STUDENT NOTES Pre-AP Chemistry U N I T 3 | Page 2

PAP 3-1 Matter classification (12:12) http://youtu.be/lq6bX6ZXG6o http://vimeo.com/49975149

I. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:

MATTER is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space (has a volume).
Before we can talk about changes in matter, we need to address some basics about the differences between
elements, compounds, heterogeneous mixtures, and homogeneous mixtures (solutions).

MATTER

YES Can it be physically NO

separated?
(ex: filtration or evaporation)

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

YES Is the composition uniform NO NO Is it made up of only one type YES

throughout? of atom on the periodic table?

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS COMPOUND ELEMENT

MIXTURE MIXTURE
(solution)

COLLOID SUSPENSION
A _______________________________ has a uniform, unchanging composition. Every sample of a pure substance has
exactly the same characteristic properties and composition. Pure substances exist as either elements or
compounds.
______________________ are found on the ________________________. An element cannot be separated into simpler
substances by physical or chemical means. It takes a nuclear reaction to break them apart!
________________________ are combinations of two or more elements that are chemically ___________________. A chemical
change (which we will talk about soon!) is required to combine elements into compounds, or to separate
compounds back into elements.
A ______________________ is a combination of two or more pure substances in
which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties.
A _________________________________ is required to combine pure substances into
mixtures, or to separate mixtures back into pure substances.
Some examples of physical separation include…
____________________: Separating a solid from a liquid with use of a filter paper
____________________: Allow a liquid to evaporate off to leave behind a solid
residue
 STUDENT NOTES Pre-AP Chemistry U N I T 3 | Page 3

Why are That’s because they

hydrogen and are DIATOMICS…
oxygen shown elements which come
in pairs??!? as pairs when they’re
not in a compound.
ex: H2 and O2

Heterogeneous Mixtures do not look the same throughout… they have pretty big pieces, and some are even big
enough to separate them out by filtration. Because of these bigger pieces, most heterogeneous mixtures will
scatter light when a beam is passed through.

The “scattering” of light when passed through a mixture is known as the

______________________________________

There are two types of Heterogeneous mixtures…

____________________and __________________________

_______________________ Mixtures (also known as ____________________) do look the same all the way throughout… the
“pieces” inside a solution are usually atoms, ions, or molecules. Because of these super-small pieces, homogeneous
mixtures cannot be separated by filtration, nor do they scatter light. However, evaporation can be used as a means
of separation.

We usually think of solutions as being a solid mixed in a liquid, but this doesn’t always have to be the case! We can
have any combination of the different states of matter…

Gas / Liquid:

Gas / Gas:

Liquid / Liquid:

Solid / Solid:
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PAP 3-2 Matter classification (7:20) http://youtu.be/jNveUnBbX2g http://vimeo.com/49975153

MIXTURES COMPARISON CHART

SOLUTIONS COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS

Type of Mixture Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
Particle Size and Type Small (.01 – 1 nm), can Medium (1-1000 nm), Large (over 1000 nm),
be atoms, ions, or dispersed throughout, large particles
molecules can be large molecules
Separate on Standing? No No Yes – Particles settle out
Separate by Filtration? No No Yes
Scatter Light? No Yes Yes
Example Salt Water Milk Vinaigrette Salad
Dressing

If you had a substance that you were trying to identify as being a solution, colloid, or suspension, what steps would
you take in order to make your decision?

For each of the following, indicate if it is an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture.
Air Ketchup
Rust Granite Rock
Iced Tea Orange Juice
Chicken Soup Sodium Chloride
Dirt Baking Soda
Chlorine Oxygen
Sugar Sugar Water
Gasoline Concrete
Water Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Aluminum

PAP 3-3 Chem Phys Prop (12:54) http://youtu.be/Haz-k63sU-k http://vimeo.com/49975151

II. CHEMICAL VS. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A property is a characteristic that distinguishes a substance. Some examples of properties include:

Amount of energy Dissolves in water Melting point

Area Ductility (ability to be molded) Odor
Boiling point Ability to explode (combust) Ability to react with acid
Clarity Flammability (burning) Ability to react with base
Color Hardness Ability to react with water
Ability to conduct electricity Length Ability to rust
Ability to conduct heat Luster (shine) Ability to tarnish
Consistency Malleability (hammer into sheet) Viscosity (resistance to flow)
Density Mass Volume

___________________ properties describe the substance itself. They can be observed or measured without altering the
chemical identity of the substance (meaning no chemical reaction is necessary to view these properties). Physical
properties can be broken down into two different categories...
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____________________ physical properties depend on the amount of matter present. These properties vary with the
amount of substance present, and therefore cannot be used to uniquely identify a substance.
Write only the extensive physical properties given in the list above.

____________________ physical properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. These properties stay the
same regardless of the amount of substance present, and therefore are frequently used to identify a substance.
Write only the intensive physical properties given in the list above.

Remember, density
is tricky! While it’s a
number, it’s always
the same for a
substance, no
matter how much of WATER
it you have!

____________________ properties describe the ability of a substance to undergo changes that transform it into different
substances. Some sort of chemical reaction must be performed in order to observe these properties.

Write only the chemical properties given in the list above.

Consider the following properties (underlined) for sodium metal: Sodium is a soft(1), silvery-colored(2) metal with
a density of 0.97 g/cm3(3). When a 2 gram sample(4) of sodium metal is ignited, it burns with a yellow flame(5). It
reacts vigorously with chlorine gas(6) to form the salt sodium chloride. Sodium melts at 97.7°C(7) and boils at
883°C(8).

Which are physical properties?

Which are extensive physical properties?
Which are intensive physical properties?
Which are chemical properties?

PAP 3-4 Chem Phys changes (6:31) http://youtu.be/hUA_vJJ4BP4 http://vimeo.com/49976397

1. CHEMICAL VS. PHYSICAL CHANGES

a. _________________________ do not change the identity of a substance. Changes of state (which we will
talk more about later) are all considered to be physical
changes. Many physical changes are reversible.

List some examples of physical changes.

 STUDENT NOTES Pre-AP Chemistry U N I T 3 | Page 6

b. _________________________ transform one or more substances into new, different substances. They
involve some sort of reaction taking place!

There are some key indicators that help us to know whether or not a chemical change has taken place:

(1) An unexpected change in _______________ energy (hotter or colder)

(2) A ____________ is produced (bubbling)
(3) An unexpected ________________ change
(4) A solid ________________________ is produced (cloudiness)
(5) An unexpected apparent ________________ change (means that a gas was involved)
(6) New _______________ formed
(7) ________________ produced (fire)

List some examples of chemical changes. DO THIS ON YOUR OWN!

All of the processes listed below are part of the digestive breakdown of food. For each of the following, classify
them as a chemical or physical change, and give a reason why.

Process C or P? Process C or P?
Chewing food with the teeth Food reacting with HCl in the stomach

Breakdown of proteins into amino Starch breakdown into simpler compounds

acids by saliva
Breakdown of carbohydrates into Churning of food caused by contraction of
simple sugars muscles in the walls of the stomach

IT’S DEMO TIME!

You will be observing some chemical reactions, and recording some observations – both
chemical and physical properties!!!

DEMO #1: Potassium Iodide with Lead (II) Nitrate

Physical Properties of Potassium Iodide

Physical Properties of Lead (II) Nitrate

What happened when we reacted the two

substances with each other?
 STUDENT NOTES Pre-AP Chemistry U N I T 3 | Page 7

What evidence do we have that a

chemical reaction took place?

State a Chemical Property of the

reactants.

DEMO #2: Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid

Physical Properties of Magnesium

Physical Properties of Hydrochloric Acid

What happened when we reacted the two

substances with each other?

What evidence do we have that a

chemical reaction took place?

State a Chemical Property of the

reactants.

DEMO #3: Magnesium with Oxygen (Burning)

Physical Properties of Magnesium

Physical Properties of Oxygen

What happened when we reacted the two

substances with each other?

What evidence do we have that a

chemical reaction took place?

State a Chemical Property of the

reactants.