in India (2000–2024): USD 67.8 billion

Mission 500: Target to increase bilateral trade to USD 500 billion by 2030
India–US Strategic Partnership – Key Points

Civil Nuclear Deal (2008) – Landmark agreement enabling nuclear cooperation.

Military Agreements – GSOMIA, LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA; joint

exercises like Yudh Abhyas.

Technology Cooperation – iCET (2023), Indus-X for emerging & defence tech.

Strategic Dialogue – QUAD alliance, 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue.

People-to-People Ties – 2 lakh Indian students in the US; Indian-Americans =

1% of US population.

Climate & Energy – US–India Clean Energy Partnership.

As PM Modi remarked, “AI – America and India – the

world’s oldest and largest democracies, can do wonders for
the world.”
 India-UK
India and the United Kingdom share a vibrant modern partnership
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: grounded in shared history, democratic values, and global aspirations. The
relationship was elevated to a Strategic Partnership in 2004 and has been
continuously reinforced through high-level visits – including PM Cameron
(2010, 2013), PM Modi (2015), and PM Theresa May (2016).

Jaishankar (EAM of India)

“The colonial burden has been replaced by a contemporary partnership.”

India–UK ties exemplify a forward-looking partnership built on shared

values, strategic convergence, and global aspirations. With the 2030
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: Roadmap as a guide, the relationship is set to deepen across trade, tech,
and global governance.

Historical & Diaspora Linkages

1.5 million-strong Indian diaspora forms a vital cultural and economic bridge.

Trade & Economic Cooperation

India–UK trade valued at ~£36 billion (2023).

Ongoing Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations aim to unlock market access.

Post-Brexit pivot has increased UK's focus on India as a key economic partner.

Defense & Security Collaboration

Joint military exercises like Konkan (Navy) and Ajeya Warrior (Army).

Technology & Innovation Synergy

UK is a partner in India’s GIFT City and fintech innovation.

Educational and People-to-People Ties

Over 100,000 Indian students in the UK, with India among the top contributors.

Educational MoUs, scholarships (e.g., Chevening), and university collaborations.

Support in Global Governance

UK supports India’s bid for UNSC permanent membership.

~
"India overtakes UK-become
5th
Biggest Economy
2022743 57-
.

-
To
"20227$3 3 T :

UK

& zapla
-

1980 2010
>
2022
1990
-

2000

fig: GDP (in Trillion us

dollars)

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 India-Japan
2022 marked the 70th anniversary of India–Japan diplomatic relationship
which is based on culture (Ex: Buddhism) as well as shared interest (Ex:
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: democracy, multipolarity).

India and Japan share a $23 billion bilateral trade partnership (FY 2024),
with Japan investing $38 billion in India since 2000. As QUAD partners,
they collaborate on defence, infrastructure (Bullet Train, DMIC), and
clean energy, strengthening Indo-Pacific security and economic growth.

PM Modi – "India and Japan are natural partners for global peace,
stability, and prosperity."
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
Shinzo Abe – “A strong India is in Japan’s best interest, and a strong
Japan is in India’s best interest.”

India and Japan's strategic partnership reflects enlightened

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: nationalism, where both nations prioritise national interests
while fostering regional stability, trade, and development.

"Convergence"
Retrospective Tax

tapan
Trade
&
Deficit >
- hand
Acquition
India
Conservative
Nuclear Y
delay
Policy protectionist
. [
Restrictive policies (MINS
Immigration · QUAD
vision
·
Indo-Pacific O
· Bullet train

Keywords
• Both are middle powers
• QUAD
• Arc of freedom (Free and open Indo-Pacific)
• Para diplomacy – twin towns (Ex: Ahmedabad and Kobe)
• Enlightened Nationalism
 India-Russia
2023 marks the 30ᵗʰ Anniversary of the India–Russia Friendship
Treaty signed in 1993.
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸:
With rising oil imports, expanding exports, and bilateral trade
reaching $65 billion (FY24), the India–Russia partnership is
evolving into a dynamic, trade-driven alliance.

S. Jaishankar – “India-Russia ties are the only constant in world

politics and have remained all-weather friends.”
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: PM Modi – “An old friend is better than two new ones.”
NSA Ajit Doval – “Strategic autonomy is India’s guiding principle,
and Russia remains integral to this calculus—be it in Eurasia or at the
UN Security Council.”

To moderate Russia's tilt toward China and rebalance strategic

alignment, India must deepen economic ties, explore rupee-ruble
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: trade alternatives, and chart a clear long-term roadmap in sectors
beyond defense—like energy, nuclear, and Arctic cooperation.

Key Data Points

Declining Defense Trade – From 76% (2009–13) to 36% (2019–23) of Indian

imports (SIPRI).

Still, 60% of India’s defense hardware is Russian origin.

Trade Deficit – India faces a $57 billion trade deficit with Russia.
🔸
$65 billion bilateral trade in FY24 (mostly oil and fertilizer).

Points of Friction

India–US Proximity

U.S. now top arms supplier; signed COMCASA, BECA, LEMOA.

Trade Imbalance

Private banks wary of sanctions; rising oil imports, low Indian exports.

Russia–China–Pakistan Axis

S-400 to China, arms to Pakistan; growing Russia–China military ties.

 India-Australia
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: India–Australia relations have evolved from 3Cs (Commonwealth,
Cricket, Curry) to 3Ds (Democracy, Diaspora, Defence), and now
towards 3Es – Energy, Economy, and Education.

India–Australia ties are witnessing a strategic transformation rooted

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: in mutual values and economic synergy. Deepening cooperation
under the Quad, ECTA, and Indo-Pacific framework can ensure
both nations emerge as key players in the regional and global order.

"Convergence
Barrier
Visa Restriction
↑ - Tarrif
&
(Dairy)
>
-
IPR issue
Racist &

attacks
L
↓ Slow FTA

WTO
·
QUAD
oivergence · 2 +2
Dialoge
· Malabar
 India-EU
“A stronger India-EU partnership is crucial in today’s
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: interconnected world… we must work together to uphold
multilateralism, democracy, and rules-based international
order.”
— India-EU Strategic Dialogue, 2023

S. Jaishankar:

“India-EU relations are entering a new phase… shaping global order

in the 21st century.”
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
Charles Michel:

“India and the EU are not just partners, but friends in a multipolar
world.”

India-EU ties are pivotal in navigating multipolar

geopolitics, climate action, and digital innovation.
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: Finalising the FTA and deepening cooperation in green
technology, maritime security, and people-to-people ties will
define the next phase of this strategic partnership.

1. Political & Strategic Key Data Points for Value

Addition:
Strategic Partnership Agreement (2004)
EU - Largest trading partner
Annual Leaders’ Summit in goods:
$137.5 billion (2023–24)
2. Trade & Economic Services trade: €59.7 billion

EU = Major investor in India Investment in stocks:

€108.3 billion (2022) |
Trade: $120 billion (2022) €82.3 billion (2019)

Tata-Airbus C-295 project:

3. Climate & Sustainability
Military aircraft
manufacturing in Gujarat
EU-India Clean Energy & Climate Partnership

EU’s Global Gateway Initiative

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 India-African Union
India has been a strong advocate for Africa’s global integration, backing
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: the African Union’s G-20 membership to enhance multilateral
cooperation. With 55 nations and a $3.4 trillion economy, this move
aligns with India’s vision for inclusive global governance and its
unwavering support for the Global South.

India’s push for AU’s G20 membership reflects its vision of

reformed multilateralism and a truly inclusive global order. It
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
marks a step towards G21 — where South-South cooperation
and Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam guide global governance.
 SAARC
Established in 1985, SAARC is a regional intergovernmental organization
comprising eight South Asian nations. With a combined population of
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: 1.9 billion (~24% of the world), its core aim is to foster economic
growth, regional integration, and socio-cultural development.

SAARC’s potential remains untapped due to political differences. By

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: learning from ASEAN, it can focus on pragmatic cooperation,
depoliticize economic ties, and reform its institutional mechanisms
to serve as an effective platform for South Asian regionalism.

“SAARC is not off the table. The regional grouping has been paused.”
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: – External Affairs Minister, hinting at future revival.

Key SAARC Initiatives

SAARC Development Fund (SDF): Finances social, economic, and

infrastructure projects.

SAARC Food Bank: Ensures regional food security, though remains

underutilized.

SAARC Disaster Management Centre: Works on disaster risk reduction

and resilience.

SAARC Satellite (2017): Launched by India to promote space cooperation

among members.
 BRICS+
With the inclusion of Indonesia, Iran, Egypt, UAE, and Ethiopia,
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: BRICS+ has evolved into a more inclusive and dynamic multilateral
forum, reflecting a broader spectrum of global voices and the
aspirations of the Global South.

Despite policy divergences, BRICS remains a vital platform

for amplifying emerging economies' voices and shaping a new
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: world order rooted in equity, diversity, and dialogue —
marking the political evolution of global governance.

“BRICS is not only a group of emerging economies, it is an

important engine for global economic growth and stability.” – PM
Modi
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
“Expanding BRICS could increase its economic weight, but the
challenge will be maintaining cohesion among diverse members.” –
Jim O’Neill

BRICS+ in Numbers:
45% of the world’s population
37% of global GDP
Produces 40% of the world’s crude oil

Major BRICS Initiatives:

NDB – Funds sustainable development projects

CRA – Provides liquidity during financial crises

BRICS Business Council – Fosters trade and investment

BRICS Pay – Pushes cross-border digital payments

 BIMSTEC
The recent activation of the BIMSTEC Charter marks a
significant milestone, granting legal status and institutional
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: authority to this regional grouping of 7 nations. Established in
1997 via the Bangkok Declaration, BIMSTEC aims to boost
economic and technical cooperation in the Bay of Bengal region.

With its unique geo-strategic location and shared civilizational

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: roots, BIMSTEC holds the promise of becoming a key pillar
for fostering regional connectivity, sustainable development,
and collective security across South and Southeast Asia.

Strategic Significance

22% of world population, $3.8 trillion GDP

~25% of global traded goods pass through Bay of Bengal annually

Alternative to SAARC – bypassing Indo-Pak tensions

Aligned with India’s Act East Policy

Platform for regional integration – trade, connectivity, energy, and people-to-

people links

Strategic counterbalance to China’s BRI

Cultural diplomacy – Centre for Bay of Bengal Studies at Nalanda University

Security cooperation – BIMSTEC Disaster Management Exercise (DMEx) for

regional preparedness
 G20
The G20 (G21) is the world’s premier forum for economic
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: cooperation, representing 88% of global GDP. With the African
Union's inclusion in 2023, it has become more inclusive and
representative, amplifying the voice of the Global South and
promoting a more equitable global order.

"The G20 has contributed to making India world-ready and the world
India-ready." – S. Jaishankar
"Instead of the war path, G20 should focus on the economic growth
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: path." – Amitabh Kant
"G20 is an essential platform for securing financial stability, fostering
growth, and promoting fair globalization." – Christine Lagarde, Former
IMF MD

"The G20 must take decisive steps towards inclusive and sustainable
development to meet the challenges of the 21st century." – World
Economic Forum
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
India’s G20 presidency has helped evolve the forum into G21,
emphasizing human-centric globalization, multilateralism, and equity
— truly making the G20 a platform for a world in transition.

High-Value Keywords & Concepts:

G-zero (G0) world – no single global leader, fragmented order

Consensus-based decision-making – G20’s non-binding but

cooperative nature

Reforming Bretton Woods Institutions – making IMF, World Bank

more inclusive

Voice of the Global South – amplified with AU's entry

Geoeconomics vs Geopolitics – shift from power politics to economic

diplomacy

Women-led development – priority under India’s G20 presidency

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future

(India’s G20 theme)
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 IMEC
The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was
announced during the G20 Summit 2023 under the Partnership for
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). Spanning 4,800 km, this
multimodal trade route aims to enhance India–Europe connectivity,
reduce transit time by ~40%, and act as a strategic alternative to
China’s BRI.

Rooted in the idea of “One World, One Market” and “Trade, Not
Tensions,” IMEC aspires to become the Silk Route of the 21st century,
fostering inclusive growth, connectivity, and global cooperation.
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
In the age of “Act East, Engage West,” IMEC holds the potential to
reshape global trade. Yet, its success will depend on addressing
geopolitical alignments, infrastructure gaps, and sustained multilateral
coordination.

Key Highlights:

Multimodal (Rail + Road + Sea + Digital + Energy) corridor

Connects India → UAE → Saudi Arabia → Jordan → Israel → Europe

Geostrategic Significance:

Reduces dependency on existing chokepoints (e.g., Suez Canal)

Enhances India’s role in Global South–West Asia–Europe integration

Counters China’s influence via Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Reinforces India’s strategy of “Act East, Engage West”

 QUAD
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) is an informal
grouping of four democratic nations – India, the US, Japan, and
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: Australia – sharing values like democracy, rule of law, and freedom
of navigation. It aims to ensure a Free, Open, and Inclusive Indo-
Pacific amid evolving geopolitical dynamics.

As an arc of democracy and stability, QUAD symbolizes the

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: shift from power blocs to purpose-driven partnerships. Its
true potential lies in evolving from a dialogue to a decisive
force for global good.

S. Jaishankar: “QUAD is an expression of convergence among like-

minded countries, combining strengths for global welfare.”
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
Shinzo Abe: “QUAD represents an arc of freedom and prosperity in
the Indo-Pacific.”

Strategic Significance:

Geopolitical Realignment: Indo-Pacific as the new strategic theatre

Counter to China’s assertiveness: Especially in South China Sea &

Himalayas

Maritime Security: Strengthened via Malabar Naval Exercise

Economic Cooperation: Via SCRI, friendshoring, and supply chain

resilience

Democratic Solidarity: QUAD as a “Force for Global Good” in tech,

health, and climate

Fig : Evolution
Key Challenges:

Strategic Ambiguity: US seeks security alliance; India prefers issue-based

cooperation

Chinese Opposition: Labels QUAD as "Asian NATO", responds with

gray-zone tactics

India’s Trilemma: Confronting China across land, air, and maritime

fronts

ASEAN’s Concerns: Fear of polarization; prefers centrality over

confrontation

Expansion Dilemma: Debate over inclusion of South Korea (SQUAD?)

Lack of Institutionalisation: No secretariat, no formal treaty → weak

policy continuity
 SCO
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), founded in
2001, is a permanent intergovernmental alliance promoting
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: political, economic, and security cooperation across Eurasia.
The recent Astana Declaration (2024), adopted during the
24th SCO Summit in Kazakhstan, reaffirms its commitment
to regional security, cultural exchange, economic growth, and
environmental sustainability.

SCO offers a chance for unity, collaboration and prosperity,

embodying the principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – the world
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: is one family.

Over the past 2 decades, the SCO has emerged as an important

platform for peace, prosperity and development in the entire
Eurasian region.

IMPORTANCE FOR INDIA:

Access to mineral resources of Central Asia

(Eg: Kazakhstan – world’s largest uranium producer)

Combating terrorism (SCO RATS)

Promotes cultural exchanges:

(A) SCO declared Varanasi as its Cultural & Tourism Capital
(B) SCO Surajkund Craft Mela
(C) SCO Film Festival
✨ 🛡
✨ 🛡 ASEAN
Recently, India’s Prime Minister announced a 10-POINT PLAN at the
21st m ASEAN-India Summit 2024 in Vientiane, Laos, aiming for
deeper collaboration and mutual growth in multiple sectors.

𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: ASEAN is an inter-governmental grouping aimed at promoting

political-economic cooperation and regional stability among its
members and Asia at large.
Established in 1967 through the Bangkok Declaration.
ASEAN comprises ~8.5% of global population, 3.3% of global
GDP, and 8% of global exports.

India supports ASEAN unity and centrality, firmly believing that

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷:
a strong, unified ASEAN is crucial for the Indo-Pacific’s
regional architecture, peace, and prosperity.

“The India-ASEAN partnership is a story of growth,

innovation and shared ambitions that will define the 21st
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: century.” – Amitabh Kant

“India-ASEAN together can shape the economic and strategic

landscape of the Indo-Pacific region.” – PM of Singapore

Major ASEAN-India Initiatives:

India’s Act East Policy & Indo-Pacific Vision

ASEAN-India Green Fund
ASEAN-India Science & Technology Development Fund
Multimodal Connectivity Projects:
- IMT Trilateral Highway
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Project

ATIGA (ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement)

ASEAN-India Research Training Fellowship
ASEAN-India Digital Work Plan:
- Focus on Cybersecurity, 5G, Blockchain, and ICT Capacity Building
 Strategic & Economic Highlights:

Singapore: Largest contributor to India’s FDI inflows (~25%)

Operation Sadbhav: India’s humanitarian response after Typhoon Yagi in

Southeast Asia

Operation Brahma: India sent relief & rescue to earthquake-hit Myanmar

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 AUKUS
AUKUS is a trilateral security partnership between the UK,
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: USA, and Australia aimed at boosting defense capabilities,
accelerating technological integration, and expanding the
industrial capacity of all three nations.

"While AUKUS is not a substitute for the Quad, it reinforces the

broader Indo-Pacific strategy to counterbalance China's growing
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: assertiveness."
— Shyam Saran (Former Foreign Secretary)

Key Concepts / Keywords:

Minilateralism (small-group diplomacy)

Geostrategic realignment in the Indo-Pacific
Undersea warfare dominance (via nuclear-powered submarines)
Quad vs AUKUS – Complementary or Competitive?
Advanced capability sharing – AI, cyber, hypersonic tech
 Effect of policies and politics of
developed and developing countries on
India’s interests- Indian diaspora.
✨ 🛡
Act East Policy
2024 marks 10 years of India’s Act East Policy, which has expanded
India-ASEAN trade to $122 billion (FY24), improved connectivity (IMT
Highway, Kaladan Project), and strengthened strategic alliances (QUAD,
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: ADMM-Plus) — establishing India as a key Indo-Pacific power.

Launched in 2014, AEP builds on the Look East Policy (1991) to

enhance economic, strategic, and cultural engagement with ASEAN
and Indo-Pacific nations, reinforcing India’s influence amid shifting
geopolitics.

“India’s Act East policy is slowly becoming Act Indo-Pacific policy”

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: PM Modi – “India's Act East Policy is not just about India engaging
with ASEAN, it’s about India engaging with the world, and with a region
that is crucial to our economic and strategic future.”

S. Jaishankar – "The future of India’s growth and security lies in

its eastern engagement."
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: The Act East Policy is crucial for regional
connectivity, trade, and geopolitical strategy.
Strengthening these partnerships with the east will ensure
India’s leadership in the Indo-Pacific region.

Keywords

Look East to Act East,North East – Gateway to AEP,Policy convergence –

Act East (India) with Act West (ASEAN),Free and Open Indo-Pacific
(FOIP),Kaladan, IMT,Project Mausam,Golden Triangle
 Trade War
"All will lose in a trade war," warns Antonio Guterres, as
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: protectionist policies often backfire, harming businesses,
consumers, and economies worldwide.

"Tariffs may divide, but trade unites!" – As US-China tensions

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: and EU’s trade shifts reshape global economies, India positions
itself as a bridge between protectionism and progress.

Keywords

Global economic decoupling

De-globalisation

Tariff shield diplomacy

Repeat
& -
Retaliate

~
Restrict
✨ 🛡
OBOR
Envisioned as a modern Silk Road, OBOR aka BRI aims to enhance
global connectivity through land and maritime networks. According to Xi
Jinping, it is meant to create a “community of shared future for
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: mankind.”

China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative, launched in 2013, spans
60+ countries, covering 4.4 billion people with $1 trillion+ investments.
While boosting global trade by $117 billion annually (World Bank), it
raises concerns over debt sustainability and sovereignty.

OBOR presents opportunities for infrastructure growth but

poses challenges to sovereignty, debt sustainability, and
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: environmental concerns.India must strengthen IMEC,
AAGC, and SAGAR to maintain strategic balance.

“China’s debt-trap diplomacy is a Trojan horse designed to advance

its strategic interests.” – Brahma Chellaney
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
“The Belt and Road Initiative is China’s plan to shape globalization
on its own terms.”

Keywords

CPEC

Debt trap diplomacy

Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB)

Maritime Silk Road (MSR)

3C – commerce, connectivity, culture

 Soft Power Diplomacy
"India’s soft power diplomacy reflects its civilizational ethos,
cultural richness, and global outreach. From Yoga and Ayurveda
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: to education, diaspora, and digital diplomacy, India is shaping
global narratives through values, not just might."

"India’s soft power diplomacy is a blend of ‘Sanskriti,

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: Samvaad, and Satkar’ — culture, dialogue, and goodwill.
From Yoga to UPI, and Ramayana to space launches, India
is exporting influence through values, not vetoes."
 Important International Institutions,
Agencies their structure, mandate and
functioning

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 WTO
Formed in 1995 after the Uruguay Round under Marrakesh
Treaty (1994), replacing GATT (which commenced in 1948).It has
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: been the cornerstone of multilateral rule-based global trading
system since its inception in 1995.

WTO members will have to strike a balance between moving

forward with negotiations on 21st-century issues and keeping
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: unresolved old trade aspects.This will help WTO to achieve the
objectives laid down in the Marrakesh Treaty.

India-Specific WTO Facts:

Founding member of both WTO and GATT

India’s merchandise exports (2023-24): ~$450 billion

India’s services exports (2023-24): ~$330 billion

India has been involved in ~27 WTO disputes as complainant or

respondent ▪ Ex: DS547 – India vs US on steel & aluminium tariffs

India utilizes WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) to justify MSP

& food security programs (PDS)
 United Nation
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: established in 1945, following the devastation of World War II, with the
primary aim of promoting international cooperation and maintaining
peace and security among its member states.

“The United Nations was not created to take mankind to heaven, but
to save humanity from hell.”
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: — Dag Hammarskjöld, Former UN Secretary-General

“A United Nations that is not representative will find itself

increasingly irrelevant in global decision-making.”
— Dr. S. Jaishankar, Minister of External Affairs, India

“We have to bring the United Nations into the 21st century. The
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: world has changed, and the UN must change with it.”
— Kofi Annan, Former UN Secretary-General

Key Concepts & Keywords (Use in Answers):

Rules-based international order

Institutional paralysis

Geopolitical fragmentation

Democratization of the Security Council

Great power politics within the UN

Preventive diplomacy
Key Functions of the United Nations:

Maintenance of International Peace and Security

▪ Organs: UNSC, IAEA, Peacekeeping missions

Promotion of Human Rights

▪ Bodies: OHCHR, UNHCR, Human Rights Council

Economic Development and Social Progress

▪ Agencies: UNDP, UNCTAD, ILO

Humanitarian Assistance
▪ Agencies: WFP, UNICEF, WHO

Promotion of International Law and Justice

▪ Institutions: ICJ, ICC, UNCITRAL

Environmental Protection and Climate Action

▪ Bodies: UNEP, IPCC

Education, Science, and Culture

▪ Agency: UNESCO
 UNSC
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is a principal
organ of the United Nations, entrusted with the primary
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: responsibility of maintaining international peace and security.
It is the only UN body with the authority to make binding
decisions on member states.

“A body which fails to reflect the aspirations and perspectives of the

contemporary world will run the risk of losing its relevance.”
— Prime Minister Narendra Modi
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
“The Security Council’s inability to prevent genocides, from Rwanda
to Syria, is a moral failure of the international system.”
— Kofi Annan, Former UN Secretary-General

“If we want to make the UN credible, its most fundamental organ,

the Security Council, must change.”
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: — Dr. S. Jaishankar, Minister of External Affairs

“A 21st-century world needs a 21st-century Security Council, not

one frozen in the aftermath of World War II.”
— Parag Khanna, Geopolitical Strategist

Key Challenges – Keywords to Use:

Permanent Hegemony of P5

Geopolitical Gridlock

Multipolarity & Emerging Powers

Strategic Deadlock

Security vs. Sovereignty Dilemma

Expansion Debate – G4 Nations

Democratization of Global Governance

 Powers & Functions of UNSC:

Maintains international peace and security

▪ Through diplomacy, conflict resolution, or authorizing use of
force.

Authorizes peacekeeping missions

▪ e.g., Congo, South Sudan, Mali

Imposes sanctions
▪ e.g., on North Korea, Iran, Taliban

Authorizes military action

▪ e.g., 1991 Gulf War, 2011 Libya intervention

Investigates conflicts & recommends solutions

▪ Sends fact-finding missions, mediation, or diplomatic outreach.
✨ 🛡
Global South
The term "Global South", coined by political activist Carl Oglesby in
1968, refers to the developing and less industrialized countries,
primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These nations often
face systemic inequalities in global governance.
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸:
In a recent address, PM Narendra Modi highlighted that the Global
South suffers the most from global uncertainties, especially the 3Fs –
Food, Fertilizer, and Fuel crises, reinforcing its urgent need for voice and
leadership.

“It is India's duty to become the voice of the Global South.” –

𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮: Dr. S. Jaishankar, MEA
“The Global South is no longer just a consumer of global
decisions but a key player in shaping them.” – PM Modi

Recently during Global South Summit, India called for 5Cs for the
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: Global South:Consultation, Cooperation, Communication,
Creativity & Innovation, and Capacity Building.This should be the
guiding principle for Global South.

Keywords

India – A South Western Power

South-South Cooperation, Multipolarity

Resource Curse

South-led Multilateralism

Middle-power Diplomacy

Decolonizing Global Governance

India and Global South

India – A natural leader of Global South How?

G77 to reform global order

Vaccine Maitri

First responder (Op Rahat – Yemen, Op Sankat Mochan – South Sudan)

IBSA Fund for technical South-South cooperation

Alternative to China’s debt-trap diplomacy

India’s role in UN peacekeeping, CBDR

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 World Bank
The World Bank, established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods
Conference, was envisioned as a cornerstone of postwar
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: reconstruction and global economic development.However, critics,
including U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres, contend that it
has failed to modernize its framework.

𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: The World Bank fuels global prosperity, bridging economic divides
and driving sustainable progress for a balanced future.

&
-
us .

)
83%

- Japan

(3
Indiad
.
01 %)
IDana
fig : voting power
 IMF
The IMF is an international organization of 189 countries
that promotes financial stability, global monetary
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: cooperation, trade, sustainable growth, and poverty
reduction.

"The IMF must evolve into a truly multilateral institution, where

emerging economies have a greater say in decision-making."
— BRICS Summit Declaration, 2014
𝓠𝓾𝓸𝓽𝓮:
"The IMF must balance financial stability with inclusive development
to achieve its mandate effectively."
— ECOSOC Report, 2019

The IMF helps stabilize economies but faces criticism for its
austerity programs and resulting inequalities.To remain
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: effective in a changing world, it must embrace inclusivity,
sustainability, and fairer global representation.

Keywords Economic
Surveillance
Neo-Colonialism in Lending

North-South Divide in IMF Policies IMF

Global Financial Hegemony

Austerity Measures & Social Unrest

Lending capacitynament
 Arctic Council
The Arctic Council is an international body of 8 Arctic
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓸: nations tasked with protecting the environment, conducting
scientific research, and safeguarding the interests of
indigenous peoples in the region.

As temperatures continue to rise, both strategic rivalries

and environmental concerns in the melting Arctic may
𝓒𝓸𝓷𝓬𝓵𝓾𝓼𝓲𝓸𝓷: soon reach a boiling point — making multilateral
cooperation through the Arctic Council more crucial than
ever.

Significance of the Region

A 2009 U.S. Geological Survey report estimates the region holds:

▪ 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves
▪ 30% of its untapped natural gas reserves

Climate change may open a new trade route via the Arctic Ocean

Strategic importance due to increasing military presence of Russia and the US

India's concern:
▪ China declared itself a ‘Near-Arctic State’ in 2018
▪ Plans to build its first nuclear-powered icebreaker

·
Finland

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