Unit 2.

Material property charts:

mapping materials

Mike Ashby
Granta Design, Cambridge (UK)

© Granta Design and M. F. Ashby, 2020

For reproduction guidance see back page

This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.

The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
www.grantadesign.com/education
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using GRANTA EduPack.
 Learning objectives for this Lecture Unit

Intended Learning Outcomes

Knowledge and
Understanding
Understanding of material families and their property relationships

Skills and Abilities Ability to create material property charts for specific purposes

Values and Attitudes Grasping a broad view of materials information, the big picture

Resources
▪ Text: “Materials: engineering, science, processing and design” 4th edition by M.F. Ashby, H.R. Shercliff
and D. Cebon, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2019, Chapters 1-2
▪ Text: “Materials Selection in Mechanical Design”, 5th edition by M.F. Ashby, Butterworth Heinemann,
Oxford, 2016, Chapters 1-2
▪ Texts: Callister, Budinski, Askeland and others – recommended reading in records
▪ Software: GRANTA EduPack (www.grantadesign.com/education)

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

Outline of Lecture Unit 2

▪ Exploring relationships: property charts

▪ Making charts
▪ Custom subsets, adding your own materials
▪ Report writing

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Bar charts

Data sheets = numbers, words

We want meaning Property charts

Bar chart 103 Steel WC

Copper
102
CFRP

10 Aluminum Alumina
Zinc
Lead Glass GFRP
1Many
PEEK
decades Fibreboard
10-1 PP

PTFE
10-2

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

10-3
Log scale

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Bar-chart created with GRANTA EduPack

Materials
with high
modulus
Metals

Polymers

Elastomers
Materials
with low
modulus

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Which courses? Campus-wide?

Materials science General engineering Polymer engineering

Aerospace engineering Architecture Bioengineering

Product design Environmental engineering Sustainability assessment

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020
 Bubble charts

Bubble
chart

Families occupy
discrete fields

Log scales

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Bubble chart created with CES EduPack

Display
Box:
Materials with
high Modulus
and Density

Display
line:
Materials
with constant
specific
stiffness [E/]

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Creating charts for screening

Plotting and selection tools

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Creating charts for screening

Bar chart

Property
Choose:

X-Axis Y-Axis
List of properties

▪ Density
▪ Yield strength
Bubble chart
▪ Young’s modulus
▪ etc.

Property 1

Property 2
© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020
 Creating advanced charts for screening

Modulus / Density
Bar chart

Choose:

X-Axis Y-Axis

List of properties Modulus / Density

Advanced

Modulus / Density
▪ Density + - / ^ ( )
▪ Yield strength Bubble chart *
▪ Young’s modulus
List of properties
▪ etc.
▪ Density
▪ Yield strength
▪ Young’s modulus
▪ etc
Yield strength / Density
© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020
 The chart-management tool bar

Autoscale
Zoom out Add text
Chart annotation
Zoom in Add arrow tools

Cancel
Add curves
selection
Box selection Add family envelopes
tool
Results from all enabled stages
Line selection
tool Hide failed materials

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 The line, box and curve tools

Add boxes and lines Add text to chart Display curves and arrows

For annotation, select display only: Right-click on line, box or curve to format:
Impact strength

10 February 2017

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

How to use annotation tools in charts

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

Custom subsets

Custom subset

Selection table: MaterialUniverse

Initial subset: All materials

Selection attributes: All properties

MaterialUniverse
Ceramics and glasses
Electrical components (Eco Audit

Hybrids: composites etc

Metals and alloys

Polymers and elastomers

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

Changing the Chart settings (labels etc)

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Making your own records

Name: My material

Notes:

Or, right click on a chart General properties

to add limited data to it… Mechanical properties Min. Max.

Young’s modulus 230 280 GPa

Yield strength 1000 1200 MPa

Hardness Vickers

Fracture toughness MPa.m1/2

Thermal properties Min. Max.

Max service temp 30 33 C

T-conductivity W/m.K

etc
© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020
 Saving projects, report writing

Paste
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Description
Image

Open project

Save project
Cut _
Caption Copy - Paste
Clip-
1. ABS pellets. © Shutterstock 2. ABS allows detailed moldings, accepts color well, and is non-toxic

Print ……. To and tough enough to survive the worst that children can do to it. © Gettyimages
The material
ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) is tough, resilient, and easily molded. It is usually opaque,

Copy board
although some grades can now be transparent, and it can be given vivid colors. ABS-PVC alloys are
tougher than standard ABS and, in self-extinguishing grades, are used for the casings of power tools.
Compositional summary
WORD Block terpolymer of acrylonitrile (15-35%), butadiene (5-30%), and styrene (40-60%).
General properties
Density 1.01e3 - 1.21e3 kg/m^3
Price * 2.5 - 3 USD/kg

Paste….
Date first used 1937
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 1.1 - 2.9 GPa
Shear modulus 0.319 - 1.03 GPa
Bulk modulus 3.8 - 4 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.391 - 0.422
Yield strength (elastic limit) 18.5 - 51 MPa
Tensile strength 27.6 - 55.2 MPa
Compressive strength 31 - 86.2 MPa
Elongation 1.5 - 100 % strain
Hardness - Vickers 5.6 - 15.3 HV
Typical uses
Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe
fittings; home-security devices and housings for small appliances; communications equipment;
business machines; plumbing hardware; automobile grilles; wheel covers; mirror housings;
refrigerator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boat hulls; large components for

For best results recreational vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe for drain-
waste-vent (DWV) systems.
Tradenames
Claradex, Comalloy, Cycogel, Cycolac, Hanalac, Lastilac, Lupos, Lustran ABS, Magnum, Multibase,

Paste Special - Novodur, Polyfabs, Polylac, Porene, Ronfalin, Sinkral, Terluran, Toyolac, Tufrex, Ultrastyr
Links
Reference

Device Independent Bitmap. ProcessUniverse

Producers
Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 So what?

• Material property charts gives meaning to data

• The texts contain many charts – you can copy them for teaching

• Project files for many charts can be downloaded from the Granta website

• GRANTA EduPack lets you make any chart you want

• You can visualize any database, and add your own records

• Comprehensive report-writing facilities

• Data Visualization Selection

(understanding the data) (using the data)

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Lecture Unit series

These PowerPoint lecture units, as well as many other types of resources, are on the Teaching Resource Website.

Finding and Displaying Information Sustainability

Unit 1 The materials of engineering What is a sustainable development? a materials perspective
Unit 2 Material property charts: mapping materials Materials for low carbon power
Unit 3 The Elements database: properties, relationships and resources Special Topics
Material Properties Architecture and the built environment: materials for construction
Unit 4 Manipulating properties: composition, microstructure, architecture Structural sections: shape in action
Unit 5 Designing new materials: filling the materials-property space Materials in industrial design: Why do consumers buy products?
Unit 6 Materials Science and Engineering The Design database for Products
Selection Materials for Bioengineering
Unit 7 Material selection: translation, screening, ranking, documentation Advanced Teaching and Research
Unit 8 Objectives in conflict: trade off methods and penalty functions Advanced databases: a lightning tour
Unit 9 Material and shape: materials for efficient structures The Aerospace edition
Unit 10 Manufacturing processes and cost modeling The Polymer edition
Unit 11 Eco-informed material selection The Synthesizer tool: hybrids and other models
Unit 12 Eco design and the Eco Audit tool Editing and creating new databases: GRANTA Constructor
GRANTA Selector and Constructor in research

© Granta Design and Mike Ashby, 2020

 Author
Mike Ashby and Granta Design Ltd.
www.grantadesign.com

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© Granta Design and M. F. Ashby, 2020

This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.

The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
www.grantadesign.com/education
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using GRANTA EduPack.