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The document provides an overview of digital computers, detailing their hierarchical organization and major components such as the CPU, main memory, and input/output systems. It explains the von Neumann architecture, the functions of a computer, and introduces concepts like microoperations and Register Transfer Language (RTL) for describing operations within a computer system. Additionally, it discusses the designation of registers and types of microoperations relevant to computer organization and assembly language.

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4 views25 pages

CE222_Slides1

The document provides an overview of digital computers, detailing their hierarchical organization and major components such as the CPU, main memory, and input/output systems. It explains the von Neumann architecture, the functions of a computer, and introduces concepts like microoperations and Register Transfer Language (RTL) for describing operations within a computer system. Additionally, it discusses the designation of registers and types of microoperations relevant to computer organization and assembly language.

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Софья файсаловна
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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CE222

Computer Organization and


Assembly Language

Salman Ashraf

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering


DIGITAL COMPUTER

• A digital computer is a data processing machine which is


operated automatically under the control of a list of instructions
(called a program) stored in its main memory.
DIGITAL COMPUTER

• A digital computer system consists of interconnection of


digital hardware modules that accomplish a specific
computing task.

• These modules (or components) include


– CPU
– Main memory
– System interconnection
– Input/output
ORGANIZATION OF COMPONENTS

• A computer’s organization is hierarchical


– A hierarchical system is a set of interconnected subsystems, each of
which is also hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level of
elementary subsystem.
– For computers, each major component can be further described by
decomposing it into its subcomponents.
– At each level the designer is concerned with structure and function.

• Structure is the way in which components are inter-


connected.

• Function is the operation performed by a subsystem


or an individual component.
ORGANIZATION OF COMPONENTS

• We follow a top down approach and begin with the major


components of a computer, describing their structure and
function, and proceed to successively lower layers of the
hierarchy.
STRUCTURE - TOP LEVEL

Structural organization of a Computer

Peripheral devices

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
Lines for external
environment
STRUCTURE - THE CPU
Structural Organization of CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Logic Unit
System CPU
Interconnection
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
STRUCTURE - THE CONTROL UNIT
Structural Components of Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic

Internal Control
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
THE VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

General-purpose (von Neumann) Architecture


THE VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

• Main memory stores programs and data.

• Control unit interprets instructions from memory for execution.

• Both data and instructions are loaded to the registers for


processing.

• ALU performs the data processing functions.

• Instructions are executed sequentially (from one instruction to the


next, in order of their location in memory) unless the order is
explicitly modified.
FUNCTION

• Computer functions are:


– Data movement
– Data storage
– Data processing
– Control
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL
OPERATION (a) DATA MOVEMENT
OPERATION (b) STORAGE
OPERATION (c) PROCESSING FROM/TO STORAGE
OPERATION (d) PROCESSING FROM STORAGE TO I/O
CPU ORGANIZATION

• The internal organization of a computer system is best defined by the


structure and functions of the hardware modules, for example the
registers in CPU.
- That is, by the structure and functions of various registers.

• Viewing a computer, or any digital system, at this micro


level is called the register transfer level.
MICROOPERATION

• An elementary level operation (function) performed on one


or more registers is called a microoperation.

• Examples of microoperations for “addition” operation:


– Load (replace the previous binary information of a register)
– Add
REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE

• Rather than specifying a digital system in words, a system of


notations is used, namely, the Register Transfer Language (RTL).

• Register Transfer Language


– A system to express a sequence of microoperations in of symbolic form
– A convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital
computers
– Used to facilitate the design process of digital systems
DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS

• Registers are designated by capital letters, sometimes


followed by numbers (e.g., A, R13, IR)
• Often the names indicate their function:
– MAR - memory address register
– PC - program counter
– IR - instruction register

• Registers and their contents can be viewed and represented in


various ways
– A register can be viewed as a single entity:

MAR

– Registers may also be represented showing the bits of data they contain
DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS

• Designation of a register
- a register
- portion of a register
- a bit of a register

• Common ways of drawing the block diagram of a register

Register Showing individual bits


R1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15 0 15 8 7 0
R2 PC(H) PC(L)
Numbering of bits in a 16-bit register Subfields
BASIC SYMBOLS FOR REGISTER TRANSFERS

Symbols Description Examples


Capital letters Denotes a register MAR, R2
& numerals

Parentheses () Denotes a part of a register R2(0-7), R2(L)


Arrow  Denotes transfer of information R2  R1
Colon : Denotes termination of control function P:
Comma , Separates two microoperations A  B, C  D
TYPES OF MICROOPERATIONS

• Computer system microoperations are of four types:

- Register transfer microoperations


- Arithmetic microoperations
- Logic microoperations
- Shift microoperations
REGISTER TRANSFER

• Copying the contents (information transfer) from one register


to another is a register transfer.

• Symbolically, a register transfer is indicated by means of a


replacement operator, as

R2  R1

– In this case the contents of register R1 are copied (loaded) into


register R2
– A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the
destination register R2
– Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are not
altered by copying (loading) them to R2
REGISTER TRANSFER

• A register transfer such as

R2  R1

Implies that the digital system has

– the data lines from the source register (R1) to the destination
register (R2)
– Parallel load capability at destination register (R2)
– Control lines to perform the action

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