FORM TWO WORK.

TOPIC ONE: TRADE

Define the term trade

 It refers to the exchange of goods and services for mutual benefit.

REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD.

(i) Desire to satisfy human wants. I.e. to get goods that they did not have.
(ii) Surplus production of commodities forced people to exchange excess of what they
had with what they need from other communities.
(iii) Development of transport made it easy for goods to reach the local market.
(iv) Job specialization where people concentrated in areas that they had better skills like in
basketry, pottery, iron smith, forced them to exchange their products with other
communities to get what they did not have.
(v) The unequal distribution of resources due to climatic and environmental conditions
encouraged exchange between communities. For example; the salt producing
communities exchanged salt for other commodities.

Methods of trade

Name two main methods of trade.

i. Barter trade
ii. Currency trade

What is barter trade? (KCSE 1996).

i. Refers to the exchange of goods for other goods.

Why is barter trade referred to as a silent trade?

i. It lacked common language of communication.

Main method used for exchange in the pre-colonial societies.

i. Barter trade.

Identify the main method of trade in Africa during the pre-colonial period (KCSE 2007).

i. Barter trade.

DISADVANTAGES OF BARTER TRADE

State two advantages of barter trade.

(i) It is suitable where there is no common language of communication.

(ii) It is suitable where there is no currency.

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(iii) It helps people to acquire goods/commodities that they needed.

LIMITATIONS OF BARTER TRADE

Identify one limitations of using barter trade as a method of trade. (KCSE 1996)

(i) Some commodities are bulky/heavy and therefore difficult to transport.

(ii) Perishable goods are likely to go bad if negotiations are done on time.
(iii) It required double coincidence of one and therefore one had to find persons whose
demands were similar.
(iv) It may not be easy to establish the exchange rate of commodities it may not be easy to
determine the actual value of the commodity.
(v) Lack of common language of communication prolonged/delayed transaction.
(vi) Some commodities could not be divided into smaller units for easy exchange.
Or
(vii) Indivisibility of some goods made it hard to divide them into smaller units.

CURRENCY TRADE

What is currency trade?

i. It is the use of the money to buy commodities or to pay for service.

ii. It refers to the exchange of goods and services for money.
iii. Is the use of money as a medium of exchange to acquire goods and services.
iv. Is the use of money as a medium of exchange to acquire goods and services.

Advantages of currency trade.

(i) Money is easily divisible into smaller units

(ii) Money is a store value and can therefore store the wealth accumulated without the
risk of losing it.
(iii) Money is portable and can therefore be carried from one place to another easily.
(iv) Money can be used in setting debts.
(v) Money is used as a measure of value for goods and services.

Advantages of currency over barter systems.

State two advantages of the use of money over barter as a medium of exchange. (KCSE
2009).

 Money is easily divisible into smaller units unlike the actual goods in barter trade.

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 Difference between barter trade and currency trade.

What is the difference between barter trade and trade in which currency used as a medium of
exchange (KCSE 2000)

 Barter trade refers to the exchange of goods and services for other goods or services
for other goods or services while currency trade involves the use of money to
purchase goods.

MAIN LIMITATION OF BARTER TRADE.

State one main limitation of barter trade during the transaction trade (KCSE 2002).

i. Lack of common language among the traders/of communication

ii. Language barrier between the traders.

TYPES OF TRADE

Identify 3 types of trade (KCSE 2007).

(i) International trade

(ii) Local trade
(iii) Regional trade.

LOCAL TRADE

Identify 3 types of trade (KCSE 2007).

What is local trade?

i. Refers to the trade that was conducted at village level within the same geographical
area.
ii. Is the exchange of goods at village level within same geographical area.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL TRADE

(i) It was carried out within a small area like the village
(ii) The numbers of traders involved in this trade were few.
(iii) Trade was conducted in specific day of the week.
(iv) It had specific market days in which trade was conducted.
(v) They were no middlemen involved in this trade and therefore goods were sold
directly.
(vi) The chiefs controlled this particular trade.
(vii) It was done by small scale traders and not professional merchants.
(viii) The range of goods was limited to the resources available in a particular village.
Or
It involved small volume of goods which were exchanged in local trade.

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 IMPACTS OF LOCAL TRADE

Explain six effects of local trade to the communities that participated in it during the pre-
colonial period.

(i) It promoted the development of industries in order to produce items of trade.

(ii) It promoted urbanization since trading centers grew into towns.
(iii) It led to intermarriages between the communities that participated in this trade and
thus improving/ expanding relationship.
(iv) Chiefdoms emerged due to the levies and tributes paid by the traders.
(v) It promoted peaceful coexistence between communities that participated in this trade
and thus improving the relationships.
(vi) It laid foundation/foundations/base for the developments of regional and international
trade.
(vii) Local trade satisfied the needs of the communities in terms of food, tools and medians
since they were able to get what they did not product and to sell their surplus.
(viii) It promoted cultural exchange as a result of interaction between communities leading
to adoption of new cultural practice.
(ix) It facilitated the improvement of trade routes since most markets were strategically
located along the trade routes.

REGIONAL TRADE

What is regional trade?

i. It refers to trade between two distinct geographical regions.

ii. It refers to the exchange of goods conducted between two or more geographical
regions.
iii. It refers to trade between two or more geographical regions.

EXAMPLE OF REGIONAL TRADE

Give one example of the regional trade.

(i) The trans- Saharan trade

(ii) The long distance trade.

CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL TRADE

State two characteristics of regional trade.

(i) It covered a wide geographical region/area

(ii) It had no specific/set markets on which goods were sold.
(iii) The trade involved large volumes of goods/communities and traders.
(iv) The traders specialized in trade as their means of livelihood.
(v) It involved the use of middlemen who linked the buyers to the sellers.

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 TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

The term Trans- means across and Sahara refer to a desert in North Africa.

What is Trans- Saharan trade?

 It was a trade that was conducted between the people of North Africa across the
Sahara-desert.

N/B Western Sudan refers to the dark skinned people who occupy the region to the
south of Sahara desert i.e Ghana, Mali, Songhai.

FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

What factors led to the development of Trade between North Africa and West Africa during
the pre-colonial period [KCSE 1996]

(i) Existence of North Africa merchant who were ready to invest their capital in the trade
OR existence of the rich merchants in the region who were willing to invest in the
trade.
(ii) Availability of trading items such as gold from West Africa and salt mines in the
Sahara desert.
(iii) Demand for West African goods such as gold, saves and kola nuts in the north and as
well in West Africa where goods from the north such as guns were on high demand
OR there was high demand for scarce goods in North Africa and West Africa for
example gold, kola nuts and ivory were highly demanded in the north.
(iv) Availability of capital provided by the Berber merchants of North Africa promoted its
development.
(v) Presence of the Tuaregs who guided the traders across the desert and acted as
interpreters-encouraged trade since they provided them with security. Or existence of
strong leaders/political stability in western Sudan encouraged trade since they provide
them with security OR presence of capable rulers who offered/provided protection to
the traders. Example of such leaders includes Mansa of Mali, Askia Mohammed of
Songhai.
(vi) The use of camels and horses made their journey through their desert easy since they
were able to carry heavy loads and travel long distance without water.
N/B – They could travel on sand with ease.
(vii) Existence of oasis which provided water and acted as resting points for traders where
they could replenish their stock of food, water etc OR presence of oases in the desert.
(viii) Presence of Islam which acted as a unifying factor since the traders looked at each
other as brothers and sisters and thus creating trust.

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 COMMODITIES OF TRADE FROM WEST AFRICA.

Name two commodities of exchange that were got from West Africa during the trans-
Saharan.

(i) Gold
(ii) Slaves
(iii) Kola nuts
(iv) Gum
(v) Pepper
(vi) Leather/hides and skin
(vii) Ivory.

COMMUNITIES FROM THE NORTH.

(i) Horses
(ii) Guns weapons/firearms
(iii) Glassware
(iv) Mirrors
(v) Course shells
(vi) Daggers
(vii) Clothes
(viii) Beads
(ix) Date/dried fruits
(x) Perfumes
(xi) Salt from Tangaza.

MAIN ITEMS OF TRADE DURING THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

Give the main items of the trans-Saharan trade [KCSE 2010]

(i) Gold

ORGANIZATION OF TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE.

Describe the organization of trans-Saharan trade. [KCSE 2007], [2001, 2015].

i. Who were involved in this trade?

The trade was conducted between people of west Africa/western Sudan and Arabs
from North Africa.
ii. What commodities were exchanged?
The item of trade from western Sudan/west Africa were gold, ivory, gum, slaves
among others while those from the north were guns cowries, shells, mirror etc.
iii. How were goods exchanged?
The Tuaregs and Berbers acted as guided takshfts to the traders across/through the
deserts and also acted as interpreters.
iv. How did they travel?

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 The traders travelled in large caravans of up to 1000 camels to enhance their security.
v. Who offered security?
The Tuaregs provided security to the traders across the deserts against hostile
communities and bandits.
vi. Which routes did they follow?
The traders followed fairly defined routes from West Africa to North Africa OR the
traders/caravans followed well defined/established trade routes.
vii. Who controlled the trade?
The trade was controlled by the rulers of west Africa/western Sudan who regulated
the amount of gold to be sold and also provided security.
viii. What improved the relations?
The traders paid taxes/tributes to the kings of western Sudan to promote good
relations.
ix. Who helped the traders to acquire goods?
The traders dealt with agents/middlemen who usually gave goods on credits and also
sold commodities on their behalf.
OR the traders used the agents/middlemen whose role was to acquire trade items for
them and to sell goods on their behalf.

ROLES PLAYED BY THE TUAREGS IN THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

What were the roles of the Tuaregs on the Trans-Saharan trade [KCSE 2004],

i. They acted as guards/provided security to the travelers.

ii. They acted as guides to traders across the desert.
iii. They maintained and protected the oases/water wells.
iv. They provided food and accommodation to the traders.
v. They acted as interpreters/translated to the traders.

TRADE ROUTES FOLLOWED

Identify two trade routes which connected trading centers in the western Sudan and North
Africa during the Trans Saharan trade [KCSE 1999]

There were three types of routes used by the traders namely:

Primary routes

Secondary routes.

The western route

i. It started at Fez in morocco and went through Sijinmasa to Taghaza, Timbuktu,

Audaghast and ended in the Niger belt.
ii. Fez-sighmasa-taghaza-timbuktu-audaghast-niger belt.

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 The central route

iii. It begins in Tunis through ghat, agades, Kano and ended in Hausa state.
iv. Tunis-ghat-Agades-Hausa state.
v. The eastern route
vi. It started in Tripoli to Fezzan and ended in burns.
vii. Tripoli-Fezzan-burns.
viii. They also passed through Sijilmasa-Timbuktu.

MAIN TRANSPORT IN TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE.

Give the main form of transport used in the trans-Saharan trade. [KCSE 2012].

 Camel

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADERS.

What problems did the trans-Saharan traders face? [KCSE 2001].

(i) The journey was long and tiresome across the desert and thus traders could at times
run out of supplies of food and water.
(ii) The fall of empires like Songhai and Mali crossed political instability and insecurity
in the region OR insecurity due to declining and falling of kingdoms like Mali and
Songhai discouraged the traders.
(iii) Extreme weather conditions of desert for example it was very can during the night and
hot during the day which made the survey uncomfortable.
(iv) Frequent shifts/changes of trade routes affected the traders since they got lost in the
desert despite having the Tuaregs who showed them directions OR traders sometimes
got lost in the desert despite having the Tuaregs who showed them directions. OR
traders sometimes got lost in the desert due to frequent changes/shifts of trade routes
which caused delays OR the routes in the desert changed frequent and therefore the
traders occasionally got lost.
(v) Language barrier/ lack of common language of communication between the traders
and the people from the worth prolonged translations.
(vi) Attacks by dangerous desert animals/creatures such as scorpions and snakes that but
the traders and their camels leading to lose of lives.
(vii) The caravan routes were insecure and were therefore attacked by desert robbers who
sought to rob them of their trade goods
OR the Tuaregs changed their routes of guiding and or protecting the traders instead
robbed and the caravan routes were insecure since the traders were at times caught in
wars where they had to fight to defend themselves from the hostile communities.
Or the Tuaregs changed their roles as guides and became robbers of the carry where
their robbed and abandoned the traders in the deserts.
(viii) Frequent sandstorms in the desert blinded and at times buried traders and their camels
alive hence leading to loss of lives.

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(ix) Exhaustion of trade goods especially gold affected this trade since the traders lacked
reliable supplies of trade goods.
(x) The traders lacked adequate water and food as they travelled since they at times ran
out of supplies before reaching the oasis.

HOW TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF

KINGDOMS IN WEST AFRICA.

State five ways in which Trans- Saharan trade contributed to the development of kingdoms
trade during the pre-colonial period.

(i) Kings acquired five arms and horses that were used in expanding the kingdom. Or it
led to the acquisition of horses and five arms by the kings which were used in wars of
expansion.
(ii) Islam acted as a unifying factor thus creating political stability in the region.
(iii) Sheria/Islamic laws were used and thus promoting political stability in the kingdom or
sheria laws were introduced thus promoting law and order in the kingdom.
(iv) Kings acquired a lot of wealth from the trade which made them to command a lot of
respect from their subjects or kings acquired a lot of revenue/wealth from the trade
which was used in rewarding the loyal rulers/leaders.
(v) Trade motivated the kings to acquire more territories in order to get the trade items or
increased demand for trade items/ commodities motivated the kings to expand their
kingdoms in order to acquire trade items.
(vi) Muslim personnel’s were used by kings as advisors and secretariat which enhanced
effective administration.

KINGDOMS THAT EMMERGED DUE TO TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE.

(i) Mali
(ii) Songhai
(iii) Old Ghana.

DECLINE OF TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

Explain five factors that led to the decline of trans-Saharan trade [KCSE 1991]

(i) Exhaustion of trade commodities like gold and salt affected the supplies which
discouraged traders.
(ii) The god and salt fields got exhausted as a result of over mining which reduced supply.
(iii) Abolition of slave trade denied trader a main trade item.
(iv) The Tuaregs changed their roles as guides, robbed the caravans and abandoned the
traders in the desert.
(v) The development of trans-Atlantic trade diverted the attention of traders to the south
and thus making this trade unpopular.
(vi) The desert conditions like frequent attacks from poisonous snakes and scorpions
affected the development of trans-Saharan.

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(vii) The fall of empires like Mali and Songhai caused political instability and insecurity or
frequent wars in North Africa discouraged the traders from participating in this trade.
(viii) European penetration into the interior for goods replaced the role played by the
middlemen which led to its collapse.
(ix) External invasion by morocco led to the destruction of some commercial centers like
Timbuktu and GAO.
(x) European colonization placed resources in west and north Africa- under their control
which reduced supplies.

EFFECTS OF TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ON WEST AFRICAN STATES.

Describe the effects of the trans-Saharan trade on West African societies. [KCSE 1996]

(i) The trade led to the development of towns in West Africa. For example Gao,
Timbuktu and Sijilmasa.
(ii) It led to the spread of Islam and Islamic learning in West Africa for example the
University of Timbuktu built OR Islamic was introduced and spread throughout West
Africa with many converting to Islam.
(iii) The trade led to the emergence of a class of wealthy people especially the merchants
who participated in the trade.
(iv) The trade promoted intermarriages between north African and the people from west
Africa which improved relations or intermarriages between the Berbers, Arabs and the
people of west Africa was promoted and that improving relations.
(v) The trade promoted growth in agricultural production as a result of introduction of
iron tools.
(vi) The trade increased warfare between the African communities who had acquired
weapons such as guns or the trade increased intercommunity warfare since many
communities acquired guns and horses that helped them to expand their kingdom.
(vii) The trade introduced new cultural values in West Africa for example people adopted
new states of assessing and eating habits.
(viii) Trade led to the introduction of Arabs architectural designs/styles of building in West
Africa.
(ix) Trade led to the introduction/emergence of empires such as Mali, Songhai and Ghana
as a result of levies and tribute paid by traders.
(x) It led to the depopulation of West Africa through slave trade.
(xi) Learning institutions such as schools, colleges and universities such as universities of
Timbuktu were set and thus promoting western education.
(xii) West Africa was known to the outside world thus increasing trade link between West
Africa and the outside world.

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INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 International trade refers trade between countries outside geographical regions.

 It is a trade which involves travel across seas and oceans.
 It is a trade between nations which do not form any part of a geographical region.

THE TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

It is also known as triangular trade.

What is trans-Atlantic trade?

 It is involved exchanged of goods across the Atlantic Ocean.

Reasons why trans-Atlantic trade is refer to as a triangular trade.

(i) Give one reason why trans-Atlantic trade was referred to as a triangular trade.
(ii) It was conducted between Africa, America and Europe.
(iii) It was conducted between three continents namely Africa, America and Europe.

COMMODITIES OF EXCHANGE FROM WEST AFRICA.

Give two trade items that were exported from West Africa to America during the Trans-
Atlantic.

(i) Slaves
(ii) Ivory
(iii) Kola nuts
(iv) Rubber

FROM WEST AFRICA TO EUROPE.

(i) Gold
(ii) Ivory.

MAIN COMMODITY FROM AFRICA DURING THE TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

Identify the main commodity from Africa in the trans-Atlantic trade [KCSE 2005]

 Slaves

FACTORS THAT FACILITETED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS-ATLANTIC

TRADE.
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 State threes factors that contributes to the development of transatlantic [KCSE 2011]

(i) Availability of firearms such as guns which made it easier to raid communalities for
slaves thus increasing its supply.
(ii) Availability of sailing ships that transported large volume of goods and slaves
promoted its development.
N/B- These ships had a greater capacity for cargo of slaves.
(iii) Establishment of plantation farming in the new world led to high demand for slaves to
offer labor.
(iv) There was high demand for European goods by African chiefs and kind who had
developed its taste which made them willing to sell their captures and subjects.
(v) Industrial revolution in Europe led to increased demand for raw materials which led to
an increase in the demand for slaves.
(vi) Existence of the rich merchants who were willing to invest in this trade led to its
development since the trade was profitable.
(vii) Existence of trade items between European nations and West Africa in ivory, palm oil
and gold laid foundation for its development.
(viii) Existence of trade routes along the sea that traders followed.

ORGANISATION OF TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

Describe the organization of the trans-Atlantic trade [KCSE 2013].

(i) The trade was conducted between three continents namely Africa, Europe and
America or it was organized in a triangular form involving three continents namely
Africa, Europe and America.
(ii) The participants in this trade included countries like Britain, Portugal, Holland, Spain
and France.
(iii) The main commodity of trade was the slaves who were got from West Africa. Other
goods include gold, pepper, ivory gum etc while those from Europe included guns,
cloth etc.
(iv) Slaves were got from West Africa and were matched to the coast where they were
exchanged for European goods.
(v) Middlemen were used by the traders to source for slaves in West Africa.
(vi) Barter trader was used to acquire the trade items by use of iron bar, cowrie’s shells,
brass palm alcohol etc.
(vii) Slave’s dealers stored slaves in beacons waiting.
(viii) Slaves were packed tightly in the ships and were transported across the Atlantic
Ocean to Americas to work in the plantation.
(ix) Slaves were branded, examined and sold through auction.
(x) Manufactured goods were exported to Africa to exchange them with slaves.

METHODS USED TO ACQUIRE SLAVES

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 Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the trans-Atlantic trade
[KCSE 2008]

Describe three ways which slaves were obtained during the trans-Atlantic trade [KCSE
2002]

(i) Slaves were exchanged for European manufactured goods like guns, mirror through
barter trade.
(ii) Some rulers sold their subjects/criminals to slave dealers OR African leaders sold off
criminals in their communities such as rapists and thieves as slaves.
(iii) Prisoners of war were sold to slave dealers.
(iv) Lonely travelers and weak subjects were kidnapped and sold to slave dealers.
(v) By enticing people/children using desirable goods such as cloth and sweets or some
people were enticed with gifts such as cloth and sweets and eventually sold as slaves.
(vi) Slave raids were conducted in the villagers and captives such as slaves or villages
were attacked during slave raids and captives sold to slave dealers.
(vii) Debtors were sold to slave traders by their creditors for failing to pay debts [parrying].
(viii) The weak in the society such as widows, orphans and feeble minded people could be
sold off.

WHY AFRICAN SLAVES WERE PREFFERED

State three reasons why European traders preferred African slaves during the trans-
Atlantic trade. [KCSE 2002]

(i) Africans slaves were readily available and easy to get or the supply of African slaves
was high since they were got easily.
(ii) They were cheaper to acquire than the red Indians.
(iii) They were cheaper to use in comparison to the red Indians.
(iv) They were stronger than the red Indians and the Europeans or they appeared stronger
for manual labor than the other races.
(v) Their skin complexion prevented them from escaping easily.
(vi) They were immune to both European and tropical diseases or they had strong
immunity against tropical diseases.

HOW AFRICANS PARTICIPATED IN TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

State two ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic trade [KCSE 2013].

(i) Rulers /leaders sold their own subjects.

(ii) They acted as middlemen
(iii) They raided/acquired slaves for the traders.
(iv) Africans matched slaves to the coast for shipment.
(v) Africans transported trade items like ivory to the coast.

RESULTS OF TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

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What were the results of the Trans-Atlantic trade? [KCSE 2003]

SOCIAL EFFECTS

(i) It caused serious deportation in west and parts of central Africa due to slave.
NB- it is estimated that about 20 million people were send off as slaves from Africa.
(ii) There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones were separated/sold
to slavery.
(iii) It led to permanent separation of family members as some were capture and sold as
slaves.
(iv) Many Africans lost their lives during the slave raids.
(v) It led to massive loss of lives during slave raiding and white being transported.
(vi) It led to intermarriages between the Africans and the Europeans leading to the rise of
Mulatoes.

N/B- Mullatoes are children of mixed parentage.

(vii) Christians was spread in West Africa which countered/undermined the spread of
Islam.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS.

(i) Traditional/local industries declined as Africans acquired a taste for European goods.
(ii) There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken
away into slavery.
(iii) Slave raids caused massive destruction of properties such as homes and villages that
were burnt during slave raid.
(iv) It led to the decline of trans-Saharan trade since the traders diverted goods to the West
African coast their making trans-Saharan trade unpopular.
(v) It led to the rise of a wealthy class of people who participated in this trade such as
Samouri-Toure, Jaja Opobo.
(vi) Towns such as Lagos, Elmina, Goree, Dakar, and Rusfique developed along the coast.

POLITICAL IMPACTS

i. It opened West Africa to European colonization since slave trade had weakened their
ability to resist.
ii. It led to the emergence of strong kingdoms such as Asante since they acquired guns or
it led to the vise and expansion of strongly kingdoms and empires due to the revenue
and five arms they acquired.
iii. It promoted inter-tribal warfare which created political instability and insecurity in the
region as a result of guns acquired.
iv. It led to the decline of some kingdoms such as Oyo due to interstate conflicts.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

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 Explain six negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on Africa communities. [KCSE 2011]

(i) There were increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for
slaves.
(ii) It led to serious depopulation in west and central Africa due to slave trade.
(iii) It led to the decline of the trans-Saharan trade since many found Trans-Atlantic trade
more profitable.
(iv) Many people lost their lives during slave raids.
(v) There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken
away into slavery.
(vi) It led to increased suffering among families as their loved were separated.
(vii) Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired to a taste for European goods.
(viii) Some kingdoms like Oyo, Old Ghana, Songhai, Mali, declined due to interstate
conflicts/warfare.

REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

Explain six factors that led to the decline of Trans-Atlantic trade. [KCSE 2008].

(i) Leading economists like Adam smith were against slave labor and argued that free
labor was more productive.
(ii) The French revolution of 1789 impacted negatively on slave trade since the ideas of
equality and liberty were spread.
(iii) Britain abolished slave trade and influenced other European nations to stop it by
signing anti-slave trade treaties.
(iv) British philanthropist like William Wilberforce and missionaries strongly
campaigned against slave trade leading to its de cline
(v) Industrial revolution in Britain led to the replacement of slave labor with machines
which were more efficient.
(vi) Attainment of America’s independence left Britain with no colonies to take slaves to
work.
(vii) The development of legitimate trade that replaced slave trade-since it was considered
to be more lucrative.
(viii) Some Africans leaders/kings opposed slavery and slave trade for example Bemba of
Congo wrote to the king in Portugal asking him to stop his men from buying slaves in
Congo.

TOPIC TWO : DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT

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 Transport

(i) Transport comes from two words i.e. Trans which means across and port meaning the
carrying of goods.
(ii) Define the term transport.
(iii) It refers to the movement of people and their goods from one place to another.
(iv) Traditional forms of transport
(v) Land transport; human porter age , pack animals
(vi) Water transport; use of rafts, boats canoes and sailing ship. SPORT

What is human portage?

It is where people carry sizeable goods on their books, head and shoulders.

ADVANTAGES OF HUMAN PORTRAGE

State three advantages of human portage

(i) It was readily available when needed or it is reliable and convenient mode of
transport.
(ii) It was a cheap mode method.
(iii) It was flexible since it does not rely on fixed timetable of arrival and departure.

LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN PORTRAGE

Give two disadvantages of human transport [KCSE 2004]

(i) The porter could carry only a small load or it is not suitable for carrying bulk/ heavy
loads/goods.
(ii) It was slow as porters had to make frequent rests or it was time consuming since
people moved slowly.
(iii) It was tiresome/tedious and therefore trade mode frequent rests or it was tiresome
carrying heavy loads over long distances.
(iv) Porters were affected by weather changes like rain and sunshine.
(v) The porters could at time be attacked by wild animals.

ANIMAL TRANSPORT [PACK ANIMALS]

Name two pack animals which were used for early transportation.

(i) Camels
(ii) Donkeys
(iii) Horses
(iv) Mule [product of cross breeding between a horse and a donkey]
(v) Oxen
(vi) Buffalo
(vii) Elephant
(viii) Dogs pull sledges

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(ix) Llama and alpaca belong to camel family.

ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL TRANSPORT.

State five disadvantages of animal transport.

(i) They are cheap to maintain since they require only feeding and treatment or they are
cheap to maintain since only feeding and treatment cost are incurred.
(ii) Accidents are rare since animals do not overspend. Or animals are safe since accidents
are rare.
(iii) Animals can be used in inaccessible areas such as valley and mountains.
(iv) Some animals like horses and dogs are capable of sensing danger from a distance and
thus enhancing security.
(v) Animals help to maintain ecological balance since they don’t pollute the environment.
(vi) Animals do not need fuel apart from teaching them.

LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMALS TRANSPORT.

State two limitations of using animal transport [KCSE 2011].

(i) Animal transport is slow and tedious since they need to feed and rest or animal
transport is time consuming since they need to feed and rest.
(ii) Animal transport is time consuming hence slow.
(iii) Animal transport has limited carrying capacity or they carry small loads of goods
compared to vehicle.
(iv) Animal transport is limited to day time and is therefore not suitable at night time or
animals cannot travel at night as they are limited to travel during the day.
(v) Animals are affected by poor health, injuries and can be attacked by wind animals or
animals can be attacked by wind animals and diseases which may lead to death.
(vi) Animal transport is cumbersome since it is difficult to handle/manage some animals
like donkeys or it is difficult to handle some pack animals like donkeys that are
stubborn which tired.
(vii) Extreme/bad weather conditions and rugged terrains affects/hampers the movement of
animals.

ADAPTATION OF CAMELS TO ARID CONDITIONS.

Why is camel referred to as the desert ship?

(i) Camels carry extra food in their stomach and store fats in the hump for use during
scarcity.
(ii) Camels do not sweat and therefore loose little moisture to the atmosphere.
(iii) Camels have large feet suitable for walking on sand without sinking.
(iv) Camels have a thick skin that protects it from extra heat during the day and cold at
night or camels have a thick skin which helps them to regulate temperature during the
day nag night.
(v) It has a long neck allows it to browse/eat leaves from high up trees.

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(vi) It can eat a variety of vegetation like the thorny bushes without any harm.

VEHICLES WITHOUT WHEELS

There is tremendous development in the field of transport in the initial stages vehicles
without wheels were used for examples:

(i) Dog sledges- were used in snow areas only small areas of the sledge got into contact
with the ground to avoid friction.
(ii) The sedan chairs- fitted with two poles running on the sides from back to front. It was
carried by four men. This seat was protected and therefore the passenger was
protected from rain, heat and wind.
(iii) The travois.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEEL

 The concept/idea of masking the wheel begun with the use of rollers that enabled man
to move heavy loads.
 Use of rollers was cumbersome/ difficult and required a lot of energy and labor.
 The invention of the wheel revolutionized transport sector.

Who invented the wheel?

 The Sumerians of Mesopotamia.

USE OF WHEEL IN MESOPOTAMIA

State three uses of the wheel in Mesopotamia.

(i) It promoted the development of early agriculture since the wheel was used in the
shadoof irrigation.
(ii) Porter’s wheel was used to make quality pots from clay or it helped in making pots of
high quality by the use of porter’s wheel.
(iii) It enhanced transportation of people and goods.
(iv) It was used to move war chariots which increased mobility of soldiers.
(v) It facilitated construction of roads.
(vi) It promoted trade as a result of improved transportation of people and goods.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE WHEEL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY

TRANSPORT.

Identify one way in which invention of the wheel promoted early transport [KCSE 2001]

(i) It enhanced the movement of soldiers during battles.

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 (ii) It facilitated travel over long distances.
(iii) It facilitated faster/speedy transportation of [people and goods.
(iv) It eased transportation of heavy loads.

HOW INVENTION OF THE WHEEL REVOLUTIONISED TRANSPORT IN

EUROPE.

Give three ways in which the invention of the wheel revolutionized transport in Europe
before the 19th C [KCSE 2008].

(i) People could cover long distances easily.

(ii) Travelling became secure
people could travel faster than before.
(iii) The chariots made travelling comfortable.
(iv) Heavy loads could be carried over long.

WATER TRANSPORT [EARLIEST FORM]

Name two earliest forms of water transport.

Give two means of water transport used during ancient times [KCSE 2009].

(i) Rafts /logs made up of several logs tied together.

(ii) Canoe
(iii) Sailing boats/oar driven boats.
(iv) Sailing ships.

LIMITATIONS OF EARLY FORMS OF WATER TRANSPORT.

State three limitations of using a raft during transportation.

(i) They could easily sink during strong winds/storms

(ii) They were limited in moving down stream since they depended on water currents.
(iii) They carried only few goods and passengers.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TRANSPORT

ROAD TRANSPORT

The first roads that were built in Europe were the roman roads built by the Romans.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN ROADS

State three characteristics of the roman roads.

(i) They were drained on each side.

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 (ii) They were straight
(iii) They raised above the ground to avoid/prevent flooding.
(iv) They had bridges across the rivers and tunnel through the hills.

THE MACADAM ROADS

 The road was constructed by john macadam. The road was later improved by adding
tar to make it water proof.
 This type of roads were named tarmac roads coined from macadam’s name, i.e. tar
and gravel.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MACADAM ROADS

State two characteristics of macadam roads. [Kcse 2000]

(i) They were durable.

(ii) They were weather roads.
(iii) They had smooth surface which made it comfortable to drive.
(iv) The roads were wide.
(v) They were straight thus reducing accidents.
(vi) They were cheap to construct.

IMPROVEMENTS ON MACADAM ROADS.

Identify two improvements which were made on macadam roads in the 19th C [KCSE
2006].

(i) It was smoothened and made water proof or tar was put on top of the surface to make
it smooth.
(ii) Roads were widened to create highways.
(iii) Roads were straightened by adding more layers of stones/gravels that made it durable.

DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD TRANSPORT SINCE 1970

Give three developments that have taken place in road transport system since 1970 [KCSE
2003]

(i) Tarmac roads which are more durable have been constructed.
(ii) Bridges have been constructed to facilitate travel on roads.
(iii) Roads have been straightened and widened to ease the increasing volume of traffic.
(iv) Dual carriages have been constructed to ease traffic congestion.
(v) Fly over bridges and tunnels [under pass] on cross roads have been constructed for
faster travel.
(vi) Macadam roads have been constructed or construction of macadam roads that are
durable.
(vii) Motor ways have been constructed in developed countries for the exclusive use of
wheels.

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MODERN MEANS OF TRANSPORT.

THE BICYCLE

 The word bicycle means two wheels.

 Engineers who invented the bicycle

Name one engineer who contributed in the invention of bicycle.

(i) Dre-sirrac- French man invented the first bicycle.

(ii) Kirk Patrick
(iii) Baron Karl Drals
(iv) Ernest Michaux
(v) James Staley.

MOTOR VEHICLE

Engineers who contributed in the invention of a motor vehicle.

Name two engineers who contributed in the invention of a motor vehicle.

(i) Nicholas Joseph

(ii) Gotties Dalmer
(iii) Karl beric
(iv) Henry ford
(v) John Dunlop.

ADVANTAGES OF ROASD TRANSPORT.

State two advantages of road transport.

(i) Road transport is faster than water and railway transport except where electric train is
used.
(ii) Roads are flexible since they can offer door to door services.
(iii) Oafs are flexible since they easily link with railway, air and water transport.
(iv) It is the cheapest form of transport over short distances or road construction is cheaper
than construction of airports and railways.
(v) Road transport is reliable / convenient since there are no fixed time schedules for
usage.

DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS.

State two limitations of road transport.

(i) Accidents are common hence leading to loss of lives.

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 (ii) Roads are expensive to construct and maintain or it is expensive to construct all
weather roads.
(iii) Motor vehicles cause air pollution which affects the environment.
(iv) It affected by traffic jams/congestion due to the increased number of vehicles or
traffic congestion affects it leading to traffic jam in towns.
(v) The use of roads is limited to specific areas and cannot go beyond land.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORT.

State two negative effects of the development of motor vehicle transport [KCSE 2012].

(i) They pollute the environment due to fumes emitted.

(ii) Many have lost lives due to road accidents/carriages.
(iii) Crime rates have increased especially carjacking.
(iv) Traffic jams has increased in cities causing congestion/delays.
(v) Road accidents has left many physically incapacities and thereby creating a burden to
the family.

RAILWAY TRANSPORT

(i) Richard Trevithick

(ii) George Stevenson- built first public railway.

ADVANTAGES OF USING STEAM ENGINE IN TRANSPORT.

Give two advantages of using steam engine in transport in the 19th century [KCSE 2005].

(i) It increased the speed of locomotives

(ii) It did not pollute the air.
(iii) It was cheap thus reducing operation cost.

ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

State three advantages of railway transport.

(i) It is suitable for transporting heavy/bulky goods.

(ii) It is cost effective methods in transporting goods over long distances.
(iii) Trains lead prone to accidents or it is a safe means of transport since accidents are
rare.
(iv) N/B- accidents are rare but when they occur is fatal.
(v) It follows fixed/regular timetables which enables passengers to plan their movement.
(vi) They follow a fixed timetable which enables travelers to plan their journey in
advance.
(vii) Electric trains are a fast means of transport.

LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES

Give two limitations of railway transport

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 (i) It is expensive to set up/construct and maintain the railway.
(ii) Accidents are rare but when they occur, they are fatal.
(iii) It causes pollution due to the smoke emitted especially by diesel engines.
(iv) It is less flexible since it cannot pass via some land scapes/mountains.
(v) Non electric trains are slow and therefore not suitable in transporting perishable
goods.

RESULTS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

State three effects of the development of railway transport in the 19thC [KCSE 2002].

(i) It facilitated transportation of bulky/heavy goods.

(ii) It led to growth of towns. Facilitated entrenchment of colonial rule/administration or
it facilitated easy movement of soldiers to suppress revents.
(iii) It facilitated the spread of Christianity.
(iv) It created employment opportunities.

Assignment

Explain six ways in which the invention of railway speeded up industrialization- in Europe

Give ways in which poor transport hinders industrialization in the third world countries.
[KCSE 1998].

WATER TRANSPORT.

What is a canal?

 It is a man-made/artificial water way [river] that is used to transport people and

goods.
 It is a man-made water way that links one water body to another.

EXAMPLES OF CANALS.

(i) Panama Canal links Atlantic oceans and pacific at isthmus.

(ii) The Suez Canal in Egypt- shorten sea route between Europe and Far East.
(iii) Eric canal links New York with great lakes.
(iv) Manchester- Liverpool canal link Manchester city to Liverpool.

ADVANTAGES OF CANAL TRANSPORT

State three advantages of canal transport.

(i) They shorten distances between places thus saving time and cost or they shorten
trading routes.
(ii) They facilitate quick transportation of raw materials to industries.
(iii) They help in transporting bulky/heavy goods to the industries.
(iv) They faster supply of manufactured goods to the market.

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 THE SUEZ CANAL

 It was constructed by a French engineer Ferdinand Lesseps between 1859-1869. I.e. it

construction took 10 years.

RESULTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUEZ CANAL.

(i) It shortened the sea route between Europe and the Far East or it linked the red sea to
the Mediterranean Sea. It provided a direct link between Europe and the Far East.
(ii) It promoted international trade.
(iii) It encourages scramble and eventual colonization of Africa.

AIR TRANSPORT

Inventors of the first airplane

Name the American brothers who made the first airplane.

 Orlive wright
 Wilberforce wright (the wright brothers]

IMPACTS OF AIR TRANSPORT

Explain six positive effects of air transport.

(i) It has provided the fastest means of transport for both passengers and goods.
(ii) It has promoted international trade since goods and people move fast.
(iii) It has created employment too many people such as pilots, engineers air hostess etc.
(iv) It has promoted the development in agriculture since planes are used in spraying and
monitoring large farms.
(v) It has enhanced international cooperation and understanding as people exchange
ideas.
(vi) It has enhanced wildlife management since counting and monitoring of animals is
easily conducted by use of planes.
(vii) Aero planes are used in aerial photography and cartography thus improving map
making.
(viii) It has revolutionized warfare as countries are able to strike enemies with prescient.
(ix) It has promoted emergency and relief services for example flying doctors move faster.
(x) It has promoted space exploration through invention of space shuttles and satellites.
(xi) It provides transport to inaccessible areas like mountains and flooded areas.
(xii) It has promoted improvement of security since soldiers and policemen can be moved
to troubled areas faster.
(xiii) Aero planes are used in sporting activities for example Kenya air force stages fighter
planes show during the national holidays.

MAIN ADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT.

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 State the main advantage of using air transport [KCSE 2007].

It is the fastest means of transport or it is the quickest in terms of speed.

LIMITATION/DISADVANTAES

What are the disadvantages of using air transport [KCSE 2008?]

(i) It has made warfare more destructive and deadly through the use of bombs. Or the use
of air craft’s in military warfare has resulted in destruction of property.
(ii) It is expensive to acquire and maintain an aircraft.
(iii) It pollutes the environment due to the fumes it emits or aircrafts emit gases which
contribute to the polluting of the atmosphere.
(iv) It is expensive means of transport compared to other means. Or air transport can only
be used by the rich/well to do members of the society thus making it inaccessible to
many.
(v) It cannot carry bulky /heavy goods as compared to other means of transport.
(vi) International terrorism has been facilitated by use of aircrafts. Or travelling by air has
facilitated international terrors and drug trafficking.
(vii) It has affected by bad weather such as rains and snow that causes delays or its
operations are affected by unfavorable weather conditions.
(viii) Accidents by aircrafts are fatal with very little channels of survival. Or when
accidents occur many people are killed.
(ix) The aircrafts can only land and take off in specific/designated areas this inconvenient
to users.
(x) Construction of the airstrips/airports requires a lot of resources and expertise.

SPACE EXPLORATION

Define the term space exploration.

 It refers to an organize trip to unfamiliar regions beyond the earth’s atmosphere which
contain other planets such as the moon and stars.
 It is also an attempt by the scientists to reach heavenly bodies such as the stars and
moon to learn more about them.

DEVELOPMENT IN SPACE EXPLORATION

 Invention of rocket by two Chinese used in space exploration.

 Discovery of a telescope by Galileo-Galileo made space exploration easier through
the study of distant objects.
 Discovery of artificial satellites in 1957 that orbited the earth.
 Discovery of the space shuttle in 1983 enabled astronomers to travel to the space.

ADVANTAGES OF SPACE EXPLORATION.

 It has enhanced human understanding of the universe through the discoveries made or
it has increased man’s knowledge about the universe through the discoveries made.

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  It has led to the development of advance air defense system/air force for example
USA uses the drones.
 Space exploration has encouraged space tourism.

IMPACTS OF MODERN MEANS OF TRANSPORT

POSITIVE –ECONOMIC

(i) It has promoted the development of both local and international trade since goods and
people move fast.
(ii) It has promoted the development of agriculture since farm produce are transferred
faster to the market.
(iii) It has encouraged industrial revolution since raw material and industrial workers
move faster.
(iv) The government earns revenue from license, fines and fuel levies.
(v) It has facilitated exploration of natural resources such as minerals and forestry.
(vi) It has promoted tourism since people travel too areas of attraction faster.
(vii) It has led to the development of towns/urban centers in areas that are well served with
roads.
(viii) It has created employment opportunities too many people such as drivers, engineers,
pilots etc.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

It has promoted emergency services since it’s easy to reach people even in remove places or
humanitarian inform of food, machines and other supplies can be sent easily to affected areas.

It has made migration of people from one part of the world to another easy.

Access to health and education has been made easier.

It has facilitated easy exchange of ideas across the world as people interact.

Transport has made the world a global village since different parts are easily accessible.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS.

It causes many accidents which lead to loss of lives.

They cause environment pollution due to fumes emitted.

Criminal activities such as carjacking, terrorism and piracy have increased.

It causes traffic jams in towns due to an increase in the number of vehicles hence causing
delays.

It has made warfare deadly since troupes can be moved to troubled areas very fast.

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It has promoted the spread of disease such as HIV/AIDS as a result of rapid interaction of
people.

COMMUNICATION

What is communication?

 It refers to the sending and receiving of messages through a medium.

 It is a process of sharing, ideas, information and messages with others in particular
times and place.

FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN SENDING A MASSAGE.

Give three factors which should be considered when sending a message [KCSE 2006].

(i) The cost of sending the message

(ii) The distance between the sender and the receiver of the message.
(iii) Time taken for the information to be delivered.
(iv) The urgency of the information/speed
(v) The complexity of the message.
(vi) The availability of the means of communication.

TRADITIONAL FORMS OF COMMUNICATION.

(i) Use of fire and smoke signals.

(ii) Use of drum beats
(iii) Use of messengers
(iv) Horn blowing
(v) Screams and cries.
(vi) Use of gestures
(vii) Written messages

USE OF FIRE AND SMOKE SIGNALS/BEACON.

 It was lit on a raised ground where it could be seen easily to pass messages. Fire was
lit and as smoke signal rose to the sky, the intended message was received.

ADVANTAGES OF FIRE AND SMOKE SIGNALS.

(i) They were visible

(ii) The message was delivered very fast.
(iii) It is a cheaper method of passing a message.
(iv) The message was limited to the users and outsiders could not understand them.

LIMITATION/DISADVANTAGES OF USING FIRE AND SMOKE SIGNALS.

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State two disadvantages of using fire and smoke signals as a means of communication
[KCSE 2008].

(i) It was difficult to light/start fire in wet conditions or the use of fire was restricted to
weather conditions.
(ii) Messages could only be sent over short distances.
(iii) The signals were of no use if no one was on the lookout.
(iv) Smoke signals were not visible on a cloudy, misty day.
(v) Range of messages passed was limited.

DRUM BEATS

 It was the commonest means of communication in Africa.

 It was used to send wide variety of messages.
 In West Africa, talking drums were used to imitate sounds. It was played by skilled
drummers.
 Each drum had its own code of relaying information based on the type of message to
be passed.

ADVANTAGES OF DRUM BEATS.

Give one advantage of drum beating as a form of communication over the use of smoke
signals in Africa during the pre-colonial.

DISADVANTAGES OF DRUM BEATS

(i) It needed expertise in drumming or it required highly skilled drummers to play the
beats.
(ii) The distance covered was short.
(iii) Messages could be interfered by physical barriers
(iv) There is no privacy of the message sent.
(v) The message could not be interpreted clearly.

THE USE OF MESSENGERS

Runners were sent to deliver long message especially those that were confidential.

ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF MESSEMGERS.

(i) Messages were delivered instantly.

(ii) It is suitable where there are no other means of communication.
(iii) Messengers provided feedback.
(iv) Messengers could be sent to distant areas.
(v) It was suitable for delivering confidential messages or the message could be sent to
the intended recipient.

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DISADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF MESSENGERS.

State one disadvantage of using a messenger to pass information. [KCSE 2007].

(i) A person carrying verbal message can be tortured to verbal it or one could be tortured
to reveal the message.
(ii) One can give wrong message or forget the message.
(iii) One can die on the way as a result of attacks by hostile communities or wild animals.
(iv) It is slow since messages took a long time to reach the recipient because travel was by
foot.
(v) The distance covered by the messenger was limited since they moved on foot.

HORN BLOWING

 It was a vehicle means of conveying messages. Horns were blown by specialists with
different tones.

ADVANTAGES OF HORN BLOWING

(i) A wide range of messages could be sent.

(ii) Horns could be used at any time of the day i.e. night or day.
(iii) Messages were sent faster than in smoke signals.

DISADVANTAGES

(i) Messages could not do beyond hills and mountains or messages could be interfered by
physical barriers such as hills and mountains.
(ii) The privacy of the message was not guaranteed /assured.
(iii) The messages were restricted to only those who knew the tones.
(iv) The horn could be blown when no one was listening.

FORMS OF WRITING DURING THE EARLY CIVILIZATION.

Identify one form of pictorial writing during the early civilizations. [KCSE 2005].

 Cuneiform used by the Sumerians.

 Hieroglyphics used by the Egyptians.

MATERIALS USED IN WRITING EARLY MANUSCRIPTS.

(i) Scrolls
(ii) Parameters
(iii) Stone tablets.

ADVANTAGES OF EARLY WRITTEN MESSAGES.

 Messages are reliable since they are not forgotten easily.

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  The messages were accurate in most cases.
 Messages were store for future reference.

LIMITATIONS OF EARLY FORMS OF WRITING.

 It is limited to those who know how to read and write or it is suitable to the literates
only.
 Messages could be misinterpreted /misunderstood.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

Modern communication are divided into two namely:-

(i) Telecommunication
(ii) Print media.

TELE-COMMUNICATION

What is Tele-communication?

 It refers to sending and receiving of messages quickly over long distances.

 It is the technology of sending and receiving messages over long distance by
electronic means.

FORMS OF MODERN COMMUNICATION.

List two forms of communication used to send messages to distant places in the shortest
time possible. [KCSE 1996].

(i) Telephone
(ii) Telex
(iii) E-mail
(iv) Radio
(v) Telegram
(vi) Fax
(vii) Television.

TELEPHONE

The word telephone comes from two Greek words Tele which means far and Phone meaning
sound.

What is telephone?

It is a communication device/technology that sends are received voice messages over a long
distant by means of wire connected to a local exchange.

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ENGINEERS WHO INVENTED A TELEPHONE

 Alexander graham- invented.

 Thomas Edison mad improvement on the first telephone.

ADVANTAGES OF A TELEPHONE

State one advantage of a telephone as a means of communication. [KCSE 2004].

(i) It is a fast way of communication

(ii) The message is direct/cannot be distorted.
(iii) It provides a feedback.

MOBILE PHONES/CELL PHONES.

 It is a wireless communication device.

INVENTOR OF A CELL PHONE.

 Dr. Martin cooper

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PHONE/CELLPHONE

(i) It is used in making and receiving calls.

(ii) It has a personal phonebook.
(iii) Ability to send and receive messages.
(iv) They have a calculator.
(v) Some have a radio and a calendar etc.

ADVANTAGES

 They are portable and therefore easy to carry.

 They have created employment opportunities too many people.

DISADVANTAGES OF A CELLPHONE.

(i) It is not effective where there is no network coverage.

(ii) They are easily stolen since they are small in size.
(iii) They are expensive to buy and maintain.
(iv) They require electricity for charging.
(v) External antennas can break easily and this affecting its network.
(vi) Cell phones can transmit radio-active rays said to have effects on human health.

TELEVISION

Derived from Latin meaning see far.

Invented by John Logie Bard.

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Advantages of Television

i. A source of entertainment as music and drama

ii. Create employment opportunities to those working eg engineers, managers, news
anchor etc.
iii. Goods and services are advertised in television thus promoting trade.
iv. Television broadcasts educational programs like on health which sensitize people.
v. They broadcasts knows and information throughout the world.
vi. Helps in transmitting ideas and culture all over the world.

Disadvantages
i. Television is expensive to buy and maintain.
ii. Some deletion programs aired promote immorality (pornography) hence eroding
moral values.
iii. Some programs like wrestling may promote violence among the youths.
iv. Relies on electricity which may not be available always.
v. Some advertisement encourages drug abuse such as smoking and alcoholism.
vi. May become addictive leading to conflict in homes.

RADIO

INVENTORS

Henrich Herts-Guliemo Marcon-Ernest Rutherfold.

Oliver E. Lodge.

Advantages

i. Relatively cheap as compared to other means hence can be afforded.

ii. A source of entertainment as music, drama etc.
iii. News, ideas and products are advertised on the radio hence promoting trade.
iv. Enhance transport system since radio communicates planes, motor vehicles ship etc.
v. It broadcasts now or current events quickly.
vi. Educational programs on health industries and agriculture are aired hence sensitizing
people.
vii. Security department’s uses radio calls for communication.

INTERNET

EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF INTERNET

i. Has promoted development of education as institution using for research and course
material.
ii. Has promoted trade as business people use internet to pay bills and order for goods
through E-commerce.
iii. Internet helped individuals to communicate through face book, Skype, email etc.

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 iv. It enables consumers to obtain goods and services eg through OLX.
v. It has promoted government operation by facilitating internal communication and
processing of tax.

DISADVANTAGES

i. It’s difficult to prevent access of indecent information. (Pornography).

ii. Usage is limited to those who are computer literate.
iii. Important information may be lost through hackers.

ELECTRONIC MAIL

Advantages of electronic mail.

i. Enable instant transmission of information

ii. Message can be stored for future reference.
iii. It’s an economical means of sending a message as paper envelope and stamp are not
required.
iv. Can send information to recipient at any time.
v. Ensures security of the message as password use before access.

Disadvantages

i. Communication is hampered in areas without network.

ii. It’s limited to those who have knowledge in a use of a computer.
iii. Expensive to purchase a computer and modem to access internet.
iv. Requires electricity which may not be everywhere.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS

(i) Mobile phones and computers may be health hazard to the users.
(ii) They may be addictive to the users hence making one less productive.
(iii) They may promote permissiveness in the society through exposure to pornographic
materials.
(iv) Poor disposal of electronic gadgets may lead to environmental pollution.
(v) It can cause noise pollution due to high/loud volume by radio and television.
(vi) Telecommunication has promoted global crimes such as drug trafficking, terrorism,
fraud etc.

IMPACTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Explain the effects of telecommunication on modern society.

(i) It has facilitated storage of information more conveniently through the computer.
(ii) It has provided entertainment through live transmission of music; sports and videos or
television, videos, computers and cinemas transmit entertainment through pictures.

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 (iii) It has promoted fast transmission of ideas/message throughout the world or it has led
to the spread of ideas to different parts of the world.
Or the world has become a global village through sharing of ideas.
(iv) It has promoted trade since people are able to market their products in the internet.
(v) It has facilitated the study of weather which has improved on navigation, space
exploration and weather forecasting.
(vi) It has enhanced safe travelling by air and water through radar connections.
(vii) The messages are converted /transmitted over long distance easily.
(viii) It has promoted education through research and e-learning.
(ix) Or telecommunication systems are medium of transmitting education programs all
over the world.
(x) The government earns revenue through taxes levied.
(xi) They provide employment opportunities to several people I the world such as
engineers, news anchors etc.
(xii) It has promoted security through the use of CCTV cameras, radio and telephone
which has helped to fight crime.
(xiii) It has promoted social interactions between people in different parts of the world.
(xiv) It has speeded business transactions by enabling a few people to handle and of world
Load.

PRINT MEDIA

It refers to written and published document which provide information.

EXAMPLES OF PRINT MEDIA

Give two examples of the print media.

(i) Newspapers
(ii) Magazines
(iii) Newsletters
(iv) Journals
(v) Diaries
(vi) Novels
(vii) Periodicals etc.

IMPACTS OF PRINT MEDIA

(i) They store information permanently for future reference.

(ii) It promotes literacy and education by providing reading materials.
(iii) The government earns revenue through taxation.
(iv) Some have promoted decay in moral values especially pornographic magazines and
tabloids.
(v) It has created employment opportunities too many people.

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ADVANTAGES

(i) Can be used for future reference since information is stored permanently.
(ii) It is easy to distribute them to different parts of the world.
(iii) Can be translated into many languages.
(iv) Provide detailed information.
(v) Provide materials for reading and references.

DEMERITS

(i) Cannot be used by the illiterate people.

(ii) OR it can only be used by the people who know how to read and write. [Literate].
(iii) They are expensive to obtain/access by many people.
(iv) Can be used to spread negative propaganda or malicious information.

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DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY

What is an industry?

It is a skill of making other products from raw materials. It is a process of converting raw
materials into finished products. It is the manufacture of new good from raw materials.

EARLY SOURCES OF ENERGY

Identify two early sources of energy {kcse 2007]

i. Wind
ii. Water
iii. Wood

WOOD

It is the most relied source of energy used in developing countries .it is the earliest source.

Uses of wood

i. It was used to make fire which provided warmth during the cold OR it was used to
make fire to keep people warm
ii. Used in cooking food and roasting meat.
iii. Bonfires were used as security against animals OR fire was lit at the entrance of
man’s dwelling for security
iv. Fire was used in hardening pot s and smelting iron
v. It facilitated hunting since animals were frightened into traps using fire
vi. Charcoal was used in heating water which provide steam energy to drive machines in
industries

Advantages of wood

i. It was readily available for use

ii. It was cheap to obtain
iii. It is a renewable source of energy since cut down trees regenerate

Disadvantages of wood

i. It can lead to desertification due to excessive cutting down of trees

ii. Pollutes the environment by smoke
iii. Wood is affected by rain
iv. Its cumbersome to use wood as a source of energy

WIND

It refers to air in motion. It is moving air with the capacity of creating energy on objects upon
contact

Uses of wind

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Give three uses of wind energy as a source of energy in ancient times

i. It was used in driving sailing ships, dhows and boats. Or to propel boats and sailing
ships
ii. To winnow and dry grains
iii. To grind grains and process food
iv. To pump water for irrigation and domestic use OR to drive water pumps
v. To generate power by turning wind mills OR to drive /turn wind mills to provide
energy to run machines

Advantages of wind

i. It was cheap to obtain

ii. It is readily available at night and even day time
iii. It is a renewable source of energy

Limitations of using wind

i. It is unreliable since it is not always available as it depends on nature

ii. Excessive wind is destructive
iii. It is irregular since it keeps changing

OR wind intensity is not reliable due to prevailing weather and topography

Water

Water from river falls has been harnessed to produce hydro-electricity

Uses of water

i. To grind grains into flour by turning wooden propellers

ii. Used in textile industries to turn the spinning machines
iii. It was used in making pots by turning the potter’s wheel
iv. It was also used in sharpening tools

USES OF METALS IN AFRICA

The metallic age succeeded the new Stone Age

EXAMPLE OF METALS USED

i. Gold
ii. Copper
iii. Bronze
iv. Iron
v. Silver

Advantages of metals over stone

i. Metal tools were durable and did not break easily

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 ii. Cutting edges of metals could be easily sharpened
iii. Metals be turned or made in various shapes
iv. Broken metals could be smelted and reworked into useful items

BRONZE

It is a mixture [an alloy] of copper and tin, it was first used in Mesopotamia before spreading
to Egypt

Uses of bronze

Identify one use of bronze in Benin [kcse 1996)

Give two uses of bronze in Mesopotamia [kcse 2004]

i. To make utensils
ii. To make ornaments
iii. To make weapons like the swords, spears ,daggers, and chariots
iv. To make tools such as hoes , chisels and axes
v. Used as a currency
vi. It was used as an item of trade
vii. It was used in making statues , flower vases and royal regalia items
viii. It was a store of wealth as kings measured their wealth in terms of bronze

Gold

Describe the uses of gold in ancient Egypt {kcse 1999}

i. It was used to make ornaments

ii. It was used in making decorations for houses and palaces
iii. It was used in making utensils such as plate and vases for rich people
iv. It was used as money / currency of trade
v. It was used as an item or commodity of trade
vi. It was used in royal burial ceremonies as kings were buried with gold
vii. Used as measure of wealth
viii. It was used for making weapons such swords , daggers

COPPER

It is a soft brown durable metal

Uses of copper

State five uses of copper in pre-colonialAfrica

Identify two uses of copper in Africa during the 19 th century

i. It was used in making utensils such as pots , pans, and vessels

ii. It was used for making ornaments / jewelry

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 iii. To make weapons such as spear heads daggers and arrows
iv. It was used as medium of exchange / currency OR it was used as currency in making
coins
v. It was used as a trade item / commodity of trade
vi. It was used for making tools like chisels and fish hooks
vii. It was used for statues
viii. It was mixed with other metals to make alloys (Copper +brass), (Copper +bronze)

IRON

Areas of iron working

i. Meroe in Sudan
ii. Nubia
iii. Kush
iv. Nok Axum/aksum

Theories explaining the origin of iron working

State one theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa

i. diffusion / one area theory

 States that iron spread from to North Africa from Middle East.
ii. Independent theory
 states that iron working developed independently in different parts of Africa

FACTORS THAT FACILITATED THE SPREAD OF IRON WORKING IN AFRICA

i. Trade facilitated the spread of iron working from north Africa across the Sahara to
Kush and chad basin
ii. Migration of some communities such as the Bantu and southern Cushites led to the
spread of iron working skills
iii. Inter marriages between communities led to the spread of iron working
n/b this was especially by those came from black smith families
iv. war fare especially the inter-tribal wars led to its spread
or warfare between the Egyptians and the Hittites who invaded Egypt led to it spread
v. travellers and messengers spread iron working by giving out and receiving gifts made
out of iron
vi. development of agriculture led to high demand for farm tools which led to its spread

USES OF IRON

i. Used for making utensils such as knives

ii. To make weapons such as arrows spear heads and daggers
iii. It was used to make tools like hoes
iv. was used as a medium of exchange through the use of iron bars
v. It was as an item / commodity of trade

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 vi. It was used as a measure of wealth by use of iron bars
vii. It was used for making sculptures and other artiste works

EFFECTS OF IRON IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

Explain six impacts of iron working technology to the people of Africa [kcse 1993]

Explain how the discovery of iron working in Africa affected peoples live s in the continent
[kcse 1999]

i. It led to the expansion of agriculture since forests and bushes were easily cleared
OR agriculture expanded due to better farm tools like hoes used in clearing land
ii. It led to increased food production and this ensured food security
iii. Production of iron weapons like spears led to increased warfare between communities
thus loss of lives
OR weapons such as arrows and spears increased warfare between communities
leading to insecurity and loss of lives
iv. Iron tools were used as trade goods between communities leading to expansion of
trade
Or it led to expansion of trade as people exchanged iron tools for what they did not
have
v. Iron was used to make weapons such as spears for defense against enemies
vi. It led to urbanization / development of towns such as Meroe since many people were
attracted to the area where iron was mined
vii. Iron working led to job specialization as some specialized in iron smiting , agriculture
and trade
viii. It led to the rise and expansion of kingdom / empires since iron weapons assisted
kings to conquer /subdue the weaker neighbors
ix. It facilitated migration of some communities of some communities like bantus since
iron tools helped in clearing land for passage and settlement
x. It led to the development of religion since religious items like gods were made of iron
xi. The use of iron led to decline of the use of other metals such as copper and bronze
xii. It led to population increase as a result of increased food

HOW IRON WORKING FACILITATED MIGRATION

i. Tools made out of iron were used in clearing for settlement and paths
ii. Weapons made of iron like spears helped in fighting the communities they got in
contact with and for expansion.

NEGATIVE EFFECT OF IRON WORKING

i. Led to inter community warfare leading to loss of lives

ii. Led to the declined of some kingdoms
iii. Led to insecurity in the region due to wars

INDUSTRIALS REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

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What is industrial revolution?

It was a period marked with fast changes in the production of goods on a large scale

It refers to the economic and technological changes where cottage industries were replaced
with factory system

It is the sum total of radical changes in the various sectors of the economy such as industry
transport ,banking , technology use of iron steel and use of various sources of energy .

It refers to the radical changes in the production marked by large scale production of goods

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

State five characteristics of industrial revolution in Britain

i. The use of machines which replaced humans and animals

ii. Rise of factory system in towns which replaced cottage industries in homes.
iii. Production of goods on large scale / large quantities due to use of machines
iv. Use of new sources of energy such as coal ,steam, electricity ,and oil
v. Improved standards of living which led to an increase in population
vi. Development of science and technology
vii. Development of trade since manufactured goods were sold internationally and
locally
viii. Development of trade unions movement which advocated for workers welfares
ix. Development of transport through construction of roads and railways
x. The rise of capitalism that provided capital for industrial development

MODERN SOURCES OF ENERGY

i. Coal
ii. Steam energy
iii. Electricity
iv. Petroleum
v. Atomic/nuclear energy
vi. Solar energy.

COAL

Coal is a compact black or dark brown carboneous rock

It was discovered by Abraham Darby in 1707

TYPES OF COAL

Anthracite coal

Soft and burns at high temperatures to produce coke

Bitumous coal

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Has a low heating power and is used for cooking or making coal gas

Lignite coal

It is a dirty brown coal and has less heating power.

N/B coal was the main source of energy in Europe during the industrial revolution

USES OF COAL

i. It was used as a raw material in the manufacture of dyes ,plastics and pharmaceutical
products
ii. To drive locomotives
iii. To power/drive engines or machines in industries
iv. To provide lighting since burning coal converted into electricity
v. Coal gas was used for cooking
vi. It was used in iron smelting

Advantages of using coal

i. It was more efficient than other sources of energy at the time

ii. It was cheap
iii. It was available in large quantities

Disadvantages of coal

i. It is bulky to transport/ it heavy and difficult to transport

ii. It is risky to mine and transport
iii. It risky to mine coal since one could get buried alive
iv. It is a none renewable source of energy/ it is easily exhaustible
v. It is not readily / widely available

STEAM ENERGY

Steam was first used by the hero of Alexandria to open the massive doors of the temples

Thomas savery, Thomas Newcommen and James watts are accredited for improving steam
energy

Steam is a form of a gas form when water boils which causes motion

USES OF STEAM

i. To drive or power machines in the industries

ii. To drive locomotives and steam ships
iii. To pump water out of the mines and to bring mineral ores
iv. To open up massive doors of the temple in Egypt

N/B the main use of steam was to drive / power machines in the industries

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Advantages

i. It readily available
ii. It does not pollute the environment
iii. It serves various purposes such as driving steam ships and engines it produced a lot of
energy compared to any other sources of energy at the time

ELECTRICITY

It was discovered by Michael in 1831when he invented the dynamo. this power was supplied
by electricity charged electron and transmitted through cables

Q identify the greatest contribution of Michael faraday

Uses of electricity

i. It is used in lighting
ii. It is used in heating and cooking
iii. To drive or power machines in industries
iv. Used in running electric trains
v. Used in the communication system

EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY IN INDUSTRIES

Q. What were the effects of using electricity in industries in Europe in the nineteenth
century?

i. It led to location of industries away from the sources of energy

ii. There was a clean working environment in factories
iii. It lowered the cost of production since it was cheaper source of energy
iv. It provided lighting which enabled people to work for long hours
v. It enabled / facilitated quick production of goods and on large scale
vi. It made work easier lighter as machines operated efficiently
vii. Transportation was made easy and faster

USES OF STEEL AND IRON

i. It was used in ship building

ii. It was used in construction of storied building
iii. To make utensils like sauce pans
iv. Used in the construction of railway and bridges
v. Used in the manufacture of motor vehicles and machinery

Advantages of steel over iron

i. Steel does not rust easily like iron

ii. It is strong compared to iron
iii. Steel is not ready as iron

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 iv. It can bend easily without breaking.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN

Britain was the first country to be industrialized in Europe

FACTORS THAT FAVOURED INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

i. Existence of a large population which provided her with steady domestic market for
her industrial goods OR existence of ready market internally due to her large
population and externally in her overseas colonies for her manufactured goods
ii. Agrarian revolution led to increased supply of raw materials and food for industrial
workers OR agrarian revolution provided raw material for the agro based industries
and enough food for industrial workers
iii. Development of transport through the construction of the railways ad roads facilitated
easy transportation of raw materials to industries and manufactured goods to the
market
iv. Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industry expansion
v. Availability of iron ore and other minerals like steel for heavy industries
vi. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor provided by her large population to
work in the industries
vii. Existence of enterprising entrepreneurs / capitalists who were willing to invest their
capital in industries
viii. Britain had strong / powerful navy which protected her traders from foreign
competition and trade routes
ix. Britain’s policy of free trade encouraged industrialization since it attracted even
foreigner investors
x. Availability of capital which was invested in industrial development of industries OR
Britain had accumulated wealth from international trade which was invested in the
development of industries
xi. Availability of various sources of energy such as coal and electricity which powered
machines
xii. Development of banking and insurance where banks provided capital to industrial
investors and insurance offered protection against risks
xiii. Development of sciences and technology led to invention and increases in scientific
knowledge
xiv. Political stability enjoyed in Britain encouraged both local foreign investments in
industries.

REASONS WHY BRITAIN INDUSTRIALISED FIRST IN EUROPE

i. Britain had both skilled and unskilled labor provided by her large population OR
availability of labor following the displacement of peasants due to the agrarian
revolution
ii. Existence of cottage industries in homes provided basis for industrial development
and expansion

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 iii. Existence of raw materials a result of agrarian revolution and overseas colonies to
feed her industries
iv. Britain had large reserve of coal which powered her machines / industries
v. Availability of ready market for her industrial goods in the overseas colonies and the
large population
vi. Invention of machines like the steam engine that accelerated establishment of
industries
vii. Britain developed a strong economic base in her population in overseas trade provided
the capital / wealth which was invested in industries
viii. Britain had enterprising class of merchant who were ready to invest in the industries
by providing capital
ix. Britain had a strong navy that protected traders and ships from pirates
x. Britain had a well-developed transport system both on land and water which enabled
her to transport raw materials and workers to the industry
xi. Britain enjoyed relatively long period of political peace and stability which attracted
both domestic and foreign investors
xii. Existence of a well-developed / advanced banking that provided capital and insurance
which offered protection against risks to investors
xiii. Britain had experienced a agrarian revolution which provided enough food for
industrial workers and raw materials for industries.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

i. Development of science and technology due to skills got from Britain ,German
invited technicians from Britain
ii. Availability of varied sources of energy for industrial use such as electricity, steam
coal to run machines
iii. Agrarian revolution provided raw materials to feed the industries and food for
workers
iv. Development of transport through construction of railways and roads enhanced the
movement of industrial workers and raw materials to industries
v. Availability of capital provided by the wealth merchant who were willing to invest in
industries
vi. Political stability due to the end of Napoleon wars and abolition of feudalism
vii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor provided by the large
viii. Development of banking and insurance which offered capital to traders and protection
against risks incurred
ix. Availability of mineral resources like iron ore for heavy industries

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

Social effects

i. It led to rural –urban migration as many people moved to towns in search for which
resulted to overcrowding

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 ii. It led to the development of slums as a result of increased population in town which
caused shortage of houses
iii. It led to the exploitation of women and children as they worked long hours with little
pay
iv. There was poor sanitation which made people to suffer from various diseases like
cholera
v. It led to social stratification /division of people according to social classes where the
poor were discriminated by the rich
vi. It led pollution of air and water which affected people’s health
vii. It led to an increase in social crimes as a result of unemployment
viii. Trade unions emerged which advocated for the welfare of workers such as increase in
wages and improvement in conditions of living
ix. Population increased due to improved standards of living and medication.

Economic effects

i. It led to the expansion of local and international trade due to surplus production of
manufactured goods
ii. Rise of factory system led to the decline of cottage industries
iii. Transport and communication was improved as a result of construction of roads,
railways and widening of canals
iv. It led to the improvement in agriculture due to the use of machines and ready markets
for raw materials industries
v. The use of machines replaced human labor in production thus increasing production
vi. It led to urbanization due to rural-urban migration since places around factories
became towns
vii. It created job opportunities for those who worked in the factories as engineers
viii. it promoted the development of science and technology which led to large scale
production
ix. It facilitated increased exploitation of natural resources such as coal and iron ores
x. Europeans nationals and countries acquired a lot of wealth from
xi. It led to unemployment since many people migrated to towns yet found no jobs.

Political effects

i. It led to the scramble and partition of Africa since Europeans sought for raw materials
to feed their industries
ii. Political pressure groups and trade unions were formed to defend the interest of
workers on the industries
iii. It led to the rise of Marxism which condemned capitalism for its exploitation
iv. The unemployed people referred fertile ground for violent revolutions in Europe
v. It led to the rise of middle class made up of urban workers who demanded for reforms

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

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  It was a period marked with fast changes in the production of goods in a large scale.
 It refers to the economic and technological changes where cottage industry was
replaced with the factory system.
 It is the sum total of radical changes in various sectors of economy such industry,
transport ,banking ,technology, use of iron, steel and use of various sources of
energy.it refers to the radical changes in the field of production marked by large scale
production of goods.

Problems faced by factory workers in Europe during the industrial revolution

i. They worked for long hours in the factory /factory workers were subjected to long
working hours
ii. Workers received low wages which led to poor living condition/they were paid low
wages which forced them to live under poor condition.
iii. Underage children were employed in the factory and were exploited/women and
underage children were employed in factories and were exploited by factory
owners.
iv. They were exposed to accidents through dangerous machines since they did not have
protective gears/exposure to dangerous machines since workers did not have any
protecting, left many physically incapacitated.
v. Accident victims were laid off without compensation since they lacked insurance
cover.
vi. They suffered from diseases due to poor sanitation and pollution/there were frequent
outbreak of epidemic like cholera, dysentery, tuberculosis and typhoid as results of
poor hygiene.
vii. Inadequate workers made the workers live in the slums since they could not afford
descent accommodation.
viii. Workers were subjected to poor working conditions such as overcrowding, inadequate
lighting and poor ventilation.
ix. Workers worked and lived in unhygienic conditions for example stagnant water in the
factory.

Contributions of colonies to the expansion of industries

i. Provided additional market for the manufactured goods

ii. Provided capital that assisted in the expansion of industries
iii. Raw material were acquired from the overseas colonies
iv. Led to the emergence of a rich class of people who invested their capital in industries.

HOW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LED TO COLONIALISM

i. Colonies acted as sources of raw materials

ii. Colonies acted as market for manufactured goods

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 iii. Colonies provided outlets for investment of surplus capital.

The Scientific revolution

What is scientific revolution?

It is the period in history when man made many discoveries/finding about the universe.

It refers to the sudden/rapid changes in the field of science.

Definition of key terms

Renaissance/rebirth of knowledge

It is the period when developed interest in knowledge.

Renaissance to a period when there was a rebirth of knowledge.

Factors that facilitated/promoted scientific revolution

i. Discovery of printing press promoted spread of scientific information through printed

books and journals. /the discovery of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
facilitated printing of books and journals which led to spread of scientific
ideas/information.
ii. Rebirth of knowledge/renaissance encouraged scholarship in different field of
scientific research/renaissance encouraged research in various field of science.
iii. The need to find solutions to problems that affected man on day to day basis for
example disease, food shortage, need to drain water from the mines/failure of religion
to provide solutions to problems that affected man on a day to day basis.
iv. Overseas exploration and discovery of new lands stimulated
learning/voyages/journeys of exploration led to the discovery of new land which
promoted research in the new spheres of knowledge.
v. Support from the government and the rich and wealthy individual who provide fund
to support scientific research/the government and the wealthy individuals in the
society provided funds which promoted scientific research.

Key personalities in scientific inventions

Galileo galilee built the first telescope

Michael faraday invented electricity

Thomas Edison invented electric bulb

Henrich Rudolf hertz invented the radio

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Alexander graham bell invented telephone

The wright brothers invented the airplane

Charles Darwin famous for the evolution theory

George Stevenson invented railway locomotive

INVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE

Agrarian revolution came with a number of scientific revolutions

KEY Scientists WHO CONTRIBUTED TO SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS IN

AGRICULTURE

Lord Townsend recommended use of manure to improve on soil fertility

Sir John Barnet Lawes set up a fertilizer
Robert Bakewell made improvement in animal husbandry through cross breeding
Jethro Tull invented the seed drill and the steel plough
Nicolas Appert developed canning process of food preservation
Andrew Meikles invented the mechanical thresher
Louis pasture discovered the pasteurization method of food preservation
Darby invented the refrigerator

Impacts of scientific inventions on agriculture

This can be divided into both negative and positive

Positive

i. Inventions of machines such as tractor has promoted large scale farming

ii. Use of artificial fertilizers to improve soils has led high yield / increase in food
production
iii. Use of pesticides in farming has led to improved quality and output
iv. Crossbreeding of crops and animals has led to improved quality/it has led to
diversification in agriculture through improvements in crops and animals.
v. Refrigeration and canning has led to preservation of farm produce
vi. Population has increased due to increased food production
vii. Agricultural schools and college have been set up thus promoting research on pest,
seed and disease.

Negative

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 i. Pesticides and fertilizers are expensive farm inputs as such many farmers cannot
afford them.
Use of fertilizers has affected our soils
ii. Bio-technology is threatening traditional crops and animals.
iii. There is fear of food related disease due to consumption of chemically treated food.
iv. Some agro-chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizer are harmful to both plants and
animal life.

SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS IN INDUSTRY

INVENTIONS ON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

i. The invention of the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves

ii. The invention of mule by Samuel Crompton
iii. The invention of water frame by Richard Arkwright
iv. The invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney
v. The invention of a flying shuttle by John Kay
vi. The invention of the cylindrical calico printing machines by Thomas bell

OTHERS INVENTIONS IN THE INDUSTRY

i. The invention of the steam engine in the textile industry by James watts

IMPACTS / EFFECTS OF SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS ON INDUSTRY

Q .explain six effects of the scientific inventions on industry

i. It has led to large production of industrial goods due to use of machines

ii. Alternative sources of energy which produce goods on a large scale have been
developed for use in industries OR it has led to the development of efficient source of
energy to run industries such as electricity
iii. Research has enabled industries to recycle waste in manufacturing usable products
iv. The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire
information on industrialization
v. Robot have been developed which has reduced labor costs
vi. Storage and processing of data has been improved by use of computers
vii. There has been loss of lives and physical incapacitation through industrial accidents
viii. Job opportunities have been created in the industries thus improving the standards of
living of the people
ix. Development of telecommunication has promoted commerce /trade since goods can
be bought on internet
x. Invention of steam engine improved transportation of raw materials to the industries
and finished good to market
xi. The invention of vaccines and drugs has led to increase in population since diseases
are now controlled
xii. It has led to the development of satellites used in space exploration, photography, and
weather study

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xiii. It has promoted living standards of people due quality goods produced such as
mattresses.

Negative effects

i. Industries pollute the environment as a result of the smoke emitted

ii. Development of weapons of war has led to massive loss of lives and destruction of
property.
iii. Use of machines has led to unemployment since human labor is replaced by machines
that are more efficient and cost friendly

SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS ON MEDICINE

Scientists who have contributed to inventions in the field

William Harvey Discovered circulation of blood with the heart as a pump

Edward Jenner Discovered small pox vaccine

William Morton Improved on surgery through the use of anesthesia that

reduced pain
Louis pasture Found out that some diseases are caused by bacteria

Joseph Lister Discovered antiseptic spray to sterilize air in the operation

theatre and to treat broken bones

Wilhelm Rontgen Invented the x-ray machines that enabled doctors to treat
broken bones

HideyoNeguchi Invented the yellow fever vaccine

Attempted to cure syphilis

Jonas Edward Salk He discovered the polio vaccine

Alexander Fleming invented penicillin

Dr Christian Bernard Performed the first heart transplant

William Morton Discovered the use of ether in general surgery

Adreas Vesalius Discovered dissection of human corpses

S
INVENTIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THAT REDUCED DEATH RATES

i. The grouping of blood by Land Steiner enabled blood transfusion and storage of
blood for future use in the blood bank
ii. Discovery of penicillin as an antibiotic prolonged lives by treating infections
iii. The polio vaccines has helped in preventing polio
iv. Heart transplant by dr. Christian Bernard has helped in prolonging lives of heart
patients

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 v. Invention of the kidney dialysis machine has prolonged life of kidney patients
vi. Discovery of heart valve replacement has prolonged lives through replacement of
defective valves
vii. Antiretroviral drugs has pronged lives of HIV patients

IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS IN MEDICINE

i. It has made surgical operations safer therefore reducing the number of people who die
during and after operations
ii. The technology of developing children in the test tube has enabled childless couples
to have children
iii. Invention in medicine has led to improved standards of living and increase in life
expectancy
iv. It has created employment opportunities to medics and other workers in health
facilities
v. Advanced medical equipment which perform computer assisted surgery have been
developed
vi. It has made possible for one to have heart, kidney and lung transplants that have
prolonged lives
vii. Advancement in medical science has helped to reduce suffering hence relieving
people from pain
viii. Plastic surgery has made it possible for people to have a new face or new look
ix. The invention of the x ray machines has assisted doctors In treating bone fractures
x. Through medical research and experiments ,terminal diseases like HIV and cancer
which used to kill people have been reduced
xi. It has led to the manufacture of both preventive and curative drugs which have
promoted health
xii. The invention of vaccines has helped to prevent these read of diseases leading to
increased life expectancy

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF INVENTIONS ON MEDICINE

i. Drugs are sometimes expensive and out of reach for people

ii. It has encouraged abortion leading to loss of lives or it has led to loss of lives
through abortions
iii. Use of contraceptives has led to sexual immorality in the society
iv. Careless disposal of used medical products cause harm to humans since one can
contract HIV/AIDS.
v. Drug abuse / overdependence on drugs has weakened the immune system

EMERGENCE OF SELECTED WORLD INDUSTRIAL POWERS

COMMON FACTORS FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION IN USA, JAPAN AND GERMANY

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 i. Presence of a well-developed transport n/ infrastructure facilitated movement of raw
materials and finished goods to the market
ii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor provided by their large population
iii. Availability of raw materials to feed her industries
iv. The political stability in the country promoted industrialization since it created a
conducive environment for both local and foreign investment.
v. Availability of capital provided by enterprising merchants encouraged its
development.
vi. The existence of variety of mineral resources such as iron promoted heavy industries.
vii. Availability of many sources of energy such as coal, hydroelectricity to power
machines.
viii. Availability of both local and external market for her manufactured goods encouraged
production.

JAPAN

Japan is located in the Far East .Emperor Meiji supported industrialization in Japan after a
period of turbulence caused by civil wars in 1868

Factors that promoted industrial revolution in Japan

i. The government policies of free trade encouraged local and foreign investment in
japan since it attracted capitalists
ii. Availability of various sources of energy such as coal and hydroelectricity that
powered and run machines
iii. Political stability /the prevailing peace after the end of the civil wars encouraged both
local and foreign investors
iv. Development of transport and communication through improvement of water
transport and construction of roads and railways facilitated transport of raw materials
v. Existence of enterprising and hardworking citizens who were ready to invest their
capital in industrial development
vi. Availability if capital to invest in industrial development from the rich merchants
encouraged it development
vii. Availability of both domestic and external market for her goods since internally she
had a large population
viii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor to work in the industries
ix. Availability of natural resources such as forestry and fisheries , iron and coal that
were imported encouraged industrialization
x. The government made education compulsory and encouraged research leading to
innovative ideas .besides people were encouraged to study abroad which led to
technological advancement
xi. Availability of raw materials to feed the industries got within Japan and outside
encouraged its development
xii. There was financial support for industrialization from united states through the
marshal aid plan

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xiii. Existence of a strong industrial base before the second world war laid foundation for
industrial development
xiv. The topography /land in Japan were not suitable for agriculture which forced them to
diversify on their economy.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GERMANY

Germany for a long time was not united as one country under one ruler until 1871 after the
1860 Franco Prussian war led by Otto von Bismarck which led to unification of small states
to form Germany

Factors that led to industrial revolution in Germany

i. Availability of sources of energy such as coal and hydroelectricity to power machines

ii. Availability of ready domestic/ local market from her large population beside she also
enjoyed external market for her manufactured goods
iii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor provided by her large population
iv. Development of transport through the construction of roads and railway eased
transportation of raw materials to the industries OR presence of a well-developed
transport /infrastructure movement of raw materials and finished goods to the market
v. Available of capital provided by the enterprising merchants who were ready to take
risking industrial investment
vi. Availability of mineral resources such as coal and iron for that supported heavy
industries
vii. Availability of raw materials since she had experienced agrarian revolution supported
it development
viii. There was financial support from united states of America that t provided loan for
industrial development through the marshal and plan
ix. The establishment of the zolverein removed trade barriers that led to free trade and
economic growth since goods were transported easily from one state to another
x. Political unity /unification of all German states under the leadership of Otto von
Bismarck created a wider market for her goods
xi. Existence of enterprising and hardworking merchants /Germans who were ready to
invest in industries
xii. Political stability after the unification after the unification provided conducive
environment which attracted both local and foreign.

FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN USA

i. Availability of abundant natural resources such coal and iron

ii. Availability of various sources of energy such as coal and hydro electricity

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 iii. Availability of enterprising citizens such as bankers , industrialists led to its
development
iv. Favorable government policy such as tax exemption encouraged industrial
development
v. Vast land favored large scale production hence availability of agricultural raw
materials
vi. Good transport and communication enhanced its growth since industrial raw materials
and manufactured goods were moved with ease
vii. Political stability encouraged the migration of immigrants from Europe who had skills
in industry
viii. Availability of both local and external markets for the manufactured goods
encouraged its development
ix. Scientific and technological developments encouraged the emergence of industries

COMMON APPROACH TO INDIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND BRAZIL

Common factors that have facilitated industrialization in India, Brazil, and South
Africa

i. Availability of many sources of energy such as coal and hydroelectricity to run the
machines
ii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor to work in the industries
iii. Availability of ready market provided by her large population for finished goods
iv. Availability of mineral resources such as iron for heavy industries
v. Availability of raw materials to feed their industries
vi. Development of transport and communication system /infrastructure facilitated
movement of raw materials and finished goods to the market.
vii. Political stability provided a conducive environment that attracted both foreign and
local investment in industry
viii. Existence of enterprising merchants ready to invest their capital in industrial
development
ix. Availability of capital for industries development provided by enterprising merchant

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

Factors that led to industrialization in South Africa

i. Political stability after the end of apartheid created a conducive environment for both
local and foreign investment
ii. Presence of a well-developed transport system facilitated movement of raw materials
to industries and manufactured goods to market
iii. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor to work in the industries
iv. Availability of mineral resources like gold and diamond
v. Availability of various sources of energy such as coal and hydroelectricity to run
machines
vi. Availability of both internal and external markets for her manufactured goods

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 vii. Availability of capital provided by trade in other goods for industrial investment
viii. The high quality goods led to increased demand for south African goods

BRAZIL

Factors that led to industrialization in Brazil

i. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor due to her large population
ii. Availability of both external and internal market for the manufactured goods
iii. Presence of raw materials such as iron coal and agricultural products encouraged its
growth
iv. Improved transport and communication opened the interior for exploration
v. Development of banking that extended loans for industrial development
vi. Availability of reliable source of energy such as electricity le to industrial
development
vii. Foreign capital especially from USA and Canada was used to set up industries
viii. Good leadership encouraged industrial development in brazil through protection of
local industries
ix. The outbreak of the second world war cut of supply of manufacture d goods from
Europe forcing brazil to set up industries

OBSTACLES/ CHALLENGES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRAZIL

i. High poverty levels makes it hard for locals to purchase industrial products
ii. There is inadequate labor in southern brazil to exploit her natural resources due to
low population
iii. It faces stiff competition from industrialized nations like Britain
iv. Huge foreign debt makes it waste a lot of money servicing them
v. Poor technology hinders exploitation of resources
vi. Profit repatriation where most investors take profits made to their countries
vii. Colonialism and neo colonialism has over exploited her natural resources
viii. Poorly developed road network hinders the movement of goods and labor
ix. Monopoly of resources by multinational companies hinders government exploitation

INDIA

India was colonized by Britain and is the second most populous country in the world

Factors that led to industrial development in India

i. Availability of raw materials such as iron ore ,coal led to rise of industries
ii. Development of transport and communication facilitated the movement of raw
materials to industries
iii. Availability of funds to invest in the industries encouraged industrial development
iv. Political stability encouraged investors in India leading to industrial development
v. Existence of a good industrial base laid ground for the development of industries
[cottage Industries ]

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 vi. Good technical scientific education enhanced its development
vii. Development of banking facilities extended loans to industrialists and farmers
viii. Protection tariffs adopted by the government of India to avoid competition from
imported goods
ix. Availability of large markets for the industrial goods due to her large population
x. Availability of both skilled and unskilled labor to work in industries led to its
development
xi. Presence of aggressive enterprisers ready to risk their money in industrial investment

Challenges facing industrialization in India

i. Competition from quality goods manufactured in developed countries

ii. High poverty levels make many unable to buy industrial goods
iii. High government expenditure on food sector due to her large population thus
affecting industrial investment
iv. Lack of well-developed transport and communication system
v. Natural calamities such as floods and drought affect agricultural production
vi. Political instability especially attacks from Pakistan scare away investors

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THIRD WORLD INDUSTIRES

Third world industries are developing countries in Africa, some part of Asia and south
America

These are developing countries which depend on foreign aid and grants for their development

Factors hindering industrialization in third world countries

i. Poor transport and communication systems affects the movement of raw materials and
finished goods to the market
ii. Lack of capital to invest in industrial development due to their weak agricultural
economy
iii. Poor technology used in the manufacture of goods and exploitation of resources
iv. Poverty has led to small domestic market since many cannot afford manufactured
goods
v. Good produced by the third world countries are out competed by those from
developed countries because of their superior quality
vi. High illiteracy levels make people lack the knowledge required for industrial
development
vii. Corruption and mismanagement of industries has led to their decline
viii. Colonialism turned Africa into be suppliers of raw materials and market for their
manufactured goods thus neglecting industrial development
ix. Poor government policies such as nationalization of industries discourage foreign
investors
x. Political instability in some countries discourage investment in industries

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 xi. Brain drain as a result of the movement of skilled people to developed countries
affects industrial development
xii. Poor disaster management of floods and drought which affects industrialization
xiii. Lack of well-developed sources of energy to run /power machines

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS AFFECTING INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE

THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

i. The government should increase income of her people to improve their purchasing
power
ii. Develop transport and communication system to facilitate movement of raw materials
and finished goods to the market
iii. Develop agriculture to provide raw materials to the agro based industries
iv. Regional economic cooperation should be encouraged to promote trade and industry
v. Exploit the high population to provide labor in industries
vi. Provide scientific and technological education to her people OR there is need to
change their curriculum to make it practical and science oriented
vii. Address the problem of corruption and the mismanagement of industries
viii. The need to exploit their natural resources rather than exporting it
ix. Develop sources of energy such as hydroelectricity to run machines

URBANIZATION
Meaning of urbanization
Q.What is the meaning of the term “urbanization” (K.C.S.E 2008)
i. Urbanization is the concentration of people in certain places which grow large to be
called towns or cities.

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 ii. Urbanization is the growth of towns.
iii. It is the process by which people are attracted to settlement of large human
population.
Early urbanization in Africa
What factors led to the development of urban centers in Africa during the pre-colonial
period (K.C.S.E 2001)
i. Trading activities between different communities led to the development of trading
centers which become towns.
ii. Places where water for use was available attracted settlements and grew into towns.
iii. Mining centers developed into settlements which became towns for example Meroe
and Taghaza.
iv. Centers that were used for religious activities developed into towns such as Timbuktu
since it attracted many people.
v. Development of centers of learning attracted many people who sought for education
leading to the development of urban centers for such as Fez, Alexandria and
Timbuktu.
vi. Discovery of Agriculture led to the development of farming centers which attracted
population and later become towns.
vii. Administrative centers such as Kumasi and Timbuktu developed into towns since they
attracted many people who sought for administrative services.
viii. Existence of trade routes which linked various places led to the development of towns
at major cross-roads such as Sijilmasa,Gao.
Factors for the decline of some early urban centres in Africa.
State five factors that contributed to the decline of some early urban centres in Africa.
i. Some urban centres declined when the mineral deposits were used up, for example
Axum.
OR Exhaustion of minerals such as iron led to decline of some towns like
Axum.
ii. Wars and conquest led to destruction of towns’ e.g Gedi was burnt down by the
Portuguese.
iii. Decline in empires led to collapse of urban centres that thrived due to existence of
strong empires.
iv. Change in trade route made some towns to decline because they did not have enough
revenue from trade e.g Timbuktu, sijilmasa.

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 v. Water shortage in some towns caused outbreak of epidemics which led to decline of
some towns’ e.g Gedi.
CAIRO
Factors that led to the development of Cairo as an early urban centres in Africa.
Q.State three factors that led to the development of Cairo as an early urban centers in
Africa.
i. The Nile valley had fertile soil that supported agriculture which led to population
increase due to abundant food production which later led to settlements that grew into
towns.
ii. Trade between Cairo and other countries generated wealth which was invested back in
Cairo
OR Revenue raised by rulers from trade and taxing traders who entered Cairo was used to
construct buildings
iii. Migrations and settlement of thousands of Arab peasants in Cairo boosted her
population.
iv. Availability of water from river Nile for domestic and transport purpose attracted
settlement that grew into town.
v. Cairo‘s location on the Nile Delta was convenient/ strategic since it attracted traders
from Asia, Persia, and Palestine.
vi. Opening of the Aswan High Dam in 1902 which provided water for irrigation
purposes encouraged settlement due to increased food production.
vii. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 encouraged many Europeans to come to Cairo
since it created new trade routes to the Far East.
viii. Cairo was a rich cultural and religious Centre characterized by pyramids that attracted
many people throughout the world.
ix. Development of transport through the construction of railways and roads that linked
Cairo to Alexandria, Suez and Aswan eased the movement of people and goods.
x. Development/ establishment of industries such as food processing attracted many
people who sought for wage labour leading to its rise.
xi. It had many schools, colleges and universities like Cairo that attracted many people
who came to acquire education
Q- Give two reasons why early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile
Valley. (K.C.S.E 2009)
i. Vegetation along the river provided building materials.

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 ii. Water from river was used for transportation.
iii. Nile valley contained fertile soil for farming leading to availability of food.
iv. Nile valley had warm temperatures which encourages settlement.
FUNCTIONS OF CAIRO
Q. Give five functions of Cairo as an urban centre.
Q. State two functions of early urban centers in Egypt (K.C.S.E 2004)
i. Cairo is a recreational centre as it has entertainment halls, and sports stadium.
ii. It is an educational centre since it has many schools, colleges and universities.
iii. It was a national capital of Egypt and political centre of Arab world.
iv. It is a transport and commercial centre for North Africa and Middle East.
v. It is an industrial centre with chemical, food processing and textile industries.
vi. It is a tourist centre/Historical centre as it has pyramids and museums that attract
tourists.
vii. Cairo is a residential centre as it houses many people.
viii. It is a religious centre since it has many mosques.
Problem facing Cairo
Q. Identify three problems facing Cairo as an urban centre. (K.C.S.E 1990)
i. Scarcity of food due to high population.
ii. Unemployment due to high population caused by increased rural-urban migration.
iii. Housing problems as some people live in shanties/slums.
iv. Traffic jams due to increase of motor vehicles on the roads causes delays.
v. Pollution from industries causes respiratory diseases to the people.
vi. High population which lead to overcrowding hence straining the available social
facilities such as hospitals.
MEROE
Factors for the growth of Meroe as an early urban centre.
Q.Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the Ancient town of Meroe (K.C.S.E
2011)
i. Mining of iron ore/iron working industry.
Other factors
i. Availability of abundant wood fuel/hard wood that was used for smelting iron.
ii. Strategic location of Meroe at intersection of different transportation and
communication routes made Meroe to be able to acquire new items and sell its
products to the rest of the world.

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 OR Meroe was strategically located along river Nile that facilitated trade with Arabs,
Indians and the Greeks due to good transport.
iii. It had a good agricultural base due to fertile soil and a reliable rainfall that increased
food production which led to an increase in population.
iv. Development of other industries such as weaving and pottery generated wealth for the
city.
v. It was an administration centre where the king’s capital was based and therefore the
king collected a lot of revenue from the trade which was used to develop the city.
vi. Trading on iron implements and agricultural products generated a lot of wealth which
was invested in the city.
vii. Meiotic religion led to construction of Temple which housed many priests and temple
workers that attracted worshippers in Meroe.
viii. Open grassland to the east and west of meroe town supported livestock farming.
Reasons that led to the decline of Meroe as an early urban centre.
Q. Identify one reason that led to the decline of Meroe as an early urban (K.C.S.E 2007)
i. The rise of Axum kingdom which developed east of Meroe denied Meroe access to
the Red causing decline in trade.
OR Decline in trade due to competition and rivalry from Axum led to lose of revenue.
ii. The rise of king Ezana of Axum who subdued and destroyed Meroe in 350 AD.
iii. Desertification due to deforestation led to decline of food supply for her people.
OR Decline in agriculture/ food production due to deforestation and over grazing that led to
desertification.
iv. Deforestation caused the decline of iron industry in Meroe since she lacked wood that
acted as fuel in iron smelting.
KILWA
Factors for the growth of Kilwa as an early urban centre.
Q. State the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Kilwa. (K.C.S.E 2013)
i. Its control of Sofala gold trade/trade in gold- The sultan of Kilwa used the wealth
acquired from Gold to expand the city.
Other factors
i. Kilwa was an island and therefore it was secure from attack since it was surrounded
by water.
ii. Kilwa participated in the Indian Ocean trade from which it acquired a lot of wealth
which was invested in the city.

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 iii. The Islam religion practiced by the majority in the island unified the people especially
in times of war.
iv. Competent leadership provided by the sultans from Persia united the people of Kilwa
hence providing a sense of direction.
v. Good transport system provided by the ocean attracted many traders to kilwa who
established settlements that grew into towns.
Factors for the decline of Kilwa
Q. Give three factors that led to the decline of Kilwa as an early urban centre.
i. Disruption of the gold trade due to frequent wars between the various African
communities.
ii. Rise of rival trading centers such as Mombasa and Lamu reduced the town’s
importance since they rivaled in trade leading loss of revenue.
iii. Dynastic quarrels among the Persian rulers (sultans) in Kilwa led to disunity in the
town since there was a fight between the Oman and the Busaidi family.
iv. Attack and occupation of Kilwa by the Portuguese who plundered, robbed and burnt
the town.
Function of Kilwa
State three functions of Kilwa as an urban centre.
i. It was a trading centre where gold trade was conducted.
ii. It was a religious centre with many mosques for Islamic worship.
iii. It was an administrative centre which housed palaces of rulers.
iv. It was an architectural centre of many great buildings like the mosque and the palace.
Early urbanization in Europe

London
Q.Identify two factors that led to the growth of London as an early urban centre.
i. Trade led to accumulation of wealth/ revenue that was invested in the development of
London.
ii. Industrial activities due to presence of many Industries such as textile, and ship
building found in London attracted large population of workers who settled there.
OR Employment opportunities in the industries attracted many people in London who
sought for wage labour.
iii. Improvement of transport systems such as railway and parts which enhanced growth
and expansion.

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 iv. Effective and efficient city administration which promoted peace, provided services
service such as clean water, street lighting attracted many people to settle in London.
v. The location of London on the banks of River Thames enabled the city to access both
the interior and the sea.
vi. London grew as an administrative capital since it attracted many people.
vii. Shipping activities attracted many people who worked in the dock loading and
offloading goods.
Functions of London
Q. State five functions of London as an early urban centre.
i. It is a transport and communication centre having roads, railways and international
airport.
ii. It is a political and administrative centre. Administrative offices of the government
and the monarch are located in London.
iii. London is an educational centre as it houses institutions of learning such as school.
Colleges and universities.
iv. London is a historical centre as threatres, and museums are located there.
v. It is a religious centre with many cathedrals.
vi. It is a commercial centre with many financial institutions such as banks that attracted
a lot of traders.
vii. It is an industrial centre with many industries such as textile and food processing
located there.
Problems facing London.
Q. Give three problems that London faced as an early urban centre.
i. Poverty subjected many people to exploitation by the rich through payment of low
wages.
ii. Overcrowding in the city due to rural-urban migration caused congestion.
iii. Poor housing due to a large population leading to development of slums.
iv. Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population.
v. Poor housing due to a large population leading to development of slums.
vi. High crime rates due to unemployment.
vii. Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population.
viii. Pollution due to improper-waste disposal methods and fumes from the industries
causing respiratory diseases.
ATHENS

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 i. It was an ancient city of Greece that was named after the goddess Athena-the goddess
of wisdom. It was the capital city of Greece.
ii. The people of Athens were great thinkers and liked to talk. People spent much time
developing theories.
iii. It had narrow streets and its houses were built with unbaked bricks and thatched with
grass.
iv. The homes of the nobles were not different from that of the poor. However they were
large and better furnished.
v. The people in Athens were divided into four social classes namely: the rich made first
class and were heavily taxed; Calvary for the army made the second class, infantry
soldiers made the third class, the poor who paid no tax made the last class.
FEATURES OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS.
Identify two features of the ancient city of Athens (K.C.S.E 2002)
i. The town was lined with un paved and narrow streets.
ii. Houses were made of unbaked bricks /they built houses with mud and unbaked bricks.
iii. It had a large temple building called Parthenon, a temple for the goddess “Athena”
iv. It had a market called Agora at the Centre of Athens which was used as the assembly
hall for debates.
v. Athens was famous for pottery and carvings.
vi. People were divided in four social classes’ namely first class citizens, second class
citizens, third class citizens and fourth class citizens.
vii. It was a garbage ridden town with poor drainage systems.
viii. Diseases such as cholera and plaque were common.
Factors that led to the growth of Athens.
Q. Identify the main factor that contributed to the growth of Athens in Ancient (K.C.S.E
2012)
i. Trade activities in wine, ceramics, olive oil and wool.
Other factors
i. Trade in wine, olive oil and wool generated a lot of wealth that was used to develop
Athens.
ii. Athens was an island that was surrounded by water and highlands that made it hard to
be attacked by enemies.
iii. Athens was surrounded by a port and highlands which made it hard to be attacked.

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 iv. It had a powerful standing army and navy that defeated her enemies like the Persians
at Marathon and the Salamis.
v. Athens was a centre of learning with many institutions such as schools, colleges and
universities that attracted many people.
vi. It was a cultural centre with many theaters that attracted people to watch drama and
seek fortune in theater.
vii. It had a good administration coupled by able rulers who supported its growth.
viii. Athens was a port town which promoted good transport that promoted trade.
ix. Availability of minerals for exploitation such as gold and silver high fetched her lot of
revenue that enhanced its development.
x. Athens valley had fertile soils that supported food production which led to population
growth thus necessitating its growth and development.
Functions of Athens
Q. State three functions of Athens as an early urban centre.
i. It was a Culture centre that had theaters where people watched plays/drama.
ii. It was an educational centre with schools, colleges and universities where people went
to learn.
iii. It was a Sports centre where games such as wrestling, jumping and running were
played.
iv. It was a religious centre with temples that attracted large population of worshippers
all over the world.
v. It was a commercial centre where trading activities were conducted.
vi. It was an administrative centre where palace of the king was located.
vii. It was a transport centre since Athens was a port town which attracted many ships
from different parts of the world.
Q. Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece (K.C.S.E 2010)
i. It was a cultural centre
ii. It was an educational centre.
iii. It was a sports centre.
iv. It was a religious centre.
Factors that led to the decline of Athens.
Q. Give two factors that led to the decline of Athens as an early urban centre.
i. Attack by Spartans who burnt down the city/ Outbreak of war between Athens and
Sparta led to its burning.

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 ii. Outbreak of plaque which killed many people including their leader Pericles/Outbreak
of plaque led to loss of lives that also saw the death of their leader Pericles.
iii. Attack by Macedonians weakened the city since it was the source of power.
Effects of urbanization on European communities.
Q.Explain the social effects of urbanization on European communities during the 19th
century. (K.C.S.E 2001)

i. It led to overcrowding in urban centers due to rural – urban migration.

ii. It led to poor sanitation facilities due poor sewerage which exposed people to diseases
such as cholera and typhoid.
iii. It led to the development of slums due to shortage of housing /Shortage of housing led
to the development of slums/shanties.
iv. There was an Increase in crime rate and violence due to unemployment which caused
fear and insecurity among the people.
v. There was strain in social amenities such as hospital and schools due to over
population in urban centre.
vi. There was environmental pollution due to concentration of industries which emitted
fumes that caused respiratory diseases.
vii. There was social interaction between different classes of people in the urban centers.

Economic results.
Q. State three economic effect of urbanization on European communities during the 19th
century.
i. Urbanization led to the development of transport and communications/infrastructure
such as postal services, roads, and railways.
ii. Commercial activities such as banking and trade expanded due to urbanization.
iii. Agriculture expanded/ developed due to demand for raw materials for agro based
industries and food in urban centre.
MODERN URBAN CENTRES IN AFRICA
NAIROBI – The name is derived from the Maasai phrase, enkare Nairobi which translates to
a place of cold waters.
Q. Explain factors that have contributed to the growth of Nairobi city.

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 i. The cool and temperate climate in Nairobi was suitable for European settlement.
ii. Availability of water from river Nairobi for domestic and industrial use.
iii. Location of Nairobi on plain land is suitable for expansion since stations, workshops
and stores could be constructed easily.
iv. Midway location between the Coast and Kisumu made it ideal resting place for
railway and road network builder.
v. Nairobi was a centre of trading and commercial activities and thus attracted large
population of traders.
vi. Cultural and social amenities such as cinema and theater in Nairobi attracted many
people to come and enjoy these services.
vii. Nairobi is close to Nairobi national park which attracts foreign and local tourists to
the city.
viii. Establishment of several industrial in Nairobi which has attracted large population of
workers.
ix. Being an administrative centre, Nairobi was made the capital of Kenya by both the
colonial and independent governments which attracted many people.
Functions of Nairobi
Q. State five functions of Nairobi City.
i. It is a commercial and financial centre as it hosts shopping malls and banks.
ii. It is administrative capital of Kenya housing various government offices.
iii. It is a tourist centre hosting museums and national parks.
iv. It is an educational centre hosting schools, colleges and universities.
v. It is a cultural centre hosting Bomas of Kenya and National theatre which promote
diverse cultures of the people of Kenya.
vi. It is an industrial centre since it has manufacturing and light industries.
vii. It is a transport and communication centre connected to other parts of Kenya and the
world by air, rail, water and road.
viii. It is an international centre housing headquarters of several international organizations
such as UNEP.
Problems facing Nairobi
Q. Describe six problems facing Nairobi city.
i. Overpopulation due to rural-urban migration
ii. Unemployment due to rapid population growth in the city.
iii. Emergence of slums due to poor housing.

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 iv. Strain in social amenities such as school and hospitals due to increase in population.
v. Traffic jams due to increase in the number of motor vehicles on the road.
vi. Pollution of the environment due to careless disposal of garbage/waste from
industries.
vii. Poor sewages and sanitation facilities exposed people to diseases such as cholera and
typhoid.
viii. Shortage of water supply due to high rate of population growth.
ix. Poor planning has caused drainage problems during heavy rains.
x. High crime rates such as robbery due to unemployment.
xi. Rise of social evils such as prostitution, drug peddling, and begging due to
unemployment.
xii. High number of street families which has led to increased crime and other social evils.
xiii. High rate of HIV/AIDS infection due to social problems such as prostitution and drug
addiction.
Solutions to these problems
Q. Give three ways in which the problems facing Nairobi city can be solved.
i. Developing new housing projects to upgrade the slums.
ii. Constructing dual-carriage ways to ease traffic congestion.
iii. Encouraging the expansion of informal sector to provide alternative employment.
iv. Rehabilitating street families, for example by taking the children to school where they
acquire skills to help them in self-employment.
v. Initiating new water projects to supply water to the residents.
vi. Setting up more social services /amenities such as schools, and hospitals to reduce the
strain imposed to them.
vii. Government has entered into partnership with the private sector investment in the
service sector.
JOHANNESBURG
Factors influencing the growth of Johannesburg.
Q. State three that have contributed to the to the growth of Johannesburg city. (K.C.S.E
2007)
Discovery of gold in Witwatersrand
i. There was clean water supply from river Vaal which was used for domestic as well as
industrial use.
ii. It is situated on a plain/veld which makes building constructions and communication
easy.

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 iii. Existence of minerals such as diatomite and gold at wit waters rand attracted a large
population of workers to the city.
iv. The areas surrounding the town have fertile soils therefore she was agriculturally
productive and was able to feed her large population.
v. Availability of cheap source of labour from the Africans in South Africa, Botswana
and Mozambique to work in the mines and industries led to establishment of
settlements.
vi. Availability of banking facilities that availed capital to the investors.
vii. Existence of several industries that attracted many people who sought for jobs in the
industries led to the establishment of settlements.
viii. Availability of large deposit of coal energy facilitated the establishment of industries
that attracted large population of industrial workers and coal miners.
ix. Development in transport and communication through the construction of roads, air,
water and railways connected it to other parts like Natal and Cape Town hence easing
the movement of people and goods.
x. It was a cultural center having museums and theaters which attracted many people
who sought for fortune in theater.
xi. It was a commercial and financial center having banks and trading shops which
attracted many people.

Problems facing Johannesburg as an urban centre.

Q. Describe six social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg since the end of
apartheid.
i. Africans living around Johannesburg faced poor working conditions.
ii. Development of slums as most people live in shanties due to unemployment.
iii. Poor living conditions in the slums such as poor sanitation
iv. Increase in HIV/Aids infection which has killed economically production people in
the city.
v. Wide gap between the affluent/rich who are the minority and the poor majority who
are Africans.
vi. Inadequate social facilities such as education and health facilities.
Solutions to the problems.

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 i. The ending of apartheid regime in South Africa has solved racial segregation.
ii. Construction of better housing estates to upgrade slum.
iii. Creating more job opportunities to solve the problems of high crime rates.
iv. Creating AIDS awareness among the people to avoid contracting the disease.
Impact of agrarian and industrial developments on urbanization.
Effects of agrarian development on urbanization.
Q. What are the impacts of agrarian development on urbanization.
i. Agriculture forced people to live a settled life where people established villages that
grew into towns and cities.
ii. Introduction of land enclosure system in Europe made many people landless in rural
areas forcing the landless to move to urban centers for jobs which led to the expansion
of towns.
iii. Agrarian revolution led to sufficient/adequate food supply to the urban people which
led to an Increase in population in the urban centers.
iv. The agrarian revolution led to trade due to surplus production that saw trading centers
grow into urban centers.
v. Agrarian revolution led to emergence of towns linked with good roads and railways to
enable transportation of raw materials from agriculture to the industries in towns.
OR Transport and communication developed that facilitated the movement of people and
goods.
vi. The use of machines in farms rendered many people jobless in rural areas. The rural
labour force migrated to factor towns.
vii. Agrarian revolution provided agricultural raw materials for the agro based industries
leading to their establishment hence attracting many workers

Effects of industrial development on urbanization.

Q. State five ways in which the industrial development affected urbanization in 19 th
century.
i. The growth of industries in urban centre has caused pollution of environment due to
fumes and garbage/wastes from the industries.
ii. Migration of many people to get jobs in the industries located in towns has created
pressure on the available amenities such as schools and hospitals.

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 iii. Industrial revolution led to numerous innovations in transport such as railways and
motor vehicles which facilitated faster and easier travelling of many people to urban
centre.
iv. Industrial revolution stimulated the mining of minerals such as coal and iron. The
mining camps areas into towns.
v. Industrialization has encouraged surplus production that has promoted the
development of trade leading to the development of towns.
vi. Industrial development led to job specialization as some people specialized in
farming, craft and black smith.
vii. Led to the development of a class system in urban areas due to different professions.
viii. Mining areas attracted large numbers of mine workers eventually contributing to the
development of settlements that grew into towns.

SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF 19TH CENTURY
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT THAT EXISTED IN AFRICA DURING THE PRE-
COLONIAL PERIOD
Apart from an empire, name one type of government that existed in Africa during the pre-
colonial period. (KCSE 2013)
i. Chiefdoms
ii. Kingdoms/monarch
iii. Council of elders.
THE BUGANDA KINGDOM

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 i. It is located in the central region in the present day Uganda.
ii. Its inhabitants are the Baganda who are Bantus speakers.
iii. It had a centralized system of administration led by the kings with a title “Kabaka”
THEORIES EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF BUGANDA
i. It is claimed that they are descendants of Kintu.
ii. Another myth holds that its founder was Kato Kimera a brother of Insingoma Rukidi
mpuga of Luo-Bito dynasty.
iii. Some Ganda tradition holds that Bachwezi are their founders.
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE AND GROWTH OG BUGANDA KINGDOM
State three factors which led to the growth of Buganda (KCSE 1993)
i. The Baganda had good/charismatic leaders like Mawanda, Suna, Junju and Mutebi
who united the people
ii. It was small and compact and therefore easy to administer.
OR It started as a small nucleus that made it easy to administer hence promoting
stability.
iii. It was strategically located along Lake Victoria which provided a natural defense
against her enemies.
OR It was strategically located along Lake Victoria which enabled easy viewing of
the approaching enemies before they attacked.
iv. Buganda had enough food to feed her population since she had reliable rainfall and
fertile soil.
v. Division of labour in the kingdom freed men from other activities and allowed them
to participate in military & trade.
vi. It had a centralized system of government under the kabaka.
vii. It had ideal geographical location with adequate rainfall and fertile soils that favored
agriculture hence stable supply of Food for her population.
viii. Kabaka acquired arms and wealth from the Arab-Swahili traders that was used in
defending and expanding the kingdom.
ix. Buganda acquired a lot of wealth such as iron from conquered areas like Bunyoro,
Buddu that was used in making weapons.
x. It had a large and strong standing army that was ready to defend it and wage wars of
expansion.
xi. Buganda enjoyed relative peace and stability and had better organization than her
neighbors hence its growth.
xii. The decline of Bunyoro Kitara kingdom created leadership vacuum that gave
Buganda an advantage to rise as the most powerful kingdom.
xiii. Buganda had a strong economy based on agriculture, and trade that enabled her to
fund wars of expansion.
ORGANISATION OF BUNGANDA KINGDOM
The kingdom had good political, social and Economic organization.
POLITICAL ORGANISATION Describe the political organization of Buganda during
the pre-colonial period (KCSE 2004)
i. It had a centralized system of government led by the king (Kabaka)
ii. The kingdom was divided into counties called Ssazas led by Ssaza chiefs.

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 iii. The counties were further subdivided into Sub County called Gombolola led by
Gombolola chiefs.
iv. The sub county was further divided into small divisions called Miluka led by Muluka
chiefs.
v. The kabaka appointed officials/governors to help him in administering the vassal
states (conquered areas) and were called Abatongole.
vi. He also appointed minor chiefs who were in charge of the clans.
vii. Kingship was hereditary to facilitate peaceful transition of power.
OR Kabaka’s position was hereditary where the dying king could pass powers to one of his
son’s.
viii. It had a legislative body called Lukiko (parliament) that made laws and discussed
important issues affecting the kingdom.
ix. It had a strong standing army that defended it and helped in expansion of the
kingdom.
x. The king was the commander in chief of the armed forces.
xi. Kabaka, married from most influential clans to enhance loyalty and political stability.
xii. The king was assisted in administration by the queen mother, the kings elder sister
who acted as advisors.
DUTIES OF THE KABAKAGive three functions of the Kabaka of Buganda kingdom
during the pre-colonial period. KCSE 2011)
i. He was the head of the government.
ii. He was the commander in chief of the armed forces.
iii. He was the chief priest and therefore in charge of all religious activities (Lubaale)
iv. He appointed and dismissed officials in government if need arose.
v. He appointment members in the Lukiiko that assisted him in administration.
vi. He bestowed honors on people who offered exceptional services to the kingdom.
vii. He controlled trade and owned all land in Buganda.
viii. He was the supreme judge
FUNCTIONS OF KATIKITO (PRIME MINISTER)
Give two functions of Katikiro in Buganda during the pre-colonial period.
i. He organized tax collection.
ii. He protected the Kabaka during wars hence ensured his safety.
iii. He gave permission to those who wanted to see the king.
iv. He organized wars in the name of Kabaka to defend the kingdom.
FUNCTION OF BATAAKA (SUBCHIEFS)
State two functions of the Ssaza chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th Century (KCSE
2008)
i. They maintained law and order in their areas.
ii. They allocated taxes and controlled their collection.
iii. They settled minor disputes such as family feuds/quarrels.
iv. They supplied men to serve in Kabaka’s army/military.
v. They sent their sons to serve as pages (Bagalagala) in Kabaka’s palace.
THE LUKIIKO /LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
Components the lukiiko

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Give one component of the Lukiiko in Buganda kingdom.
i. The king /Kabaka
ii. The prime minister/Katikiro
iii. The Ssaza chiefs
FUNCTIONS OF LUKIIKO/LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
State two functions of the Lukiiko in Buganda kingdom during the 19th century (KCSE
2010)
i. Decided the collection of taxes and planned expenditure in the kingdom.
ii. It made laws that were used in administering the kingdom.
iii. It settled disputes and acted as a final court of appeal.
iv. It advised Kabaka on matters concerning his kingdom/country
v. They represented people’s concern & needs to the Kabaka/king.
Leaders who assisted Kabaka in leadership.
Name two leaders who assisted Kabaka in leadership
i. Katikiro - Prime minister
ii. Omulamuzi - Chief justice
iii. Omuwanika - Treasurer
iv. Mugema - Senior chief
v. Musenero - Chief buttle
vi. Mfumbiro - Chief baker
vii. Ubanga - Queen mother & sister
NB: These officials performed the following tasks.
i. They were keepers/custodians of Buganda history.
ii. They kept the records of all events related to the royal family.
iii. They strengthened the authority of kabaka.
HOW CENTRALISATION CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE AND GROWTH OF
BUGANDA KINGDOM.
State one way in which centralization of authority contributed growth of the Buganda
(KCSE 1998)
i. It enhanced effective control of the kingdom.
ii. It enhanced loyalty to one leader hence promoting unity.
iii. It promoted control of other traditional leaders which brought unity.
iv. It led to rise of able kabaka/king who led the kingdom from strength to strength.

SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF BUGANDA KINGDOM

Describe the social organization of the Buganda kingdom during the pre-colonial period.
(KCSE 2012)
i. They were divided into social classes like the royal family slaves, peasants.
ii. They believed in traditional religion called Lubaale and had many gods such as
Katonda, kibuuka etc.
iii. The kabaka /king was the head of religion and was believed to have supernatural
powers.
iv. They believed in ancestral spirits who controlled the affairs of the family and
community.

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 v. They practiced polygamous marriage.
vi. They practiced division of labor according to sex for example women tilled land
and men served in the army.
vii. They had shrines where they conducted their worship.
viii. They were organized into clan each with its own traditions.
ix. They believed in the existence of sorcerers (Balopo) who were feared because
they could harm.
x. The Baganda had informal education where girls were educated by their aunts on
how to handle their husbands and do domestic works while boys by fathers.
xi. They had religious leaders like the prophets, traditional medicine etc.
xii. They wore bark cloth made of barks of trees and their women wore necklaces and
beads on their waist.
Various gods worshipped by the Baganda
i. Katonda – god the creater.
ii. Kibuka – god of war and thunder.
iii. Kiwanuka – god of lighting.
iv. Mukasa – god of fertility.
v. Nawagenyi-goddess of drought.
Social classes in Buganda kingdom in pre-colonial period.
i. Royal family
ii. Slaves/baddu
iii. Peasant /Bakopi
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE BAGANDA
What were the economic activities of the Baganda during the pre-colonial period? (KCSE
2004)
i. They participated in the long distance trade with the Swahili Arab.
ii. They practiced mixed farming precisely keeping of livestock and crop cultivation.
iii. They practiced iron working /smithing
iv. They manufactured bark cloth
v. They practiced fishing in Lake Victoria
vi. They practiced pottery and basketry
vii. They were hunters and gatherers.
viii. They made boats and canoes

ECONOMIC ORGANISATION OF THE BAGANDA

Describe the economic organization of the Baganda during the pre-colonial period.
i. They practiced mixed farming where they grew food crops such as matoke, yams and
also kept livestock.
ii. They participated in the long distance trade which earned her revenue and wealth.
iii. The Baganda carried out some fishing in Lake Victoria that facilitated exchange of
fish with other products from other communities.
iv. They carried out iron working/smithing where they exchanged iron products with
other goods.
v. They practiced basketry and pottery that earned her revenue.

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 vi. They carried out hunting and gathering to supplement on their diet and got ivory
needed for trade.
vii. They Baganda had cloth industry where they made bark cloth from the barks of trees.
viii. They had cottage industry such as carpentry, boat and canoe making that fetched her
lot of revenue.
ix. They made boats and canoes that fetched them a lot of revenue
THE SHONA
i. They are Bantu speakers who inhabit the high fertile plateaus between river Zambezi
and Limpopo.
ii. This area is in present day Zimbabwe.
SUB GROUP/DIVISION OF THE SHONA PEOPLE
Give one community that make up the shone people
i. Korekore
ii. Manyika
iii. Rozwi
iv. Karanga
FACTORS FOR ITS RISE AND GROWTH OF SHONA KINGDOM
Explain five factors that led to the rise of the shona kingdom during the pre-colonial
period.
i. It had good leadership offered by mwene mutapa that created unity among the shona
people.
ii. Mining activities of gold and copper fetched her lot of wealth enhancing its growth.
iii. Trade led to accumulation of wealth and obtaining of revenue used to reward used to
reward the loyalist and pay the army.
iv. She had a strong economy based on agriculture and pastoralism that enabled her to
feed her population.
v. The kingdom had a strong standing army that defended it and helped in its expansion.
vi. The strong belief in Mwari cult/religion enhanced unity among the shone.
vii. They had the royal fire which was a symbol of unity.
viii. They had a centralized system of administration under mwene mutapa that united the
people.

POLITICAL ORGANISATION
Explain the political organization of Mwene Mutapa kingdom during the pre-colonial
(2000)
Describe the political organization of the shone during the pre-colonial period. (KCSE
2012)
i. They were ruled by an emperor /king who was given the title mwene mutapa
NB: he was the head of state and government.
ii. Kingship /leadership was hereditary which reduced succession disputes thus creating
unity.
iii. The kingdom was divided into provinces led by lesser chiefs.

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 iv. Priests were used as spies and linked the people to the emperor.
OR The kingdom had a strong spy network based on priests who kinked the people to
the king.
v. It had a strong standing army for defense and expansion of the kingdom.
vi. Religion played an important political role of writing the shone people. Religion and
politics were inseparable.
vii. Royal fire was a symbol of national unity and was lit in Mwene Mutapa’s Royal court
until his death.
viii. Each vassal state/chief carried a flame from the royal fire to his chiefdom as a sign of
loyality to MweneMutapa.
ix. The chiefs sent their sons to Mwene Mutapa yearly to pledge their loyality to him.
x. The king was assisted in administration by the queen mother, emperors sister; kings
nine wives, head door keeper, head drummer, chief cook etc.
xi. The king controlled trade whose revenue was used to sustain and pay the army.
xii. The king/emperor was a symbol of unity as he was semi divine.
OFFICIAL WHO ASSITED MWENE-MUTAPA TO RULE
Name two officials who assisted the ruler of the shone to administer the kingdom (KCSE
2006)
i. The queen mother
ii. The emperors/kings sister
iii. The military commander
iv. The chief justice
v. The king’s nine wives
vi. Head door keeper
vii. Head drummer
viii. Chief cook
ROLE OF RELIGION/MWARI CULT IN THE KINGDOM
Identify the main contribution of religion in shone kingdom in the nineteenth century.
i. It enhanced political unity in the kingdom.
MAIN FACTOR UNITED THE SHONA
Which was the main factor that united the communities of the shone kingdom during the
pre-colonial period (KSCE 2010?)
i. Religion /belief in mwari cult

ROLE OF PRIESTS IN MWENE MUTAPA’S KINGDOM.

Give one role of the priests in the shone kingdom during the pre-colonial period.
i. Acted as spies and linked the people to the king.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ROYAL FIRE IN MWENE MUTAPA’S KINGDOM
Give one significant of the royal five in the shone kingdom-during the pre-colonial period.
i. It was a symbol of national unity.
ii. It showed legitimacy of the king/existence.
SOCIAL ORGANISATION
Describe the social organization of the shone during the pre-colonial period. (KCSE 2000)
i. The shona believed in the existence of one powerful god called “Mwari/Murungu”

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 Or The Shona were religious and believed in Mwari cult where they worshipped
mwari as their creator.
ii. They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whom they consulted from time to
time. These included the family spirits known as vazidmu, clan spirits –mhondoro and
national spirit chamiruka.
iii. Or they believed in ancestral spirits who linked them to their god.
iv. They had priests who came from Rozwi clan and they presided over religious
functions like offering sacrifices to gods.
v. They worshipped in sacred places like the shrines.
vi. They were organized into clans that were given names after some animals like
leopard, monkey etc.
vii. The shona lived in circular houses made of stones and with grass.
viii. They practiced exogamous marriage that restricted marriage of members within the
same clan.
ix. OR. They were polygamous and therefore the rich married many women and the poor
a few.
x. Work was communal and divided according to sex.
xi. They had informal education system that was passed by the elderly to the young.
xii. They had patrilineal inheritance system in their kingship.
ECONOMIC ORGANISATION OF THE SHONA
Explain the economic organization of the shone in the pre-colonial period. State two
economic activities of the shone during the pre-colonial period (KCSE 2009)
i. They were mixed farmers where they grew crops such as millet and kept livestock.
ii. They practiced hunting and gathering to supplement on their diet.
iii. They practiced fishing along river Zambezi that was exchanged with other products.
iv. The participated in long distance trade with the Arabs, waswahili and the Portuguese
hence earning revenue.
v. They were iron workers and made tools and weapons out of iron.
vi. They made clothes from wool cotton and barks of some trees.
vii. They practiced/did some mining of gold and copper that was highly demanded in
trade earning them revenue.
viii. They practiced some craft such as ivory curving and making of soapstone.
ix. They government controlled trade and received tributes from vassal states.

THE ASANTE KINGDOM

 It is located in the southern part of West Africa with its capital city in Kumasi.
 It is inhabited by Akan speaking people who occupy nearly half of present day Ghana.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS IN PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 Kumasi/metropolitan/nucleus
 Amatoo states – states outside Kumasi
 The provincial Asante/vassal/conquered states.
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE AND GROWTH OF ASANTE KINGDOM
State two factors that facilitated the growth of the Asante kingdom. (KCSE 2002)

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 i. Emergence of able and strong rulers such as Opuku Ware, Yeboa Obiri and Osei Tutu
who united the Asante people.
ii. The union of small states around Kumasi led to the formation of Oyoko ruling clan.
iii. The growth of Trans-Atlantic slave trade earned them a lot of wealth and guns that led
to its rise and growth.
iv. The golden stool brought about unity in the kingdom.
v. The kingdom had fertile soil that supported agriculture hence providing enough food
that encouraged population growth.
vi. They had a centralized system of administration under Asantehene that promoted
unity and stability.
vii. They had a strong standing army that defended and expanded Asante Empire.
viii. The Odwira festival that was held yearly promoted unity and togetherness.
ix. The decline a collapse of Denkyria kingdom that had oppressed the Asante.
Or Asante’s people were proud and brave and wanted to free themselves from
oppressive role of Denkyria.
x. Or the rise of nationalism among the Asante people forced to establish an empire of
their own to overcome the role Denkyria.
xi. The states around Kumasi gave support to each other when need arose.
HOW TRADE CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF ASANTE EMPIRE IN THE
C18TH
Give three ways through which trade contributed to rise of Asantes kingdom during the
18th contrary. (KCSE 2006)
i. Trade earned Asantes kingdom a lot of revenue and wealth that was used in sustaining
the army.
ii. Asante acquired fire arms like guns that helped in expansion of the kingdom.
iii. The king used wealth acquired to reward loyal provincial rulers.
iv. It enhanced exploitation of natural resources like gold that earned her a lot of revenue
that helped in expansion.
v. Demand for goods for export encouraged kings to conquer other areas –leading to
expansion.
vi. Wealth from trade boosted the king prestige and fame hence commanding respect
from the people.

SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE ASANTE

Describe the social organization of the Asante kingdom in the 18th Century (KCSE 2006)
i. They gave sacrifices in shrines especially human sacrifice.
ii. They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits.
iii. The Asante had social classes such as the royal family, the Omahene, rich merchants
and slaves.
iv. They had odwira festival that was an important social and cultural event.
v. They observed and respected the Odwira festival that was held annually.
vi. They had a supreme god called Nyane and worshipped many other gods.

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 vii. They had a matrilineal system of inheritance of properties.
viii. They highly regarded traditional dances and festivals and were highly ceremonial.
ix. They practiced polygamy where they married many wives.
x. The Asante were organized into clans made up of several related families.
xi. They had the golden tool that was a symbol of unity hence binding the people
together.
xii. The kingdom was made up of several/many communities who spoke Akan language.
IMPORTANCE OF ODWIRA FESTIVALS
Why was odwira festival important to the Asante?
Give one important of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom of Asante (KCSE 2005)
i. It gave them chance to honors the dead.
ii. It enabled them to solve interstate disputes.
iii. It gave chance for the Omanhene to pay allegiance and loyalty to the Asantehene.
iv. It was a symbol of unity.
v. It brought together all the Omanhene.
vi. It was a symbol of unity.
vii. It brought together all the Omanhene to Kumasi.
MAIN FUNCTION OF ODWIRA FUNCTION
Describe the economic organization of the Asante Empire. (KCSE 1998).
i. They grew crops such as Kolanuts, grams and yams.
ii. They kept livestock such as cattle, poultry.
iii. They practiced some fishing along river volta and its tributaries.
iv. They practiced iron working where they made tools such as hoes.
v. They carried out mining of gold and salt.
vi. They participated in the trans-Atlantic trade.
vii. They hunted animals and gathered edible roots of fruits to supplement their diet.
POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF ASANTE EMPIRE
Describe the political organization of the Asante Empire during the nineteenth century.
(KCSE 1988)
i. It had a centralized government led by Asantehene who was the head of the
government.
ii. The Asante empire was divided into three divisions namely, The Kumasi (Nucleus) ,
stated outside Kumasi (Amatoo states) and the vassal states (conquered states)
iii. The overall ruler of the empire was Asantehene who administered Kumasi directly.
iv. The conquered states were treated as provinces of the Asante and were ruled by their
Kings. Asantehene appointed representatives in the conquered states.
v. The Asante was assisted by the Omahene in the administration – who took oath of
allegiance to ensure loyality.
vi. The omanhene were expected to pay tribute to Asantehene and contribute soldiers in
times of war.
vii. The empire had a strong standing army that defended it and help it in expansion.
viii. It had a strong standing army which conquered other states and maintained law and
order.
ix. Religion played an important political role of uniting the Asante people.

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 x. They had the golden stool which acted as a symbol of unity in the empire.
NB: It was introduced by OseiTutu.
xi. The empire had a well-established court/judicial system based at Kumasi headed by
Asantehene.
NB: Omanhene were given powers to try minor cases at the provinces.
xii. Succession of kingship was matrilineal in a nature where the nephew became a king
upon the king’s death.
FUNCTIONS OF OMANHENE
State three functions of the Omanhene in the Asante Empire during the pre-colonial
period.
i. They had the powers/right of declaring war against another omanhene.
ii. They attended the Odwira festival to show their loyalty to Asantehene/honour the
dead/settle the disputes.
iii. They gave/granted their subjects the rights to appeal to the high court based at
Kumasi.
iv. They recognized the right of Asantehene to levy taxes/levies during wars and
calamities.
IMPORTANCE OF THE GOLDEN STOOL
Give one reason why the golden stool was important in the Asante Empire (KCSE 2013)
i. It was a symbol of unity/it was a source of unity.
ii. It was sacred/it was considered sacred.
MAIN FUNCTION OF THE BLACK STOOL
Give the main function of the black stool among the Asante people during the pre-colonial
period.
i. It was a symbol of authority among the Omanhene.
MAIN FUNCTION OF THE GOLDEN STOOL
State the main function of the golden stool in the Asante Empire during the pre-colonial
period. (KCSE 2001 – 1999)
i. It was a symbol of unity.

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CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTION MAKING

What is a constitution?

It is a set of agreed principles and rules according to which a state is ruled/ governed

COMPONENTS OF A CONSTITUTION

Give three components of a constitution

i. It spells the duties and the rights of the citizens.

ii. It defines the composition/structure of the government. I.e. cabinet civil servant and
their functions.
iii. The distribution of powers among the various arms of the government.
iv. Powers and duties of the head of state are spelt out.
v. The composition of the judiciary, its duties and powers.

IMPORTANCE OF A CONSTITUTION

Give three reasons why the constitution is important in Kenya (KCSE 2010)

i. It defines the structure, functions and powers of various arms/ branches of the
government.
ii. It clearly states the rights and responsibilities of individual.
iii. It spells out the responsibilities of those in power and limits their powers to promote
good governance.
iv. It ensures equality of all Kenyans/citizens.
v. It provides a legal ground from which laws of the country are made.

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE FORM OF A CONSTITUTION ADOPTED BY

A COUNTRY

i. The geographical factors of a country for example countries with island have to be
included in the constitution.
ii. The historical background of a country.
iii. Religious beliefs of the people for example countries like Libya, Iraq have sharia law
in their constitution.
iv. Racial and ethnic composition of the people.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CONSTITUTION

State three characteristics of a good constitution.

i. It should be specific/ definite in content.(It should have clarity clearly defining its
content in a clear language)
ii. It should be comprehensive/ contains all aspects of government.
iii. It should be flexible to enable it cope easily with any changes in the state.

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 iv. The bill of rights containing of the rights and freedoms of the citizens should be
clearly spelt (it should protect the rights of citizens).
v. Offer provisions for amendment clearly spelling/ stating the procedure.
vi. It should be stable and durable to ensure that it is not easily tempered with.

TYPES OF A CONSTITUTION

Give two types of a constitution

i. A written constitution.
ii. Unwritten constitution.

WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
What is a written constitution?
i. It is one where the fundamental principles and rules of a state are consciously written
down in one document.
Or it is one whose principles and rules are contained in one document and consciously
written.

ADVANTAGES OF A WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

State one advantage of a written constitution over an unwritten. (KCSE 2001) (KCSE
2013)
i. It is readily available for reference since all principles are contained in one document.
ii. It is not easily manipulated by political or government since the procedure of
amendment is clearly spent. (It does not give much room for manipulation by the state
or the politicians.)
iii. It promotes national unity in a country since it’s accepted by the majority.
OR. It unites people in a country since the identity of various group are recognized and
maintained)
iv. It provides clear guidelines to be followed in case of a crisis thus promoting stability
in a country.
v. It helps in safeguarding the interests and right of minority groups.
vi. It is fundamental /important to a newly created /independent nation since it promotes
good/effective governance.

DISADVANTAGES OF A WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

Describe the disadvantages of a written constitution
i. The procedure for amending a written constitution is slow and expensive/ costly.
ii. It may be too detailed to be understood by ordinary citizens.
iii. It makes the judiciary too powerful as it is the only organ that interprets the
constitution.
iv. It is rigid and therefore slow in responding to rapid changes / needs in the society.
UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION

What is unwritten constitution?

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 i. It is where the fundamental principles and rules governing a state exist in many
scattered documents.

Examples a country that uses unwritten constitution.

Name one country that uses unwritten constitution

(i) Britain

SOURCES OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION.

Identify three sources from which the British constitution is derived
i. Parliamentary customs such as standing orders are part of British constitution.
ii. Law of precedents made by the court in which reference is made to past cases and
judgment when making decisions on current cases.
iii. Historical documents are part British constitution for example Magna carta outline
no free person will be disposed off his land and subjected to arrest without trial and
harsh taxation.
iv. Traditional customs and practices that are respected and are considered part of the
constitution for example the first born of the sovereign succeeds the queen or king.
v. Writings and opinions of prominent scholars such as the layers, press and states men.

ADVANTAGES OF UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION.

State three advantages of unwritten constitution.
i. It’s indigenous hence more acceptable by the people.
ii. They are flexible and adaptable to the changing circumstances in the society
especially socio-economic and political.
iii. It provides continuity with the nations traditions therefore respected by the people.
iv. It’s simple to amend since they are altered ordinary law.
Disadvantages of unwritten constitution.
Explain disadvantages of unwritten constitution.
i. It’s indefinite in scope as compared to unwritten (there is no clarity in defining its
content in a clear language.
ii. It does not protect the rights of citizens effectively as it assumes that people are
political aware of their rights.
iii. It can be manipulated easily by those in power to disadvantage the citizens.
iv. It gives the court too much work to search for constitutional principles in scattered
documents.

CONSTITUTION CHANGES FROM 1954 – 1960

Two constitutional changes were adopted
i. The Littleton constitution
ii. Lennox-Boyd constitution
MAJOR REFORMS FROM LYTTLETON CONSTITUTION OF 1954

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What major reforms resulted from the Littleton constitution of 1954 in Kenya? (KCSE
2002)
i. It led to establishment of multiracial council of ministers that replaced the executive
council.
ii. It led to the appointment of the first African minister B.A Ohanga who was in charge
of community development and African affairs.
iii. The government provided for elections of eight Africans to the legislative council.
(LEGCO)
iv. Africans were allowed to form political organizations whose functions were
confined /limited to distract levels.
v. It led to the establishment of advisory council to discuss government policies.
LYTTLETON CONSTITUION
State the main result of the lyttleton constitution.
i. It led to establishment of multiracial council of ministers that replaced the executive
council.
FIRST AFRICANS TO BE APPOINTED MINISTER IN KENYA BY THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT
Name the first minister to be appointed as a minister in Kenya by the colonial government
(KCSE 2013)
i. B.A Ohanga
FIRST AFRICAN NOMINATED IN THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
Name the first African to be nominated in the legislative council in Kenya in 1944.
i. Eliud Mathu
Why was the nomination of Eliud Mathu to legislative council important?
i. For the first time African interests was represented by Africans themselves.
LENNOX BOYD CONSTITUTION OF 1958

Recommendations of Lennox Boyd constitution

State two recommendations of Lennox Boyd constitution regarding the legislative council
in Kenya (KCSE 2007)

i. An increase in the number of African minister to two/doubling.

ii. There were to be 12 nominated members representing the different races.
iii. Enlarge the membership of council of ministers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF LENNOX BOYD CONSTITUTION

Give two ways in which the Lennox Boyd constitution al changes contributed to the
attainance of independence in Kenya.

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 i. It increased the number of elected African members in the legislative council.
ii. It introduced a multi-racial representation in the legislative council.(12 special seats;
4 from each race)
iii. It led to the increase in the number of African minister to two(2)

THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION (1960-1962)

Features of the independence constitution

What were the main features of the independence constitution of Kenya ? (kcse )

i. It provided for the establishment of a federal system of government where Kenya was
divided into six regions.
ii. It spelt out that the party with the majority forms the government.

Or it provided that Kenya is a multiparty state and the party with the majority forms the
government.

iii. It spelt out the rights and obligations /responsibilities of the citizens / individuals.
iv. It provided for a position of a prime minister as the head of the government and a
governor general as the head the state.
v. It spelt out the powers and responsibilities of the central government and regional
governments.
vi. It established regional governments with regional presidents and assemblies.
vii. It set up the judicial service commission to appoint judicial officers.
viii. It provided for a bicameral parliament made up of the senate/upper house and the
house of representative/lower house.

Or it provided for the establishment of national assembly consisting of the senate and the
House of Representatives.

ix. It spelt the necessary conditions for acquisition of the Kenyan citizens.

THE KENYAN CONSTITUTION

Types of the constitution used in Kenya.

Name the type of constitution used in Kenya.

i. Written constitution.
CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS IN KENYA.

Identify five requirements in the constitution making process.( KCSE 2005)

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 i. Provision of civic education to make the citizens aware of how the changes could
affect their lives.
ii. Collecting public views on important aspects such as conduct of the security forces,
their aspirations e.t.c.
iii. Drafting of the constitution by a special body made up of both the local and
international experts.
iv. Publishing the draft constitution for the public.
v. The review commission holds public hearings in all the areas for further
recommendations.
vi. Convening of a national constitutional conference to amend or reject the
recommendations.
vii. Presentation of the agreed upon issues /draft to the attorney general by the review
commission
viii. A referendum is organized if certain issues are rejected at the conference for public to
vote
ix. The attorney general publishes the draft constitution in form of a bill.
x. It is introduced in the parliament for debate.
xi. Promulgation of the enacted constitution.

PROMULGATION
What is promulgation?
It is the official announcement of the law/constitution.
Give the last stage in the constitution making process?
i. Promulgation
REFERENDUM
What is a referendum?
i. Giving the public a chance to vote for or reject an important issue in the country.
MAIN REASONS FOR CONVENING A NATIONAL REFERENDUM
Give the main reasons for holding a national referendum in the constitution making
process.
i. To give the public a chance to vote for or reject the proposed legislation/constitution.

ORGANS TASKED IN THE CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS

Name two organs tasked with specific functions in constitution making process in Kenya
i. The national constitution conference
ii. The constituency forums
iii. The constitution of Kenya review commission.
iv. The referendum
v. The national assembly
vi. The committee of experts

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Constitutional amendments in Kenya between 1964 and 1992

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Describe the amendments which took place in Kenya between 1964 and 1992
i. Kenya became a republic in 1964 with an executive president and the office of the
vice president.
ii. The bi cameral parliament precisely the senate (upper house)and the lower house
(house of representatives) were abolished and replaced with unicameral in 1966
OR The two house of parliament precisely the senate and the lower house were
merged in 1966
iii. The president was allowed to detain someone without trial on public interest in 1966
(public security act).
OR People could be detained on public interest (public security act)
iv. A member who resigned from the party that sponsored him/ her was required to seek
fresh mandate from the electorates on the ticket of the new party.
OR A member who resigned from the party that sponsored him/ her to parliament was
to vacate the seat and seek fresh election in the new party.
v. For any constitutional amendment to be effected/ approved there had to be 2/3
majority of the members of parliament.
vi. The president was empowered to nominate 12 members of parliament
vii. The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years in 1974.
viii. The president was given powers to appoint all the members of the electoral
commission in 1969
ix. The presidential election was to be done directly by the people who qualified to vote.
x. If the presidency fell vacant elections were to be held within 90 days to fill the
vacancy as the vice president acted.
xi. The president was given powers to postpone elections when he/ she finds necessary or
shorten the life of the parliament.
xii. Kiswahili was made the official language of the parliament in 1974
xiii. Public servants who wished to contest/ vie for any position in the general elections
had to resign six months before the elections.(1979)
xiv. In 1982 Kenya became a one party state / adejure state.
xv. 1982 the High Court became the highest court of appeal.
xvi. Security of tenure of office of Attorney General and Auditor General was lifted hence
the president could dismiss them.
xvii. The president’s term of service limited to two-five year terms.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT THAT MADE KENYA A MULTI-PARTY

STATE.
What constitutional amendment made Kenya return to a multi-party state (KCSE 2011)
i. Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in 1991.
FEATURES OF THE KENYAN CONSTITUTION 2010
Explain six characteristics of the new constitution of Kenya 2010.
i. It holds that Kenya is a republic and therefore a multiparty state.

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 ii. It outlines the privileges/ benefits of the citizens and how one can acquire Kenyan
citizenship.
N.B a citizen is entitled to access to passport and identity card.
iii. It provides for a detailed bill of rights that outlines all the rights of the people
application and their limitations.
iv. All land belongs to the people of Kenya as a nation, community and as individuals.
v. Sovereignty of the people and supremacy of the constitution holds that all powers
belong to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised according to the constitution.
vi. Leadership and integrity provides guidelines, principals on the conduct of state
officers such as judges, president etc.
vii. It recognizes the legislature as a law making organ made up of the senate and the
national assembly.
Or It provides for a bi cameral parliament.ie the upper house and the lower house.
viii. Recognizes that Kenya is a devolved state made up of the national government and
the county government-divided into 47 counties.
ix. It shows the composition of the judiciary and its main function of interpreting the
laws.
x. It spells out the duties of public service in appointing competent personal to the
national public service.
xi. It recognizes the national security organs. e.g. K.D.F, N.I.S and N.P.S.
xii. It gives conditions for the amendments of the constitution by the two thirds majority
in the parliament.
CHANGES IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION.
i. Reduction of president’s executive powers.
ii. Creation of county and national governments/ devolution of powers to regions.
iii. Creation of the two houses of parliament, the senate and national assembly.
iv. Kenyan citizenship can only be acquired through birth and registration.
v. Recognition of the kadhi courts as subordinate courts in the judicial court system.
vi. Expansion of the bill of rights to promote equal representation for both genders in
governance.
CONSTITUTIONAL DRAFTS IN KENYA.
i. The Wako Draft.
ii. The Waki Draft.
REASONS WHY THE NEW CONSTITUTION WAS NEEDED IN KENYA.
i. There was need to meet the changing needs of the Kenyan society.
ii. The need to address the rights of women they were discriminated.
iii. There was need to reduce the powers of the executive.
iv. The need to safeguard against social vices like corruption and land grabbing.
v. The need to enhance unity and realize liberal society due to political maturity.
vi. The need to depart from the colonial policies that found their way into the outgoing
constitution.

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PROBLEMS THAT KENYA FACED IN REALISATION OF THE NEW
CONSTITUTION DISPENSATION.
Explain six problems Kenyans faced in realization of the new constitution.
i. Party differences have been transferred to the constitution making process for
example ODM wrangles between Raila and Ruto.
ii. Direct misinformation of the public and propaganda by politicians with selfish
interests,
iii. Illiteracy and ignorance of the electorates and therefore easily misled.
iv. Attempts to project personality, group interests rather than national interests in the
process.
v. Inadequate civic education.
vi. Limited financial resources and personal.
NATIONAL ACCORD AND RECONCIATION ACT 2007
It was signed between president Kibaki and Raila Odinga agreeing on power sharing
after the disputed election.
A constitutional amendment was made in 2008 to legalize creation of a coalition
government.
MAIN PROVINSIONS OF NATIONAL ACCORD 2007.
State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 affected the
composition of the government in Kenya. (KCSE 2013)
i. Establishment of a grand coalition government where the two parties would share
powers.
ii. Executive powers would be divided between the two main parties (ODM and PNU)
iii. Mwai Kibaki was to retain presidency while Raila Odinga would occupy newly
created office of the prime minister.
iv. It created the office/ position of two deputy prime ministers. (Musalia Mudavadi-
ODM and Uhuru Kenyatta-PNU.
v. It increased the number of ministers/ cabinet ministers.

DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

The term democracy is derived from the Greek word democratic. The word democratia is got
from two Greek words i.e. Demos which means people and Kratas referring to power or rule.
It means rule of the people.

What is democracy?

i. Democracy is a form of government in where political decisions are directly in the

hands of the citizens.

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 OR

It is a type of government in which political power is placed /vested in the people of a

particular state.
ii. According to Abraham Lincoln of United States of America, A democratic
government is a government of the people by the people and for the people

ASPECTS OF DEMOCRACY.

i. POLITICAL ASPECT –refers to a system of government where peoples consent is

expressed directly or indirectly through their elected representatives.
ii. SOCIAL ASPECTS – stresses on the value of human dignity .democracy is therefore
viewed as a way of life in which individuals are free to organize their own lifestyle,
hold or express their views or opinions.
iii. ECONOMIC ASPECTS- Aims at providing equal opportunities to all citizens through
elimination of exploitation by fellow human beings. Nationalization policy is adopted
where the means of production such as factories are placed under the control of the
state to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY.

Identify two types of democracy (Kcse 2007)

i. Direct democracy / pure democracy.

ii. Indirect democracy. /representative democracy.

What is direct democracy? (Kcse 2006)

i. Direct / pure democracy refers to a type of democracy where the people in a state are
allowed to freely participate in an important decision making forum in regard to
matters of the state.
OR
ii. It is a type of democracy where the people are allowed or are directly involved in
decision making process on important matter of the state.

HOW DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS EXERCISED

State two ways in which indirect democracy is exercised.

i. Through physical appearance / participation in an important meeting/ public baraza.

ii. Through recall where elected leaders can be recalled or dismissed from the office.
iii. Plebiscite is used to obtain a popular vote in a matter of political importance.

N.B All citizens are allowed to vote under plebiscite irrespective of age, registered or not a
registered voter.

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 iv. Through participation in a referendum where the will of the people is sought by
voting YES or NO on important matter of the state or legislation.

INDIRECT DEMOCRACY /REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY.

Define the term representative democracy.

i. It is a type of democracy where the citizens exercise their rights in decision making
through their chosen representatives.

CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY.

i. It is a type of democracy where the rights and powers of the majority is exercised but
within the limits of the constitution.

ADVANTAGES OF DEMOCRACY.

Explain six advantages of democracy.

Democracy has existed for long in the history of mankind and is held as affair system of
government. It is defended on the following basis.

i. It promotes patriotism among the citizens and limits or reduces chances of revolution
since the people feel part of the ruling government.
ii. It promotes equality of all before the law thereby limiting/reducing discrimination on
basis of religion, creed or race.
iii. It promotes peaceful coexistence among the various communities in a state thereby
enhancing international cooperation.

OR It promotes peace in the country since it advocates for peaceful coexistence and
cooperation among the various communities in the state.

iv. It promotes moral and educative values like honesty and discipline since a democratic
government helps individuals to develop their personality.
v. It keeps the leaders on their toes to perform since people can vote them out if they
don’t perform.

OR It ensures that leaders don’t ignore the citizens who give them power and they
constantly consult them.

vi. The state makes laws based on the will of the people and people therefore will
willingly obey the laws.

OR It balances the liberty of the people and the power of the state thereby avoiding
oppression of the people by the state since it makes laws based on peoples will.

DISADVANTAGES /SHORTCOMINGS OF DEMOCRACY OF DEMOCRACY

i. It promotes dictatorship by the majority since it is the majority that rule.

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 ii. It encourages class struggle and corruption since it is those with money that can
campaign and influence voters or get voted.
iii. It is not easy to find an honest /sincere man of a good moral character being
elected .For example people with questionable characters like Ferdinand waititu…
Baba yao,Mike Sonko have been elected.
iv. A democratic government is often slow and wasteful since a lot of consultations have
to be met when making a decision of national importance.
v. It may perpetuate / promote incompetence in performance of duty since ignorant
leaders may be elected.
vi. It promotes dictatorship by the elected minority /informed who rule over the majority.

OR It is the elected minority that rules though the rule is considered as a majority rule.

Vii. Democracy is expensive process since a lot of public resources are used in facilitating
elections or referendum.

PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY

A principle can be defined as a basic truth or a general law. Therefore principles of

democracy are the general laws that guide the exercise of democracy in a state.

These may include the following:

i. Equality before the law states that all people should be treated equally before the law
and that judgments be made according to the laws of the state.

OR Equality before the law provides each citizen with equal treatment before the law.

ii. Economic democracy empowers the people with the means of creating and
controlling their own resources / wealth.
iii. Open and accountable mass media that allows citizens to get reliable information of
what is going on in the country. However the media must be accountable in its
reporting so as not to divide the country on ethnicity.
iv. Participation of the people in governance through airing of their views and organizing
regular free and fair elections.
v. Freedom of debate, speech and inquiry allows the citizens to participate free in
matters of state without fear of victimization by positively criticizing the state.
vi. Consent of the people argues that people in a given government are not dictated upon
but are consulted in matters of the state.
vii. Balance of the liberty and the power of the state in order to limit dictatorship where
both the citizens and the state know and play their duties.
viii. Rule of law respected by all should be established.
ix. Enlightenment of the citizens through provision of important information about the
state.

HUMAN RIGHTS
What is a right?

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These are powers of free action.
OR
They are legal entitlements/privileges that belong to all by virtue of being human.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RIGHT.

i. Indivisible i.e. cannot be applied in absence of another right.

ii. They universally apply to all people.
iii. They are inherent and acquired at birth.
iv. They Human rights have limitations and enjoyment of one’s right therefore should
not interfere with other people’s right.
v. Human rights can be suspended or derogated if conditions dictate. For example if
one has an infectious disease, he/she will be confined thus limiting ones freedom
of movement.

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS.

i. It enables people to achieve a dignified life by satisfying both physical and spiritual
needs.
ii. It empowers citizens by giving them control in decision making organs of the state
thus avoiding violation and oppression.
iii. It guarantees / justifies special treatment of minorities, marginalized communities and
other special persons like the youth and women.
iv. They give directions to the organs of the state in the exercise of state power.
v. It guarantees public access to important information through the freedom of speech
and voting.
vi. Human rights are inherent and therefore everyone has a right to them by virtue that
they were born human.
vii. It promotes national unity by limiting internal and external conflicts among the people
and with neighboring states.
MONITORING OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The following helps in monitoring human rights from violation.
i. Lawyers, judges and other professionals like teachers and doctors help in monitoring
human rights.
ii. Trade unions in the country check against human rights violation especially by
protecting the rights and welfare of the worker.
iii. Religious organizations like churches and mosques ensure that there is respect of
human rights in the state.
iv. Journalist and the media protect against violation of human rights through their
reporting.
v. The police /law enforcement officers protect the citizens against human rights
violation/ abuse.
vi. Associations and special commissions like the Kenya Human Rights and Equality
commission monitor human rights.
vii. Pressure groups like the human rights activists monitor human rights.
TYPES OF RIGHTS OF A KENYAN CITIZEN.
Give one type of human rights. (Kcse 2010)
i. Economic rights.
ii. Political rights.
iii. Social/cultural rights.

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 iv. Solidarity rights.
Economic Rights of a citizen.
Give one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen (KCSE 2014)
i. Participating in development activities like Harambees.
ii. Paying of taxes
iii. Fighting corruption
iv. Protecting/conserving the environment.
v. Working hard and honestly in order to create wealth for one self and the country.
SOCIAL RIGHTS
Explain six social right of an individual in Kenya (KCSE 2013)
i. The right to a clean environment/ sanitation that is free from pollution.
ii. The right to health care services which are of reasonable standards.
iii. The right to embrace culture/ language of one’s choice regardless of his /her
background.
iv. The right to housing facilities which are accessible and adequate.
v. The right to regular supply of clean and safe water.
vi. The right to adequate food which is of acceptable quality.
vii. The right to appropriate social security to person who are unable to support
themselves and their dependents.
CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF A KENYAN CITIZEN
Explain six civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen (KCSE 2011)
i. He/she should take care of the environment in order to promote a healthy living.
ii. One should participate in national debates/Barazas.
iii. Report law breakers in order to promote the rule of law.
iv. To obey laws so as to enhance peace in the society.
v. To fight she should pay taxes to enable the government to the financial obligation.
vi. Participate in the democratic process by electing leaders or being elected.
vii. To participate in the community development activities to improve the welfare of
the community corruption to promote proper utilization of resources by all.
viii. To promote and protect the right and freedom of all people in the society for
harmonious co-existence.
RIGHT AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM CONTAINED IN THE KENYAN BILL
OF RIGHTS.

EXAMPLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN KENYA

i. Right to life hold that no one should take another person’s life or even whose own life
through suicide.
NB: Life begins at conception
ii. Freedom of movement.
iii. Right to own property
iv. Freedom of expression
v. Right to own property in Kenya
vi. Protection from slavery and forced labour where no one should be subjected to it.
vii. Protection from discrimination- holds that no one should be discriminated based on
sex, age, tribe or religion.
NB: they should be treated equally.
LIMITATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
(a) Right to life
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RIGHTTO LIFE MAY BE TAKEN AWAY.
State three circumstances under which the right to life of a person may be taken away.

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 i. In case of self-defense or defense of one’s property
OR when defending one’s self or property during violence.
ii. When effecting lawful arrests/in a process of carrying our lawful a arrests.
iii. In the prevention of an escape of a prisoner from a prison.
iv. When a country is at war/during war.
v. When preventing someone from carrying out a crime/felony.
vi. When a law enforcement officers life is in danger.
vii. If an individual is sentenced to death by the court of law, one’s right to life may be
taken away.
(b) Freedom of movement
It states that one has the freedom of movement to any part of the country without
interference.
CIRCUMSTANCES/OCCASION UNDER WHICH A PERSON FREEDOM OF
MOVEMENT MAY BE CONFINED.
State two occasions when one’s freedom of movement may be limited/confined.
i. People/ a person with a contagious disease like Ebola may be confined to prevent its
spread.
ii. Declaration of the state of emergency.
iii. Prisoners confined in the prisoners may have their right of movement limited.
iv. A person with unsound minds may be confined in a mental facility limited.
OR when securing welfare of a person with unsound mine.
v. When one is suspected of committing or is about to commit a crime.
vi. When rehabilitating a drug addict.
(c) Right to own property
It states that a person is free to own property such as land in any part of the country without
any interference.
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A PERSON /COMMUNITY PROPERTY
MAY BE TAKEN.
State one circumstance under which a person’s property may be taken away.
i. If the state wishes/intends to use it for development.
ii. If is being acquired for defense or for public safety.
iii. Freedom of Expression should be granted to all people.

(d) Freedom of expression

It states that one has the freedom to express him or herself without interference.
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A PERSON’S FREEDOM OF
SPEECH/EXPRESSION MAY BE LIMITED.
Give one reason one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom
of speech. (Kcse 2006, 2003)
Give two circumstances under which a person’s freedom of speech may be limited.
i. If it causes incitement to violence. / If ones speech incites the public against the state.
OR. If one engages in hate speech and spreading hatred.
ii. If one spreads propaganda s or false information about the state or an individual.
iii. If one abuses the president of the state.
iv. If one discloses confidential information about the state.
(e) Right to own property in Kenya

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Everyone has a right to privacy and one’s property should not be searched without his.

CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A PERSON PROPERTY MAY BE

SEARCHED.
i. Police can search to recapture a criminal.
ii. Inspection of a private property to collect taxes.

Other rights enjoyed by individuals

i. Every human being has a right to dignity and should be treated with dignity.
ii. Freedom of conscience and religion hold that everyone should be given the right
to practice their religion through worship.
iii. Right to fair labour relations holds that everyone has a right to fair remuneration,
belonging to a trade union, good condition of living etc.
iv. Freedom of media holds that there should be independence of electronic of print
and other types of media unless.
v. If one is abusing his rights by propagating hate speech.
vi. Right to a clean and healthy environment calls for the protection and conservation
o environment for future generation.
vii. Right to access justice at reasonable cost.
viii. Right to access information had by the state or another person.

RIGHTS OF ARRESTED PERSON

Describe the rights of arrested persons in Kenya.
i. They have a right to be informed promptly in a language that they can understand the
reason for their arrest.
ii. Right to communicate with an advocate or persons who can help them.
iii. Not to be forced to make any confession or admission that could be used as evidence
against them.
iv. Right to be held separately from persons who are serving a sentence.
v. Right to be brought in a court of law as soon as possible not later than 24 hours after
the arrest.
vi. Right to be released on a bond or brain unless there is a reason not to that.
vii. Right to remain silent/right to be informed of his or her right to remain silent.
viii. He/she should not be remanded if the offence committed is punishable by a fine or
imprisonment of not more than six mouths.
RIGHT OF AN LIEN/FOREIGNER
Who is an alien?
A person who lives in a country but is not a citizen.
LIMITATIONS OF ALIENS RIGHT
State one limitation of aliens’ right.
i. He cannot vote or be voted as a candidate in the general election.
ii. He cannot be appointed in the civil service.
iii. He cannot become a captain or a pilot of a registered ship or plane.

RIGHTS TO FAIR HEARING.

Explain the rights of an accused person during trial in a court of law (Kcse 2006).
State two rights to a fair hearing that individuals are entitled to.
i. Right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty by a court of law.
ii. To be informed of the charge with sufficient detains to prepare for defense.

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 iii. To have adequate time and facilities to prepare for defense. / One should be given
adequate/enough time to consult with the advocate /witness.
iv. Right to legal representation.
v. One should be given a chance to plead for leniency.
vi. To have the trial begin and concluded without delay.
vii. To be present when being tried unless the conduct of the accused makes it impossible
for the trial to proceed.
OR. One should be present when court proceedings are taking place.
viii. Right to remain silent and not to testify during the proceedings.
ix. Right to advice and challenge evidence.
x. To have assistance of and interprets if the accused does not understand the language
being used in the trial without payment.
xi. Right to appeal the judgment/verdict in the high court. / One should be allowed to
appeal against the ruling.
xii. Evidence obtained in a manner that violets human right shall be excluded if it affects
the administration of justice.
OR One should not be forced to give evidence.
CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH THE GOVERMENTMAY LIMIT PEOPLES
RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF INDIDUALS.
Explain five circumstances under which the government may limit the rights of an individual.
(Kcse 1997)
i. If the internal security is threatened, one’s freedom of movement may be limited.
ii. One can be denied personal liberty/freedom of movement if he/she has an infectious
disease like Ebola.
OR. Ones freedom of movement/liberty can be denied when one has a
contagious/infectious disease.
iii. The right to life may be denied if one is convicted of murder in a court of law or
caught in the act of robbery with violence.
iv. The governments can deny one’s freedom to own property if it wishes to use it for
development of public utilities.
NB: Adequate compensation should be made.
v. If one is of unsound mind, one can be taken to a mental hospital thus affecting one’s
freedom of movement.
vi. One’s freedom of assembly can be limited if it threatened the security of the state.
vii. One’s freedom of expression/speech can be limited when one incites others against
the state.
OR Ones freedom of speech may be limited if one publishes false accusations about
another person or the state or incites people against government.
viii. The government can limit one’s freedom of worship if one uses it to undermine the
government by creating disunity.

THE BILL OF RIGHT

What is a bill of rights?
 It is a document that contains human rights.
OR it is a statement of human and civil right in a constitution or convention that explains the
rights of an individual by virtue of being human.
DOCUMENT WHICH CONTAINS RIGHT OF PEOPLE
Name the document which contains the rights of citizens in Kenya. (KCSE 2006)
 The Bill of rights OR The constitution.
DOCUMENT WHICH CONTAINS THE RIGHTS OF A CHILD

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Name the document that contains the rights of a child in Kenya.
 Child Act 2001.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KENYAN BILL OF RIGHTS
Explain six ways in which the BILL of rights enshrined in the Kenyan constitution protects
the rights of Individual in Kenya. (Kcse 2002, 1999)
i. It guarantees the right of Life to all the people since taking someone’s life is
punishable by law.
ii. It grants one the freedom of movement to all/any part of the country.
iii. It guarantees one the freedom to own property in any part of the country.
iv. It guarantees one protection from discrimination on basis of gender, the religion or
color.
v. It protects individuals from slavery and forced labour.
vi. It guarantees ones freedom of life since no one is allowed to take another person’s
life.

APPLICATION OF THE KENYAN BILL OF RIGHTS TO SPECIFIC GROUPS OF

PEOPLE
Everyone is entitled to their rights without discrimination and it’s therefore the responsibility
of the state to protect the vulnerable such as children, persons with disability, minority etc.
1. CHILDREN.
 A child refers to anyone that has not attained the age of 18 years.
 It is a human being from birth up to the age of 18 years.
RIGHTS OF A CHILD.
Name two types of rights for the children in Kenya.
TYPES OF CHILDRENS RIGHTS
1. DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS.
These stresses in the development of the body, mind and soul of a child.
Development rights refer to the intellectual, physical, emotional and moral development of a
child.
EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS OF A CHILD
Identify two development rights of a child. (Kcse 2006)
i. Right to education.
ii. Right to play and leisure.
iii. Right to access information.
iv. Right to parental love and protection/ social security.
v. Freedom of expression/ right to express themselves.
vi. Right to participate in cultural and artistic activities.
2. SURVIVAL RIGHTS.
It refers to the rights that are basic and very important in the development and survival of a
child.
EXAMPLES OF SURVIVAL RIGHTS OF A CHILD
i. The right to life.
ii. Right to name and identity.
iii. Right to proper shelter.
iv. Right to nutrition/good food.
v. Right to proper /good clothing.
vi. Right to quality/good medical care.
vii. Right to parental love and care.
3. RIGHTS OF PROTECTION.
Children should be protected from all forms of harmful practices as explained below.

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 i. Protection from child labour and exploitation.
ii. Protection from any arrest unless it is the last resort.
iii. Protection from joining /recruitment/ conscription into the army.
iv. Protection from abuse and neglect by teaching them on positive values against drug
and sexual abuses.
v. Protection from harmful cultural practices and discrimination such as female
circumcision and early marriages.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES.

It refers to any physical, sensory, mental/psychological or any other impairment that affects
an individual’s ability to carry his / her daily activities.
CATEGORIES OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITY/ SPECIAL NEEDS
i. Physically handicapped.
ii. Visually impaired.
iii. Hearing impaired.
iv. Mentally impaired.
v. Albinos.

RIGHTS ENJOYED BY PERSONS WITH DISABLITIES.

State ways in which the bill of rights protects the rights of persons with disability.
i. It guarantees them rights to reasonable access to all places such as public buildings
and transport.
ii. They are treated with dignity and respect in all places thereby limiting discrimination.
iii. It guarantees them the right to access educational institutions through provision of
special facilities like computers, ramps, wheel chairs and toilets for them.
iv. It guarantees them right to use the brail and sign language in communication thus
enhancing their communication.
v. It guarantees them right to obtain /access aiding material to assist them in their
impairment such the brails, walking sticks and the wheel chair.
THE YOUTH.
Youths are the majority and are therefore entitled to the following rights.
i. They have right to access to relevant education and training.
ii. Right to access employment opportunities without discrimination through initiatives
like kazi kwa vijana.
iii. They should be protected from harmful cultural practices like early marriages, female
circumcision and exploitation.
iv. They should be given opportunity to associate, be represented and participate [ate in
socio economic affairs of the nation.
MINORITY AND THE MARGINALISED GROUPS.
 It refers to a group of people who are disadvantaged by discrimination either based on
sex/gender, ethnicity, race, color, or disability.
EXAMPLES /CATEGORIES OF MARGINALISED COMMUNITIES UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION.
i. Pastoral communities and persons.
ii. Indigenous communities that have maintained their traditional lifestyles and
livelihood such as hunting and gathering.
iii. A community that needs to be preserved because of assimilation in order to maintain
and preserve its culture.
iv. A community with relatively small population and has not fully participated in the
socio economic life in Kenya.

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HOW THE BILL OF RIGHTS PROTECTS THE RIGHTS OF MARGINALISED
PERSONS
i. It guarantees them the right to participate in governance through election of leaders.
ii. It provides special opportunities to access employment.
iii. It guarantees them the freedom to develop their cultural values, language and
practices.
iv. It guarantees access to water, health services and infrastructure.
RIGHTS OF THE OLDER MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
i. They are entitled to enjoy the following rights.
ii. To receive reasonable care and assistance from the government and their immediate
family.
iii. They should be allowed to pursue their personal development.
iv. To live in dignity, respect and be protected from abuse.
THE KENYA NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY COMMISSION
It was formed in 2010 in line with the new constitution thereby replacing the Kenya Human
Rights Commission.
MAIN OBJECTIVES.
i. To protect the sovereignty of the people.
ii. To promote constitutionalism.
iii. To ensure that all state organs observe democratic values and principles.

FUNCTIONS OF THE KENYA HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY COMMISION.

i. To promote respect of human rights by observing human rights.
ii. To promote gender equality and equity in national development.
iii. It monitors, investigates and reports on observance of human rights.
iv. It receives and makes investigation on complains of abuses on human rights.
v. It investigates any conduct in state affairs such as corruption and extra judicial
killings.
vi. It investigates and gives a report on abuse of power and unfair treatment.

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