CHAPTER

02 Migration Types, Cause and Consequences

Introduction:
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. The migration was actually recorded from
India's first census in 1881. This data was recorded on the basis of birthplace. In India, in 2011, of the 455.0 million migrants,
calculated on the basis of last resort, 141.9 million have relocated over the past decade. Of these, 118.7 million were leaving
and moving to neighboring countries. The Indian Census 2011 reports that more than 5 million people have moved to India
from other countries. Of these, about 88.9 per cent are from neighboring countries: Bangladesh is followed by Nepal and
Pakistan.

1. Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. The
migration was actually recorded from India's first census in 1881. This data was
recorded on the basis of birthplace.
In the Census of India migration is calculated on two bases: (i) place of birth, if
place of birth differs from place of calculation (known as migration period); (ii)
accommodation, if the storage location differs from the calculation area (known
as migration by storage area). As of the 2011 census, of the 1,210 million people
in the country, 455.8 million (about 37%) were reported as migrants in
residential areas.

2. Migration streams
There are two main types of migration
introduced here in domestic
(domestic) and foreign migration
(immigration and importation).
Apart from these internal migration
streams, India is also experiencing
migration, citing four streams:
(a) Rural to Rural (R-R);
(b) Rural to Urban (R-U);
(c) City to City (U); and
(d) City to Rural (U-R).

In India, in 2011, of the 455.0 million

migrants, calculated on the basis of
last resort, 141.9 million have
relocated over the past decade. Of
these, 118.7 million were leaving and
moving to neighboring countries.
Table 2.1 presents the details of the
migrants from neighboring countries.
The Indian Census 2011 reports that
more than 5 million people have moved to India from other countries. Of these, about 88.9 per cent are from neighboring
countries: Bangladesh is followed by Nepal and Pakistan.
Immigration:

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. There were 0.16 million refugees from Tibet, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Myanmar.

Emigration:

Apart from this immigration, India also experiences huge emigration. Emigration is the act of leaving one’s own country to settle
permanently in another country. As per census 2001, around 20 million people of the Indian diaspora are spread across 110
countries.

3. Local Diversity in Migration:

Some regions such as Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other provinces such as Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Rajasthan, etc. Maharashtra took first place for immigrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. Uttar Pradesh, on the
other hand, was a region with a high percentage of immigrants.
 4. Causes of Migration

Causes of migration can be divided into two categories-

(i) Pushing Objects:

These cause people to leave their place of residence or origin; and
in India people are migrating from rural areas to cities mainly due
to poverty, high world population oppression, lack of basic
infrastructure such as health care, education, etc. Apart from
these factors, natural disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclonic
storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, wars and local conflicts also
provide extra impetus for migration.

(ii) Pull Features:

Pull Features that attract people from different places. There are attractions that attract people from rural areas to cities.
The most important thing that attracts the majority of rural people who move to urban areas is better opportunities, the
availability of regular employment and relatively high wages. Better educational opportunities, better health facilities and
resources, etc., are also important aspects of attracting.

5. Migration Effect

Migration is a response to the unequal distribution of opportunities in an area. People tend to move from a place of less
opportunity and lower security to a place of higher opportunity and better security. This, too, creates both advantages and
disadvantages for places.

6. Economic Effect
The amount of income sent by domestic migrants is very small
compared to international migrants, but it plays an important role in
the growth of the resource economy. Remittances are mainly used for
food, debt repayment, medical treatment, marriages, children's
education, agricultural equipment, housing, etc. The migration of
people from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh and Odessa to the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, and
Western Uttar Pradesh cited the success of their green
transformation strategy for agricultural development. Apart from
this, uncontrolled emigration to major Indian cities has caused congestion. The development of slums in industrialized provinces
such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi is a negative consequence of unregulated migration.

7. Demographic Effect

Urban migration to rural areas is one of the key factors contributing to urban population growth. The age and ability to choose
to migrate to rural areas has a negative impact on rural populations. However, high migration from Uttarakhand, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh and East Maharashtra has brought about significant age inequalities and gender composition in these
provinces. Similar inequalities are introduced in recipient countries

8. Social Effect
Immigrants act as agents for social change. New ideas related to new technologies,
family planning, girls' education, etc. It is distributed from cities to rural areas. It
has such a positive effect as the emergence of a cohesive culture and the
breakdown of subconscious ideas and expanding the psychological horizons of
the people as a whole. But there are also serious consequences such as
disagreements, which create a social stigma and depression. A persistent feeling
of discouragement may encourage people to fall into the trap of social ills, such as
crime and drug abuse.

9. Environmental Effect

Overcrowding due to urbanization has put pressure on existing social infrastructure and infrastructure in urban areas. This
ultimately leads to the random growth of urban settlements and the formation of informal settlements. Apart from this, due to
the over-exploitation of natural resources, cities are facing serious problems with groundwater depletion, air pollution, sewage
disposal and solid waste management.

10. Others Consequence

Migration affects the status of women directly or indirectly. In rural areas,

the migration of men by choice to leave and leave their wives puts additional
physical and mental pressure on women. The migration of ‘women’ for
education or employment enhances their independence and their
contribution to the economy.
 Questions For Practice
1. In which stream, female migration is (c) Bengaluru Urban Area (d) Reasons for migration
highest? (d) Chennai Urban Area 18. As per 2011 Census, how many
(a) Rural to Rural 9. What work was done by Indian people have migrated to India from
(b) Rural to Urban Migrants in the West Indies? other countries?
(c) Urban to Urban (a) Mining (a) More than 5 million persons
(d) Urban to Rural (b) Industries (b) More than 6 million persons
2. How many remittances does India (c) Plantation farming (c) More than 7 million persons
receive from international (d) Horticulture (d) More than 8 million persons
migrants? 10. The migrants in India (2001 census) 19. Which one of the following states
(a) 7 Billion Dollars are? receives a maximum number of
(b) 8 Billion Dollars (a) 10.7 crores (b) 15.7 crores immigrants?
(c) 10 Billion Dollars (c) 20.7 chrome (d) 30.7 crores (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Delhi
(d) 11 Billion Dollars 11. What work was done by Indian (c) Maharashtra (d) Bihar
3. Which one of the following states Migrants in the West Indies?
20. How many remittances does India
receives a maximum number of (a) Mining
receive from international
immigrants? (b) Industries
(c) Plantation farming migrants?
(a) Uttar Pradesh (a) 7 Billion Dollars
(d) Horticulture
(b) Delhi (b) 8 Billion Dollars
(c) Maharashtra 12. How many streams of migration?
(c) 10 Billion Dollars
(d) Bihar (a) 1 (b) 2
(d) 11 Billion Dollars
(c) 3 (d) 4
4. Which of the following information 21. Immigrants to India (2001 census)
was added in the 1981 Census? 13. Which one of the following is the
main reason for male migration in are:
(a) Occupation of head of the family (a) 10.7 crores (b) 15.7 crores
(b) Place of Birth India?
(a) Marriage (c) 20.7 million (d) 30.7 crores
(c) Place of residence
(b) Work and Employment 22. In which neighboring countries, do
(d) Reasons for migration
(c) Business (d) Education most immigrants come to India?
5. As per 2011 Census, how many
14. Which one of the following urban (a) Pakistan (b) Bangladesh
people have migrated to India from agglomerations has the highest (c) in Nepal (d) Sri Lanka
other countries? share in migrant population?
(a) More than 5 million persons 23. How many immigrants are in Uttar
(a) Mumbai Urban Area
(b) More than 6 million persons (b) Delhi Urban Area Pradesh?
(c) More than 7 million persons (c) Bengaluru Urban Area (a) 16 lakhs (b) 20 lakhs
(d) More than 8 million persons (d) Chennai Urban Area (c) 23 lakhs (d) 26 lakhs
6. Choose the country from which the 15. What is the main reason behind 24. What percentage of women migrate
maximum number of migrants male migration in India from rural after marriage?
comes to India? to urban areas? (a) 45 (b) 50
(a) Afghanistan (b) Bangladesh (a) Employment (b) Marriage (c) 55 (d) 65
(c) Nepal (d) China (c) Education (d) All
25. How much exports do India receive
7. What is the main reason behind 16. Choose the country from which the from international migrants?
male migration in India from rural maximum number of migrants (a) 7 billion dollars
to urban areas? comes to India. (b) 8 billion dollars
(a) Employment (b) Marriage (a) Afghanistan (b) Bangladesh
(c) 10 billion dollars
(c) Education (d) All (c) Nepal (d) China
(d) 11 billion dollars
8. Which one of the following urban 17. Which of the following information
was added in the 1981 Census? 26. Which of the following provinces
agglomerations has the highest has the highest number of
(a) Occupation of head of the
share in migrant population? immigrants?
family
(a) Mumbai Urban Area (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Delhi
(b) Place of Birth
(b) Delhi Urban Area (c) Place of residence (c) Maharashtra (d) Bihar
27. What is the role of Indian (c) Cities to City (d) Chennai Urban Area
immigrants in the West Indies? (d) Urban to Rural 30. Which one of the following streams
(a) Mining (b) Industries 29. Which of the following city groups are dominated by male migrants in
(c) Crop planting (d) Farming have the highest share of India?
28. Where is the spread, the migration immigration? (a) In rural areas
of women is the highest? (a) Mumbai Urban Area (b) In urban-rural areas
(a) Rural to rural (b) Delhi Urban Area (c) Rural-urban
(b) Rural to City (c) Bengaluru Urban Area (d) Urban-urban

Solutions
1. (a) 4. (d) 7. (a) 10. (d) 13. (b) 16. (b) 19. (a) 22. (b) 25. (d) 28. (a)
2. (d) 5. (a) 8. (a) 11. (c) 14. (a) 17. (d) 20. (d) 23. (d) 26. (a) 29. (a)
3. (a) 6. (b) 9. (c) 12. (d) 15. (a) 18. (a) 21. (d) 24. (d) 27. (c) 30. (c)