ORIGINAL RESEARCH

published: 10 March 2022

doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.861282

Dynamic Performance Evaluation of

Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable
Energy-Based Power Generation for
Stability and Power Quality
Enhancement in Smart Grid
Mohammad Amir 1, Anjani Kumar Prajapati 2* and Shady S. Refaat 3,4*
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Delhi, India,
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, MMM University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India, 3Department of Electrical Engineering,
Texas A&M University, Doha, Qatar, 4School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Engineering,
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom

Today’s stochastic grid system is experiencing huge voltage fluctuations, which is responsible
for power quality issues in the smart microgrid network due to its intermittent nature as well as
penetration of hybrid renewable resources. Thus, the dynamic performance evaluation and
Edited by:
Shabana Urooj,
their control are essential to sustaining the stability of the grid network. A d-q controller
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman mechanism is suggested to maintain the balance of the distributed generation network and
University, Saudi Arabia
grid side network. A dynamic control mechanism of voltage source converter (VSC) is
Reviewed by:
presented in the MPPT-based wind power generating station, where an induction
Krishnakumar R. Vasudevan,
GE Global Research, India generator generates the power by the optimal control of the wind energy-based
Ahmed AL-Jumaili, subsystem. The distributed hybrid generation (solar PV and wind) subsystem’s output
University of Fallujah, Iraq
terminal is linked to the DC bus bar’s common link via the VSC. A VSI is utilized to
*Correspondence:
Anjani Kumar Prajapati
convert the desired DC power to alternating current power. To regulate and improve the
[email protected] performance of the proposed hybrid power generating systems (HPGS), a supercapacitor
Shady S. Refaat
(SC) is used to smooth out the ripple on the distribution side in the power grid. Furthermore, the
[email protected]
dynamic stability of grid-connected solar PV and wind power generation systems is
Specialty section: investigated. This article also proposed an effective control scheme for the SC in HPGS
This article was submitted to under the influence of weak grid conditions. This article aimed to validate the efficiency of the
Smart Grids,
a section of the journal VSI topology; a PI controller stability enhancement approach is used in a proposed grid system
Frontiers in Energy Research under various disturbance conditions. Finally, the simulation results and FFT-based power
Received: 24 January 2022 quality response analysis are validated through the effective utilization of an SC.
Accepted: 14 February 2022
Published: 10 March 2022 Keywords: dynamic stability, HPGS, induction generator, photovoltaic array, supercapacitor, supply power grid,
THD, smart grid
Citation:
Amir M, Prajapati AK and Refaat SS
(2022) Dynamic Performance
Abbreviations: IG, induction generator; PV, photovoltaic module; DC , duty cycle (DC-DC boost converter); d, q, values of d
Evaluation of Grid-Connected Hybrid
and q axis; ρ, differential operator; ZL , load impedance; VC , IC , values of AC-to-DC converter voltage and current; Vi , Ii , values
Renewable Energy-Based Power
of DC-to-AC inverter voltage and current; PV, values of solar PV module; NL, no-load case; L, values of loaded case; M,
Generation for Stability and Power measured values; BES, battery energy system; DERs, distributed energy resources; VSC, voltage source converter; FFCL, feed-
Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid. forward control loop; VSI, voltage source inverter; d-q, direct quadrature; P&O, perturbation and observation; MPPT,
Front. Energy Res. 10:861282. maximum power point tracking; HPGS, hybrid power generation system; XC , commutation reactance; RL , loading resistance;
doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.861282 SC, supercapacitor; LPF, low-pass filter; THD, total harmonic distortion; PCC, point of common coupling.

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

1 INTRODUCTION Various generation control methods have comprised MPPT

control ((perturbation and observation (P and O), hill-
Recently, the use of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy climbing, etc.), intelligent-based genetic hybrid system, fuzzy-
resources (like solar, wind, and hydro) increases rapidly based control, artificial neural network (Amir and Zaheeruddin,
because of the huge expansion in the load demand on the 2019), and other machine learning approaches to maximize the
distributed generating system (Kim et al., 2008). But on the distributed power from variable renewable resources
other hand, it prompts significant issues and consequences by (Chandrasekaran et al., 2021). On the other hand, various
the intermittent nature of these hybrid energy resources (Salimi research studies proposed the optimal controller design and
et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021). Despite the availability of energy their optimization approach for the grid-connected
resources, grid modernization and consumers interest are photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. Although the
increasing in the energy market (Amir and Khan, 2021). To control approach was presented and mainly focused on the
meet the desired electricity demand, the most effective solution is hybrid development of the wind-photovoltaic-based stand-
to use affordable sustainable energy sources (Armghan et al., alone system (Soliman et al., 2018), there is a huge challenge
2020; Sanguesa et al., 2021; ). According to the energy reports in the practical control design for large stand-alone photovoltaic
(MNRE, 2019), in India, 56 percent of wind energy and 34 per and wind-based hybrid power generation systems. The dynamic
cent of solar power supplies fulfill the consumer’s electricity stability of a grid-connected distributed generation station is
demand. That was generated by a key factor in promoting coupled with different stages of the power transformer (Urooj
sustainable energy sources such as PV and wind-based et al., 2021) and converter mechanism, which is having a
resources and their interconnection with the on/off the grid simultaneous diesel dynamo, and dynamic energy storage to
(ToghaniHolari et al., 2020). The solar and wind energy utilize the maximum generation curve for the development of
hybrid power generation systems (HPGS) were primarily remote emergency backup systems.
extended because the solar power plant’s common accessibility The basic control structure of a grid-connected hybrid
and output generating power are dependent on the following resource topology in a smart grid is shown in Figure 1. To
environmental factors: individual irradiance accessibility, improve the effectiveness of battery systems with HPGS, various
ambient temperature, and wind velocity (Okundamiya, 2021). research studies were performed (Amir and Srivastava, 2018;
These resources produce a discontinuous and irregular voltage as Shayeghi et al., 2020). A self-control approach of charge control
a consequence of the substantial impact of hybrid RES by the was built with BSS at different levels. The utilization of reactive
climate and weather variation (Ni et al., 2021; Praveen Kumar power (Q) limiters to increase the dynamic stability of the grid-
et al., 2021). To help with these issues, the hybrid renewable connected wind–photovoltaic HPGS throughout the DC-link has
energy network is integrated with the grid network to identify been demonstrated in the study by Krishan and Suhag (2020).To
resource reliability. Furthermore, the MPPT control technique is stabilize the power, super capacitors (SC) were deployed in a
required to maximize the generation and control the most hybrid microgrid system (Ponnuru et al., 2021). It should be
unusual power sources (BhatNempu and Jayalakshmi, 2020). taken into consideration that nearly all the suggested control

FIGURE 1 | Schematic block illustration of the grid-connected HPGS through inverter’s topology.

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

HPGS approaches had been mostly dependent on wind and PV enhancement in the SC and PI controller scheme over
subsystems. This is caused by the availability and potential of variation in different parameters like improvisation using d-q
hybrid wind and PV to supplement other resources. However, in control in DC link voltage was verified. Respectively, a significant
recent years, wind energy is usually an enormous renewable drop in the ripple contents was present in VSI normal operation,
energy resource that has recently been (Sharma and Suhag, and finally, the better dynamic performance of HPGS was
2018) regularly evolving in the direction of commercialized integrated to the weak grid.
distributed generation in smart microgrids (Kumar et al., The remaining part of the article proceeds as follows: In
2021). It is stated that the utilization of ocean energy may Section 2, the design and mathematical modeling are
come up with an important role in the emerging remote presented. The control mechanism of the HPGS and converter
power generation technology in the coming years (Patel et al., topology is discussed in Section 3. The results of the suggested SC
2020). Typically, among all types of the available power station and controller topology for the proposed HPGS model are
like wind plants and ocean energy, the wind power station is presented in Section 4. At last, the key conclusions and future
usually having the key thing of many gripping as well as favorable framework of the HPGS are shown in the last section.
options for power generation credited into its attributes regarding
excessive potential stability in smart grid operation (Sanki et al.,
2021). However, various control analyses of WPGS methods have 2 DESIGN OF THE GRID-CONNECTED
been performed and demonstrated in the study by Punna et al. HPGS MODEL
(2021). The research presented in the study by Argyrou et al.
(2021) is a feasibility analysis of dynamic control of the The wind energy subsystem and PV subsystems are coupled to
photovoltaic–wind hybrid sustainable energy system in islands the grid of the distributed network, as referred from Figure 1.
in Malaysia. In most cases (Wang and Lin, 2007), the The step-up converter connected to the PV module consists of
investigation and implementation of SC for optimal an MPPT tracking algorithm. Although the power delivered to
performance evaluation are examined through the root-loci the grid via a hybrid system is fluctuating in nature, a
results and analysis under the inherent value of resources to supercapacitor (SC) is used to minimize the ripples and
control generating output. A schematic framework of an HPGS harmonics (Dai et al., 2016). The material used for
grid-connected system with SC is demonstrated in Figure 1. constructing the supercapacitor has the characteristics of
Earlier, Al-Dhalaan et al. (1998) research work aimed the higher quick repose time, high power density, and does not
utilization of self-commutation-based inverters. The controlling require any cooling system (Urooj et al., 2020; Adil et al., 2022).
parameters such as V/F are necessary for islanding detection. The supercapacitor also maintained a balanced active power
Some control techniques regarding islanding detection and their operation of the converter topology so that the interconnected
control are presented (Pinto and Panda, 2016). However, Ravikumar converter and inverter can perform smoothly. The control
and Venkatanarayanan (2020) showed a framework of converter mechanism for the VSI topology is presented in equations
control and employed for grid-connected solar PV systems. This ((Eqs 1, 3, 5) for “d” parameter and (Eqs 2, 4, 6) for “q”
research investigates a power regulatory control in hybrid (solar and parameter). The VSI control is shown in Figure 1, in which
wind) distributed power systems based on the MPPT control. To computation and control of grid power through LC filter (Naidu
ensure the effective utilization of hybrid resources, the Fuzzy-based et al., 2019), a DC link network line, and a multilevel converter
FIS method is employed to achieve the MPPT for the hybrid (solar topology.
PV module and WT) subsystem. In this article, we will examine the
transient stability and Q compensation control in the HPGS using a LI × p × idI
−RI .idI + ωe .LI .iqI + υdI − υdPCC , (1)
supercapacitor. It provides efficient utilization of energy resources LI × p × iqI
−RI .iqI − ωe .LI .idI + υqI − υqPCC , (2)
and decreases consumption of battery storage, thus enhancing C I × p × υdPCC
idI − idTL + ωe × C I × υqPCC , (3)
battery health (Faessler, 2021). The proposed system is
C I × p × υqPCC
iqI − iqTL − ωe × C I × υdPCC , (4)
investigated with the MATLAB Simulink tool.
This article offers the dynamic stability enhancement strategy LTL × p × idTL
−RTL × idTL + ωe .LTL .iqTL + υdPCC − υdinf , (5)
and the performance steady-state characteristics of the HPGS, (LTL )p
iqTL 
−RTL × iqTL − ωe .LTL .idTL + υqPCC − υqinf . (6)
which is delivering power to the demand-side loads, for the
improvement in the HPGS variables under grid (Amir and The dynamic control units of all these subsystems can be
Srivastava, 2019). Also, a voltage stabilization scheme is expressed from Eqs 1–6, where (υdI and υdl ) and (idI and idq )
presented for the supercapacitor (SC) in the HPGS under the are the voltage and currents of the VSI, respectively. Also, the
influence of weak grid conditions. HES, based on the PV system point of common coupling (PCC) voltages (υdPCC together
connected to the weak grid, was considered for the evaluation of with υqPCC ) and voltage (υdinf together with υqinf ) were
the system. The novel control scheme was designed to enhance measured at the same level of the PCC. Current idTL and
quality power issues, also caused the reduction of ripples in the iqTL are usually showing the interconnection range through
content through the VSI system with the DC link, and also the transmission line. The conventional full-bridge-based
improved the stability range of the HPGS by retaining the power electronic converter topology has been commonly
performance of the SC. Also, the proposed HES was designed implemented for the 3∅ HPGS because of the simplified
and simulated in the MATLAB-R2021b tool, and the circuit structure, lower cost, better efficiency, lower leakage

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

FIGURE 2 | (A) Circuit of stand-alone single photovoltaic cell, (B) dynamic PV, converter circuit diagram, and (C) equivalent diagram.

current, and so on (Estévez-Bén et al., 2020). For this research resulted current (in ampere) of the analyzed PV array range is
work, a two-level 3∅-VSI is employed to control active (P) and indicated by Eq. 7.
reactive power (Q) in the grid integrated system. Which is divided
q(V PV + RP1 I PV )
into three models and controlled has 2 levels, a DC-to-DC boost I PV
N ij I ph − N jk I NL exp  − 1
stage conversion and further a DC-AC inversion level. The DC kATN se N ij
side subsystem model consists of a PV module-based DER, which (V PV + RP2 I PV )
is dependent on solar irradiance variation. The DC-DC converter − . (7)
RP2
is a necessary part to the interface to convert the lower VDC
output from the PV subsystem by the utility grid system via Here, VPV is the voltage of a PV module, PV range, Nij , and
appropriate consumption voltage. The converter model consists Njk are typically the required PV units attached in parallel as
of a converter and filter together with the grid control subsystem distributed generation, individually (Zolfaghari et al., 2018),
by controlling V, F, and synchronization of the distributed grid. where Nse is the quantity of the sequence-linked cells in a PV
The proposed model of the layout framework comprises the module; the parallel resistances are Rp1 and Rp2
distributed grid and different loads. correspondingly, and IPh and INL are a particular phase
current (in amp) and no-load current (in amp),
respectively, in Eqs 8, 9.
2.1 Design of a Solar PV Subsystem With a G
Converter Circuit I PH
I T,n + ki
T p − T pn  . , (8)
Gn
Generally, the PV module shows a non-linear power 3
characteristic, which varies as solar irradiation (in kW/m2 ) Tp
I NL
I T,n . . (9)
and ambient temperature vary. The model’s classes of grid T pn
systems with PV cells have been described in several pieces of
Additionally, generated current (I 0,k ) is shown in Eq. 10.
the literature (Estévez-Bén et al., 2020). As a distributed
intermittent power resource, a solar PV module is reflected I sc,k
I 0,k
, (10)
as the significant importance in the HPGS. The operational exp qV oc,k 
kAT k N ij  − 1
framework of a solar PV cell formulates the key characteristic
in building a solar PV module by Eq. 7 (Patel, 2006). The where T is the cell temperature (in oK) and G is the inversion (in
photovoltaic module is made up of various PV cells K) and photovoltaic irradiance (in kW/m2). Individually, for
interconnected in sequences of the array. The PV module instance, the electron energy is related within semiconductors
is developed by a series of PV cells that are associated in a (ev ). Also, A is the charge of the electron (in C), the Boltzmann
particular order. The schematic circuit of the stand-alone PV constant (within J/K), in addition to the diode operation.
cell with the diode is shown in Figure 2A. Figure 2C displays the simplified analysis through the DC/DC
This circuit consists of a PV cell that is composed of the power converter, which is coupled with the PV module to the DC link
supply current (Iph ), a diode (Dj ), a parallel resistance (Rpar ), connection. The switching behavior of a diode (D) as a switch (S)
and q is the electron charge; and a series resistance (Rse ) is demonstrated in Figure 2B. The chopper DC/DC converter is
increasing the unit of a PV cell to maximize the PV generated displayed in Figure 2C. Hence, the dynamic calculation is utilized
power range is shown within (Nwaigwe et al., 2019), and the to simulate the DC/DC converter.

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

grid. For the design of a controller associated with the PV

inverter, the transfer function in the frequency domain is to be
achieved. So forth, a small-signal model was introduced to
make the dynamic equations linear. Eq. 9 has been used to
calculate the average value of the inductor voltage. Finally,
using Eq. 10, the transfer function for the system can be
obtained and thus used to design the controller for the
associated PV inverters.

d
igr 
L
(2d − 1) × (v DC ) − R.
igr  − vgr , (15)
dt
FIGURE 3 | I-V and P-V characteristics of 4 series modules and 2 parallel
^igr (s)
2D − 1.^
vDC (s) +
2V DC ^
.d(s) −
1
× v^gr (s). (16)
strings at 25 ℃, 30℃, 45℃ temperature rating.
Ls + R Ls + R Ls + R
High-order filters have been used for the suppression of
desired harmonics; it is a combination of L and C together.
F c × Pw × V PV
iPV − iLP , (11) Therefore, higher frequency harmonics have been suppressed by
(F L ).(Pw ). (iLP )
−RP iLP + V PV − (1 − K P ).V DC , (12) the LCL filter. A damping-based resistor is generally employed in
the design of an L-C-L filter to rectify the system resonance issues
iPV−DC

1 − K p .iLP . (13) that may be responsible for instability in a hybrid grid system
(Teodorescu, 2011).
Here Fc is typically the filter capacitance, iPV−DC is the current
The FFT-based THD analysis of voltage characteristics is
of dc-link through the PV module, LC and RC are the certain values
shown in Figure 4. Initially, when the load is not increasing,
of converter inductance and resistance, respectively. In addition to
the THD in the distributed voltage is found at 14.67% and the
this, KP will be the liable ratio from the current DC/DC converter.
waveform has a nominal value of RMS voltage.
Also, iLP is the inductor current and VDC is the dc-link voltage.
The power and current characteristics with respect to the
voltage of a PV module are demonstrated in Figure 3. The
2.3 WPGS for VSC Designed
The design of the wind power generation control system is based
proposed solar PV module is simulated for average insolation
on a mass-spring-damper control system (Kumar et al., 2021)
(800 W/m2) with a temperature of 27 ℃.
that can be modeled as
p(z)
U z , (17)
2.2 Mathematical Modeling of Solar PV mt × p × uz
F w − K s − K D .uz − Pf , (18)
Inverters
The main objective is to feed extracted HPGS power via the where the gear operator is symbolized by p, the floater wind
boost conversion stage into the distributed grid by distributed speed is denoted by z, Uz are the distances, mt is the overall
grid-side converters. This is accomplished by the control of size of the specific floater, Fw is the certain force coming from
DC-link voltage as mentioned in the study by Hoon et al. the wind, and Pf is the pressure exerted on the floater. In Eq.
(2016). In this research work, a VSI was linked to the 18, KD along with Ks are the dissipating ratio and spring
distributed grid through an L-type filter for better constants, respectively. The LPMG’s representation based
response. Similarly, boost converters or the PV inverters upon the d-q axis mechanism of WPG is expressed as
have been controlled by the controlling of the duty cycles, (Penalba et al., 2017)
and hence, output voltage was regulated. Various techniques
LdLG × p × idLG
ωz .LqLG .iqLG − RLG .idLG − vdLG , (19)
based on PWM can be employed to generate the duty cycle for
the inverters. A bipolar modulation has been preferred due to
its low leakage current. This is important for transformer-less
PV systems. There are two switching states in bipolar
modulation: 1). SW1 , SW4 are on, and SW2 , SW3 are off,
and 2). SW1, SW4 are off, and SW2 , SW3 is on. Required
expressions are given by Eq. 8.

⎪
⎧ digr
⎪
⎨ L. dt
v DC − R × igr − vgr , 0 ≤ t < d.T sw
⎪
⎪ , (14)
⎪
⎪
⎩ L. digr
−vDC − R × igr − v gr , d.T sw ≤ t < T sw
dt
where vDC is an input DC voltage from the VSI by boost stage
FIGURE 4 | FFT window for RL load voltage.
with voltage (vgr ) and current (igr ) parameters of the HPGS

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

RE + (1 − D)(RC R) (1 − D)R

⎢
⎡
⎢ − − ⎤⎥ 1
pi ⎢
⎢
⎢ LE LE (R + RC ) ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ iE ⎢
⎡
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥
⎣ E ⎤⎦
⎢
⎡ ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥.⎡ ⎣ ⎤⎦ + ⎢
⎢
⎢ L E⎥ ⎥
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎦ vC ⎣ ⎥⎥⎦v g ,
⎢
⎢
pvc ⎣ (1 − D)R −1
0
(R + RC )C (R + RC )C

(22)
R i
vE
 (1 − D)(RC R) .  E . (23)
(R + RC ) vC

Eqs 21, 22 are representing the converter state vector model

and its output, iE is the current through inductor LE , vc is the
voltage within capacitor C, vE is the voltage across the output
FIGURE 5 | Representation of controller framework used for the design terminals of the converter, and D is the duty ratio of the switching
of WPGS. device to transfigure input voltage to other higher-level voltage.
DC-AC inverter system linearization modeling is shown by the
following equations.
The output voltage on a per-unit basis across the VSI terminals
LqLG × p × iqLG
ωz .ψ PM − ωz .LdLG .idLG − RLG .iqLG − vqLG . (20) is given as follows, in Eq. 23:
In Eq. 19, idLG , iqLG , vdLG , and vqLG are both the d and q-axis π
V I
V qI × cos γI −   × X CI × I I . (24)
voltages and current parameters, respectively. Also, RLG is the 6
resistance of stator-winding. In Eq. 20, LdLG G and LqLG include
In Eq. 23, VI and II are representing inverter input side voltage
the d-q-axis inductance parameters individually.
and current, respectively, γI is the excitation angle, XCI depicts the
commutation choke reactance of VSI, and VqI is a voltage of the
(2τK D U z )
iqLG ref
. (21) inverter output side. The system linearization equations for the
3πψ PM 
HPGS along with converters and inverter topology can be simplified
in the most appropriate formats as follows:
The control mechanism of WPGS for VSC is designed
based on d and q axis parameters related to the particular p[X]
f ([X], [U], t), (25)
translation for the LPMG, which is modified in the control
operator associated with the VSC. The operation of the WPGS where [X] is representing the state vector, [U] is the control input
control operator is to get optimum energy coming from the vector, and f is a non-linear vector of the concerned hybrid
wind energy resources and enhance the energy in the LPMG. In system. Eq. 24 can be written in the linearized format as follows:
research (Kulkarni et al., 2016), we can evaluate the energy p[ΔX]
[A][ΔX] + [B][ΔU] . (26)
loss in the particular LPMG and the effective energy
transformed from the wind resources to manage and Here, [A] and [B] represent the HPGS and controller matrix,
simply by d and q axis parameters of the LPMG (idLG and respectively, and det([A] − γ[I]) is the characteristic system
iqLG ), individually. As referred from Figure 5, the proposed linearization equation expressed as follows in Eq. 27.
control structure associated with the VSC to determine the det [A] − γ[I]
0, (27)
d-q axis parameters of LPMG as per reference indexes idLG ref
and iqLG ref , and optimal use of PI controller. where [I] is the identity matrix of a suitable rank, and γ is the
eigenvalue of the proposed system matrix [A]. When any
characteristic root is being on the right side of the principal
2.4 Implementation of DC-DC/DC-AC complex Laplacian plane, then the HPGS may be subjected to
Topologies disturbance, and it may lead toward its overall system instability.
Solar and wind are both energy resources that are intermittent in
nature. Thus, stability can be improved by the hybrid resources of 2.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of a DC-DC Boost
these two systems to comply with the remote areas. These systems Converter
can be further employed for the application of storage systems DC-to-DC converters bring forth the loads and PV modules. DC-
through the admittable converter systems, that is, AC-DC to-DC boost converters have inherent properties like higher power
converters, then DC-DC converters, and again DC-AC density and faster response during transient periods. The primary
converters. The load demands can be consummated by these components of the DC-to-DC converters are inductance (L), a
renewable sources combined with storage systems and various diode (D), filter capacitance (C), and a high-power semiconductor
converter/inverter systems. This hybrid system has shown diverse (MOSFET/IGBT) switch. Usually, they are used in PV inverter
dominance to supply the energy demand by converter topology. systems to find their application for the control of power extraction
Eqs 21, 22 used for the DC-to-DC converter for boost operation in PV systems with the appropriate implementation of MPPT
are expressed as follows: algorithms (Elbarbary and Alranini, 2021). The purpose of MPPT

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

current (isPV ) through the solar PV system, which is derived as

given by Eq. 30.
v spv
isPV
iS.C − . (30)
RMP
Here, isPV is the current through the solar PV subsystem, iS.C is
the respective short-circuit current, and vspv is the voltage across
the solar PV module.

2.5 Supercapacitor and DC-DC Converter

The equivalent circuit of the supercapacitor (SC) is shown in
Figure 6A. In addition to the capacitance (CSC) of the SC, the
optimal placement of SC represents as well as holds into
consideration reactive power compensation using SC. From
Figure 6A, the dynamic computation of the SC is employed
and represented by Eq. 31.
SC c × Pw
SCSCPSCSCVC , (31)
V SC
V qscsc csc , (32)

where SC is the voltage (VSC ) and current (iSC ), respectively, and

VCSC is the voltage across CSC .
The simplified layout of the control schemes is presented in
Figure 6B. The DC-DC converter comprises two switches (SW1
and SW2), which are operated in a switch operation. The
converter is enabled by the boost setting of the circulation
current. Switch SW2 works as a switch, whereas SW1 works as
a diode, and the energy is fed by the SC to the DC link.
Furthermore, once operating the DC-DC converter in the
supercharged condition, the transitioning approach is usually
overlooked. Figures 6C,D describe the active mean value of
bidirectional DC-DC topology, which is step-down and setting
FIGURE 6 | (A) Equivalent circuit of an SC, (B) DC-DC converter
comprises two switches (SW1 and SW2), (C) simplified structure, (D)
of desired voltage. The mathematical expression of the converter
Framework of a back-to-back DC-DC converter. (E) Control structural layout mode topology is given in the following text.
of the DC/DC converter topology for SC.
a) In the boost mode:
Ls × p × isc
−Rs .isc + V sc − (1 − Ds ) × V DC , (33)
in the PV-based subsystem is to continuously extract maximum
power from solar PV modules irrespective of the load condition or iSC−DC
(1 − Ds ) × isc . (34)
weather. In general, an efficient MPPT algorithm can be defined
based on three main aspects: fast dynamic response, high accuracy b) In the buck mode:
under the steady-state condition, and robustness to disturbances.
Ls × p × isc
−Rs .isc + V sc − Ds × V DC , (35)
Considering these aspects, the Perturb and Observe (P&O)
algorithm is widely employed for maximum power (Kollimalla iSC−DC
Ds × isc , (36)
and Mishra, 2013). To vary the duty cycle (Ds ) of a boost converter where Ls is the inductance of the energy storage inductor and Rs is
to control the transferred power, an MPPT technique is required. the resistance individually, isc DC is the current feedthrough SC in
The dynamic equations for the calculation of L and C are given by the DC link.
Eqs 28, 29. The control configuration of a typical bilateral DC-to-DC
converter via DC link and the SC is capable of maintaining the
L.
diL

vsPV − (1 − Ds ) × v DC , (28) active power flow, as presented in Figure 6E. Generally, a
dt bidirectional DC-to-DC converter-based controller is
d
vspv  vspv employed, which is dependent on current control loops. The
C pv .
(is.c ) − − (iL ), (29) external current control loop measures the VDC through DC link
dt Rmpp
as per VDC ref and the internal control loop for iSC control via SC.
where L is the inductance, iL is the current through the Once the DC voltage reaches the typical desired range, then SC is
inductor, C is the capacitance, and Rmpp corresponds to the followed by iSC ref , which is further controlled by the external
resistance of the MPP. Another important variable is an output loop via DC connection voltage.

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

utilized to manage the distributed energy transmitted via the VSI,

and also to stabilize the voltage value of the PCC at the grid side. To
get the optimal control associated with the active grid elements, the
active power of the VSI is carried out within the d-q axis lined up at
the PCC. As a result, the energy transmitted using the voltage
source inverter associated with the PCC is managed by the id and
iq d-q axis for VSI correspondingly. The controller associated with
the VSI offers the rapid control system, as demonstrated in
Figure 7A, where the external control loops deal with the
effective energy flow from VSI at a different voltage.
The active power is controlled through the VSI via reference
PCC of the HPGS (PV and wind power generating systems).
Thus, the control mechanism allows the VSI to smoothly transmit
the HPGS-based electricity to the grid. It can be achieved by
applying the external control scheme as presented in Figure 7B.
The developed HPGS power is transferred through the low-pass
filter (LPF).
The time constant of low-pass filters is symbolized by T1 and
T2, respectively, as shown in Figure 7B. To minimize the power
variation caused by wind, speed fluctuation (T1) should be chosen
FIGURE 7 | (A) VSI external control mechanism and (B) block diagram
with LPF-1 and LPF-2 for PPCC ref response.
equivalent to the wind duration (Tw). However, another constant
can be chosen, that is, T1 to control the power developed by PLG
and the PV module.
3 CONTROL MECHANISM AND
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BY THE 3.3 Control Through P&O-Based MPPT
PROPOSED CONTROLLER Controller
This section depicts the proposed control approach for the HPGS. The voltage controller associated with a grid-connected inverter
The main goal of controlling the HPGS is to decrease harmonics and has been designed in three parts: voltage regulator for VPV
ripples in the grid, ensuring that the network’s stability is maintained. control, current controller for iPV control, and PI controller
The solar PV modules and wind power generating system reached to for Vdc synchronization. Grid synchronizer has been designed
the distributed load via the DC-to-DC step-up-based converter and a to generate reference grid current so that P and Q can be under a
controlled VSC. Although the bidirectional DC-to-DC converter specified limit (Zhang et al., 2010).
maintains the DC side voltage, the controlled VSI is responsible It is observed from Figure 8 thatvgβ
grid voltage (vg ), and
for supply grid power management. The detailed study of the control vg is in a similar quadrant as virtual voltage vgα ; therefore,
mechanism is discussed for different aspects. 
v mg
v 2gβ + v2gα , (37)

3.1 Control Mechanism of Step-Up where magnitude vm is denoted by vm.g . A controller for current
Converter Integrated With the Solar PV control, proportional-resonant (PR) has been proposed in the
Subsystem study by Ngo and Santoso (2016). This PI controller is
The power generated by the solar PV module is fluctuating and accomplished of desired reference signals, and it does not
changes with the solar irradiance and temperature. To operate the require an error value (Ozdemir, 2016). This task is
HPGS efficiently, the maximum power delivered by the PV module accompanied only due to the reason that the PR controller has
needs to monitor constantly. To achieve this objective, the step-up
DC/DC converter associated with the PV module is regulated to
control the VDC of the module to get its desired maximum value.
Various algorithms of MPPT are proposed in several stability
studies (Hlaili and Mechergui, 2016). Furthermore, this article
used the extensive MPPT control technique; that is, P&O is applied
for controlling the operation of step-up DC/DC converter.

3.2 Control Mechanism of WPGS for VSC

Designed
The controller layout of voltage d-q axis parameters is represented
FIGURE 8 | Inverter control block with PI and current controller.
in Figure 7A. The controller is associated with the VSI, which is

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

Figure 10A displays the duty ratio (in %) with respect to output
voltage for the testing of VSI. From this response, it is observed that
because the load variation scenario at t = 0.2 s characteristic is
fluctuating, it further achieves a new stable state after t = 0.35 s.

3.5 Operational Control of SC for Stability

Enhancement Under Weak Grid Condition
FIGURE 9 | DC link voltage balancing by PI-based controller. In Figure 11, the inverter configuration has been shown, which is
connected through an inductor–capacitor–inductor (LCL) filter
scheme. Here DC side of the inverter is interconnected with a
a higher gain value even at the resonant frequency by utilizing the supercapacitor (SC). A buck-boost (DC-to-DC) converter has
advantage of delay caused by the PWM generator (Kazimierczuk, taken advantage of connecting SC, which employs an inductor Lsc
2000). The filter transfer function for the grid is obtained with the and bidirectional switches SW3/SW4. In this configuration, isc is
difference between the VSI output V and I. The current controller the current through the SC, dsc duty cycle, and VSC is the voltage
expression can be represented as across the SC terminals. The designed LCL filter embodies two
inductors L1 and L2 , and one capacitor Cf , as exhibited in
FC cc (s)
FC PR (s) + FCRC (s) Figure 11. At PCC, the grid has been connected to the hybrid
kir krc Q(s)e−sT 0 system, where USabc is the rated grid voltage, Zg is the impedance

kpr + + .Gf (s). (38) of the grid, ig is a current injected into the grid, iC is the capacitor
s2 + w0 1 − Q(s)e−sT 0
2
current, iinv is the inverter current, and finally Ugabc is the voltage
In Eq. 38, PR-based controller is signified by FCPR (s) for of the distributed grid at PCC, where abc is the reference frame
fundamental grid frequency controller, where kpr is proportional (stationary) that was converted into a synchronous-based
control gain and kir is the resonant control gain to develop PR- reference frame (d-q) by taking advantage of Park’s
based controller. F FCPR (s) is represented through values of w0 transformation. The power developed by the solar subsystem
and RC controller (krc ), and the fundamental time (T0 ) is ω2π0 . is expressed as Pp , Pg is the injected power in the grid network,
Q(s) is an LPF and Gf (s) is a phase-lead compensator which is while KP is the droop gain for developing the controller loop, w is
equal to esTc with compensation time (Tc ) (Jadoon et al., 2017). the system frequency, wp is the designed system frequency for the
hybrid system, and finally θ corresponds to the
3.4 DC Link Voltage Balancing Controller synchronizing angle.
In a grid-connected VSI, two control loops (external and internal)
are typically employed (Hossain et al., 2017). The external control
3.5.1 Control Scheme for the HPGS Integrated to a
loop is employed to power control and control power fed into the
Weak Grid
distribution power grid through the DC link. However, the inner
Figure 12 exhibits the control structure for the control of DC link
control loop is employed for current control and manages the
voltage and reactive power connected to the LCL filter, where Updc
power quality problems in faster response (Hossain et al., 2017).
provides a reference for the DC link voltage, ipgd is the based
There are different types of proportional control schemes for the
reference grid current (direct-axis), and ipgq is the based reference
outer control power loop which depends on grid operation. But
grid current (quadrature-axis). These values of references have
the most common control scheme is PI through the DC link
been chosen to be zero to regulate the reactive power so that the
voltage controller presented in Figure 9.
power factor may lead toward a unity value.
For the control of DC-link voltage, a closed-loop controller is
Upd and Upq are expressed to exhibit output for the grid current
needed to adjust within a specified voltage limit. The reference
(ig ) controller loop and also employed as references to generate
parameters of DC link voltages are adjusted by a voltage
the switching signals for the inverters. Finally, w represents the
controller-based external loop, which controls the injected
frequency of the grid voltage/current. Eq. 1 of desired voltages
distributed grid current values. DC voltage was fed through a
can be modeled as follows:
proposed PV module to regulate a reference current (iref) for
injected grid current (igrid). The DC voltage control is usually
digd
controlled using a PI-based controller. A PI controller is Ud
L + U gd − wLigq , (39)
employed for DC link voltage balance. This PI controller dt
representation is shown in Figure 9. digq
Uq
L + U gq + Δigd , (40)
dt
3.4.1 Converter Performance Evaluation Under where L
L1 + L2 and reference voltages have been obtained
Proposed PI Control Scheme using feed-forward control circuit as follows:
To decrease the error and enhance the dynamic stability of VSI U pd
ΔU d + U gd − Δigq , (41)
(Dong et al., 2019), the operational capacity of the PI controller
utilizes P control flow in VSI. U pq
ΔU q + U gq + Δigq . (42)

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

FIGURE 10 | (A) Duty ratio and (B) VSI output.

FIGURE 11 | Optimal placement of the SC connected HPGS under weak grid.

FIGURE 12 | Voltage control scheme through PI controller for the grid-connected VSI.

The control scheme discussed previously is not appropriate for ipgd
Δigd + igd , (43)
the poor grid connection. The following reasons are listed below ipgq
Δigq + igq , (44)
in three steps.
where Δigd and Δigq represent the DC values for the changes that
a) Change in input current/power directly reflected into the support directly to the respective grid current and thus provides
reference currents is given in Eqs 41, 42. reference value under the required transient nature. But, at the

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

FIGURE 13 | (A) Solar irradiance pattern (in W/m2). (B) Power of the solar PV module. (C) Battery power.

same time, these variations do not appear in the feed-forward U pq
ΔU q + U gq + wLigd + wLg igd . (46)
controller loop and hence dynamic response is slower for the ig
But the main issue is here that Lg is unknown values of grid
control loop. The voltage instability is another main issue in the
inductance that cannot be rectified using FFCL, and hence, current
poor grid condition where impedance (z) of a proposed grid is not
control stability margin is reduced. So, for large grid inductance,
constant with respect to the operating system. The outer control
the current control loop is severely affected by Lg . On the other
loop is confined for the voltage control and the inner loop for grid
hand, the outer voltage controller loop stability is also reduced
current control.
because the PI controller used for it is tuned based on the inner
b) The voltage control loop has a smaller bandwidth than
current control loop and leads toward the voltage instability. Due
the grid current control. So, in a poor grid-connected system
to the occurrence of non-linear loads, steady-state lower order
where grid impedance is considered, the feed-forward-
harmonics are also available in grid current. These harmonics
decoupled control scheme for −wLigq − wLg igq and
cannot be suppressed by the conventional control system. So, ig in
wLigd + wLg igd . Therefore, Eqs 41, 42 are simplified as
the steady state can be represented as follows:
follows:
U pd
ΔU d + U gd − wLigq − wLg igq , (45) osc igd
ipgd + ^igd , (47)

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

U pd
ΔU d + U gd − wLigq − wL igq , (49)

U p
ΔU q + U gq − wLigd − wL i!
q gd . (50)

c) Due to the presence of the terms − wL i! !

gq and − wL igd , the
waveform of the ig and Ug will be distorted, and hence, the
quality of the power will be worsened.

igd
ipgd + ^igd , (51)

igq
ipgq + ^igq . (52)

In Eqs 51, 52, ^igd and ^igq represent steady state harmonic
currents. These ripples distort the steady-state grid current
waveform. Similarly, reference voltage in the steady state can
be simplified as follows:

U pd
ΔU d + U gd − wLigq − wL igq , (53)

U p
ΔU q + U gq − wLigd − wL i!
q gd . (54)

Due to the presence of the terms − wL i! !

gq and − wL igd , the
waveform of the grid voltage and current will be distorted, and
hence, the quality of the power will be worsened.

4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Validation Through Variation in Solar PV
Power
The specific range of solar irradiance of the solar PV module is
shown in Figure 13A. The variation in irradiance was taken for
0.5 s in the MATLAB simulation tool. The fluctuation of the solar
power irradiance is supposed to consist of substantial imbalances
due to the intermittent nature of the local atmospheric
circumstances.
The dynamic response of the voltage of the PV module is
shown in Figure 13B. The PV generation characteristic is
displayed in Figure 13B and the resulting distributed energy
of the PV module through controlled VSI boosts output and
reduction of unwanted harmonics in the load side. Furthermore,
it is observed the distributed energy of the particular PV module
is certainly impacted by the variation of solar irradiance and
maximize their value up to 10 kW.
Figure 13C displays the relative response of the battery
charging energy provided to the distribution grid via a dc-link
connection. Active response of the analyzed method is
FIGURE 14 | (A) Comparative dynamic stability performance of the different
rating SC to the effectively stored energy into the distributed grid. (B) Solar PV obtained within the variations of the solar power. It is
module via DC-to-AC inverter during no-load scenario. (C) V characteristics of wind noticed that if the PI control scheme is investigated
energy subsystem. (D) Measured three phase V and I waveforms under no together with the battery, then the effective energy is given
load. (E) Current stability response of HPGS under RL load. (F) Current stability directly into the distributed main grid. Furthermore, when the
response of the HPGS with SC operation under RL load.
SC is generally absent, the distributed generated energy into
the main grid fluctuates substantially.
igq
ipgq + ^igq . (48)
4.2 Variation in the Capacity of SC
In Eqs 47, 48, ^igd and ^igq represent steady-state harmonic These subsections investigating the effect of different sizes of SC
currents. These ripples distort the steady-state grid current are used for stability evaluation. In Figure 14A, the relative
waveform. Similarly, reference voltage in the steady state can dynamic response of the stored energy is given to distributed
be simplified as follows: grid for three different ratings of SC. Three different

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

FIGURE 15 | (A) THD analysis after synchronized grid voltage. (B) THD of proposed HPGS voltages under RL load. (C) THD of proposed HPGS current under
RL load.

supercapacitors with a capacity of 60/30/95 kW are typically used observed that SC was integrated with DC bus along with RL load
in the stability analysis of the HPGS. at 0.67 s, as depicted from Figure 14F. When SC is placed into the
From the simulation results, validation of response HPGS along with sudden RL load, the proposed system
characteristics illustrated in Figures 14B,C, it has resulted that maintained their current and frequency values at rated values
at the 50 Hz constant frequency, under RL and without load of 425 V (RMS value) or 590 V (peak value). Furthermore, these
conditions, the proposed HPGS generates an overrated RMS results show that the optimal placement of SC by VSI voltage is
voltage of 960 V or 1.02 kV (peak). Now, the simulated loads controlled, even though the DC bus voltage is controlled. It is
are added at PCC through a DC bus system. depicted that, in the current response, roughly transients are there
Here in Figure 14C, we can examine that specific voltage because of switching time in the SC. Thus, nevertheless, of these
drops in the HPGS demonstrated at 0.25–0.6 s. After 0.6 s slight transients, the simulated results show a stability
duration, the load will be removed, and we have noticed that enhancement approach in the performance of the
the reduced rated voltage is now stabilized. proposed HPGS.
From Figure 14D, the stability of a grid-connected HPGS has
been successfully investigated at no load; also, during 3–4 s, I
waveforms tend to stabilize. To reduce the fluctuation of a 4.3 Power Quality Analysis of the Proposed
connected grid system, a supercapacitor-based energy storage HPGS
technology was deployed. Furthermore, a d-q control technique The grid-side harmonics of the proposed HPGS model is reduced,
is proposed for maintaining the power flow balance and that is, 1.06% THD. Figure 15A shows the output power was
obtaining maximum power from an HPGS coupled to the ensured comparable with IEEE standards 519–2014 (Kanjiya
grid system. The d-q based control scheme is proposed to et al., 2015). Since the voltage of the DC buses was modified
suppress power variation from the distributed energy by modifying the resonance frequency using a PI controller, it
resources to the distribution grid, while maximum energy should also be specified that the recommended converter has the
extracts were obtained through a P&O-based MPPT highest converter efficiency for boost operation.
controller. The results presented for the power quality are The FFT algorithm based THD of the V and I in the proposed
considerably higher by enabling the integration of an simulated HPGS as shown in Figures 15B,C under the RL load
effective distributed HES approach operated by the PI scenario was examined as per the IEEE THD range (<5%)
controller. (Kanjiya et al., 2015).
To stabilize the current drop phenomena, the proposed RL Simulated results of the proposed PI control scheme conclude
load is presented to the HPGS referred from Figure 14E. It was that the SC enables the HPGS to achieve the optimal

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Amir et al. Power Quality Enhancement in Smart Grid

implementation and limits reactive power at a steady state. The PI controlling the constant bus voltage and fed ripples free power
controller was utilized to achieve the active power flow through under the influence of sudden disturbances. So forth, the tuning
the DC link in the HPGS and stored SC energy to maintain the of the proposed control scheme can be improved further to
load level. The PI controller uses different modes to get optimal maintain the quality of power being supplied to AC loads
results from the HPGS. integrated with remote control microgrid. In a future study,
the real-time implementation of the HPGG model and its
dynamic performance analysis to evaluate the optimal sizing
5 CONCLUSION of the HPGS with an intelligent controller (AL-Jumaili et al.,
2021) scheme for the smart microgrid systems.
This article has successfully contributed to the stable dynamic
responses of SC and validated the power quality results for the
proposed HPGS model. The designed wind PMSG coupled with a DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
suitable solar PV module which supplied energy to an RL load
through the controlled application of a VSI for DC/AC, a battery The original contributions presented in the study are included in
storage subsystem, a DC/DC boost converter, and an LCL based the article/supplementary material; further inquiries can be
filter for harmonic elimination. The intermittent characteristics directed to the corresponding authors.
of wind speed and solar irradiation obtained from sunlight have
no adverse effect over the integrated load and fed continuous
stable load voltage and current profiles associated through the AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
DC/AC inverter. During modeling eigenvalue analysis of the
hybrid system, it was established that the designed SC has Conceptualization and writing original draft; MA: formal analysis
controlled damping oscillations and supplemented the stability and editing; AP: investigation and supervision; SR. All authors
of HPGS under the influence of sudden load changing operating listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual
conditions. The proposed dc-link voltage control strategy has contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
improved the active power flow with the utilization of SC for
HPGS under the influence of the different grid scenarios (weak/
sudden load change). This article has analyzed the optimal FUNDING
oscillation control approach to enhance the dynamic grid
performance and power quality control of HPGS under a This work was supported by the Qatar National Library.
scenario of a weak grid. Simulated results of HPGS have
proven the effective utilization of the HPGS under a steady-
state scenario. Analysis with the comparison of obtained results ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
from the PI controller approach reveals that the transient/
dynamic responses have better flexible controllability. The dc- The authors are thankful to the journal editor and the anonymous
link voltage controller can be robust for the wide range of grid reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions which
voltage and impedance control under multi microgrid systems. greatly improved the manuscript. Open Access funding provided
The proposed novel controller approach is very efficient in by the Qatar National Library.

Amir, M., and Srivastava, S. K. (2018). “Analysis of MPPT Based Grid Connected
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