URP 3207

REMOTE SENSING & AERIAL PHOTO

INTERPRETATION

LECTURE-1
Photogrammetry : Introduction & History

Course Teacher:
Md. Kamrul Hasan
BURP, KUET
M.sc. In Disaster Management, DU
Lecturer
Dept. of URP, PUST

May 08, 2018

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS…
A means of obtaining information from aerial photographs
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS THE SCIENCE
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

►Photo = “Picture“,

► Grammetry = “Measurement“,
therefore
►Photogrammetry = “photo-measurement”

 Definition of Photogrammetry: the art, science, and technology

of obtaining information about physical objects and the
environment by photographic and electromagnetic images, in
order to determine characteristics such as size, shape and position
of photographed objects.
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

 Photogrammetry is the art and science of making accurate

measurements by means of aerial photography:
Analog photogrammetry (hard-copy photos)
Digital photogrammetry (digital images)

 Aerial photographs were the first form of remote sensing imagery.

 Differences between photogrammetry and Remote Sensing are that

photographs are:
Black and white (1 band) or color (blue, green, red, and IR)
Wavelength range of 0.3-1.0 mm
Use cameras
One type of remote sensing imagery
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Science (or art) of deducing the physical dimensions of

objects from measurements on photographs
Mapping the earth or other bodies in the solar system

Sometimes used to indirectly measure the geometry of

buildings, dams, archeological sites using photographs.

Sometimes the same principles are applied to digital

imagery from satellite-based RS platforms.
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS THE TECHNIQUE

OF MEASURING OBJECTS (2D OR 3D) FROM
PHOTOGRAPHS.

Its most important feature is the fact,

that the objects are measured
without being touched.
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

objects are measured WITHOUT TOUCHING.

It is a REMOTESENSING technique.

It is a close range method of measuring objects.

It is a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring technique

that uses PHOTORAPHS as the fundamental medium

for measurement.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR ENGINEERING

Defined: Photogrammetry is the process of

measuring images on a photograph.
Modern Photogrammetry also uses radar imaging,
radiant electromagnetic energy detection and x-ray
imaging – called remote sensing.
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Has many uses

Very economical as opposed to on site surveying

 Photogrammetry………

Analog Photogrammetry
Using optical, mechanical and electronical components, and
where the images are hardcopies. Re-creates a 3D model
for measurements in 3D space.

Analytical Photogrammetry
The 3D modelling is mathematical (not re-created) and
measurements are made in the 2D images.

Digital Photogrammetry
Analytical solutions applied in digital images. Can also
incorporate computer vision and digital image processing
techniques.

or Softcopy Photogrammetry
”Softcopy” refers to the display of a digital image, as opposed
to a ”hardcopy” (a physical, tangible photo).
Relationships of the Mapping Sciences as they relate to
Mathematics and Logic, and the Physical, Biological, and
Social Sciences
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY PRINCIPLE
The main principle is “TRIANGULATION”.
Eyes use the principle of TRIANGULATION to gauge
distance (depth perception).
TRIAGULATION is also the principle used by
theodolites for coordinate measurement.
By taking photographs from at least two different
locations, so-called "lines of sight" can be developed
from each camera to points on the object. These lines of
sight (sometimes called rays owing to their optical nature)
are mathematically intersected to produce the 3-
dimensional coordinates of the points of interest.
PHOTOGRAPHY - THE FIRST PART OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Taking photographs is, of course, essential for making a

photogrammetric measurement. To obtain the high accuracy,
reliability and automation the system is capable of, photographs
must be of the highest quality.

The three main considerations for good photography are:

1. Field of View
2. Focusing
3. Exposure
METROLOGY - THE SECOND PART OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
 1851: French officer Aime Laussedat develops the first
photogrammetrical devices and methods. He is seen as the
initiator of photogrammetry.

 1858: The German architect A. Meydenbauer develops

photogrammetrical techniques for the documentation of buildings
and installs the first photogrammetric institute in 1885 (Royal
Prussian Photogrammetric Institute).

 1885: The ancient ruins of Persepolis were the first archaeological

object recorded photogrammetrically.

 1889: The first German manual of photogrammetry was

published by C. Koppe.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
1911: The Austrian Th. Scheimpflug finds a way to create
rectified photographs. He is considered as the initiator of
aerial photogrammetry, since he was the first succeeding
to apply the photogrammetrical principles to aerial
photographs

1913: The first congress of the ISP (International Society

for Photogrammetry) was held in Vienna.

1980ies: Due to improvements in computer hardware and

software, digital photogrammetry is gaining more and
more importance.

1996: 83 years after its first conference, the ISPRS comes

back to Vienna, the town, where it was founded.
ORIGINS OF PHOTOGRAPH AND REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing began with

aerial photography

First photographs taken

in 1839
ORIGINS OF PHOTOGRAPH AND REMOTE SENSING

1858 Gasper Felix

Tournachon "Nadar"
takes photograph of
village of Petit Bicetre
in France from a
balloon
ORIGINS OF PHOTOGRAPH AND REMOTE SENSING
 COLOR SCIENCE
 Additive primary colors :
Blue, Green, and Red
 Subtractive primary colors
(or complementary colors):
Yellow, Magenta, and Cyan
 Filters (subtract or absorb some
colors before the light reaches the
camera):
Red filter (absorbs green and
blue, you can red)
Yellow (or minus-blue) filter
(absorbs blue, allows green and
red to be transmitted, which is
yellow)
Haze filter (absorbs UV)
 TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS
 Black and white photographs
Panchromatic (minus-blue filter used to eliminate UV and
blue wavelengths)
IR (IR-sensitive film and IR only filter used to acquire
photographs at 0.7- 1.0 mm )
UV (at 0.3-0.4 mm, low contrast and poor spatial resolution due
to serious atmospheric scattering)
 Color photographs
Normal color (Haze filter used to absorb UV and create true
color 0.4-0.7 mm, or blue, green, red)
IR color (Yellow filter used to eliminate blue and create IR
color of 05-1.0 mm, or green, red, IR)
4 bands (blue, green, red, and IR)
COLOR SCIENCE
SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHS

 Extensive collections of photographs have been acquired from

manned and unmanned Earth or Mars-orbiting satellites.
Beginning in 1962, USA acquired photographs of moon for
Apollo mission
1995, USA declassified intelligence satellites photographs of
Sino-Soviet acquired 1960-1972 at 2-8 m resolution.
2000, Russia launched satellites acquired photographs of 2 meter
resolution
1999, Mars Global Surveyor of NASA acquires Mars
photographs with 1.2 – 12 m resolution
2003, Mars Express of ESA acquires Mars photographs with 2
and 10 m resolution.
BASIC INFORMATION ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Photo has been used to take geometric measurements of
human bodies, artificial human hearts, large radio telescopes,
ships, dams, buildings and very accurate reproductions.
 In general it is not economical for small projects – the cost break
even point is somewhere between 30 – 100 acres depending on the
situation.
 Photogrammetry can not be used successfully over the following
types of terrain.
Desert or plains areas, sandy beaches, and snow – the
photograph as uniform shades with little texture.
Deep canyons or high buildings that conceal ground surface.
Areas covered by dense forest.
BASIC INFORMATION ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Mapping from aerial photos is the best mapping

procedure yet developed for most large projects.

Used successfully for maps varying in scale from

1:1,000,000 1:120.

Topographic mapping is the most common form and

done this way.
BASIC INFORMATION ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Uses: Aerial photos

Geological investigations, soil surveys, land surveys,

tax mapping, reconnaissance and military intelligence,
urban and regional development, transportation system
investigations, quantity estimates, shore erosion, etc.

Mathematical methods have been developed to

make precise 3-dimensional measurements from photos.

Photo-triangulation: 3-dimensional positioning of

survey stations.
BASIC INFORMATION ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY

In general it is not economical for small projects –

the cost breakeven point is somewhere between 30 – 100
acres depending on the situation.

Photogrammetry cannot be used successfully over

the following types of terrain.

Desert or plains areas, sandy beaches, and snow –

the photograph as uniform shades with little texture.

Deep canyons or high buildings that conceal ground

surface.

Areas covered by dense forest.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Measuring values and camera constants
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

6” or 152.4 mm is common
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
 Photogrammetric products

Planimetric maps –

Planimetric elements in geography are those features that are independent of

elevation, such as roads, building footprints, and rivers and lakes. They are
represented on two-dimensional maps as they are seen from the air, or in aerial
photography. These features are often digitized from orthorectified aerial
photography into data layers that can be used in analysis and cartographic
outputs.

Topographic maps –
A type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation
of relief, using contour lines. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to
show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically
published as a map series.
 Photogrammetric products……

3D points

LiDAR has become

the technology of
choice for deriving
highly accurate
terrain data and 3D
models, and it is
commonly used for a
variety of mapping
applications.
Photogrammetric products……

Photomap (Orthophotos)

DEM/ DTM

DSM
Thanks to ALL