Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Thermal Properties Database of Building

Materials and Technologies
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Thermal Property Database of Building

Materials and Technologies
Executive Summary
This executive summary outlines the findings and implications of a comprehensive report conducted by
the CEPT Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) at CEPT University. The primary objective
of this report is to enhance understanding of thermal performance evaluation in walling materials,
walling technologies and roofing construction technologies. Walling materials have been tested for their
thermal conductivity, bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength and specific heat capacity
while thermal transmittance (U-values) have been calculated for Walling technologies and roofing
technologies.

Research Objective: The report focuses on providing the thermal performance of various construction
technologies, essential for sustainable building practices.
State-of-the-Art Facilities: Thermal transmittance (U- value) derivation happens through a rigorous
testing conducted in the state of the art, Guarded Hot Box (GHB).

Implications and Recommendations:

Better Decision Making: The insights provided in this report will contribute to a deeper understanding
of thermal dynamics in building structures, thereby informing more informed decision-making in
construction and design.
Promoting Sustainability: By providing reliable data on the thermal performance of roof construction
technologies, this report supports the adoption of sustainable building practices, ultimately leading to
energy efficiency in the buildings and environmental conservation.

There are four parts of the book:

• Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials

This project report contains the following:
1. Database of the thermophysical properties of sixty-two samples of solid masonry building
units from various Indian states/climatic zones. The properties measured for each sample are
dry density, thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat, water absorption, and
compressive strength.
2. An approximate of the correlation between dry density and thermal conductivity of the solid
masonry building materials.
3. Calculation of thermal transmittance (U-value) and Residential Envelope Transmittance Value
(RETV) of the building envelope from selected housing designs through the measured thermal
conductivity values

• Part II: Derivation of U-values of Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies

This research activity tests thirty-four wall assemblies for their thermal transmittance values
that may fall in one of the following categories:
1. Conventional Walling Technologies: This includes business-as-usual wall assemblies such as
burnt clay brick, RCC walls, etc can be used as reference baselines.
2. Alternative Walling Technologies: This category includes region-specific walling assemblies
used in vernacular architecture such as bamboo-Crete, rammed earth walls, etc
3. Emerging Walling Technologies: This category refers to industrialized walling technologies,
systems, and/ or products such as reinforced EPS core panel systems.

i
 • Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies
This research activity tests ten roofing assemblies for their thermal transmittance value that
may fall in one of the following categories:
1. Conventional Roofing Technologies: This includes business-as-usual roof assemblies such as
RCC slabs, Precast Hollow core slab, decking slab etc. that can be used as reference
baselines.
2. Alternative Roofing Technologies: This category includes region-specific roofing assemblies
used in vernacular architecture such as various kinds of Mangalore tiled roofs, thatch roofs
etc.
3. Emerging Roofing Technologies: This category refers to industrialized roofing technologies,
systems, and/ or products such as Tepper quad bubble deck, Light weight steel gauge roofing
etc.

• Part IV: Thermo-physical properties of Building Materials

This project report contains the following:
1. Density, Thermal conductivity and specific heat of various building materials including
various kinds of bricks, cement and asbestos boards, plaster, stones and glass.

Table 1: Thermal transmittance value database of all walling assemblies and technologies

Thickness U value
S. No. Wall types
(mm) (W/m2K)
Phase- I
1 Rattrap bond wall 250 2.11
2 Light Gauge framed steel structure with EPS 136 1.37
3 Light Gauge framed steel structure with PPGI Sheet 150 2.12
4 Reinforced EPS core Panel system 150 0.56
5 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - Unfilled 124 2.06
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with RCC &
6 124 2.12
non-structural filling
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with partial
7 124 2.13
RCC filling
8 Brick Wall 250 2.41
Structural stay-in-place formwork system (Coffer) –
9 230 0.44
Insulated panel
Phase- II
10 Bamboo Crete 65 2.71
11 Wattle and Daub 45 3.61
12 Stabilized Adobe 230 2.11
13 Laterite Block Wall 205 2.17
14 Unstabilized Adobe 230 2.05
15 Compressed Stabilized Earth Block wall (CSEB) 230 2.79
16 Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block Wall 230 2.74
17 AAC Block Wall with Perlite-based Cement Plaster 230 0.76
18 Unstabilized Rammed Earth 230 2.13

ii
 19 Stabilized Rammed Earth 230 2.09
AAC Block Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement
20 230 0.78
Plaster
21 AAC Block Wall with Lime mortar and Lime Plaster 220 0.82
22 Burnt Clay Brick with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster 250 2.31
23 Limestone with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster 224 2.84
24 Limestone with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster 230 2.82
Phase-III
Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement
25 130 2.71
Plaster
Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement
26 158 0.89
Plaster and XPS
Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Rockwool
27 230 1.28
and Cement Plaster
Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement
28 230 1.83
Plaster
Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement
29 258 0.75
Plaster and XPS
30 RCC Wall (100 mm thick) 100 3.59
31 RCC Wall with EPS 153 0.58
32 RCC Wall with Styrofoam on both sides 154 0.65
33 RCC Wall with PVC panels on both sides 112 2.62
RCC Wall with PVC panels on both side and EPS
34 165 0.52
board

Table 2: Thermal transmittance value database of all roofing assemblies and technologies.

Thickness U-value
S/N Roof Types
(mm) (W/m2K)
1 Flat PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet 121.4 0.253
2 Curved PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet 121.4 0.246
TRIMDEK Profile with PUF insulation and
3 76.2 0.255
Aluminum sheet waterproofing
4 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing 93.0 1.505
5 Timber + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing 105.0 1.117
6 Bamboo + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing 108.0 1.502
7 Bamboo + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing 114.0 1.122
8 Thatch roof 246.0 0.234
9 Thatch roof + XPS insulation 321.0 0.177
Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing +
10 105.0 1.484
Cement Fiber Board

iii
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India
Thermal Performance of Walling Material and Wall Technology

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical

Properties of Walling Materials

iv

October 2022
Supported by

Project Partners

v
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Thermal performance of Walling Materials and Wall

Technology

Part 1: National Database of

Thermophysical Properties of Walling
Materials

October 2022

Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

CEPT Research and Development Foundation

CEPT University

vi
vii
Authors
Dr. Rajan Rawal, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Dr. Sameer Maithel, Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd.
Dr. Yash Shukla, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Sonal Kumar, Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd.
Greesha Gowri, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Jayamin Patel, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Satyendra Rana, Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd.
Vishnu Vardhan, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Documentation support
Priyanka Bhanushali, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Ananthakrishnan Ravi, Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd.
Anandh S Krishna, Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd.
Sneha Asrani, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Bhavya Pathak, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Nikhil Bhesaniya, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Graphics and layout by
Mona Galsar, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Please cite this document as:
Rawal, R., Maithel, S., Shukla, Y., Rana, S., Gowri, G., Patel, J., Kumar, S. & Vardhan, V., (2022,
October). Thermal performance of walling material and wall technology, Part-1. Retrieved from
http://carbse.org/, https://www.gkspl.in/publications/
Acknowledgements
Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation works to strengthen the energy security of India by aiding the
design and implementation of policies that support renewable energy, energy efficiency and
sustainable transport solutions. We sincerely thank SSEF for giving the opportunity to explore this
study with the funding support. We also gratefully acknowledge all the brick and block
manufacturers for providing us with necessary study samples.
Disclaimer
The views/analysis expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of Shakti
Sustainable Energy Foundation. The Foundation also does not guarantee the accuracy of any data
included in this publication nor does it accept any responsibility for the consequences of its use.
Supported by
© Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation
The Capital Court, 104B, 4th Floor,
Munirka Phase III,
New Delhi 110067
Website: https://shaktifoundation.in/
Project Partners
© Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd. © CEPT Research and Development Foundation
197, Indraprastha Apartment, Pocket 3, (CRDF)
Sector 12, Dwarka, CEPT University
New Delhi -110078 K.L. Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.gkspl.in/ Website: www.carbse.org

viii
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 REPORT LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................... 4
2. MATERIALS AND MEASUEMENT METHODS ........................................................................................ 5
2.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 MEASUREMENT OF PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................... 8
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 FIRED CLAY BRICKS ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 NON-FIRED (CURED) BRICKS ................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 COMPARISON OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................................. 16
3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF WALLING MATERIALS ................................................................................................ 21
4. CALCULATION OF RETV ..................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 SAMPLE HOUSING PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 23
5. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 30
6. ANNEXURES...................................................................................................................................... 32
ANNEXURE I: DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................. 32
ANNEXURE II: METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL PROPERTIES .............................................................. 33
ANNEXURE III: MEASUREMENT DATASHEETS......................................................................................................... 45
7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 107

ix
List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of all samples collected ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Thermal conductivity as a function of dry density for fired-clay bricks ............................. 11
Figure 3: Thermal conductivity as a function of bulk density for non-fired bricks ............................ 16
Figure 4: Comparison of thermal conductivity of various walling materials ..................................... 17
Figure 5: Comparison of bulk density of various walling materials:.................................................. 18
Figure 6: Comparison of water absorption of various walling materials .......................................... 19
Figure 7: Comparison of compressive strength of various walling materials.................................... 20
Figure 8: Comparison of specific heat capacity of various walling materials .................................... 20
Figure 9: Site plan and typical unit plan of SMARTGHAR-III project, Rajkot ..................................... 24
Figure 10: Thermal transmittance values corresponding to various walling materials for a sample
envelope ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 11: RETV values corresponding to various walling materials for a sample envelope ............ 28
Figure 12: Illustration to explain sample tag..................................................................................... 33
Figure 13: photograph of tagged bricks belonging to set 01 (left) & set 05 (right) .......................... 34
Figure 14: Photograph of thermal constant analyser testing brick samples using transient plane
source method ................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 15: Illustration showing number of masonry units needed for testing thermal conductivity and
specific heat capacity........................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 16: Photograph of the Inert Gas Oven (left) & bricks prepared for drying (right) ................. 36
Figure 17: Photographs demonstrating different combinations of brick specimens placed for
measurement and hot disk probe sandwiched between two samples of fired clay brick ................ 36
Figure 18: Reference Measurement ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 19: Test Sample Preparation.................................................................................................. 37
Figure 20: Exterior Volume Measurement ....................................................................................... 38
Figure 21: Weight measurement of the dried test sample ............................................................... 38
Figure 22: Specific heat capacity measurement using gold disk sensor ........................................... 39
Figure 23: Illustration showing number of masonry units allotted for testing dry density and water
absorption ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 24: Photograph showing dried sample being weighed to get dry mass (D) ........................... 40
Figure 25: Photograph showing dried brick samples being boiled (left) and brick samples immersed
in water afterwards (right) as per the procedure ............................................................................. 40
Figure 26: Photograph showing measurement of suspended weight (S)(left) and saturated weight
(W)(right) as per the procedure ....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 27: Illustration showing the number of samples required for the compressive strength test.
Left- 5 full sized samples, in case of bricks; Right- 12 samples cut from full blocks, in case of blocks
.......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 28: Photograph of mortar filled bricks ready to be tested..................................................... 44
Figure 29: Photograph of Compression testing machine.................................................................. 44

x
List of Tables
Table 1: Representative thermal parameters of some common solids .............................................. 3
Table 2: State-wise distribution of samples collected. ....................................................................... 6
Table 3: Measured properties and corresponding testing standards & instruments used ................. 8
Table 4: Location and manufacturing process of fired clay samples selected. ................................... 9
Table 5: Average value of measured properties of fired clay samples selected. .............................. 10
Table 6: Source location of the flyash brick samples ........................................................................ 12
Table 7: Average value of measured properties of flyash brick samples .......................................... 13
Table 8: Source location of other non-fired walling material samples ............................................. 14
Table 9: Average value of measured properties of other non-fired walling material samples ......... 15
Table 10: Comparison of thermal conductivity given in ENS and measured values in this study ..... 17
Table 11: Classification of measured parameters based on mean values ........................................ 21
Table 12: Classification of solid bricks and blocks based on their density and their thermo-physical
characteristics................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 13: U-values for different walling material samples ............................................................... 25
Table 14: Number of cut or full-sized samples needed for each test as per standards .................... 33
Table 15: Different types of material samples received for testing and the corresponding
abbreviations assigned to them........................................................................................................ 34

xi
 Introduction

1. Introduction

Buildings consume a significant amount of energy, thus contributing to climate change. According to
Energy Statistics (2017) published by the Ministry of Statistics, Planning and Implementation, the
building sector consisting of residential and commercial buildings, consumed nearly a third of the total
electricity produced in the year 2016. The policy think tank of the Government of India, Niti Aayog,
estimated that electricity demand from the building sector will increase by more than 800% in 2047
compared to 2012 (Sumedha Malaviya & Jairaj, 2017). The forecasted increase in electricity demand
by buildings is primarily attributed to the increase in built-up areas and increased use of electricity for
space cooling. As the major chunk of the country’s electricity generation is still being met by burning
fossil fuels, this surge in electricity demand would be detrimental to the environment.

To reduce energy consumption in buildings, the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), was
developed and launched by the Ministry of Power (MoP) and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE),
Government of India, in May 2007, to set the minimum requirement of energy efficiency for new, large
commercial buildings. A revised version of ECBC was released in 2017 and in 2018, Ministry of Power
(MoP) launched Eco- Niwas Samhita (ENS), which is the Energy Conservation Building Code for
residential buildings. The objective behind implementing these codes is to reduce energy consumption
in newly constructed commercial and residential buildings.

Heat transmission from a building envelope (external walls, windows and roof) constitutes a large part
of the heat gain in a building. Both ECBC and ENS aim at reducing the heat transmission from the
building envelope. ENS defines Residential Envelope Transmittance Value (RETV) as the parameter
which accounts for heat conduction through external walls/windows and solar heat transmission through
window glazing. ENS specifies a maximum value of (15 W/m2) for meeting the RETV criterion. To a
great extent, RETV is dictated by the thermal conductivity value of an external wall. A majority of the
external wall construction in India is masonry construction using solid bricks and blocks. Thus,
exhaustive data of the thermal and physical properties of a wide range of walling bricks and blocks is of
paramount importance in calculating RETV and in the effective implementation of ENS, across different
climatic zones in India.

Thermophysical properties mentioned in the building codes and website of BEE are ‘typical values’
only for a few types of walling materials. Since a wide variety of masonry bricks and blocks is used in
the construction of buildings across the country, showing a large variation in thermophysical properties,
it is imperative to develop a database which can be used for accurate estimation of RETV for the
implementation of ENS and for simulating energy performance of any new or existing building.

To develop such a database a joint project (conducted by GKSPL and CEPT University) was initiated
to collect and test samples of commonly used walling materials. The aim of this project is to build a

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 1

 Introduction

nation-wide database of thermophysical properties of a wide range of walling materials used for
construction viz., solid fired clay brick, fly ash brick, concrete block, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)
block, cellular light weight concrete (CLC) block and compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB). Only
solid (without any perforations) units that can be measured using uniform protocol have been considered
in this project. Perforated building units require special measurement protocol. This project report
contains the following:

1. Database of the thermophysical properties of sixty-two samples of solid masonry building

units from various Indian states/climatic zones. The properties measured for each sample are
dry density, thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat, water absorption, and compressive
strength.
2. An approximate of the correlation between dry density and thermal conductivity of the solid
masonry building materials.
3. Calculation of thermal transmittance (U-value) and Residential Envelope Transmittance Value
(RETV) of the building envelope from selected housing designs through the measured thermal
conductivity values.

1.1 Literature Review

Buildings in most parts of India are designed to keep heat out for the greater part of the year. However,
this undesirable heat gets transferred inside the building mainly from conduction through the walls and
the roofs. Thermal conductivity (λ) is the key physical property of building materials that characterizes
the resistance (thermal insulation) to the passage of heat. The factors that affect effective thermal
conductivity of solid building bricks and blocks can be classified as: (i) macroscopic structure i.e.,
presence of cavities and their configuration, (ii) mineralogical composition and (iii) microstructure
(Gualtieri et al., 2010). In case of fired clay bricks, earlier studies pointed out that thermal conductivity
of bricks is mainly dependent on their dry density but, new studies (Gualtieri et al., 2010) and (Dondi et
al., 2004) argued that other than dry density, mineralogical composition, organic content, size and size
distribution of pores, and grain size distribution also played a key role in determining the insulating
properties of bricks. Some trends or correlations regarding the relationship among thermal conductivity
and aforementioned factors were presented through a statistical treatment of data; but a conclusive model
could not be built due to the complexity of the system and the limited amount of data.

Although the thermal insulation property of a building material strictly depends on many factors, this
project aims at finding a suitable correlation between dry density and thermal conductivity values of
common building materials produced in India. It is intended that the proposed correlation will provide
a priori better estimate of thermal conductivity using the corresponding dry density (easily measurable)
value of a given solid masonry unit.

2 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Introduction

Inside surface temperatures of walls, floors and roofs of a building envelope need to be estimated in
order to quantify thermal conform. If boundary conditions (temperature and heat flow rate at exposed
surfaces) are not changing with time, a technique of steady state, based on the calculation of the thermal
transmittance (U-value) of the building walls, is used to evaluate the inside surface temperatures. For
one-dimensional steady state conduction, the overall thermal transmittance or U-value (Wm−2 K −1 ) of
a wall composed of plane homogenous isotropic layers of materials is given as:

1
𝑈 = 𝑥𝑖 … (1.1)
∑𝑁
𝑖 =1 𝜆 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖 + 𝑅𝑠𝑜 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑖

Where N is the number of layers in the construction, 𝑥𝑖 (m) the thickness of layer i, 𝜆𝑖 (Wm−1 K −1 ) the
thermal conductivity of layer i, R (m2 KW −1) is the combined radiative and convective thermal
resistance, and subscript si, so, and c refer to the innermost surface, outermost surface and cavity
respectively. This equation shows that under steady state conditions, assessment of thermal performance
of the wall (or thermal comfort of the interior space) is done through an evaluation of its effective
resistance to heat transfer alone.

To understand this assessment, Table 1 gives representative values of thermal parameters for some
common solids used in buildings (Davies, 2004).

Table 1: Representative thermal parameters of some common solids

Thermal Dry Specific
Diffusivity Effusivity
conductivity density heat
𝜶 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝝐
𝝀 𝝆 𝑪𝒑

𝟑
(𝐦𝟐 /𝐬) (𝐖𝐬𝟎.𝟓 ⁄𝐦𝟐 . 𝐊)
(𝐖⁄𝐦. 𝐊) (𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦 ) (𝐉⁄𝐤𝐠. 𝐊)

Solid glass 1.05 2500 840 0.50 1485

Steel 45 7800 480 12.02 12980

Polyurethane foam 0.028 30 1470 0.63 35

Mineral fibreboard 0.042 240 760 0.23 88

Cement fibreboard 0.082 350 1300 0.18 193

Lightweight
0.22 570 840 0.46 324
masonry

Heavyweight
0.90 1850 840 0.58 1183
masonry

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 3

 Introduction

Common earth 1.28 1460 880 1.00 1282

Cement mortar, dry 0.93 1900 840 0.58 1218

Lightweight
0.73 1800 840 0.48 1051
concrete block

Heavyweight
1.31 2240 840 0.70 1570
concrete block

Dry ceramic tiles 1.20 2000 850 0.71 1428

1.2 Report layout

This report consists of four chapters. Chapter 2 contains information on materials selected for
measurements and their tested properties. Chapter 3 gives material wise test results and the various data
plots that were measured. Chapter 4 includes RETV calculation for a sample affordable housing scheme.
Annexure I contains definitions of the various terms used in the report and nomenclature. Annexure II
provides explanations of the various methodologies used for the measurement of properties. Annexure
III provides the datasheets for all the materials that were tested

4 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Materials and Measurement Methods

2. Materials and Measuement methods

In India several types of building masonry units are used for construction, predominantly solid bricks
and blocks. At present, 80% of all bricks produced in India are fired clay bricks. In terms of the
production of solid fired clay bricks, India can be broadly divided into two regions – (a) Indo-Gangetic
plain and (b) Peninsular and coastal India. Indo-Gangetic plains accounts for about 70% of total brick
production. Major brick producing states in this region are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
West Bengal. Rest of the 30% of bricks are produced in peninsular and coastal region of India in which
states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu are the main contributors.

In both these regions, the majority of clay bricks are still made manually and are fired in the conventional
Bull’s Trench Kilns and Clamps. A very small proportion of fired clay bricks are made in semi or fully-
mechanized brick plants. Most of the mechanization in the Indian brick industry is found only in the
processes leading to the production of green bricks; i.e. clay extraction, mixing of clay and moulding of
bricks. Barring a handful of plants that use modern tunnel kilns, most mechanized plants are still using
traditional kilns for firing bricks. Solid fired clay bricks produced from mechanized plants are denser
and have higher compressive strength as compared to the hand moulded bricks.

The use of fly ash (a by-product of coal combustion) brick as an alternative to fired clay bricks in
building construction is also slowly gaining steam in India. Yet, these bricks are mostly being used in
construction activities in the urban areas. Fly ash bricks are made in mechanized plants where pan-mixer
is used to mix fly ash with sand, stone-dust, lime and cement to prepare the required blend of mixture.
Bricks are shaped out of this mixture using a vibro-hydraulic power compacting machine and are cured
with water to attain the required strength.

Other less common types of solid bricks or blocks used in construction include solid concrete, calcium
silicate, autoclaved aerated concrete, compressed stabilized earth block, etc. Similar to fly ash bricks,
these alternative building units are also produced in semi-mechanized or mechanized plants where a
particular proportion of raw materials is mixed together using a mixer, and bricks or blocks are moulded
using the resultant mixture.

It was decided therefore to collect samples of building materials from different parts of the country in
order to encompass the effect of diverse material composition and manufacturing processes on material
properties.

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 5

 Materials and Measurement Methods

2.1 Sample Collection

The types of solid bricks/blocks selected for measuring thermophysical properties are as follows:
1. Fired clay brick
2. Fly ash brick
3. Solid concrete brick
4. Solid concrete block
5. Calcium silicate block
6. Autoclaved aerated concrete block (AAC)
7. Cellular light weight concrete block (CLC)
8. Compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB)
9. Demolition waste brick
10. Expanded clay aggregate
11. Surkhi brick

A total of sixty-two samples were collected from thirteen different states of India to represent the wide
range of solid masonry building units used in construction. Individual datasheets containing information
about the collection site and manufacturing processes are given in the annexure. Table 2 shows the
details of state-wise distribution of samples collected for measurements and Figure 1 shows their
location on the map.

Table 2: State-wise distribution of samples collected.

Fired Fly Solid Calcium Expanded
Concrete Demolition Surkhi
clay ash Concrete Silicate AAC CLC CSEB clay
Brick waste brick brick
Brick Brick Block Block aggregate
Tamil Nadu 4 1 - - - - - 1 - - -
Telangana 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - -
Andhra Pradesh 3 1 - 2 - - 1 - - - -
Maharashtra 2 2 - - 1 1 1 - - - -
Gujarat 2 2 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1
Bihar 1 1 - - - - - - - - -
Delhi & NCT 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - -
Uttar Pradesh 3 - - - - - - - - - -
Madhya Pradesh 1 1 - - - - - - - - -
West Bengal 1 1 - - - - - - - - -
Haryana 3 1 - - - 1 - - - - -
Karnataka 2 - - 1 - - - 1 - - -
Punjab 2 1 1 - - - - - - - -
Rajasthan - 5 - - - - - - - - -
Total 26 18 1 5 1 2 3 3 1 1 1

6 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Materials and Measurement Methods

Burnt Clay Brick EC Aggregate

Block
Fly Ash Brick
Surkhi Brick
Concrete Block

CLC Block Demolition

Waste Brick
Calcium Silicate Block

CSEB

AAC

Concrete Brick

Figure 1: Location of all samples collected

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 7

 Materials and Measurement Methods

2.2 Measurement of Properties

All material samples delivered to CARBSE, CEPT University were checked and tagged before testing
as explained in Annexure II. Each of the sixty-two sample sets consisting of both bricks and blocks were
characterised by the following properties:

1. Thermal conductivity
2. Specific heat
3. Dry density
4. Water absorption
5. Compressive strength.

Annexure I provides definitions of all the tested parameters. Table 3 describes the instruments used and
applicable testing standards followed by CARBSE for testing each parameter. Thermal conductivity and
specific heat were measured using Thermal Constants analyser as per ISO/DIS 22007-2:2015 as seen in
Table 3. Similarly, dry density, water absorption, and compressive strength were measured following
specific standards of measurement as seen in Table 3. The testing procedure specifying environmental
conditions and sample requirements for each parameter is elaborated along with photographs of the
samples in Annexure II.

Table 3: Measured properties and corresponding testing standards & instruments used

Applicable Testing
S/N Testing parameter Instrument
Standard

ISO/DIS 22007-2:2015
Thermal Conductivity and
1 Thermal Constants Analyser (for both bricks and
Specific heat
blocks) (ISO, 2008)

ASTM C20 (for both

Precision Weighing Scale,
2 Dry density bricks and blocks)
Inert Gas Oven, Water Bath
(ASTM, 2015)
IS 3495 (for bricks) (BIS,
Precision Weighing Scale, 1992b)
3 Water Absorption
Inert Gas Oven, Water Bath IS 2185 (for blocks) (BIS,
2005)

Compression Testing IS 3495 (for bricks)

4 Compressive Strength
Machine IS 2185 (for blocks)

8 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

3. Results and Discussion

The annexure III contains individual datasheets with the measured thermophysical properties of all the
sixty-two samples. The number of samples collected are sufficient to statistically determine a correlation
between any two parameters. Only fired clay bricks and non-fired or cured bricks are considered for
examining the influence of dry density on thermal conductivity.

3.1 Fired Clay Bricks

Table 4 shows the manufacturing process and location and Table 5 shows average value of measured
properties of the fired clay brick samples tested, categorised by the manufacturing process.

Table 4: Location and manufacturing process of fired clay samples selected.

Manufacturing
Phase S/N Sample Location
Process (Moulding)
1 RB01 Hand-moulding Kolkata, West Bengal
2 RB02 Hand-moulding Jhajjar, Haryana
3 RB03 Extrusion Jhajjar, Haryana
4 RB04 Hand-moulding Patna, Bihar
5 RB05 Extrusion Dera Bassi (Mohali), Punjab
6 RB06 Hand-moulding Dera Bassi (Mohali), Punjab
7 RB07 Hand-moulding Moraiya (Ahmedabad), Gujarat
8 RB08 Water-struck moulding Moraiya (Ahmedabad), Gujarat
9 RB09 Hand-moulding Bhor (Pune), Maharashtra
10 RB10 Hand-moulding Indore, Madhya Pradesh
11 RB11 Hand-moulding Nagpur, Maharashtra
I 12 RB12 Extrusion Anekkal (Bengaluru), Karnataka
13 RB13 Soft mud moulding Anekkal (Bengaluru), Karnataka
14 RB14 Hand-moulding Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
15 RB15 Hand-moulding Karimnagar, Telangana
16 RB16 Soft mud moulding Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
17 RB17 Soft mud moulding Madurai, Tamil Nadu
18 RB18 Extrusion Madurai, Tamil Nadu
19 RB19 Extrusion Chinnathadagam (Coimbatore), Tamil Nadu
20 RB20 Hand-moulding Yamunanagar, Haryana
21 RB21 Hand-moulding Baraut (Baghpat), Uttar Pradesh
22 RB22 Soft mud moulding Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
23 RB23 Hand-moulding Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
24 RB01 Hand-moulding Baghpat, Delhi-NCR
II 25 RB02 Soft mud moulding Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
26 RB03 Hand-moulding Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 9

 Results and Discussions

Table 5: Average value of measured properties of fired clay samples selected.

Dry Thermal Specific
heat Compressive Water
density conductivity
S/N Phase Sample strength absorption
𝝆 𝝀 𝑪𝒑
(𝐌𝐏𝐚) (%)
(𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 ) (𝐖⁄𝐦. 𝐊) (𝐉⁄𝐤𝐠. 𝐊)
Hand-Moulding
1 Phase I RB01 1599 0.48 907.8 14.83 21
2 Phase I RB02 1777 0.60 921.6 16.54 15
3 Phase I RB04 1654 0.57 917.5 23.08 19
4 Phase I RB06 1887 0.76 927.0 20.23 12
5 Phase I RB07 1738 0.53 960.4 7.21 16
6 Phase I RB09 1604 0.39 909.0 6.10 23
7 Phase I RB10 1512 0.42 926.5 5.32 26
8 Phase I RB11 1447 0.50 936.6 10.01 24
9 Phase I RB14 1503 0.42 935.9 4.88 26
10 Phase I RB15 1264 0.38 927.8 4.16 32
11 Phase I RB20 1780 0.55 952.9 18.68 15
12 Phase I RB21 1716 0.54 923.1 17.8 17
13 Phase I RB23 1819 0.74 978.6 25.8 13
14 Phase II RB01 1801 0.57 926.9 21.76 12
15 Phase II RB03 1493 0.41 909.6 5.22 20
Extrusion
1 Phase I RB03 2119 0.97 916.1 58.21 7
2 Phase I RB05 2028 1.12 955.2 54 10
3 Phase I RB12 1975 0.80 928.1 26.83 12
4 Phase I RB18 1895 0.58 924.3 19.82 14
5 Phase I RB19 1958 0.65 947.2 10.79 13
Soft mud Moulding
1 Phase I RB13 1807 0.59 934.8 13.48 17
2 Phase I RB16 1657 0.42 940.4 7.51 19
3 Phase I RB17 1648 0.41 927.5 5.71 20
4 Phase I RB22 1798 0.64 918.5 26.17 14
5 Phase II RB02 1723 0.58 891.1 5.84 12
Water-struck Moulding
1 Phase I RB08 1737 0.51 946.8 7.76 16

10 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

Analysis of the data presented in Table 5 shows that the dry density and thermal conductivity of hand-
moulded bricks -show a wide range from 1264 − 1887 kg⁄m3 and 0.38 − 0.76 W⁄m. K respectively,
whereas the dry density and thermal conductivity for machine moulded (extruded or soft-mud moulded)
bricks varies between 1648 − 2119 kg⁄m3 and 0.41 − 1.12 W⁄m. K respectively.

Figure 2 shows the variation of thermal conductivity with dry density for fired clay bricks. Using
Microsoft Excel, an exponential correlation is fit to the data. Goodness of fit (𝑅 2 = 0.70) shows that
dry density is a major factor that governs thermal conductivity of solid fired clay bricks. Thus, for a
given value of dry density 𝜌 (kg⁄m3 ), the following equation can be used to make an estimation of
thermal conductivity 𝜆 (W⁄m. K) for fired clay bricks:

𝜆 = 0.0652𝑒 (0.0012𝜌) (1250 < 𝜌 < 2150) … (3.1)

Fired Clay Bricks

1.20
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K)

1.00
y = 0.0652e0.0012x
R² = 0.77
0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Bulk Density, ρ (kg/m3)

Figure 2: Thermal conductivity as a function of dry density for fired-clay bricks

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 11

 Results and Discussions

3.2 Non-Fired (Cured) Bricks

Table 6 shows the source location and Table 7 shows the average value of measured properties of the
tested fly ash brick samples.

Table 6: Source location of the flyash brick samples

S.No Sample Location

1 FB01 Kolkata, West Bengal

2 FB02 Jhajjar, Haryana

3 FB03 Patna, Bihar

4 FB04 Najafgarh, NCT

5 FB05 Chandigarh, Punjab

6 FB06 Ahmedabad, Gujrat

Phase I
7 FB07 Pune, Maharashtra

8 FB08 Indore, Madhya Pradesh

9 FB09 Nagpur, Maharashtra

10 FB10 Madurai, Tamil Nadu

11 FB01 Hyderabad, Telangana

12 FB02 Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

13 FB03 Ahmedabad, Gujarat

14 FB04 Kota, Rajasthan

15 FB05 Kota, Rajasthan

Phase II
16 FB06 Jaipur, Rajasthan

17 FB07 Jaipur, Rajasthan

18 FB08 Bikaner, Rajasthan

12 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

Table 7: Average value of measured properties of flyash brick samples

Bulk
Density Thermal Specific heat Compressive Water
conductivity strength
S.No Sample absorption
𝝆 𝝀 𝑪𝒑 (%)
(𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 (𝐖⁄𝐦. 𝐊) (𝐉⁄𝐤𝐠. 𝐊) (𝐌𝐏𝐚)
)

1 FB01 1878 0.86 938.2 19.98 12

2 FB02 1844 0.80 924.8 12.43 16

3 FB03 1475 0.53 962.0 9.02 23

4 FB04 1299 0.39 924.0 11.44 27

5 FB05 1807 0.50 961.5 10.64 15

6 FB06 1543 0.36 908.0 5.05 27

Phase
I
7 FB07 2048 0.67 976.2 15.16 12

8 FB08 1682 0.52 936.0 10.14 19

9 FB09 1989 0.65 929.9 8.87 13

10 FB10 1722 0.50 925.6 3.6 20

11 FB01 1878 1.05 918.05 15.72 10

12 FB02 1779 0.84 935.35 18.72 15

13 FB03 1716 0.56 891.33 12.07 17

14 FB04 1606 0.67 953.90 9.97 19

15 FB05 1627 0.69 954.46 8.57 18

Phase
II
16 FB06 1774 0.97 878.71 10.33 15

17 FB07 1734 0.79 972.16 8.75 18

18 FB08 1694 0.75 646.16 15.16 20

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 13

 Results and Discussions

The bulk density and the thermal conductivity of fly ash bricks show a wide range, ranging from 1299 −
2048 kg⁄m3 and 0.36 − 0.97 W⁄m. K , respectively. Table 8 shows the sample type and location and
Table 9 shows average value of measured properties of other non-fired walling material samples tested.

Table 8: Source location of other non-fired walling material samples

S.No Sample Sample type Location

1 AB01 AAC Block Nagpur, Maharashtra

2 AB02 AAC Block Jhajjar, Haryana

3 EB01 CSEB New Delhi, NCT

Phase 4 EB02 CSEB Kengeri (Bengaluru), Karnataka

I
5 CC01 Concrete Block Bengaluru, Karnataka

6 CC02 Concrete Block Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh

7 CB01 Concrete Brick Mohali, Punjab

8 CS01 Calcium Silicate block Vadhu Budruk (Pune), Maharashtra

9 CL01 CLC blocks Kesnand (Pune), Maharashtra

1 CC01 Concrete Block Adibutla, Hyderabad, Telangana

2 CC02 Concrete Block Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

3 CC03 Concrete Block Bagodara, Gujarat

4 CL01 Cellular Light Weight Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Phase Concrete (CLC) Block
II
5 CL02 Cellular Light Weight Vadodara, Gujarat
Concrete (CLC) Block

6 EB01 CSEB Auroville, Tamil Nadu

7 EC01 Expanded Clay Aggregate Rajkot, Gujarat

(ECA) Block

8 Construction & Demolition

CD01 Ahmedabad, Gujarat
(C&D) Waste Brick

9 Surkhi Brick (Brick-bat

SB01 Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Waste Brick)

14 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

Table 9: Average value of measured properties of other non-fired walling material samples

Bulk Thermal Specific

Compressive Water
Density conductivity heat
S/N Sample strength absorption
𝝀
𝝆 𝑪𝒑 (%)
(𝐖⁄𝐦. 𝐊) (𝐌𝐏𝐚)
(𝐤𝐠⁄𝐦𝟑 ) (𝐉⁄𝐤𝐠. 𝐊)
1 AB01 608 0.17 875.5 2.7 72

2 AB02 623 0.19 831.0 3.4 73

3 EB01 1630 0.59 908.3 1.76 22

4 EB02 1773 0.75 934.8 13.05 16

5 CC01 2032 0.81 912.8 10.04 9

6 CC02 1961 0.66 928.9 6.8 13

Phase
I
7 CB01 2122 1.55 920.0 29.6 7

8 CS01 2071 0.71 969.2 18.79 12

9 CL01 693 0.19 932.2 1.12 78

10 CC01 2015 NA 886.71 6.6 9

11 CC02 2117 NA 907.31 10.20 9

12 CC03 2092 0.70 867.65 11.59 11

13 CL01 760 0.20 1047.7 2.63 37

14 CL02 744 0.21 891.68 2.86 44

15 EB01 1993 0.97 1040.08 2.91 12

Phase 16 EC01 613 0.19 1031.62 2.77 30

II
17 CD01 1537 0.54 956.13 6.63 23

18 SB01 1423 0.46 524.9 5.96 28

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 15

 Results and Discussions

Figure 3 shows the variation of thermal conductivity with bulk density for non-fired bricks. Using
Microsoft Excel, an exponential correlation is fit to the data1. Goodness of fit (𝑅 2 = 0.68) indicates that
bulk density has a significant impact on thermal conductivity.

For a given value of bulk density 𝜌 (kg⁄m3 ), the following equation can be used to build an estimate of
thermal conductivity 𝜆 (W⁄m. K) for non-fired bricks:

𝜆 = 0.1009𝑒 (0.0011𝜌) (600 < 𝜌 < 2100) … (3.2)

Non-Fired Bricks
1.20
Thermal Conductivity, , λ (W/mK)

1.00
y = 0.1009e0.0011x
0.80 R² = 0.68

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300
Bulk Density, ρ (Kg/m3)

Figure 3: Thermal conductivity as a function of bulk density for non-fired bricks

3.3 Comparison of Material Properties

3.3.1 Thermal Conductivity

A comparison of thermal conductivity values (mean and range) of the commonly used walling materials
is shown in Figure 4. The lowest thermal conductivity is for light weight concrete blocks (AAC and
CLC), while the highest thermal conductivity is for solid concrete blocks. The mean thermal
conductivity value of the hand-moulded fired clay bricks is 18% lower compared to that of fly ash bricks.

1For the analysis outlier data of samples CB01 (Phase I) and CC01 and CC02 (both Phase II) have been
excluded.

16 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)

1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.93
0.80 0.82 0.77
0.67
0.60
0.52 0.53
0.40
0.20 0.22 0.18
0.00
Fired Clay Fired Clay Fired Clay Flyash Bricks Concrete CSEB CLC AAC
(Hand (Soft Mud (Extruded) Block
Moulded) Moulded)

Figure 4: Comparison of thermal conductivity of various walling materials

A comparison of measured values of thermal conductivity of the commonly used solid bricks with the
values given in Eco-Niwas Samhita2 is given in Table 10.

Table 10: Comparison of thermal conductivity given in ENS and measured values in this study

Brick Type Thermal Conductivity values Measured Thermal

as per Eco-Niwas Samhita Conductivity Values (W/mK)
(W/mK)
Solid Fired Clay brick Range: 0.62 – 0.98 Range: 0.38 -1.12
Mean: 0.8 Mean: 0.58
Solid Flyash brick Only one value 0.856 Range: 0.36 -1.05
Mean: 0.67
Solid Cement Concrete Range: 1.396 -1.411 Range: 0.66-1.55
blocks
Mean:1.4 Mean: 0.93
CSEB Range: 1.026 -1.303 Range: 0.59-0.97
Mean:1.18 Mean: 0.77
AAC 0.184 0.18
C&D waste brick NA 0.54 (one sample)
Surkhi brick NA 0.46 (one sample)
Expanded Clay Aggregate NA 0.19 (One sample)
Brick

2Refer Table 7: Thermal properties of building and insulation materials, page 23 Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018: Part I:
Building Envelope

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 17

 Results and Discussions

Following observations can be made:

a) The mean values of thermal conductivity in ENS for all common walling materials (except AAC
block) are significantly higher (28-53%) compared to the mean values reported in this study.
This means that using the thermal conductivity values given in ENS is likely to result in higher
RETV estimations.
b) For a specific type of brick there is a large variation in thermal conductivity. For example, the
measured thermal conductivity values for solid fired clay brick varies from 0.38 to 1.12 W/m.K.
The values given in Eco-Niwas Samhita does not capture this large diversity and variation. Thus,
it is recommended that the correlations (between dry density and thermal conductivity)
developed in the study are included in the ENS.
The study provides thermal conductivity values for three new types of bricks – construction and
demolition waste brick, surkhi brick and expanded clay aggregate bricks. Among these expanded clay
aggregate brick shows a low thermal conductivity of 0.19 W/m.K, comparable to that of AAC blocks.

3.3.2 Bulk Density

A comparison of the bulk densities of various walling materials is shown in Figure 5. The bulk densities
of the three most commonly used solid bricks/blocks – fired clay, fly ash and solid concrete, show
significant variation, due to variations in the raw material properties (composition, particle size, etc) and
the manufacturing process employed (e.g. the amount of pressure employed while shaping). AAC, CLC
and expanded clay aggregate brick samples tested have low bulk densities (608-760 kg/m3) on the other
hand, extruded clay fired bricks and concrete blocks exhibit highest bulk densities (1900 -2150 kg/m3).

Bulk Density (kg/m3)

2500

2000 1995 2068

1727 1728 1799

1640
1500

1000
732
616
500

0
Fired Clay Fired Clay Fired Clay Flyash Bricks Concrete CSEB CLC AAC
(Hand (Soft Mud (Extruded) Block
Moulded) Moulded)

Figure 5: Comparison of bulk density of various walling materials:

18 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

3.3.3 Water Absorption

A comparison of the water absorption of various walling materials is shown in Figure 6. A large variation
in the water absorption was observed for fired clay bricks and fly ash bricks and several samples
exceeded the higher limit of 20% as prescribed in the BIS standards for these materials. Given the porous
nature, CLC and AAC block exhibit very high-water absorption (37-78%).

Water Absorption (%)

90.0
80.0
70.0 72.5

60.0
53
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0 18.0 16.4 17.6 16.7
10.0 11.2 8.8
0.0
Fired Clay Fired Clay Fired Clay Flyash Bricks Concrete CSEB CLC AAC
(Hand (Soft Mud (Extruded) Block
Moulded) Moulded)

Figure 6: Comparison of water absorption of various walling materials

3.3.4 Compressive Strength

A comparison of the compressive strength of various walling materials is shown in Figure 7. Fired clay
extruded bricks exhibits the highest compressive strength, while the AAC and CLC blocks exhibit the
lowest compressive strength (1.12 -3.4 N/mm2), extruded clay fired brick exhibits highest compressive
strength (10.70- 58.2 N/mm2).

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 19

 Results and Discussions

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00
33.93
30.00

20.00
13.44 11.74 11.42 13.18
10.00
5.91
2.20 3.05
0.00
Fired Clay Fired Clay Fired Clay Flyash Bricks Concrete CSEB CLC AAC
(Hand (Soft Mud (Extruded) Block
Moulded) Moulded)

Figure 7: Comparison of compressive strength of various walling materials

3.3.5 Specific Heat Capacity

A comparison of the compressive strength of various walling materials is shown in Figure 8. The mean
specific heat capacity of all the materials were found to vary between a narrow range of 853 -961 J/kg.K.

Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg.K)

1100

1050

1000

961 957
950
930 934 936
922 922
900

850 853

800
Fired Clay Fired Clay Fired Clay Flyash Bricks Concrete CSEB CLC AAC
(Hand (Soft Mud (Extruded) Block
Moulded) Moulded)

Figure 8: Comparison of specific heat capacity of various walling materials

20 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Results and Discussions

3.4 Classification of Walling Materials

The tested solid bricks and blocks are classified into three categories (heavy density, medium density,
and low density) and their thermo-physical characteristics are shown in Table 12. For easy interpretation,
each cell is colour coded. The colour represents whether that parameter falls under Low, Medium, and
High category as per classification given in Table 11.

Table 11: Classification of measured parameters based on mean values

Low Medium High

Bulk Density ≤ 1000 1000 < x ≤ 1800 1800 < x ≤ 2200

(kg/m3)

Water absorption ≤ 12 12 <x ≤ 30 > 30

(%)

Compressive ≤ 3.5 3.5 <x ≤ 15 > 15

strength (N/mm2)

Thermal
Conductivity ≤ 0.3 0.3 <x ≤ 0.8 > 0.8
(W/m.K)
Volumetric Heat
Capacity 500 < x ≤ 1000 1000 < x ≤ 1750 1750 < x ≤ 2250
(kJ/kg.m3)

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 21

 Table 12: Classification of solid bricks and blocks based on their density and their thermo-physical characteristics
Compressive Thermal Volumetric
Bulk Density Water
Type of brick strength Conductivity heat capacity Remarks
(kg/m3) absorption (%)
(N/mm2) (W/m.K) (kJ/kg.m3)
Heavy Density
Clay Fired 1995 11.2 33.93 0.82 1863 • Physical: Low water absorption and high
(Extruded) (1895 -2119) (7 -14) (10.79 -58.2) (0.58-1.12) compressive strength.
• Thermal: High thermal conductivity & high
Concrete brick and block 2068 8.8 13.18 0.93 1906
thermal mass.
(1961-2141) (6 -13) (6.8 -29.6) (0.66 -1.55 • Application: Suitable for use in load bearing
Calcium silicate brick 2071 12 18.79 0.71 2006 construction. High dead load a disadvantage for
mid- and high-rise buildings.
Medium Density
Clay Fired (Hand Moulded) 1640 18 13.44 0.52 1525 • Physical: medium water absorption and medium
(1264 -1887) (12-26) (4.16-25.8) (0.38-0.76) compressive strength.
Fly ash brick 1728 17.6 11.42 0.67 1617 • Thermal: Medium thermal conductivity as well as
(1299 -1993) 10-27 (3.6 -20.0) (0.36 -1.05) medium thermal mass.
Compressed Stabilized Earth 1799 16.7 5.91 0.77 1729 • Applications: These are the most used bricks and
Blocks 1630 - 1993 12-22 1.76-13.50 0.59-0.97 generally can be used both for load bearing as well
C&D waste brick 1537 23 6.63 0.54 1469 as in frame construction.
Surkhi brick 1423 28 5.96 0.46 NA
Low Density
AAC blocks 616 72.5 3.05 0.18 525 • Physical: High water absorption and low
(608-623) (72-73) (2.7-3.4) (0.17-0.19) compressive strength.
• Thermal: Low thermal conductivity as well as low
CLC blocks 732 53 2.2 0.22 700 thermal mass.
• These bricks are not suitable for load bearing
(693-760) (37-78) (1.12 -2.86) (0.19-.0.26)
construction and generally used as walling
material in framed construction. When used in
Expanded Clay Aggregate Brick 613 30 2.77 0.19 632 mid- and high-rise construction, they bring
additional advantage of low weight and hence
savings in the structural cost.

22 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Calculation of RETV

4. Calculation of RETV

The residential envelope transmittance value (RETV) is a measure of the average external heat gain into
a building, normalized over all hours throughout the year and averaged over the entire envelope area of
the building. It is quantified from three basic components of heat gain through external walls and
windows of the building:

a) Heat conduction through opaque components (walls, opaque panels etc.)

b) Heat conduction through non-opaque components (transparent/translucent panels of windows, doors
etc.)
c) Solar radiation through non-opaque components (transparent/translucent panels of windows, doors
etc.)

The examination of RETV brings out the strong influence of external walls, glazing types and external
shading devices on steady state thermal performance of the whole building envelope. As mentioned in
Eco-Niwas Samhita (ENS) or Energy Conservation Building Code for residential buildings, for the
purpose of energy conservation, the maximum permissible RETV has been set at 15 W⁄m2 (BEE,
2017).

In this chapter, for a sample building envelope, RETV has been calculated in correspondence to different
external wall materials where other components affecting RETV are taken as constant. This enables the
selection of building material in order to improve energy efficiency in residential buildings.

4.1 Sample Housing Project

A seven-storey housing project (SMARTGHAR-III) in Rajkot (Gujarat) has been selected to calculate
RETV. The carpet area of each dwelling unit is 26.6 m2. There are three windows and one door exposed
to the outside environment in each unit. The site plan and the typical floor plan for the project is provided
in Figure 9. The windows are casement windows that are either fully (glass) or partially (PVC) glazed.
There are eleven identical residential towers in the project out of which one tower has been selected for
evaluating the impact of change in external wall material on the RETV.

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 23

 Calculation of RETV

Figure 9: Site plan and typical unit plan of SMARTGHAR-III project, Rajkot

Table 13 provides U-value of 200mm thick wall of each tested walling unit, with 15mm plaster on both
sides. Figure 11 shows the residential envelope transmittance values (RETV) for the given sample
housing envelope taking different external wall materials.

24 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Calculation of RETV

Table 13: U-values for different walling material samples

Thermal Transmittance Coefficient
(𝑈 − value)
Phase S/N Sample Sample type 2
⁄
(W m . K) of 200 mm thick wall with
15 mm plaster on both sides
1 RB01 Fired clay brick 1.60
2 RB02 Fired clay brick 1.83
3 RB03 Fired clay brick 2.39
4 RB04 Fired clay brick 1.77
5 RB05 Fired clay brick 2.56
6 RB06 Fired clay brick 2.11
7 RB07 Fired clay brick 1.70
8 RB08 Fired clay brick 1.64
9 RB09 Fired clay brick 1.37
10 RB10 Fired clay brick 1.46
11 RB11 Fired clay brick 1.63
12 RB12 Fired clay brick 2.16
13 RB13 Fired clay brick 1.81
14 RB14 Fired clay brick 1.44
15 RB15 Fired clay brick 1.34
16 RB16 Fired clay brick 1.45
17 RB17 Fired clay brick 1.42
18 RB18 Fired clay brick 1.80
19 RB19 Fired clay brick 1.92
20 RB20 Fired clay brick 1.74
Phase 21 RB21 Fired clay brick 1.72
I 22 RB22 Fired clay brick 1.91
23 RB23 Fired clay brick 2.07
24 FB01 Fly ash brick 2.25
25 FB02 Fly ash brick 2.16
26 FB03 Fly ash brick 1.69
27 FB04 Fly ash brick 1.37
28 FB05 Fly ash brick 1.64
29 FB06 Fly ash brick 1.30
30 FB07 Fly ash brick 1.96
31 FB08 Fly ash brick 1.67
32 FB09 Fly ash brick 1.92
33 FB10 Fly ash brick 1.63
34 AB01 AAC block 0.70
35 AB02 AAC block 0.70
36 EB01 CSEB 1.81
37 EB02 CSEB 2.08
38 CC01 Concrete block 2.17
39 CC02 Concrete block 1.94
40 CB01 Concrete brick 2.93
41 CS01 Calcium silicate blocks 2.02
42 CL01 CLC block 0.80

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 25

 Calculation of RETV

1 RB01 Fired-clay brick 1.78

2 RB02 Fired-clay brick 1.8
3 RB03 Fired-clay brick 1.43
4 FB01 Fly-ash brick 2.49
5 FB02 Fly-ash brick 2.22
6 FB03 Fly-ash brick 1.76
7 FB04 Fly-ash brick 1.96
8 FB05 Fly-ash brick 1.99
9 FB06 Fly-ash brick 2.39
10 FB07 Fly-ash brick 2.15
11 FB08 Fly-ash brick 2.09
12 CC01 Concrete block NA
Phase 13 CC02 Concrete block NA
II 14 CC03 Concrete block 2.01
Cellular light weight
15 CL01 0.83
concrete block
Cellular light weight
16 CL02 1.02
concrete block
Compressed stabilized
17 EB01 2.39
earth block
Expanded Clay Aggregate
18 EC01 0.79
Block
Construction &
19 CD01 Demolition (C&D) Waste 1.72
Brick
Surkhi Brick (Brick-bat
20 SB01 1.55
Waste Brick)

The U-value of the 230 mm thick wall made from different type of solid bricks was found to vary
between 0.7 W/m2.K to 2.93 W/m2.K as shown in Figure 10.

26 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Calculation of RETV

Phase 1_CB01 CB, 2.93

Phase 1_RB05 RB, 2.56
Phase 2_FB01 FB, 2.49
Phase 2_EB01 EB, 2.39
Phase 2_FB06 FB, 2.39
Phase 1_RB03 RB, 2.39
Phase 1_FB01 FB, 2.25
Phase 2_FB02 FB, 2.22
Phase 1_CC01 CC, 2.17
Phase 1_FB02 FB, 2.16
Phase 1_RB12 RB, 2.16
Phase 2_FB07 FB, 2.15
Phase 1_RB06 RB, 2.11
Phase 2_FB08 FB, 2.09
Phase 1_EB02 EB, 2.08
Phase 1_RB23 RB, 2.07
Phase 1_CS01 CS, 2.02
Phase 2_CC03 CC, 2.01
Phase 2_FB05 FB, 1.99
Phase 2_FB04 FB, 1.96
Phase 1_FB07 FB, 1.96
Phase 1_CC02 CC, 1.94
Phase 1_FB09 FB, 1.92
Phase 1_RB19 RB, 1.92
Phase 1_RB22 RB, 1.91
Phase 1_RB02 RB, 1.83
Phase 1_EB01 EB, 1.81
Phase 1_RB13 RB, 1.81
Phase 2_RB02 RB, 1.8
Phase 1_RB18 RB, 1.8
Phase 2_RB01 RB, 1.78
Phase 1_RB04 RB, 1.77
Phase 2_FB03 FB, 1.76
Phase 1_RB20 RB, 1.74
Phase 2_CD01 CD, 1.72
Phase 1_RB21 RB, 1.72
Phase 1_RB07 RB, 1.7
Phase 1_FB03 FB, 1.69
Phase 1_FB08 FB, 1.67
Phase 1_FB05 FB, 1.64
Phase 1_RB08 RB, 1.64
Phase 1_FB10 FB, 1.63
Phase 1_RB11 RB, 1.63
Phase 1_RB01 RB, 1.6
Phase 2_SB01 SB, 1.55
Phase 1_RB10 RB, 1.46
Phase 1_RB16 RB, 1.45
Phase 1_RB14 RB, 1.44
Phase 2_RB03 RB, 1.43
Phase 1_RB17 RB, 1.42
Phase 1_FB04 FB, 1.37
Phase 1_RB09 RB, 1.37
Phase 1_RB15 RB, 1.34
Phase 1_FB06 FB, 1.3
Phase 2_CL02 CL, 1.02
Phase 2_CL01 CL, 0.83
Phase 1_CL01 CL, 0.8
Phase 2_EC01 EC, 0.79
Phase 1_AB02 AB, 0.7
Phase 1_AB01 AB, 0.7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Figure 10: Thermal transmittance values corresponding to various walling materials for a sample envelope

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 27

 Calculation of RETV

Phase1_CB01 CB, 19.65

Phase1_RB05 RB, 17.9
Phase2_FB01 FB, 17.54
Phase2_FB06 FB, 17.12
Phase1_RB03 RB, 17.1
Phase2_EB01 EB, 17.08
Phase1_FB01 FB, 16.44
Phase2_FB02 FB, 16.3
Phase1_CC01 CC, 16.07
Phase1_FB02 FB, 16.04
Phase1_RB12 RB, 16
Phase2_FB07 FB, 15.96
Phase1_RB06 RB, 15.77
Phase2_FB08 FB, 15.68
Phase1_EB02 EB, 15.66
Phase1_RB23 RB, 15.58
Phase1_CS01 CS, 15.34
Phase2_CC03 CC, 15.28
Phase2_FB05 FB, 15.22
Phase2_FB04 FB, 15.08
Phase1_FB07 FB, 15.05
Phase1_CC02 CC, 14.97
Phase1_FB09 FB, 14.89
Phase1_RB19 RB, 14.86
Phase1_RB22 RB, 14.81
Phase1_RB02 RB, 14.45
Phase1_RB13 RB, 14.36
Phase1_EB01 EB, 14.35
Phase1_RB18 RB, 14.29
Phase2_RB02 RB, 14.28
Phase2_RB01 RB, 14.2
Phase1_RB04 RB, 14.16
Phase2_FB03 FB, 14.1
Phase1_RB20 RB, 14.03
Phase2_CD01 CD, 13.93
Phase1_RB21 RB, 13.92
Phase1_RB07 RB, 13.82
Phase1_FB03 FB, 13.79
Phase1_FB08 FB, 13.68
Phase1_RB08 RB, 13.56
Phase1_FB05 FB, 13.55
Phase1_RB11 RB, 13.53
Phase1_FB10 FB, 13.5
Phase1_RB01 RB, 13.35
Phase2_SB01 SB, 13.05
Phase1_RB10 RB, 12.7
Phase1_RB16 RB, 12.66
Phase1_RB14 RB, 12.61
Phase2_RB03 RB, 12.57
Phase1_RB17 RB, 12.49
Phase1_RB09 RB, 12.28
Phase1_FB04 FB, 12.27
Phase1_RB15 RB, 12.13
Phase1_FB06 FB, 11.93
Phase2_CL02 CL, 10.64
Phase2_CL01 CL, 9.71
Phase1_CL01 CL, 9.57
Phase1_AB02 AB, 9.48
Phase2_EC01 EC, 9.44
Phase1_AB01 AB, 9.13
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

Figure 11: RETV values corresponding to various walling materials for a sample envelope

28 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Calculation of RETV

Following conclusions can be drawn based on the analysis of the U-value of the standard wall with 230
mm thickness (200 mm brick + 15 mm plaster) and RETV calculations for a specific tower of Smart
GHAR 3 project located at Rajkot (composite climate):

• The choice of brick to construct external wall (U-value ranging between 0.7 W/m2K to 2.93
W/m2K) has a large impact on the RETV value. The maximum value of RETV for Smart GHAR-
3 is 19.65 W/m2, which is more than double the minimum RETV of 9.13 W/m2. Thirty-one, out
of forty-two solid brick types meet the RETV threshold of 15 W/m2 as specified by Eco-Niwas
Samhita, 2018.
• AAC and CLC blocks have the lowest U value (~ 0.8 W/m2K) and lowest RETV value (~ 9.5
W/m2), which is well below the RETV threshold of 15 W/m2.
• Solid concrete and calcium silicate bricks exhibit high U value (~ 2.0 to 3.0 W/m2K) and RETV,
generally exceeding the threshold of 15 W/m2.
• Commonly available hand moulded fired clay (excluding extruded bricks) and fly ash bricks
exhibit moderate U value (1.3 – 2.25 W/m2K) and in majority of cases meet the RETV threshold
of 15 W/m2.

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 29

 Conclusions

5. Conclusions

1. The project collected and tested sixty-two samples of 11 types of solid bricks and blocks from
14 states of the country covering variation in material composition and manufacturing process
employed. Each of the sixty-two sample sets were characterized for the following properties.
• Thermal conductivity
• Specific heat
• Bulk density
• Water absorption
• Compressive strength.
2. The tested bricks can be classified under three categories
Heavy density bricks (>1800 kg/m3): Extruded fired clay brick, solid concrete and calcium
silicate brick can be classified as heavy density bricks. Characteristics based on mean of the
tested values are:

o Physical characteristics: Low water absorption (≤12%) and high compressive strength (>15
N/mm2).
o Thermal characteristics: High thermal conductivity (> 0.8 W/m.K) and high volumetric heat
capacity (> 1750 kJ/kg.m3).

Application: Suitable for use in load bearing construction. High dead load is a disadvantage for
their application in mid- and high-rise buildings. The material can be used to provide high
thermal mass.
Medium density bricks (1000-1800 kg/m3): Hand moulded clay fired bricks, fly ash bricks,
CSEB blocks and C&D/Surkhi bricks can be classified as medium density bricks.
Characteristics based on mean of the tested values are:

o Physical characteristics: Medium water absorption (12-30%) and medium compressive

strength (3.5 -15 N/mm2)
o Thermal characteristics: Medium thermal conductivity (0.3-0.8 W/m.K) as well as medium
volumetric heat capacity (1000 -1750 kJ/kg.m3)

Application: These are the most commonly used bricks, and they can be used both for load
bearing as well as in frame construction.
Low density bricks (< 1000 kg/m3): AAC, CLC and expanded clay aggregate bricks can be
classified as low-density bricks. Characteristics based on mean of the tested values are:

o Physical characteristics: High water absorption (>30%) and low compressive strength (<3.5
N/mm2).

30 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Conclusions

o Thermal characteristics: Low thermal conductivity (≤ 0.3 W/m.K) as well as low volumetric
heat capacity ( 500 -1000 kJ/kg.m3) .

Application: These bricks are not suitable for load bearing construction and generally used as
walling material in framed construction. When used in mid- and high-rise construction, apart
from better thermal insulation, they bring additional advantage of low weight and hence savings
in the structural cost. Suitable care needs to be taken during construction to avoid formation of
cracks and water leakage.

3. For a specific type of brick, a large variation in thermal conductivity and bulk density was
observed. For example, the measured thermal conductivity values for solid fired clay brick were
found to vary from 0.38 to 1.12 W/m.K. Correlations have been developed between the bulk
density and the thermal conductivity for fired clay bricks and non-fired bricks, these are as
follows:

• Fired clay brick: For a given value of bulk density 𝜌 (kg⁄m3 ), the following equation can
be used to make an estimation of thermal conductivity 𝜆 (W⁄m. K).

𝜆 = 0.0652𝑒 (0.0012𝜌) (1250 < 𝜌 < 2150)

• Non-fired brick: For a given value of bulk density 𝜌 (kg⁄m3 ), the following equation can
be used to build an estimate of thermal conductivity 𝜆 (W⁄m. K).

𝜆 = 0.1009𝑒 (0.0011𝜌) (600 < 𝜌 < 2100)

4. It is recommended that BEE can take action to amend the database of thermal properties values
given in Table 7 of Eco-Niwas Samhita: Part I (2018). The results show that the mean values of
thermal conductivity given in ENS for all common walling materials (except AAC block) are
significantly higher (28-53%) compared to the mean values reported in this study. This means
that using the thermal conductivity values given in ENS is likely to result in higher RETV
estimations. Also, the correlations can be included in Eco-Niwas Samhita so that by measuring
the bulk density, thermal conductivity of the brick can be determined for RETV calculations.
5. U-value of 200 mm bricks wall with 15 mm plaster on both sides (total wall assembly thickness
of 230 mm) was calculated for the tested bricks. The highest U-value of 2.93 W/m2.K was more
than four times higher compared to the lowest U-value of 0.7 W/m2.K. Further RETV value for
a sample affordable housing project located at Rajkot was calculated for the tested bricks. It was
observed that the choice of brick to construct external wall has a large impact on the RETV
value. For the given project, the maximum value of RETV was 19.65 W/m2, which is more than
double the minimum RETV of 9.13 W/m2. Thus, choice of brick for the external walls is a key
to meet the RETV standard of Eco-Niwas Samhita.

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 31

 Annexure I

6. Annexures

Annexure I: Definitions
Thermal conductivity

As per IS 3069:1994 thermal conductivity is defined as “the time rate of heat flow through unit thickness
of an infinite slab of a homogeneous material in a direction perpendicular to the surface, induced by unit
temperature difference”. It is expressed in W/m-K as per the measurement standard ISO/DIS 22007-
2:2015.

Volumetric Specific heat or Heat capacity per unit volume

As per IS 3069:1994 (BIS, 1994) volumetric specific heat or heat capacity per unit volume is defined as
“the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit volume by one degree”. It is expressed in
MJ/m3K as per measurement standard ISO/DIS 22007-2:2015.

Water absorption

As per IS2248:1992 (BIS, 1992a) water absorption is defined as “the increase in weight of a test
specimen after immersion in water, at a constant temperature and for a specified period, expressed as a
percentage of the dry weight”.

Bulk density

As per ASTM C20 “the bulk density of a specimen in grams per cubic centimetre is the quotient of its
dry weight divided by the exterior volume, including pores”. It is expressed in Kg/m3 as per IS
3069:1994. For walling units such as bricks and blocks, the dry density is equivalent to bulk density.

Compressive strength:

As per IS 3069:1994 the compressive strength of a material is defined as “the capacity of a material to
withstand mechanical pressure up to the point of fracture, and in the case of materials which do not fail
by shattering, the compressive strength may be deduced arbitrarily from a load deformation curve.”
Measured in N/mm2 as per measurement standard IS 3495 (part1):1992.

32 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Annexure II: Methodology for measurement of thermal properties

This Annexure covers an overview of the methodology followed for testing of thermal properties listed
in Section 2.2. The overview includes the number of samples required for each test, tagging the received
samples, and testing procedure.

Number of Samples Required for Each Test

Based on the applicable standards, a definite number of samples were required for testing each parameter
mentioned in Section 2.2. Table 14 shows the number of samples needed for each test as per standards
(cut or full-sized samples). In case of bricks full size samples were required and the blocks were cut to
smaller sizes to match the brick size for all tests.

Table 14: Number of cut or full-sized samples needed for each test as per standards

Number of samples needed for each test as per standard

S/N Material Type Thermal Dry Water Compressive
Conductivity, Density Absorption strength
Specific heat
1 Fired clay bricks (RB) 3 5 5 5
2 Fly ash Bricks (FB) 3 5 5 5
3 Solid concrete brick (CB) 3 5 5 5
4 Solid concrete blocks (CC) 3 3 3 12
5 Calcium silicate block (CS) 3 5 5 5
6 AAC blocks (AB) 3 3 3 12
Cellular light weight
7 3 3 3 12
concrete block (CL)
8 CSEB (EB) 3 5 5 5
9 Demolition waste brick 3 5 5 5
10 Expansion Clay Aggregate 3 5* 5 5
11 Surkhi brick 3 5 5 5

Figure 12: Illustration to explain sample tag

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 33

 Annexure II

Figure 13: photograph of tagged bricks belonging to set 01 (left) & set 05 (right)

Sample tag
Each of the received sixty-two material samples were visually inspected for damages and were marked
with a sample tag name based on the material type (abbreviated name of the material), the sample and
specimen number as seen in Figure 12. Table 15 shows the different abbreviations assigned to the tested
materials. For example, first sample set of fired clay bricks despatched to CARBSE was tagged as
’RB01’ where, RB represents fired clay brick and ‘01’ is the 1st sample. Further, for testing purpose
individual brick/test specimens were named in a numerical order. For example, each brick within the
first sample set of fired clay brick was tagged from RB0101 to RB0120 (i.e., 20 bricks of set 01 of fired
clay brick) as seen in Figure 13. The tagged samples were safely stored in their respective packaging
until the time of testing. The tested samples were marked with the letter ’T’ and stored separately in case
further retesting was necessary.

Table 15: Different types of material samples received for testing and the corresponding abbreviations assigned
to them.

S. N Abbreviation Material type

1 RB Fired clay brick
2 FB Fly ash brick
3 CB Solid concrete brick
4 CC Solid concrete block
5 CS Calcium silicate block
6 AB Autoclaved aerated concrete block (AAC)
7 CL Cellular light weight concrete block (CLC)
8 EB Compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB)
9 CD Demolition waste brick
10 EC Expansion Clay Aggregate
11 SB Surkhi brick

34 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Testing procedure
Thermal Conductivity:

Thermal conductivity was determined for each material type using the transient plane heat source (hot
disc) method and the reference standard used is ISO/DIS 22007-2:2015. The main instrument used is
Hot Disk TPS 2500S as seen in Table 3. Additionally, the Inert Gas Oven was used for preconditioning
the samples as described below.

Figure 14: Photograph of thermal constant analyser testing brick samples using transient plane source method
Preconditioning

1. Three masonry unit samples as shown in Figure 15 was dried in the inert gas oven at a
temperature of 105 °C for the period of 24 hrs. as seen in Figure 16.
2. After drying, all 3 specimens were conditioned at 22 °C and 50 % RH until less than 1 % mass
change is observed over 24 hrs. period (maintained in the lab) (ISO, 2015).

Measurement

Thermal conductivity was measured at 25 ± 1 °C and 50% ± 10% RH conditions using Thermal constant
analyzer in accordance with transient plane source method as seen in Figure 14Figure 14. The procedure
was followed through as per ISO/DIS 22007-2:2015.

Calculation

As per standard procedure the hot disk probe operating as a temperature sensor was placed sandwiched
between two brick/block specimens for measurement. 10 measurements were carried out by using
random combinations of 3 specimens as shown in Figure 17 and the average was reported.

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 35

 Annexure II

Figure 15: Illustration showing number of masonry units needed for testing thermal conductivity and specific
heat capacity

Figure 16: Photograph of the Inert Gas Oven (left) & bricks prepared for drying (right)

Figure 17: Photographs demonstrating different combinations of brick specimens placed for measurement and
hot disk probe sandwiched between two samples of fired clay brick

36 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Specific Heat:

While preparing the brick samples for hygrothermal measurements, significant random cavity spots
were observed in the brick samples. Hence, specific heat capacity of brick was measured using gold disk
sensor in the Transient Plane Source set up. The refined measurement procedure is described below:

Procedure

1. Initially a reference measurement was carried out by keeping the gold disk sensor empty as seen
in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Reference Measurement

2. A small homogeneous piece of brick (test sample) without any air cavity was cut from the
conditioned brick as seen in Figure 19.

Figure 19: Test Sample Preparation

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 37

 Annexure II

3. As seen in Figure 20, a beaker was fully filled with water letting the excess water drop out of it.
The test sample was dropped into the beaker and the weight of the displaced water due to its
submersion was measured. Using the values of the weight of the displaced water and the density
of water, the exterior volume of the test sample was calculated.

Figure 20: Exterior Volume Measurement

4. The test sample was dried, and the weight of the dried test sample was measured as seen in
Figure 216.

Figure 21: Weight measurement of the dried test sample

38 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

5. Five measurements of specific heat capacity (per unit mass) were carried out by keeping the
sample in the gold disk sensor as seen in Figure 227, and providing values of the reference
measurement, the exterior volume and the weight of the test sample of the brick.

Figure 22: Specific heat capacity measurement using gold disk sensor
Dry density:

Dry/ Bulk density was measured based on ASTM C20. The Instruments used were Inert gas oven, water
bath and precision weighing. Since measurement for dry density and water absorption (explained further
in the next section) involves the same procedure as per respective standards, the same set of samples
were used to characterize both parameters.

Measurement

1. Five bricks or three block sample as seen in Figure 238, were dried at a temperature of 105 °C
until a constant mass was achieved.
2. After drying, the sample was cooled to room temperature and its weight was obtained, denoted
by dry mass (D) as seen in Figure 24.
3. After dry mass measurement, the sample was submerged into boiling water for the period of 2
hours as seen in Figure 25.

Figure 23: Illustration showing number of masonry units allotted for testing dry density and water absorption

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 39

 Annexure II

Figure 24: Photograph showing dried sample being weighed to get dry mass (D)

Figure 25: Photograph showing dried brick samples being boiled (left) and brick samples immersed in water
afterwards (right) as per the procedure

4. After the boiling period, samples were cooled to room temperature while still completely
covered with water. Samples were kept immersed in water for 22 hrs. as seen in Figure 25 before
weighing again.
5. Suspended weight (S) of each sample was measured while suspended in water as per the
procedure in ASTM C20 seen in Figure 26.

40 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

6. After determining the suspended weight, excess water was removed by blotting each sample
lightly with a moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth.
7. Saturated weight (W) was obtained by weighing the sample in air as per the procedure in ASTM
C20 seen in Figure 26.

Calculation

After measuring Dry Weight (D), Suspended Weight (S), and Saturated Weight (W) in Kg below
calculations were carried out to determine the Block Density (ASTM International, 2010).

Exterior Volume, V (m3) = W- S

Dry/bulk Density = D/V (Kg/m3)

Figure 26: Photograph showing measurement of suspended weight (S)(left) and saturated weight (W)(right) as
per the procedure

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 41

 Annexure II

Water Absorption:

Water absorption was measured based on IS 3495 (for bricks) and IS 2185 (for blocks). The Instruments
used were Inert gas oven and precision weighing scale as shown in Figure 161 and Figure 24,Figure 250
(right) and Figure 261 (right).

Measurement

1. Five brick or three block samples, as seen in Figure 23 were dried at a temperature of 105 °C until
a constant mass was achieved.
2. After drying, the sample was cooled to room temperature and its weight was obtained, denoted by
dry weight (M1) as seen in Figure 24.
3. After dry weight measurement, the sample was submerged into clean water kept at a temperature of
27 ± 2°C for 24 hours as seen in Figure 250 (right).
4. After 24 hours, excess water was removed by blotting each sample lightly with a moistened smooth
linen or cotton cloth and Saturated weight (M2) was obtained by weighing the sample.

Calculation

After measuring Dry Weight (M1), and Saturated Weight (M2) in Kg below calculations were carried
out to determine the Water Absorption (Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1992).

𝑀2−𝑀1
Water Absorption = X 100 %
M1

Compressive Strength

Compressive strength was measured based on IS 3495 for bricks and IS 2185 for blocks. The instrument
used was the Compression testing machine.

Preconditioning

1. Five brick/twelve block samples as seen in Figure 27 with smooth even surfaces were immersed
in water at room temperature for 24 hrs.
2. The samples were removed, and surplus moisture was drained out.

Figure 27: Illustration showing the number of samples required for the compressive strength test. Left- 5 full
sized samples, in case of bricks; Right- 12 samples cut from full blocks, in case of blocks

42 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

3. The frog in case of bricks and any other voids in the brick bed face was made even with cement
mortar filling as seen in Figure 28.
4. The samples were then stored under damp jute bags for 24 hrs. followed by immersion in clean
water for 3 days.
5. After this process, excess moisture was wiped clean from the samples.

Measurement

1. The clean sample was placed within the machine with mortar fill facing upwards between two
to three plywood sheets of 3mm thickness, centred between the two plates of the machine as
seen in Figure 29, and load was applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till
failure occurred.
2. Maximum load at failure was noted.

Calculation

Compressive strength was calculated as:

Maximum load at failure in N

Compressive strength in 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 =
Average area of the bed faces in 𝑚𝑚2

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 43

 Annexure II

Figure 28: Photograph of mortar filled bricks ready to be tested

Figure 29: Photograph of Compression testing machine

44 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Annexure III: Measurement Datasheets

Datasheet 01

General information

Hand moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB01

Date of collection January 9, 2019

Panchpara Gram Panchayat (Near Hooghly River)

Location
Satyen Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal

Raw material River silt

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug mill)

• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes • Drying: Natural drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in an induced draught Zigzag kiln
• Fuel: Coal (Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand)

Fuel consumption 13.5 ton per lakh bricks

Production capacity 22000 – 24000 bricks per day

LMB Bricks,
Address/Contact Mr. Ashok Tiwari,
President, Bengal Brick Field Owners Association

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1599
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4847
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9078
Water absorption, (%) 21
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 14.83

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 45

 Annexure III

Datasheet 02

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB01

Date of collection January 9, 2019
Location Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal
Raw material Fly ash, cement, red sand, stone dust

• Mixture preparation: Pan mixer is used to mix raw material (90kg

Production fly ash +165kg red sand + 80kg stone dust+ 25 kg cement)
processes • Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power compacting
machine and then cured by water.

Electricity
15,500 kWh per month
consumption
Production
10,000 bricks in 8 hours.
capacity
Maya Ashtech
Address/Contact
Mr. Devanand Jewani (+91-9830804971)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1878
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.8619
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9382
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 19.98

46 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 03

General information

Hand moulded burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB02

Date of collection January 31, 2019

Location Jhajjar, Haryana

Raw material Excavated clay

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug

mill)
• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in an induced draught Zigzag kiln
• Fuel: Coal (USA), Sawdust

Fuel consumption 8-ton coal per lakh bricks

Production capacity 36000 bricks per day

Jindal Mechno Bricks

Address/Contact
Mr. Satpal Jindal (9811273798)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1777
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5988
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9216
Water absorption, (%) 15
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 16.54

Part I: National Database of Thermophysical Properties of Walling Materials 47

 Annexure III

Datasheet 04

General information

Hand moulded burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB03

Date of collection January 31, 2019

Location Jhajjar, Haryana

Raw material Excavated clay
• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug
mill)
• Shaping: Bricks are made by two extrusion machines of 50
Production processes and 150 ton per day capacity.
• Drying: Bricks are dried in tunnel dryer
• Firing: Bricks are fired in two tunnel kilns of 50 and 150 ton
per day capacity.
Jindal Mechno Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Satpal Jindal (9811273798)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2119
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.9694
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9161
Water absorption, (%) 7
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 58.21

48 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 05

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB02

Date of collection January 31, 2019

Location Jhajjar, Haryana
Raw material Fly ash

Production processes • Fully mechanized unit

Jindal Mechno Bricks

Address/Contact
Mr. Satpal Jindal (9811273798)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1844
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.802
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9248
Water absorption, (%) 16
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 12.43

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Datasheet 06

General information

Hand-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB04

Date of collection February 5, 2019

Location Damrahi Ghat, Patna, Bihar

Raw material Excavated clay

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug

mill)
• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a natural draught Zigzag kiln
• Fuel: Coal (Amlo/Kalyani coalfield, Jharkhand)

Fuel consumption 17 ton per lakh bricks

Production capacity 25,000 bricks per day

Kumar bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Vijay

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1654
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5668
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9175
Water absorption, (%) 19
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 23.08

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Datasheet 07

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB03

Date of collection February 5, 2019

Location Sampatchak Nahar, Patna, Bihar

Raw material Fly ash, cement

• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw material

Production processes • Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.

• 3 lakh bricks yearly

Production capacity • 4000 bricks per day (based on demand)
• Installed capacity is 12,000 brick per day.
Magadh Bricks
Address/Contact
Ravi Ranjan Prakash (9955949074)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1475
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5278
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.962
Water absorption, (%) 23
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 9.02

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Datasheet 08

General information

Compressed stabilized earth block

Sample type

Sample number EB01

Date of collection February 5, 2019

Location Jaunapur, Delhi

Raw material Soil, Sand, and Cement

• Mixture preparation: Soil sand and cement, in the ratio of

8:2:1 by volume, are mixed with pan-mixer (make: TARA).
• Shaping: Bricks are pressed into shape by a semi-mechanized
Production processes press (make: TARA) and manual press (make: BALRAM).
• Curing: The first three days bricks are spread in single layers
on the floor for curing. Then from the 4th day, the bricks are
kept in stacks. The bricks are cured for 14 – 21 days.
• Manual press: 1000 bricks per day.
Production capacity
• Machine press: 4000 bricks per day..

Address/Contact Mr. Gagan Sapian (+91-9910006899)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1630
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5883
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9083
Water absorption, (%) 22
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 1.76

Datasheet 09

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Annexure III

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB04

Date of collection March 6, 2019

Location Najafgarh, Delhi

Raw material Fly ash, Cement

• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw material

Production processes • Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a rotary-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.

Address/Contact Moksh Enterprises

Mr. Jaydev Mann (9868953455)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1299
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.387
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9240
Water absorption, (%) 27
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 11.44

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Datasheet 10

General information

Extruded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB05

Date of collection February 19, 2019

Location Dera Bassi, Punjab

Raw material Excavated clay

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug

mill)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped using extrusion machine.
Production processes
• Drying: Bricks are dried in a tunnel dryer
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a tunnel kiln
• Fuel: Petcoke

Fuel consumption 18-ton pet-coke per lakh bricks

Production capacity Capacity of the extruder: 20,000 bricks per 8 hours

Bharat bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Kulbhushan, +91-9425052825

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2028
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 1.119
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9552
Water absorption, (%) 10
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 54

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Datasheet 11

General information

Hand-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB06

Date of collection February 19, 2019

Location Dera Bassi, Punjab

Raw material Excavated clay

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator and pug

mill)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped using extrusion machine.
Production processes
• Drying: Bricks are dried in a tunnel dryer
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a tunnel kiln
• Fuel: Petcoke

Fuel consumption 12-ton pet-coke per lakh bricks

Production capacity 50,000 bricks per day

Bharat bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Kulbhushan, +91-9425052825

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1887
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7645
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9270
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 20.23

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Datasheet 12

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB05

Date of collection February 19, 2019

Location Near airport, Chandigarh

Raw material Fly ash, cement

Address/Contact Mr. Jaamavar (contractor), +91-9915068553

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1807
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5042
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9611
Water absorption, (%) 15
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.64

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Datasheet 13

General information

Concrete brick

Sample type

Sample number CB01

Date of collection February 19, 2019

Location Village Jhanjheri, Distt Mohali, Punjab

M10 concrete product: 10mm aggregate, coarse sand & fly ash,
Raw material
and cement (1:3:6)
Fully mechanized concrete manufacturing line (make:
Production processes
COLUMBIA)
Ramjee concrete Pvt. Ltd.,
Address/Contact
(http://www.ramjeeconcrete.com/index.html),

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2122
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 1.546
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9200
Water absorption, (%) 7
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 29.6

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Datasheet 14

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB06

Date of collection March 1, 2019

Location Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Fly ash and cement
• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw material
Production processes • Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.

Address/Contact Nisarg Prajapati (+91- 9898864332)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1543
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.3594
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9080
Water absorption, (%) 27
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.05

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Datasheet 15

General information

Hand-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB07

Date of collection March 1, 2019

Location Moraiya, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Excavated clay
• Clay preparation: Slurry preparation involves clay crushing
(hammer mill + roller mill) + double shaft mixer
• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a fixed chimney Bull’s trench kiln.
• Fuel: Steam coal, internal fuel (biomass)
Harihar Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Rounak Prajapati (+91- 9825087595)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1738
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5313
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9604
Water absorption, (%) 16
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 7.21

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Datasheet 16

General information

Machine-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB08

Date of collection March 1, 2019

Location Moraiya, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Excavated clay
• Clay preparation: Slurry preparation involves clay crushing
(hammer mill + roller mill) + double shaft mixer
• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a fixed chimney Bull’s trench kiln.
• Fuel: Steam coal, internal fuel (biomass)
Harihar Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Rounak Prajapati (+91- 9825087595)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1737
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5051
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9468
Water absorption, (%) 16
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 7.76

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Datasheet 17

General information

Hand-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB09

Date of collection March 6, 2019

Location Bhor Taluka Pune, Maharashtra

Raw material Excavated clay
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a clamp.
Production processes
• Fuel: C-Grade Steam coal
Fuel consumption 10 ton per lakh bricks
Clamp size is 50,000 to 100,000 bricks per clamp, firing cycle is
Production capacity
15 days.

Address/Contact Mr. Vijay Parinchekar

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1604
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.3876
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9090
Water absorption, (%) 23
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 6.1

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 18

General information

Calcium silicate brick

Sample type

Sample number CS01

Date of collection March 6-8, 2019

Location Vadhu Budruk, Pune, Maharashtra

Raw material Fly ash, stone dust, and lime
• Mixture preparation: 70% stone dust, 10% fly ash from
Nasik and 20% lime is used.
Production processes • Shaping and curing: Mechanized production line; consisting
of pan-mixer, Hydraulic Power compacting machine and
steam curing (autoclaves).
C-Cure Building Products Ltd.
Address/Contact
Mr. Mayank Gupta, (+91-9823181060)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2071
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7069
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9692
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 18.79

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Datasheet 19

General information

Cellular light weight concrete block

Sample type

Sample number CL01

Date of collection March 6-8, 2019

Location Kesanand, Pune, Maharashtra

Raw material Fly ash, cement & foam

• Mixture preparation: M20 grade (dry season): 550 kg Fly
ash, 60 kg cement & foam
Production processes • Shaping and curing: Semi-mechanized production line;
consisting of pan-mixer, Rotary-Hydraulic Power compacting
machine, foam generation & water curing.
C-Cure Building Products Ltd.
Address/Contact
Mr. Mayank Gupta, (+91-9823181060)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 693
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.1932
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9322
Water absorption, (%) 78
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 1.12

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Datasheet 20

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB07

Date of collection March 6-8, 2019

Location Mundhwa, Pune, Maharashtra

Raw material Fly ash, cement, and stone dust
• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw material
(100kg fly ash + 400kg stone dust+ 50 kg cement)
Production processes
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.
C-Cure Building Products Ltd.
Address/Contact
Mr. Mayank Gupta, (+91-9823181060)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2048
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.67
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9762
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 15.16

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Datasheet 21

General information

Hand-moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB10

Date of collection March 14-15, 2019

Location Pithampur Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Raw material Excavated clay
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a clamp.
• Shaping: Hand-moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Fuel: Chindwara coal and bottom ash (internal fuel)
• Produces 50 lakh bricks per season (6 months)
Production capacity
• Clamp size of 3-4 lakh bricks per clamp, 2-month cycle
Abhishek Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Abhishek Purohit, (+91-9425052825)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1512
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4244
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9265
Water absorption, (%) 26
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.32

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Datasheet 22

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB08

Date of collection March 14 –15, 2019

Location Pithampur Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Raw material Fly ash, cement, lime, and stone dust

• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw
material (40% stone dust, 40% fly ash, 15% lime and 5%
Production processes PPC cement)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.
Two fly ash brick manufacturing plants; produces 30 lakh bricks
Production capacity
per plant per season
Abhishek Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Abhishek Purohit, (+91-9425052825)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1682
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5172
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9360
Water absorption, (%) 19
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.14

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Datasheet 23

General information

Hand moulded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB11

Date of collection April 2-3, 2019

Location Nagpur

Raw material Excavated clay

• Firing: Bricks are fired in a FCBTK.
• Shaping: Hand-moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural drying
• Fuel: Nagpur coal and pond ash (internal fuel: 60 v/v)
Fuel consumption 12 ton per lakh bricks

Production capacity 50,000 bricks per day

Address/Contact Mr Vinu Paul (+91-9822224122)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1447
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5016
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9366
Water absorption, (%) 24
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.01

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Datasheet 24

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB09

Date of collection April 2–3, 2019

Location Nagpur

Raw material Fly ash, cement, aggregate, and stone dust

• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw
material (470 kg stone dust, 200 kg fly ash, 100 kg
Production processes aggregate and 30 kg OPC grade cement)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.
Production capacity 50,000 bricks per 8 hours

Address/Contact Mr Vinu Paul (+91-9822224122)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1989
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6502
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9300
Water absorption, (%) 13
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 8.87

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Datasheet 25

General information

AAC block

Sample type

Sample number AB01

Date of collection April 2–3, 2019

Location Village Zullar, P.O. - Wadoda, Nagpur

Raw material Fly ash, cement, lime, and gypsum

• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw
material (60-70% fly ash, ~10-15% lime, ~10-15% cement,
Production processes gypsum)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.
Shreeji Blocks Pvt. Ltd.
Address/Contact
Mr. V Bhaskar Rao, (+91-7030963942)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 608
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.1669
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.8755
Water absorption, (%) 72
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 2.7

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 26

General information

Extruded burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB12

Date of collection April 11, 2019

Location Anekkal, Karnataka

Raw material Excavated clay

Production processes Extruded bricks fired in FCBTK

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1975
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7969
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 928.1
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 26.83

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Annexure III

Datasheet 27

General information

Solid burnt clay brick (soft mud)

Sample type

Sample number RB13

Date of collection April 11, 2019

Location Anekkal, Karnataka

Raw material Excavated clay

• Firing: Bricks are fired in a FCBTK.
• Shaping: Bricks are moulded by De-boer Damle soft mud
Production processes moulding machine
• Drying: Natural drying
• Fuel: Chanderpur coal
Fuel consumption 16 ton per lakh bricks
- 35,000 soft mud capacity
Production capacity
- 20,000 per day production capacity
Sudarshan Bricks
Chickahagadi village, Kasaba Hobli, Hoskote Post, Anekal taluk,
Address/Contact
Chikka Hagade, Bangalore.
Mr. Sampangirama Reddy (+91-9558378293)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1807
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5893
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9348
Water absorption, (%) 17
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 13.48

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Datasheet 28

General information

Compressed stabilized earth block

Sample type

Sample number EB02

Date of collection April 10, 2019

Location Kengeri, Bangalore

Raw material Soil, fine dust and, cement

• Mixture preparation: Cement 9% + Soil + fine dust. The
soil is tested and based on the tests the composition is
Production processes estimated
• Shaping: Bricks are pressed into shape by a manual press
machine
Production capacity 1000 – 1200 bricks per day
Manjunath Ubalmath, [email protected]
Address/Contact
(+919591989248)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1773
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7493
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9348
Water absorption, (%) 16
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 13.05

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Datasheet 29

General information

Concrete block

Sample type

Sample number CC01

Date of collection April 12, 2019

Location HSR layour, Bengaluru

Raw material Stone dust, cement, and aggregate (M10 concrete mix)
• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw
material (Cement + stone dust + 6mm aggregate)
Production processes
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a double-vibro-hydraulic
power compacting machine and then cured by water.
Production capacity 12,000 blocks per week
Venus Concrete Products
Address/Contact Rajesh V. (+91-9611554455)
Production units = 1) Bommanahalli 2) Anekal

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2032
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.8071
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9128
Water absorption, (%) 9
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.04

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Datasheet 30

General information

Hand-moulded Solid burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB14

Date of collection April 16, 2019

Location Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Excavated clay

Production processes Bricks are fired in a clamp.

DNDL constructions
Address/Contact
Suresh Babu (+91-9440250446)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1503
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4162
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9359
Water absorption, (%) 26
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 4.88

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Annexure III

Datasheet 31

General information

Concrete block

Sample type

Sample number CC02

Date of collection April 16, 2019

Location Lam, Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Stone dust, cement, lime, fly ash and coarse aggregate

Address/Contact Sri Manikanta Fly ash Bricks Industry-(099482 35778)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1961
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6601
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9289
Water absorption, (%) 13
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 6.8

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Datasheet 32

General information

Hand-moulded Solid burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB15

Date of collection April 17, 2019

Location Karimnagar, Telangana

Raw material Excavated clay, fly ash, bottom ash and paddy husk
• Bricks are fired in a clamp.
• Government supplied clay excavated from lakes
• Internal fuel: NTPC Ramagundam fly ash + paddy husk +
boiler ash
• Coal: Singareni mines
Production processes • Composition
▪ NTPC ash: 28 tractors (3 ton/ tractor) = 84 ton
▪ Clay: 24 tractors (3 ton/tractor) = 72 ton
▪ Husk: 6 ton
▪ Boiler ash: 6 ton
▪ ~ 54% ash w/w
Fuel consumption Coal: 17 ton per two lakh bricks
• 2 lakh bricks per clamp (15 days cycle)
Production capacity
• 30 lakh bricks per year
NBC Brick kiln - Mr. Nageshwar Rao – (+91-9440501259)
Address/Contact
Tata Trust – Ms. Sarah Khosla – (+91-8280569700)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1264
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.3757
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9278
Water absorption, (%) 32
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 4.16

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Annexure III

Datasheet 33

General information

Solid burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB16

Date of collection April 22, 2019

Location Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in FCBTK
• Firewood is used as fuel for firing
Production processes • Bricks are shaped by:
o Soft mud moulding machine (locally made): 10,000
bricks per day
o Extruder (make: Vigo): 20,000 bricks per day
Production capacity • 30,000 bricks per day; 8 months’ kiln operation
Mr. K Rathna Shekhar
Address/Contact
Shri Annamalayar Brick Works (+91-9344034133)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1657
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4206
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 940.4
Water absorption, (%) 19
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 7.51

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Datasheet 34

General information
Solid burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB17

Date of collection April 23, 2019

Location Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in FCBTK
• Fuels used for firing are Indonesian coal and wood pieces
Production processes
• Bricks are shaped by soft mud moulding machine (capacity
of 30,000 per day).
Production capacity • 40,000 bricks per day
Mr. Zackari
Address/Contact
Yasin Bricks (+91-9786010740)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1648
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4061
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9275
Water absorption, (%) 20
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.71

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Datasheet 35

General information

Solid burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB18

Date of collection April 23, 2019

Location Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in FCBTK
• Fuels used for firing are Indonesian coal and wood pieces
Production processes
• Bricks are shaped by extrusion machine (locally made
having capacity of 25,000 per day).
Production capacity • 40,000 bricks per day
Mr. Zackari
Address/Contact
Yasin Bricks (+91-9786010740)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1895
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5817
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9243
Water absorption, (%) 14
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 19.82

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Datasheet 36

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB10

Date of collection April 23, 2019

Location Thirupuvanam, Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Raw material Fly ash, pond ash, stone dust, granite dust and cement
• Mixture preparation: Pan-mixer is used to mix raw
material (20 kg Fly ash + 20 kg Pond ash + 30 kg stone
Production processes dust + 30 kg Granite dust + 4 kg Cement)
• Shaping: Bricks are shaped by a vibro-hydraulic power
compacting machine and then cured by water.
Address/Contact P K Bricks (+91-9443461272)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1722
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4989
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9256
Water absorption, (%) 20
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 3.6

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Annexure III

Datasheet 37

General information

Solid burnt clay bricks

Sample type

Sample number RB19

Date of collection April 25, 2019

Location Chinnathadagam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in FCBTK
• Fuels used for firing is imported coal (Tuticorin port)
Production processes • Clay preparation is mechanized
• Bricks are shaped by extrusion machine (capacity: 50,000
bricks per day) having automatic wire-cutting table.
Production capacity • 50,000 bricks per day
Mini Chamber bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. V. Sampathkumar (+91-9363122555)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1958
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6469
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9472
Water absorption, (%) 13
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.79

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Datasheet 38

General information

Solid burnt clay bricks

Sample type

Sample number RB20

Date of collection June 13, 2019

Location Yamunanagar, Haryana

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in IDZK
• Fuels used for firing is USA coal
Production processes
• Clay preparation is mechanized
• Bricks are shaped by hand moulding
Fuel consumption Coal consumption: 9 Ton (when pond ash is used as internal fuel)

Production capacity • 60,000 bricks per day

Harpreet Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Harpreet (+91-9416117084)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1780
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5532
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9529
Water absorption, (%) 15
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 18.68

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Annexure III

Datasheet 39

General information

Solid burnt clay bricks

Sample type

Sample number RB21

Date of collection June 18, 2019

Location Baraut (Baghpat), UP

Raw material Excavated clay

• Bricks are fired in NDZK
• Fuels used for firing is USA coal. Sugar mill waste, saw dust or
Production processes sugar mill fly ash is used as internal fuel.
• Clay preparation is mechanized
• Bricks are shaped by hand moulding
Coal consumption: 9 Ton (when internal fuel is used); 10 Ton
Fuel consumption
(when no internal fuel is used)
Production capacity • 25,000 – 30,000 bricks per day
Brahma Bricks
Address/Contact
Mr. Ramesh (+91-9999009307)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1716
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5415
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9231
Water absorption, (%) 17
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 17.8

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Datasheet 40

General information

AAC block

Sample type

Sample number AB02

Date of collection July 3, 2019

Location Matanhail (Jhajhar), Haryana

Pond ash/Fly ash, Aluminium powder, Lime, Sodium
Raw material
dichromate, Detergent, Plaster of Paris, Cement, and Water
• Pond/Fly ash from power plant is made into slurry.
• Moulds are made by mixing Slurry with Aluminium powder
+ Lime + Sodium dichromate + Detergent + Plaster of Paris
Production processes
+ Cement + Water
• Moulds are heated in Autoclave pipes by Steam (P = 12.5
kgf/cm2) in a 12-hour cycle.
Production capacity 200 Moulds per day (Mould volume = 4.9 m3)
Magicrete Building Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Address/Contact
Mr. Sidharth Bansal (+91-9769443244)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 623
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.1879
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.8310
Water absorption, (%) 73
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 3.4

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Annexure III

Datasheet 41

General information

Soft moulded Burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB22

Date of collection September 9, 2019

Location Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Raw material Excavated clay, sugar cane waste

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator
and pug mill)
• Shaping: Soft mud moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Artificial drying using fans
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a natural draught Zigzag kiln
• Fuel: Coal, Sawdust
Production capacity 35 lakh bricks per year
PCPPL, Hariharpur, Varanasi
Address/Contact
Mr. O P Badlani (+91-9935111095)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1798
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6414
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9185
Water absorption, (%) 14
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 26.17

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Datasheet 42

General information

Hand moulded Burnt-clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB23

Date of collection September 9, 2019

Location Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Raw material Excavated clay, sugar cane waste

• Clay preparation: Mechanical (using earth excavator
and pugmill)
• Shaping: Hand moulding
Production processes
• Drying: Natural Drying
• Firing: Bricks are fired in a natural draught Zigzag kiln
• Fuel: Coal, Sawdust
Production capacity 24 lakh bricks per year
PCPPL, Ganeshpur, Varanasi
Address/Contact
Mr. O P Badlani (+91-9935111095)

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1819
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7383
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.9786
Water absorption, (%) 13
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 25.8

86 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 43

General information

Concrete Block

Sample type

Sample number CC01

Date of collection 22 July 2020

Location Adibatla, Hyderabad, Telangana

Raw material Sand, stone chips, cement

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Govardhana Reddy, Venkata Shyam Enterprise,
Address/Contact
Adibutla, Hyderabad

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2015
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) NA
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.886
Water absorption, (%) 9
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 6.6

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Datasheet 44

General information

Concrete Block

Sample type

Sample number CC02

Date of collection 10 September 2020

Location Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Stone dust, flyash, cement

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Sai Babu C/o K V Chaudhary

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2117
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) NA
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.907
Water absorption, (%) 9
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm ) 2
10.2

88 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 45

General information

Concrete Block

Sample type

Sample number CC03

Date of collection 24 August 2020

Location Bagodra, Gujarat

Raw material Aggregates (6 & 10 mm), flyash, cement

• Raw materials are mixed (dry mix), and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by vibration compactor
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Ace Infracon Products

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 2092
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6992
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.868
Water absorption, (%) 11
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm ) 2
11.59

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 46

General information

Demolition Waste Brick

Sample type

Sample number CD01

Date of collection 22 July 2020

Location Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Cement, lime, crushed C&D waste

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Keyur Sarda, Kesarjan
Address/Contact
Building Center Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1537
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5432
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.956
Water absorption, (%) 23
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 6.63

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Annexure III

Datasheet 47

General information

Cellular Lightweight Concrete Block

Sample type

Sample number CL01

Date of collection 27 July 2020

Location Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Flyash, cement, foaming agent
Raw material
• Raw materials mixed with water and foam are poured into
mould boxes.
Production processes
• After 24 hours, blocks are taken out of moulds and water
cured.
Aditya CLC ECO Blocks,
Address/Contact
Plot # 194 & 195, A.I.E, Visakhapatnam – 530 044

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 760
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.2023
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 1.048
Water absorption, (%) 37
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 2.63

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Datasheet 48

General information

Cellular Lightweight Concrete Block

Sample type

Sample number CL02

Date of collection 07 October 2020

Location Vadodara, Gujarat

Raw material Flyash, cement, foaming agent

• Raw materials mixed with water and foam are poured into
mould boxes.
Production processes
• After 24 hours, blocks are taken out of moulds and water
cured.
Address/Contact FFC

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 744
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.2063
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.892
Water absorption, (%) 44
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 2.86

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Annexure III

Datasheet 49

General information

Compressed Stabilized Earth Block

Sample type

Sample number EB01

Date of collection 04 September 2020

Location Puducherry

Raw material Sand, soil, cement

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by manual press
• The moulded blocks are cured with for strength
Address/Contact Auroville Earth Institute

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1993
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.9669
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 1.040
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 2.91

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 50

General information

Expanded clay aggregate brick

Sample type

Sample number EC01

Date of collection 06 August 2020

Location Rajkot, Gujarat

Raw material Light weight fired clay aggregates, cement, sand

• Light weight fired-clay aggregates were mixed with cement
Production processes and sand
• They were moulded in the form of blocks and cured
Nexus Buildcon Solutions
Off N. H. 8A (Bamanbor-Morvi),
Address/Contact
Mesariya Road, Rangapar Village,
Tal. Wakaner, Dist. Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 613*
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.1856
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 1.032
Water absorption, (%) 30
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 2.77

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Annexure III

Datasheet 51

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB01

Date of collection 16 July 2020

Location Hyderabad, Telangana

Raw material Flyash, cement, stone dust

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in
Production processes the form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Mr Vikram,
Address/Contact
KSP Industries, Hyderabad

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1878
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 1.0490
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.918
Water absorption, (%) 10
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 15.72

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 52

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB02

Date of collection 10 September 2020

Location Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Flyash, Dust, Aggregate(6mm), Cement, Gypsum

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Sai Babu C/o K V Chaudhary

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1779
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.8401
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.935
Water absorption, (%) 15
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm ) 2
18.72

96 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 53

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB03

Date of collection 22 August 2020

Location Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Fly Ash, Stone Dust, Lime, Cement

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Ace Infracon Products

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1716
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5610
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.891
Water absorption, (%) 17
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 12.07

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 54

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB04

Date of collection 16 September 2020

Location Kota, Rajasthan

Raw material Fly Ash, Grit Stone, Lime, Gypsum

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact OASIS Enterprises

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1606
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6731
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.954
Water absorption, (%) 19
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 9.97

98 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 55

General information

Fly ash brick

Sample type

Sample number FB05

Date of collection 16 September 2020

Location Kota, Rajasthan

Raw material Fly Ash, Stone Crusher Dust, Lime, Plaster of Paris
• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Bairwa Ash Bricks Store

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1627
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.6911
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.954
Water absorption, (%) 18
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm ) 2
8.57

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 56

General information

Fly Ash Brick

Sample type

Sample number FB06

Date of collection 24 September, 2020

Location Jaipur, Rajasthan

Raw material Fly Ash, Stone Dust, Cement

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Premraj Khatri Building

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1774
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.9735
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.879
Water absorption, (%) 15
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 10.33

100 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 57

General information

Fly Ash Brick

Sample type

Sample number FB07

Date of collection 24 September 2020

Location Jaipur, Rajasthan

Raw material Fly Ash, Stone Dust, Lime

• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Bharat Bricks Industries

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1734
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7901
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.972
Water absorption, (%) 18
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm ) 2
8.75

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 58

General information

Fly Ash Brick

Sample type

Sample number FB08

Date of collection 05 November, 2020

Location Bikaner, Rajasthan

Fly Ash, Stone Crusher Dust (6 mm), Lime, Plaster of Paris, River
Raw material
sand
• Raw materials are mixed with water, and are moulded in the
Production processes form of blocks by hydraulic press
• The moulded blocks are cured with water for strength
Address/Contact Ramseetu Green Products

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1694
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.7521
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.646
Water absorption, (%) 20
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 15.16

102 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 59

General information

Hand moulded burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB01

Date of collection 17 July, 2020

Location Baghpat, Delhi-NCR

Raw material Excavated clay, waste from sugar industry

• Raw material mixed with water are moulded manually and

Production processes dried
• The dried bricks are fired in zigzag kiln using coal fuel
Address/Contact Mr. Ramesh Kumar, KBC Bricks, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1801
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5715
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.927
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 21.76

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 60

General information

Machine made burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB02

Date of collection 09 October 2020

Location Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Clay, flyash, stone dust

• Raw material mixed with water are moulded with machine
Production processes and dried
• The dried bricks are fired in FCBTK kiln using coal fuel
Address/Contact K. V. Chaudhary

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1723.0
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.5802
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.891
Water absorption, (%) 12
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.84

104 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
Annexure III

Datasheet 61

General information

Hand moulded burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number RB03

Date of collection 09 October 2020

Location Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

Raw material Clay, flyash, stone dust

• Raw material mixed with water are moulded manually and

Production processes dried
• The dried bricks are fired in FCBTK kiln using coal fuel
Address/Contact KV Chaudhary

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1493.0
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4131
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.910
Water absorption, (%) 20
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.22

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 Annexure III

Datasheet 62

General information

Machine moulded burnt clay brick

Sample type

Sample number SB01

Date of collection 22 July 2020

Location Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Raw material Burnt clay brick waste, cement, lime

• Broken burnt-clay bricks (waste) sourced from brick kilns are
crushed and mixed with cement, lime and water, and
Production processes
moulded with hydraulic press
• Moulded bricks are cured with water
Keyur Sarda, Kesarjan
Address/Contact Building Center Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad

Thermal and physical properties

Dry density, ρ (kg/m3) 1423
Thermal conductivity, λ (W/m-K) 0.4558
Specific heat, C (KJ/kg-K) 0.5249
Water absorption, (%) 28
Compressive strength, σ (N/mm2) 5.96

106 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy, CEPT University
 7. References

ASTM. (2015). ASTM C20-2015: Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Dry density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling
Water 1. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0020-00R15

BEE. (2017). Energy Conservation Building Code.

BIS. (1992a). IS 2248 (1992): Glossary of terms relating to clay products for buildings.

BIS. (1992b). IS 3495-1 to 4 (1992): Methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks: Part 1 Determination
of compressive strength Part 2 Determination of water absorption Part 3 Determination of
efflorescence, Part 4: Determination of warpage.

BIS. (1994). IS 3069 (1994): Glossary of terms, symbols and units relating to thermal insulation
materials.

BIS. (2005). IS 2185-1 (2005): Part 1-4: Concrete masonry units - specifications.

Davies, M. G. (2004). Building heat transfer. John Wiley and Sons.

Dondi, M., Mazzanti, F., Principi, P., Raimondo, M., & Zanarini, G. (2004). Thermal Conductivity of
Clay Bricks. In Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (Issue 1).

Gualtieri, M. L., Gualtieri, A. F., Gagliardi, S., Ruffini, P., Ferrari, R., & Hanuskova, M. (2010).
Thermal conductivity of fired clays: Effects of mineralogical and physical properties of the raw
materials. Applied Clay Science, 49(3), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.06.002

ISO. (2008). ISO 22007-2:2008(E) ISO 22007-2 Plastics-Determination of thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity.

Sumedha Malaviya, S., & Jairaj, B. (2017). India’s Move to Make Buildings Efficient | World Resources
Institute. https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/11/indias-move-make-buildings-efficient

107
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Thermal Performance of Walling Material and Wall Technology

Part-II: Derivation of Thermal Transmittance Values

of Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies

108
October 2022
Supported by

Project By

Construction Agency

109
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Thermal performance of Walling Materials and Wall

Technology

Part II: Derivation of Thermal

Transmittance Values of Wall Assemblies
and Walling Technologies

October 2022

Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

MAT Lab

CEPT Research and Development Foundation,

CEPT University

110
Authors

Dr. Rajan Rawal, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Dr. Yash Shukla, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Agam Shah, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Greesha Gowri, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Bhavya Pathak, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Prof. Sankalpa, CEPT University
Manu Narendran, MAT-Lab
Nikhil Bhesaniya, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Subham Das, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University

Documentation support

Priyanka Bhanushali, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University

Sneha Asrani, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Jugal Naik, MAT-Lab

Graphics and layout by

Mona Galsar, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University

Please cite this document as: Rawal, R., Shukla, Y., Shah, A., Gowri, G., Pathak, B., Sankalpa,
Narendran, M., Bhesaniya, N., & Das S., (2022, October). Thermal performance of walling material
and wall technology, Part-2. Retrieved from http://carbse.org/.

Acknowledgements
We sincerely thank SSEF for giving the opportunity to explore the study with the funding support. We
gratefully acknowledge all the wall assembly manufacturers for providing us with the necessary study
sample. We also acknowledge MAT-Lab and the supporting artisans for expert execution of all the
traditional wall assembly samples.

© Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

The Capital Court, 104B, 4th Floor,
Munirka Phase III,
New Delhi 110067
Website: https://shaktifoundation.in/

© Centre for Advanced Research in Building © MAT Lab

Science and Energy p-86, Nevil Park Society,
CEPT University Udhna Magdalla Road,
K.L. Campus, Navarangpura, New City Light, Surat,
Ahmedabad 380009, India Gujarat, 395007, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Website: http://carbse.org/

111
Disclaimer
The views/analysis expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding
agencies. The funding agencies also does not guarantee the accuracy of any data included in this
publication nor does it accept any responsibility for the consequences of its use.

Phases I and II were supported by SSEF and included the testing of following technologies:
1. Rat-trap bond wall
2. Light Gauge framed steel structure with EPS
3. Light Gauge framed steel structure with PPGI Sheet
4. Reinforced EPS core Panel system
5. Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -Unfilled
6. Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -with RCC & non-structural filling
7. Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -with partial RCC filling
8. Burnt clay brick wall
9. Structural stay-in-place formwork system with Insulated panel
10. Bamboo Crete
11. Wattle and Daub
12. Stabilized Adobe Wall
13. Laterite Block Wall
14. Unstabilized Adobe Wall
15. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) wall
16. Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block (CEB) Wall
17. AAC Block with Perlite-based cement plaster
18. Unstabilized Rammed Earth
19. Stabilized Rammed Earth
20. AAC Block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster
21. AAC Block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
22. Burnt Clay Brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
23. Limestone block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster
24. Limestone block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
Phase III was supported by NVF and included the testing of following technologies:
1. Hollow clay brick (100 mm thickness) with cement plaster
2. Hollow clay brick (100 mm thickness) with cement plaster and XPS
3. Hollow clay brick (200 mm thickness) with rockwool and cement plaster
4. Hollow clay brick (200 mm thickness) with cement plaster
5. Hollow clay brick (200 mm thickness) with cement plaster and XPS
6. RCC Wall (100 mm Thickness)
7. RCC Wall (100 mm Thickness) with EPS
8. RCC Wall (100 mm Thickness) with Styrofoam on both sides
9. RCC Wall (100 mm Thickness) with PVC Panels on both sides
10. RCC Wall (100 mm Thickness) with EPS Board on one side and PVC Panels on both sides

112
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 122
2. Assessment of Research Lab capacity and capabilities ............................................................... 123
2.1 CARBSE, CEPT University, Ahmedabad .................................................................................. 123
2.2 Guarded Hot Box (GHB) ......................................................................................................... 123
3. Testing Procedure .................................................................................................................... 125
3.1 General Procedure................................................................................................................. 125
3.2 GHB testing procedure for masonry walls ............................................................................. 125
3.3 GHB Testing Procedure of BMTPC Certified Walls: ................................................................ 125
4. Identification of Walling Technologies ...................................................................................... 127
4.1 Sampling criteria .................................................................................................................... 127
4.2 Selected Walling Technologies .............................................................................................. 129
4.3 Procurement of Samples ....................................................................................................... 130
5. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 133
6. Annexures ................................................................................................................................ 136
Annexure I: Summary of the Selected Walling Technologies ...................................................... 136
Annexure II: Schematic Drawings of the Test Samples ................................................................ 199
7. References ............................................................................................................................... 241

113
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Project outline and research activity protocol...................................................................... 122
Figure 2: Exploded view of the Guarded Hot-Box apparatus. .............................................................. 123
Figure 3: Photographs of the metering chamber attached to the specimen frame and the entire
assembly of GHB opened up and closed. ............................................................................................. 124
Figure 4: Sectional illustration of the Guarded Hot Box (GHB) apparatus ........................................... 124
Figure 5: Photographs showing thermal imaging (left) and testing of Rattrap bond wall assembly in
GHB ...................................................................................................................................................... 126
Figure 6: Photographs showing sealing procedure with XPS (left) and silicone sealant (right) to avoid
heat transfer through gaps .................................................................................................................. 126
Figure 7: Cover pages of 3 different editions of BMTPC Compendium of Prospective Emerging
Technologies for Mass Housing. .......................................................................................................... 127
Figure 8: Cover page of the latest Annual report by MoHUA (left) and the list of 16 technologies
assigned to be adopted for PMAY mission (right) ................................................................................ 128
Figure 9: Thermal performance evaluation of the selected wall assemblies. ...................................... 135
Figure 10: Photograph of a housing project by Laurie Baker employing rat-trap bond wall assembly.136
Figure 11: Different brick faces used in wall construction (left) and 3d illustration of a typical Rat-trap
bond Wall (right). ................................................................................................................................. 137
Figure 12: Photographs showing the construction of Rat-trap bond wall within the specimen frame of
GHB. ..................................................................................................................................................... 137
Figure 13: Photograph showing walls and floor plates of LGFSS assembled at a site. ......................... 138
Figure 14: 3D illustration of LGFSS - EPS with specifications ............................................................... 139
Figure 15: 3D illustration of LGFSS – PPGI sheet with specifications. .................................................. 139
Figure 16: Photographs of LGFSS with EPS wall sample (left) & the sample wall installed within the
specimen frame of GHB (right). ........................................................................................................... 140
Figure 17: Photographs of LGFSS with PPGL sheet wall sample (left) & the sample installed within the
specimen frame of GHB (right). ........................................................................................................... 140
Figure 18: Photograph of an affordable housing construction employing Reinforced EPS core panels.
............................................................................................................................................................. 141
Figure 19: 3d illustration showing specifications of EPS core panel .................................................... 142
Figure 20: Example of on-siteshotcreting (left), Sample of EPS core panel received from the
manufacturer (middle) and EPS core panel fixed into the specimen frame of GHB (right). ................ 142
Figure 21: Photograph of an affordable housing construction employing GFRG panel. Source: (MoHUA,
2017).................................................................................................................................................... 144

114
Figure 22: 3D illustrations (top) and photographs of the GFRG Panel samples: Unfilled, partly filled and
fully filled (bottom). ............................................................................................................................. 144
Figure 23: Components of a typical GFRG panel (left), on-site preparation of GFRG partly filled panel
(middle) and GFRG fully filled panel fixed into the GHB specimen frame (right). ................................ 145
Figure 24: 3d illustration showing specifications of Unfilled GFRG Panel ............................................ 145
Figure 25: 3d illustration showing specifications of GFRG Panel with RCC and non-structural filling .. 146
Figure 26: 3d illustration showing specifications of GFRG Panel with partial RCC filling ..................... 146
Figure 27: 3D illustration of a conventional brick wall. ........................................................................ 147
Figure 28: Photographs showing brick wall constructed within the specimen frame of GHB. ............ 147
Figure 29: Photographs of the assembly of ‘Coffor’ panels without insulation (first) and filled with
concrete on-site(second). .................................................................................................................... 148
Figure 30: 3D sectional illustration of insulated coffor panel sample used as the specimen for the test.
............................................................................................................................................................. 149
Figure 31: Photograph of an insulated coffor panel sample without concreting. ................................ 149
Figure 32: 3d illustration of the bamboo crete wall............................................................................. 151
Figure 33: Photographs showing the Bamboo crete wall sample without cement plaster constructed
regionally by the artisan (left) and Bamboo crete wall sample cement-plastered on both the sides .. 151
Figure 34: Photograph of Wattle-and-Daub technology employed by Hunnarshala Foundation at
Khamir Craft Resource Centre, Kutch, Gujarat in the year 2007. ........................................................ 153
Figure 35: 3d illustration of the wattle-and-daub wall ........................................................................ 153
Figure 36: Photograph showing Wattle prepared by artisans fixed in a wooden frame (left) and Daub
prepared regionally and brought to the testing facility for plastering (right). ..................................... 154
Figure 37 Application of daub on the wattle (left), GHB specimen frame exposed to outside conditions
to dry the walling assembly sample ..................................................................................................... 154
Figure 38: 3d illustration showing specifications of the stabilized adobe wall .................................... 156
Figure 39: Photographs of (a)Pugging of the mud mix for the adobe; (b) Pouring mud mix in the mould;
(c)Removing blocks from the mould; (d) Levelling of a course of the blocks; (e) Dried stabilized adobe
wall ...................................................................................................................................................... 156
Figure 40: Photograph of the artisan cutting the laterite block to fit each course into the specimen
frame; Sideways photograph of the reduced laterite block (right) ...................................................... 157
Figure 41: 3d illustration of the laterite block wall .............................................................................. 158
Figure 42 Left-Right: Photograph of the artisan cutting the laterite block to fit each course into the
specimen frame; Sideways photograph of the reduced laterite block (right) ..................................... 158
Figure 43 3d illustration of the unstabilized adobe wall ...................................................................... 160

115
Figure 44 Artisan laying the second course of the unstabilized adobe (left); Completed wall assembly
of the unstabilized adobe (right) ......................................................................................................... 160
Figure 45 3d illustration of the CSEB wall ............................................................................................ 161
Figure 46 (a) Making of the CSEB mix; (b) Filling the mix in the mould of the press machine; (c)
Compressing the mix using a manual press machine; (d) Preparation of the mortar for assembly; (e)
Laying of the second course of the CSEB; (d)Finishing of the CSEB wall assembly in the GHB box. .... 162
Figure 47 3d illustration of unstabilized compressed earth block wall ................................................ 164
Figure 48 Cutting the unstabilized CEB for the second course unit (left); Finished unstabilized CEB wall
assembly in the GHB box. .................................................................................................................... 164
Figure 49: 3d illustration of AAC block wall ......................................................................................... 165
Figure 50: 3D illustration of Unstabilized rammed earth wall. ............................................................ 166
Figure 51: Unstabilized rammed earth block and wall sample preparation. ....................................... 167
Figure 52: 3D illustration of Stabilized rammed earth wall .................................................................. 168
Figure 53: Stabilized rammed earth block and wall sample preparation. ............................................ 169
Figure 54: 3D Illustration of AAC block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster ........................ 170
Figure 55: 3D Illustration of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster................................... 171
Figure 56: Preparation of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster. ..................................... 172
Figure 57: 3D Illustration of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster .......................... 173
Figure 58: Preparation of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster.............................. 174
Figure 59: 3D Illustration of limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster ................................... 175
Figure 60: Preparation of limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster. ..................................... 176
Figure 61: 3D Illustration of limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster ........................ 177
Figure 62: Preparation of limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster ........................... 178
Figure 63: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (100 mm thick) with cement plaster on both sides
............................................................................................................................................................. 179
Figure 64: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with cement plaster on both sides ........................... 180
Figure 65: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (100 mm thick) with XPS insulation on one side ... 181
Figure 66: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with cement plaster on both sides and XPS insulation
on one side .......................................................................................................................................... 182
Figure 67 : 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (200 mm thick) with rockwool insulation infill..... 183
Figure 68: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with rockwool infill ................................................... 184
Figure 69: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (200 mm thick) with cement plaster on both sides
............................................................................................................................................................. 185
Figure 70: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with rockwool infill ................................................... 186
Figure 71: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick walls (200 mm thick) with XPS insulation on one side . 187

116
Figure 72: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall (200mm thick) with XPS insulation........................... 188
Figure 73: 3D Illustration of 100 mm thick RCC wall ............................................................................ 189
Figure 74: Preparation of 100mm thick RCC wall ................................................................................ 190
Figure 75: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with EPS board on one side ...................................................... 191
Figure 76: Preparation of RCC wall with EPS board on one side .......................................................... 192
Figure 77: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides ............................... 193
Figure 78: Preparation of RCC wall with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides ................................... 194
Figure 79: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with PVC panels on both sides .................................................. 195
Figure 80: Preparation of RCC wall with PVC panels on both sides ..................................................... 196
Figure 81: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with EPS board and PVC panels on both sides .......................... 197
Figure 82: Preparation of RCC wall with EPS board on one side and PVC panels on both sides .......... 198
Figure 83: Schematic drawings of Rat-trap bond wall ......................................................................... 199
Figure 84 : Schematic drawings of LGFSS wall sample: External wall type 1 with EPS as per
specifications and drawings found in BMTPC Performance appraisal certificate (PAC) no: 1014-S/2014.
............................................................................................................................................................. 200
Figure 85: Schematic drawings of LGFSS wall sample with PPGI sheet as per specifications and
drawings found in BMTPC Performance appraisal certificate (PAC) no:1014-S/2014. ........................ 202
Figure 86 : Schematic drawings of Reinforced EPS core panel wall sample as per specifications and
drawings found in the BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1020-S/2015. ................ 203
Figure 87: Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample; Class-1
unfilled panel, as per specifications and drawings found in BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate
(PAC) no: 1009-S/2012 and structural design manual. ........................................................................ 204
Figure 88 : Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample; Class-1
fully filled load-bearing panel as per specifications and drawings found in BMTPC Performance
Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1009-S/2012 and structural design manu........................................... 205
Figure 89 : Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample; Class-1
partially filled load-bearing panel with non-structural core filling as per specifications found in BMTPC
Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1009-S/2012.................................................................. 207
Figure 90: Schematic drawings of burnt clay brick wall sample ........................................................... 208
Figure 91 : Schematic drawing of Structural Stay-in-Place Formwork (Coffor) wall sample with
insulation as per specifications found in BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1035-S/
2018. .................................................................................................................................................... 209
Figure 92 : Schematic plan and elevation of the Bamboo-Crete Wall ................................................. 211
Figure 93: Schematic drawings of the Wattle and Daub Wall .............................................................. 212
Figure 94 : Schematic drawings of the Stabilized Adobe Wall ............................................................. 213

117
Figure 95 : Schematic drawings of the Laterite Block Wall .................................................................. 214
Figure 96 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Adobe Wall ......................................................... 215
Figure 97: Schematic drawings of the Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall ...................... 216
Figure 98 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block (CEB) Wall ................... 217
Figure 99: Schematic drawings of the Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Wall with Perlite-based
cement plaster ..................................................................................................................................... 218
Figure 100 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall ......................................... 219
Figure 101 : Schematic drawings of the Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall .............................................. 220
Figure 102: Schematic drawings of AAC block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster ............. 221
Figure 103 : Schematic drawings of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster ...................... 222
Figure 104: Schematic Illustration of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster ............ 224
Figure 105: Schematic drawings of Limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster ....................... 226
Figure 106: Schematic drawings of Limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster ............ 227
Figure 107: Schematic drawings of hollow clay (100 mm )brick with cement plaster coat on both sides
............................................................................................................................................................. 228
Figure 108: Schematic drawings of hollow clay bricks (100 mm) wall with extruded polysterene board
on one side and cement plaster coat on both sides ............................................................................ 229
Figure 109: Schematic drawings of hollow clay bricks (200 mm) wall with rockwool insulation infill and
cement plaster ..................................................................................................................................... 231
Figure 110 : Schematic drawings of hollow clay (100 mm) brick with cement plaster ........................ 232
Figure 111 : Schematic drawings of hollow clay (200 mm) brick with XPS on one side and cement
plaster coat on both sides.................................................................................................................... 233
Figure 112: Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall ................................................................ 235
Figure 113 : Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with EPS board on one side .................. 236
Figure 114 : Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with Styrofoam (EPS) on both sides ...... 237
Figure 115: Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with PVC boards on both sides .............. 238
Figure 116:Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with EPS insulation board on one side and
PVC boards on both sides .................................................................................................................... 239

118
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: List of wall construction selected for U value testing. ............................................................ 129
Table 2: List of walling technologies selected along with source region, manufacturer information, and
PAC number. ........................................................................................................................................ 130
Table 3: Second Party information and its list of services .................................................................... 132
Table 4: U-value database of all selected walling assemblies and technologies. ................................ 133
Table 5: Walling technology and testing details for Rat-trap bond wall .............................................. 199
Table 6 : Walling technology and testing details for LGFSS wall sample with EPS board ..................... 201
Table 7 : Walling technology and testing details for LGFSS wall sample with PPGI sheet.................... 202
Table 8: Walling technology and testing details for Reinforced EPS core panel wall ........................... 203
Table 9: Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- unfilled .................................... 205
Table 10 : Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- fully filled ............................. 206
Table 11 : Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- partially filled ....................... 207
Table 12: Walling technology and testing details for burnt clay brick wall sample.............................. 208
Table 13 : Walling technology and testing details for of Structural Stay-in-Place Formwork (Coffor) wall
sample with insulation ......................................................................................................................... 210
Table 14 : Walling technology and testing details for Bamboo-Crete Wall.......................................... 211
Table 15 : Walling technology and testing details for Wattle and Daub Wall ...................................... 212
Table 16 : Walling technology and testing details for Stabilized Adobe Wall ...................................... 213
Table 17 : Walling technology and testing details for Laterite Block Wall ........................................... 214
Table 18: Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Adobe Wall ................................... 215
Table 19: Walling technology and testing details for Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall 216
Table 20: Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block Wall....... 217
Table 21:Walling technology and testing details for AAC Block Wall with Perlite-based cement plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 218
Table 22 : Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall ..................... 219
Table 23 : Walling technology and testing details for Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall ......................... 220
Table 24: Walling technology and testing details for AAC block wall with cement mortar and plaster221
Table 25: Walling technology and testing details for AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 223
Table 26: Walling technology and testing details for burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime
plaster .................................................................................................................................................. 225
Table 27 : Walling technology and testing details for Limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 226

119
Table 28: Walling technology and testing details for Limestone wall with cement mortar and plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 227
Table 29: Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay (100 mm )brick with cement plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 228
Table 30 : Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay bricks (100 mm) wall with extruded
polysterene board on one side and cement plaster coat on both sides .............................................. 230
Table 31: Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay bricks (200 mm) wall with rockwool
insulation infill and cement plaster...................................................................................................... 231
Table 32 : Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay (100 mm) brick with cement plaster
............................................................................................................................................................. 232
Table 33:Walling technology and testing detaibls for hollow clay (200 mm) brick with XPS on one side
and cement plaster coat on both sides................................................................................................ 234
Table 34 : Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall ........................................................... 235
Table 35: Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with EPS board on one side ............... 236
Table 36:Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with Styrofoam (EPS) on both sides ... 237
Table 37: Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with PVC boards on both sides .......... 238
Table 38 : Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with EPS insulation board on one side
and PVC boards on both sides ............................................................................................................. 240

ABBREVIATIONS
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BMTPC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council
CARBSE Centre for Research in Building Science and Energy
CEPT Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology
CP Cement particles
CRDF CEPT Research and Development Foundation
EPS Expanded Polystyrene
GFRG Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panel
GHB Guarded Hot Box
GI Galvanised Iron
GKSPL Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
LGFSS Light Gauge Framed Steel Structure

120
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India
PACS Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme
PCM Phase Change Materials
PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna
PPGI Pre-painted Galvanised Iron
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
TSM Technology Sub-Mission
XPS Extruded Polystyrene
RH Relative Humidity
U-Value Thermal transmittance value (W/m2 K)

121
 Assessment of Research Lab Capacity and Capabilities

1. Introduction
The rising demand of affordable housing within urban cities in India is a constant challenge. As a result,
emerging construction systems and walling technologies are being developed to improve the cost and
speed dynamics involved in construction that uses conventional methods and materials. However,
considering climate change and associated events, the focus on thermal performance of all categories of
walling technologies is justified. This report submitted by CRDF, CEPT University aims to facilitate
knowledge regarding thermal performance evaluation of wall construction technologies through the
derivation of their U-values, using its state-of-the-art laboratory facilities. To validate their U-value test
results for a dependable reference in sustainable building practices, the research activity protocol has
been listed in Figure 1. This database has been envisaged to facilitate efficient and sustainable affordable
housing construction This research activity tests thirty-four wall assemblies that may fall in one of the
following categories:

• Conventional Walling Technologies: This includes business-as-usual wall assemblies such as

burnt clay brick, RCC walls, etc can be used as reference baselines.
• Alternative Walling Technologies: This category includes region-specific walling assemblies
used in vernacular architecture such as bamboo-crete, rammed earth walls, etc
• Emerging Walling Technologies: This category refers to industrialized walling technologies,
systems, and/ or products such as reinforced EPS core panel systems.

• Name and role of the lab, its testing instruments and

1. Assessment of research lab standards.
capacity and capability
• Identification of government body for walling
2. Identification of approved and technology certification as a validated source for
employed walling technologies sample selection.

• Setting criteria aiming to cover the most trending

2.1 Sampling criteria technologies first, enabling possible interventions at the
earliest.

• List, literature and drawings of the selected walling

2.2 Selected walling technologies technologies confirming with the stated criteria to
support their characterization.

• Approaching certified manufacturers to supply,

3 Procurement of the samples confirming with the required test sample size.

• Use of the testing instrument and exceptional measures

4. Testing Procedure for this research project.

• Database of thermal transmittance values (U-values)

5 Derivation of U-Values of the and their comparative evaluation based on their thermal
samples performance.

Figure 1: Project outline and research activity protocol.

122 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Assessment of Research Lab Capacity and Capabilities

2. Assessment of Research Lab capacity and capabilities

2.1 CARBSE, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy (CARBSE), under CRDF, CEPT
University, Ahmedabad has characterized and tested the walling technology samples procured from
different manufacturers using Guarded Hot Box (GHB), as per ASTM C 1363.

2.2 Guarded Hot Box (GHB)

A Guarded Hot Box is used to test the thermal performance of non-homogenous specimens, such as
complex wall assemblies, cavity walls, ventilated shaded wall assembly or walls with phase change
materials (PCM). It determines the amount of heat transfer through a given material or assembly of
various materials. This is done by controlling the temperature on both sides of the material and
minimizing the extraneous heat transfers that takes place through material other than the given one;
which can be used to determine the thermal transmittance of a homogenous as well as a non-homogenous
specimen and can test a specimen with a maximum thickness of 350mm. The metering chamber, as seen
in Figure 2, is cooled using a chiller and the guard chamber is maintained at the same temperature using
an HVAC system. The climatic chamber is maintained at higher temperatures using electric coils.
Surface, water and air temperature sensors are placed for temperature control along with relative
humidity (RH), pressure, and air velocity sensors placed at equal distances. The GHB used for testing
is custom made as per ASTM C1363. The range of measurement is 0.1 to 5 W/m2k and the specimen
size must have a maximum width of 980 mm, length of 980 mm and thickness up to 300 mm (CBERD,
2014). Figure 3 is a photograph showing the assembly of GHB at CARBSE. The testing procedure is
further elaborated in Section 3 of this report.

Figure 2: Exploded view of the Guarded Hot-Box apparatus.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 123
 Assessment of Research Lab Capacity and Capabilities

Figure 3: Photographs of the metering chamber attached to the specimen frame and the entire
assembly of GHB opened up and closed.

Figure 4: Sectional illustration of the Guarded Hot Box (GHB) apparatus

124 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Testing Procedure

3. Testing Procedure
This section introduces the standard testing procedure followed for the testing of masonry based walls
and BMTPC certified walls.

3.1 General Procedure

The guarded hot box (GHB) apparatus is traditionally recognized as the only absolute method for
thermal conductivity measurement in a steady state for homogeneous and non-homogeneous materials.

To determine the net energy flow through the specimen, a five sided metering box is placed with the
open side against the warm face of the test panel. Apparently, if there is no net energy exchange across
the walls other than that of the metering box, and only negligible flanking loss around the specimen, the
heat input from the fan and heaters, minus any cooling coil energy extraction from the metering box,
would be considered a measure of the energy flux through the metered area of the specimen.

Since it is not practically possible to have the condition mentioned above, the GHB apparatus is designed
to obtain an accurate measure of the net sample heat flow. Here, the net energy transfer through the
specimen is determined from net measured energy input to the metering chamber, rectifying the losses
through the chamber walls and flanking loss for the specimen at the perimeter of the metering area. The
heat loss rate through the metering chamber walls is curbed by using highly insulated walls and
controlling the surrounding ambient temperature, or by using a temperature controlled guard chamber.

That portion of the specimen outside the boundary of the metering area or the specimen frame, exposed
to the guarding space temperature, constitutes a passive guard to minimize the flanking heat flow in the
test panel near the perimeter of the metering area.

The basic hot box apparatus can be assembled in a wide variety of sizes, orientations, and designs. There
are two primary design configurations. The first is the guarded hot box used for the testing, that has a
controlled “guard” chamber surrounding the metering box. An example of this configuration is
presented in Figure 4 (ASTM, n.d.).

3.2 GHB testing procedure for masonry walls

The two masonry walls, rat-trap bond wall and brick wall, were constructed directly into the specimen
frame of GHB as explained in Annexure 1. The walls were plastered on both sides using 1:4 external
cement plaster and were allowed to dry. Thermal imaging camera was used to check for presence of
moisture ensuring dryness and then the specimen frame was assembled back into the GHB as seen in
Figure 5.

3.3 GHB Testing Procedure of BMTPC Certified Walls:

The manufactured BMTPC certified wall samples were procured in the required size of 980 mm x 980
mm to be fixed directly into the GHB specimen frame. Any gaps between the sample and the specimen

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 125
 Testing Procedure

frame were further sealed using XPS insulation strips and finally sealed using a silicone sealant as seen
in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Figure 5: Photographs showing thermal imaging (left) and testing of Rattrap bond wall assembly in
GHB

Figure 6: Photographs showing sealing procedure with XPS (left) and silicone sealant (right) to avoid
heat transfer through gaps

126 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Identification of Walling Technologies

4. Identification of Walling Technologies

The identification and selection of walling assemblies varied in the three phases and was performed in
consultation with GKSPL. Products/wall technologies suitable for external wall applications (i.e.
exposed to outer environment) were identified.
4.1 Sampling criteria
To comply with the main objective of this research project, the wall assemblies certified by the Building
Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC), and approved by Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (PMAY) are identified in the first category. PMAY is an initiative by the Government of India,
started in 2015, to aid rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers and provide a pucca house to every
household by 2022. BMTPC is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India. It has been mandated to identify and certify innovative
materials and technologies under its Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme (PACS) and evaluate
their application in mass housing. The first set of 8 such technologies was published as Compendium of
Prospective Emerging Technologies for Mass Housing in 2015, and its second edition with 16 new
construction systems was published in April 2017. The third edition that released in September 2018
has 24 new technologies. Figure 7 shows the cover pages of all the 3 compendiums released so far.

Furthermore, the Annual Report 2017-2018 published by Ministry of housing and urban affairs, under
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Housing For All (Urban) also lists out the same 16 new technologies
certified under the 2nd edition of BMTPC Compendium. These technologies have been earmarked to
be adopted under the PMAY mission as on 31.11.2017, as seen in Figure 8 (MOHUA, 2017).

Figure 7: Cover pages of 3 different editions of BMTPC Compendium of Prospective Emerging

Technologies for Mass Housing.
Source: (BMTPC, n.d.-a)

To cover the most trending technologies such as industrially manufactured and/or pre-fabricated walling
technologies in phase I, enabling possible interventions at the earliest, the following criteria was set:

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 127
 Identification of Walling Technologies

1. Availability of Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) for the technology.

2. The wall assembly is non-homogenous by nature
3. Availability of the product for procurement from the manufacturers.
4. The willingness of the manufacturers to provide the required wall samples of the size 980mm x
980mm to fit in the GHB instrument’s specimen frame for testing.
5. The ability to alter the sample in-situ, in the size of 980mm x 980mm, without changing the
properties of the sample in case the manufacturer does not agree to supply the required size of
the sample.
The second category of wall assemblies were identified based on the following criteria:

1. Wall construction must be masonry based.

2. Traditional walling techniques that are currently being used in vernacular and contemporary-
green building practices in India must be selected.
3. Technology must be selected based on its feasibility of the sample construction to fit in the
testing apparatus frame without any changes in its properties or the regional way of construction.
The third category of wall assemblies were identified based on the following criteria:
1. Varying wall thickness and/or insulating material for the same wall construction technique
2. Technology must be selected based on its feasibility of the sample construction to fit in the
testing apparatus frame while ensuring inclusion of walling technologies obtained as a result of
emerging construction techniques such as those implemented in LHP projects.

Figure 8: Cover page of the latest Annual report by MoHUA (left) and the list of 16 technologies
assigned to be adopted for PMAY mission (right)
Source: (MOHUA, 2017)

128 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Identification of Walling Technologies

4.2 Selected Walling Technologies

Non-homogeneous and low-cost masonry construction techniques/technologies, such as Rattrap bond
wall and the standard brick wall, were tested along with selected walling technologies to understand the
comparative assessment between the conventional and the advanced technologies. The selected wall
assemblies were also referred to Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd (GKSPL) for additional
guidance on understanding the properties of similar technologies. Technologies selected for testing are
specified in Table 1. Refer Annexures 1 and 2 for more information on the assemblies.

Table 1: List of wall construction selected for U value testing.

Phase S/N Technologies
1 Rattrap bond wall
2 Light Gauge framed steel structure with EPS
3 Light Gauge framed steel structure with PPGI Sheet
4 Reinforced EPS core Panel system
I 5 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - Unfilled
6 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with RCC and non-structural filling
7 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with RCC filling
8 Structural stay-in-place formwork system (Coffor) – Insulated panel
9 Standard Brick Wall
10 Bamboo Crete
11 Wattle and Daub
12 Stabilized Adobe
13 Laterite Block Wall
14 Unstabilized Adobe
15 CSEB
16 Unstabilized CEB
II 17 AAC Block Wall with Icyplast Cement Plaster
18 Unstabilized Rammed Earth
19 Stabilized Rammed Earth
20 AAC Block Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster
21 AAC Block Wall with Lime mortar and Lime Plaster
22 Burnt Clay Brick with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster
23 Limestone with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster
24 Limestone with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster
25 Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement Plaster
26 Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS
27 Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Rockwool and Cement Plaster
28 Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement Plaster
29 Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS
III
30 RCC Wall (100 mm thick)
31 RCC Wall with EPS
32 RCC Wall with Styrofoam on both sides
33 RCC Wall with PVC panels on both sides
34 RCC Wall with PVC panels on both side and EPS board
Total- 34

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 129
 Identification of Walling Technologies

4.3 Procurement of Samples

Samples of the walling construction technologies were procured only from the manufacturers holding a
Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) issued by BMTPC. (BMTPC, n.d.-b). Drawings and details,
as seen in Annexure 2, necessary for this process were shared with the manufacturers with reference to
the information available in the PAC documents and respective websites. Table 2 shows manufacturer
information and the PAC document numbers assigned to the selected wall technologies. Correspondence
was maintained until the sample was received at the lab.

The traditional walling systems needed to be constructed in the prevalent vernacular way of
construction, employing skilled artisans with expert guidance for results that can be applied. Thus, the
execution services were rendered by MAT – Lab, a firm specialized in bamboo & earth construction,
construction innovations, artisan training and R&D (hereinafter referred to as Second Party). All the
traditional walling samples required regional craftsmen to construct the framework or make the masonry
units regionally using their nearest locally available materials. The same samples were constructed or
finished directly into the 980 mm x 980 mm specimen frame of GHB as explained in Annexure 1. The
in-situ finishing required cement or mud plastering, masonry of the masonry units, curing and drying.
Table 3 shows more information of the second party and its list of services for this project. Drawings
and details as seen in Annexure 1 and 2, necessary for this process were shared by the Thus, second
party. Correspondence was maintained until the sample was secured into the apparatus.

Table 2: List of walling technologies selected along with source region, manufacturer information,
and PAC number.
Sr Wall Technology/
Manufacturer Location PAC No
No. Masonry
1 Rattrap bond wall - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
Light Gauge framed
M/s JB Fabinfra Bhikaji Cama Place,
2 steel structure with 1014-S/2014
Pvt. Ltd New Delhi
EPS
Light Gauge framed
M/s JB Fabinfra Bhikaji Cama Place,
3 steel structure with 1014-S/2014
Pvt. Ltd New Delhi
PPGI Sheet
M/s Jindal Steel
Reinforced EPS core
4 & Power Ltd Angul, Odisha 1020-S/2015
Panel system
Glass fibre reinforced M/s FACT – RCF
5 Gypsum Panel - Building Products Cochin, Kerala 1009-S/2012
Unfilled Ltd. (FRBL)
Glass fibre reinforced
M/s FACT – RCF
Gypsum Panel -with
6 Building Products Cochin, Kerala 1009-S/2012
RCC and non-
Ltd. (FRBL)
structural filling

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 Identification of Walling Technologies

Glass fibre reinforced M/s FACT – RCF

7 Gypsum Panel -with Building Products Cochin, Kerala 1009-S/2012
RCC filling Ltd. (FRBL)
Structural stay-in- M/s Coffor
place formwork Construction
8 Vadodara, Gujarat 1035-S/ 2018
system (Coffor) – Technology
Insulated panel Pvt. Ltd.,
9 Brick Wall - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -`
10 Bamboo Crete - Maroli, Navsari, Gujarat -

11 Wattle and Daub - Dang, Gujarat -

12 Stabilized Adobe - North Gujarat -

13 Laterite Block Wall - South Maharashtra -

Bhal/Bhavnagar/Vedgaon,
14 Unstabilized Adobe - -
Gujarat
15 CSEB - North Gujarat -

16 Unstabilized CEB - North Gujarat/ Aravalli -

AAC Block Wall with
17 Perlite-based Cement - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
Plaster
Unstabilized Rammed
18 - Dhrangadhra, Gujarat -
Earth
Stabilized Rammed
19 - North Gujarat -
Earth
AAC Block Wall with
20 Cement Mortar and - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
Cement Plaster
AAC Block Wall with
21 Lime mortar and Lime - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
Plaster
Burnt Clay Brick with
22 Lime Mortar and - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
Lime Plaster
Limestone with Lime
23 Mortar and Lime - Junagadh, Gujarat -
Plaster
Limestone with
24 Cement Mortar and - Junagadh, Gujarat -
Cement Plaster

Hollow Clay Brick

Weinerberger
25 (100mm thk) with Bengaluru, Karnataka
India Pvt. Ltd.
Cement Plaster

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 131
 Identification of Walling Technologies

Hollow Clay Brick

Bengaluru, Karnataka
(100mm thk) with Weinerberger
26 XPS- Ahmedabad, -
Cement Plaster and India Pvt. Ltd.
Gujarat
XPS
Hollow Clay Brick
Bengaluru, Karnataka
(200mm thk) with Weinerberger
27 Rockwool- Ahmedabad, -
Rockwool and Cement India Pvt. Ltd.
Gujarat
Plaster

Hollow Clay Brick

Weinerberger
28 (200mm thk) with Bengaluru, Karnataka -
India Pvt. Ltd.
Cement Plaster

Hollow Clay Brick

Bengaluru, Karnataka
(200mm thk) with Weinerberger
29 XPS- Ahmedabad, -
Cement Plaster and India Pvt. Ltd.
Gujarat
XPS
30 RCC Wall - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -

31 RCC Wall with EPS - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -

RCC Wall with
32 Styrofoam on both - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
sides
RCC Wall with PVC
33 - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
panels on both sides
RCC Wall with PVC
34 panels on both side - Ahmedabad, Gujarat -
and EPS board

Table 3: Second Party information and its list of services

MAT – Lab
Surat,
Name of the Second Party
Gujarat,
India
Technical coordinator Mr. Manu Narendran

Project Name Execution of traditional Walling System

1. Execution of all the traditional walling systems.

2. Procuring local materials and co-ordinating with the artisans.
3. Transportation of the materials, artisans, and assembly
supervisor.
List of services for this 4. Photographic and written documentation of the construction
project process.
5. Drawings of all the wall samples with material specifications
and construction details.
6. Provide technical facilitation related to securing the walling
system into the apparatus.

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 Results

5. Results
Table 4 shows the U-values obtained for all twenty-four tested wall assemblies and Figure 9 shows
evaluation of the thermal performances of the same.

Table 4: U-value database of all selected walling assemblies and technologies.

S. Thickness U value
Wall types
No. (mm) (W/m2K)

Phase- I

1 Rattrap bond wall 250 2.11

2 Light Gauge framed steel structure with EPS 136 1.37

3 Light Gauge framed steel structure with PPGI Sheet 150 2.12

4 Reinforced EPS core Panel system 150 0.56

5 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - Unfilled 124 2.06

Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with RCC & non-structural

6 124 2.12
filling

7 Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel - with partial RCC filling 124 2.13

8 Brick Wall 250 2.41

9 Structural stay-in-place formwork system (Coffor) – Insulated panel 230 0.44

Phase- II

10 Bamboo Crete 65 2.71

11 Wattle and Daub 45 3.61

12 Stabilized Adobe 230 2.11

13 Laterite Block Wall 205 2.17

14 Unstabilized Adobe 230 2.05

15 Compressed Stabilized Earth Block wall (CSEB) 230 2.79

16 Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block Wall 230 2.74

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 133
 Results

17 AAC Block Wall with Perlite-based Cement Plaster 230 0.76

18 Unstabilized Rammed Earth 230 2.13

19 Stabilized Rammed Earth 230 2.09

20 AAC Block Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster 230 0.78

21 AAC Block Wall with Lime mortar and Lime Plaster 220 0.82

22 Burnt Clay Brick with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster 250 2.31

23 Limestone with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster 224 2.84

24 Limestone with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster 230 2.82

Phase-III

25 Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement Plaster 130 2.71

26 Hollow Clay Brick (100mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS 158 0.89

Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Rockwool and Cement

27 230 1.28
Plaster

28 Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement Plaster 230 1.83

29 Hollow Clay Brick (200mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS 258 0.75

30 RCC Wall (100 mm thick) 100 3.59

31 RCC Wall with EPS 153 0.58

32 RCC Wall with Styrofoam on both sides 154 0.65

33 RCC Wall with PVC panels on both sides 112 2.62

34 RCC Wall with PVC panels on both side and EPS board 165 0.52

Note: The thermal conductivity of burnt clay brick used for the rat-trap bond wall was tested using the
Thermal Constants Analyser as 0.5187 W/mK and brick wall as 0.5286 W/mK.

134 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Results

Wattle and Daub 3.61

RCC Wall 3.59
Limestone block with Lime mortar Lime Plaster 2.84
Limestone block with cement mortar cement Plaster 2.82
Compressed Stabilized earth block (CSEB) wall 2.79
Unstabilized CEB 2.74
Hollow Clay Brick(100 mm thick) with Cement Plaster 2.71
Bamboo Crete 2.71
RCC Wall + Both Side PVC Panel(6 mm) 2.62
Brick wall 2.41
Burnt Clay Brick with Lime mortar Lime Plaster 2.31
Laterite Block Wall 2.17
Unstabilized Rammed Earth 2.13
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -with partial RCC filling 2.13
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -with RCC & non-… 2.12
Selected Walling Technologies

Light Gauge framed steel structure with PPGI Sheet 2.12

Stabilized Adobe 2.11
Rattrap bond wall 2.11
Stabilized Rammed Earth 2.09
Glass fibre reinforced Gypsum Panel -Unfilled 2.06
Unstabilized Adobe 2.05
Hollow Clay Brick(200 mm thick) with Cement Plaster 1.83
Light Gauge framed steel structure with EPS 1.37
Hollow Clay Brick(200 mm thick) with Rockwool and… 1.28
Hollow Clay Brick(100 mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS 0.89
AAC Block with Lime mortar Lime Plaster 0.82
AAC Block with Cement mortar Cement Plaster 0.78
AAC Block with Perlite-based cement plaster 0.76
Hollow Clay Brick(200 mm thick) with Cement Plaster and XPS 0.75
RCC Wall + Both Side Stayrofoam 0.65
RCC Wall + EPS (50 mm) 0.58
Reinforced EPS core Panel system 0.56
RCC Wall + Both Side PVC Panel + EPS Board One side 0.52
Structural stay-in-place formwork system (Coffor) – Insulated… 0.44

0 1 2 3 4
U value (W/m2.K)

Most efficient Least efficient

Most Efficient Least Efficient

Figure 9: Thermal performance evaluation of the selected wall assemblies.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 135
 Annexure I

6. Annexures
Annexure I: Summary of the Selected Walling Technologies
This section is an elaboration on the types of wall samples procured and tested for thermal performance
using GHB.

1. Rat-Trap Bond Wall

Rat-trap bond is a variation in wall masonry and was introduced to India by Architect Laurie Baker as
a cost effective method of wall construction. Construction of external walls using this method is known
to consume 35 % less number of standard burnt-clay bricks and 50 % less cement mortar when compared
to conventional brick wall constructions such as English bond and Flemish bond. This construction is
also known to provide better thermal insulation due to the presence of air cavities (Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation SDC, n.d.). According to a study on the influence of masonry bond
patterns on indoor thermal performance, rat-trap bond wall was observed to have maintained the lowest
indoor temperature over a 24-hr period, with inner and outer surface temperature readings taken during
bright and sunny days of March-April (Jayasinghe, 2016).

The walls are typically 230 mm thick and the bricks are laid as shown in Figure 11 with different brick
faces (Shiners and Rowlocks) to form a cavity unlike conventional bricklaying (Stretchers and headers).
The Rat trap bond is an external walling technique and is recommended for load-bearing buildings up
to 3 storeys and as filler walls for buildings with concrete columns and beams (Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation SDC, n.d.).

For the purpose of this research, the 230 mm thick rat-trap bond wall was constructed within the
specimen frame of GHB using locally available burnt clay bricks from Ahmedabad as shown in Figure
12. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Figure 10: Photograph of a housing project by Laurie Baker employing rat-trap bond wall assembly.

136 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

Shiner
Burnt Clay Bricks (230 X 110
X 75 mm)
[IS 1077:1991]

Cavity between bricks

Stretcher

12 mm thick
Rowlock Cement Mortar
(cement: sand in 1:1 ratio)
to lay the bricks
[IS 2250:1981]

Header
10 mm thick cement
Plaster coat on both
sides [IS 1661:1972]

Soldier Sailor

Figure 11: Different brick faces used in wall construction (left) and 3d illustration of a typical Rat-
trap bond Wall (right).

Figure 12: Photographs showing the construction of Rat-trap bond wall within the specimen frame of
GHB.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 137
 Annexure I

2. Light Gauge Framed Steel Structure (LGFSS)

Light Gauge Framed Steel Structure (LGFSS) is a technology consisting of light gauge steel components
that form a structural framework that are manufactured using cold forming methods. These panels are
assembled on-site with the help of screws and bolts to form walls, floors and roof of buildings, as shown
inFigure 13. This technology has been certified to be adopted for both multi-storied and low-rise
residential buildings (BMTPC, 2014). Once the structure is fixed, the panels are lined with an external
layer of insulation material and Cement Particle (CP) board or dry mix shotcrete. For the purpose of this
research, amongst the different types of wall panels available, the following two types, as seen in Figure
14 and Figure 15 were selected for testing based on its usage for external applications and their non-
homogeneous nature.

a. LGFSS with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Guniting/Shotcrete

This LGFSS wall type has a GI steel stud frame and layers of Gypsum board as its internal layers and
EPS board and shotcrete as its external layers, as illustrated in Figure 16 shows the test sample acquired
from the manufacturer mentioned in Table 2 and fixed into the GHB specimen frame. The illustration
in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

b. LGFSS with PPGL sheet

This LGFSS wall type has a GI steel stud frame and layers of Gypsum board as its internal layer, vapor
barrier and pre-painted galvanized iron sheet (PPGI) as external layers. Figure 17 shows the test sample
acquired from the manufacturer mentioned in Table 2 and fixed into the GHB specimen frame. The
illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Figure 13: Photograph showing walls and floor plates of LGFSS assembled at a site.

138 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

15 mm thick Gypsum Board

[IS 2095 (Part-I):2011]

95 mm thick Core Wall Panel

[IS 456:2000 (Concrete mix)]
Nogging (Steel C Section) [ASTM A
653A, 653/M:2013, IS 277:1992]

15 mm thick Expanded Polysterene

(insulation) Board [IS 4671:1984]
Steel Chicken Wire mesh
[IS 3150:1982]
15 mm Guniting with Cement
Mortar mix [IS 9012:1978]

Figure 14: 3D illustration of LGFSS - EPS with specifications

15mm thk gypsum board

IS 2095(part-1): 2011

Nogging (Steel C Section)

[ASTM A 653A, 653/M:2013,
IS 277:1992]

Vapour Barrier Membrane

[ASTM E1745]

35 mm thick Pre- Painted

Glavanized Iron (PPGI) Sheet
[IS 14246:1995]

Figure 15: 3D illustration of LGFSS – PPGI sheet with specifications.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 139
 Annexure I

Figure 16: Photographs of LGFSS with EPS wall sample (left) & the sample wall installed within the
specimen frame of GHB (right).

Figure 17: Photographs of LGFSS with PPGL sheet wall sample (left) & the sample installed within
the specimen frame of GHB (right).

140 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

3. Reinforced EPS Core Panel System

Reinforced Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Core Panel System is a manufactured wall panel system
constructed as load-bearing walls or filler walls in buildings with RCC framed structure as shown in
Figure 18. The panel consists of an EPS core reinforced with an interconnected framework of zinc-
coated wire mesh as illustrated in Figure 19. This assembly is finished on-site with a layer of sprayed
concrete on both sides termed as Shotcreting or Guniting as per IS 9012:1978, as seen in Figure 20. The
load-bearing reinforced single bearing EPS Core panel used for the construction of external walls was
finalized as per the research criteria. Construction drawings were produced as per details mentioned in
the Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) issued to manufacturers by BMTPC (BMTPC, 2015).

The sample panel was prepared as per established standards by the manufacturer. The sample wall panel
of size 980 mm x 980 mm was delivered to CARBSE and directly fixed for testing into the GHB
specimen frame as shown in Figure 20. The illustration in plan and elevation is available for reference
in Annexure 2.

Figure 18: Photograph of an affordable housing construction employing Reinforced EPS core panels.
Source: (BMTPC, 2017)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 141
 Annexure I

Galvanized Steel Members-

(transverse and longitudinal- at 75
mm c/c and 150 mm c/c
respectively)
[IS : 432 (Part I)- 1982]
80 mm thick Expanded
Sintered Polysterene
(insulation) layer- Self-
Extinguinshing type
[IS 4671:1984]

35 mm thick Shot Crete

layer at both sides
[IS 9012:1978]

Figure 19: 3d illustration showing specifications of EPS core panel

Figure 20: Example of on-siteshotcreting (left), Sample of EPS core panel received from the
manufacturer (middle) and EPS core panel fixed into the specimen frame of GHB (right).
Source: (left) (BMTPC, 2018a)

142 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

4. Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panel (GFRG) - Unfilled, partially filled and fully
filled
Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel is a product made from calcined gypsum, plaster,
reinforced with glass fibres and is used for mass housing construction. Details of the same are as per
those mentioned in the Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) issued to manufacturers by BMTPC
(BMTPC, 2011). Class 1 of GFRG panel is mostly used for external wall applications. Each panel is
manufactured in 12m length, 3m height and consists of cavities separated by ribs as seen in Figure 23.
The panels may be used as unfilled, partially filled or fully-filled, with a concrete and non-structural
filling, based on structural applications as shown in Figure 22.

Three samples of GFRG panels were obtained from the manufacturer and were prepared as per standard
applications on-site as seen in Figure 24, Figure 25, and Figure 26. The sample of unfilled class 1 water-
resistant grade GFRG panel was tested with its hollow cavities and the partially filled panel was tested
after the middle cavity was reinforced with an 8mm diameter steel rod and M20 grade concrete. In case
of a fully filled panel, middle cavity was filled in the same manner as partially filled panel and all the
other cavities were filled with M10 grade concrete (non-structural core filling). Annexure 2 contains
illustrations for the same.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 143
 Annexure I

Figure 21: Photograph of an affordable housing construction employing GFRG panel. Source:
(MoHUA, 2017)

Figure 22: 3D illustrations (top) and photographs of the GFRG Panel samples: Unfilled, partly filled
and fully filled (bottom).

144 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

Figure 23: Components of a typical GFRG panel (left), on-site preparation of GFRG partly filled
panel (middle) and GFRG fully filled panel fixed into the GHB specimen frame (right).

Cavity in the
GFRG Panel

124 mm thick Class-I

water resistant grade Glass
Fibre Reinforced Gypsum
Panel
(15 mm thick at both sides
with 94 mm cavity)
[ASTM C1355/ C1355
M-96 (2020)]

Figure 24: 3d illustration showing specifications of Unfilled GFRG Panel

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 145
 Annexure I

Cavity (every 3rd or 4th)

filled with M20 concrete,
reinforced with 8mm dia
MS Bar
[IS 456:2000]

Cavity filled with non-

structural core filling

124 mm thick Class-I

water resistant grade
Glass Fibre Reinforced
Gypsum Panel (15 mm
thick at both sides with
94 mm cavity)
[ASTM C1355/ C1355
M-96 (2020)]

Figure 25: 3d illustration showing specifications of GFRG Panel with RCC and non-structural filling

Cavity (every 3rd or

4th) filled with M20
concrete, reinforced
with 8mm dia MS Bar
[IS 456:2000]
Cavity in the
GFRG Panel

124 mm thick Class-I

water resistant grade
Glass Fibre Reinforced
Gypsum Panel (15 mm
thick at both sides with
94 mm cavity)
[ASTM C1355/
C1355 M-96 (2020)]

Figure 26: 3d illustration showing specifications of GFRG Panel with partial RCC filling

146 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

5. Brick Wall
A conventional brick wall popularly adopted for housing construction in the country, as seen in Figure
27, was also tested as a base case for the purpose of this research. A standard 230 mm thick brick wall
with plaster was directly constructed within the specimen frame of GHB using locally available burnt
clay bricks from Ahmedabad city, following IS1077 : 1991 for bricks (BIS, 2005) and IS2250 : 1981
for cement mortar (BIS, 1993) as shown in Figure 28. After fully drying and being tested for moisture
via thermal imaging, the testing of wall sample was conducted.

Burnt Clay Bricks (230

X 110 X 75 mm)
[IS 1077:1991]

12 mm thick Cement Mortar

(cement: sand in 1:1 ratio) to
lay the bricks
[IS 2250:1981]

10 mm thick Cement plaster

(cement: sand in 1:1 ratio)
on both sides
[IS 1661:1972]

Figure 27: 3D illustration of a conventional brick wall.

Figure 28: Photographs showing brick wall constructed within the specimen frame of GHB.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 147
 Annexure I

6. Structural stay-in-place formwork system (Coffor)

Structural stay-in-place formwork system or Coffor technology consists of a structural formwork that is
retained as part of the building and concrete is poured in-situ allowing to set along with the formwork,
as seen in Figure 29. As illustrated in Figure 30, the formwork consists of two filtering grids made of
rib mesh which is reinforced with steel ‘C’ channels forming vertical stiffeners; the grids on both sides
have rebars as horizontal stiffeners and the connectors act as a shear link. The vertical and horizontal
stiffeners act as steel reinforcement in the case of a load-bearing wall. Amongst the different types,
‘Coffor’ insulated panel sample, as seen in Figure 30, was chosen for this research project due to its
non-homogeneous nature. Details of the same are as per those mentioned in the Performance Appraisal
Certificate (PAC) issued to manufacturers by BMTPC (BMTPC, 2018c).

Since this wall sample assembly of size 980mm x 980mm, that has a concrete core and shotcrete plaster,
exceeded the weight that the GHB Box could bear, the sample tested here was trimmed to the size of
460mm x 460mm with no change in its assembly thickness or properties. The remaining area of the
specimen frame was covered with 30mm XPS sheets — a high insulating material as seen in Figure 30.
Any gaps between the sample and specimen frame were further sealed using XPS insulation strips and
finally sealed using silicone sealant. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Figure 29: Photographs of the assembly of ‘Coffor’ panels without insulation (first) and filled with
concrete on-site(second).
Source: (Coffor Construction Company LLD, n.d.)

148 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

30 mm thick Extruded Polysterene (XPS- insulation) Sheet

[ASTM C578-19]

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

IS 1661:1972
3 mm Filtering gid made of 0.5 mm rib mesh
Connector as sheer link
Vertical stiffner C-channel at 200 mm c/c
Rebars as horizontal stiffeners

150 mm thick Concrete Infill

[IS 456:200]
50 mm thick Extruded Polysterene
Sheet (XPS)
[ASTM C578-19]

Figure 30: 3D sectional illustration of insulated coffor panel sample used as the specimen for the test.

Figure 31: Photograph of an insulated coffor panel sample without concreting.

Source: (BMTPC, 2018c)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 149
 Annexure I

7. Bamboo Crete Wall

In current traditional building practices, this walling method is used as a stronger alternative to Wattle
& Daub walling method. Here the concrete plaster substitutes the mud plaster while locally available
bamboo remains as the primary reinforcement. Bamboo concrete wall panels can also be used as an
infill material in framed structure which gives better ductility and flexibility to the structure. Based on
the previous researches it provides assurance that we can use bamboo reinforcement which is most
economical and cheaper when compared to conventional steel reinforcement and it is recommended to
use in single story building. Considering its credibility, there is a wide scope for designing multi story
building using bamboo reinforcement in the future (Rajendran, 2016). Figure 32 shows an illustration
of bamboo crete wall.

For the purpose of this research, the bamboo grid and frame were constructed by local craftsmen in the
Maroli town, Navsari district, of Gujarat State in India, where this method of construction is still
practiced by its tribal population. This wall panel sample was constructed in a perpendicular lattice using
untreated hollow split bamboo of 4 to 6 mm thick as seen in Figure 33. For aesthetic outer finish, the
convex shape of the split bamboo is faced outside and the concave shape is faced inside the space. The
bamboo mesh was attached to a 25mm thick wooden frame of 980mm x 980 mm using iron nails on the
edges, to keep the sample sturdy. The bond between bamboo and concrete is much lesser than the bond
between steel and concrete. Thus, a sheet of steel chicken wire-mesh of 1/2 inch diameter grid, 22 gauge,
0.7mm thickness, was stretched flat on the aliquant bamboo grid and fixed in place by tying steel wires
at several grid intersections. The first layer of 10mm cement plastering 1:6 (Cement to Sand Ratio) was
applied on both the sides of the bamboo and steel-mesh assembly by the artisan. As soon as the first
layer dried off, the 10mm second layer of the same plaster was applied. This panel required curing for
3-4 days and 3-4 days for drying. This assembly was then transported to the lab and fixed inside the
GHB specimen frame as shown in Figure 33. All the edges of the sample were sealed off using silicone.
The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

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 Annexure I

Steel Chicken Wire Mesh on both

sides of the lattice
[IS 3150:1982]

Bamboo Frame (Perpendicular

Lattice using untreated hollow
split bamboo of 4 to 6 mm thick)
20 mm thick Cement Plaster
(cement:sand in 1:6 ratio) on the
both sides of the wire mesh
[IS 1661:1972]

Conductivity:1.335 W/m.k
Specific Heat: 916.87
J/Kg.K or 0.872 MJ/m3.K

Figure 32: 3d illustration of the bamboo crete wall

Figure 33: Photographs showing the Bamboo crete wall sample without cement plaster constructed
regionally by the artisan (left) and Bamboo crete wall sample cement-plastered on both the sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 151
 Annexure I

8. Wattle and Daub Wall

Wattle-and-daub is a walling technology used for making non-load-bearing walls. ‘Wattle’ is made by
weaving thin branches or slats between upright stakes. The wattle may be made in place to form the
whole of a wall. This sheet is then daubed with ‘Daub’ a combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal
dung and straw. Often, some natural binders, aggregates and reinforcement are added to increase the
strength of the wall (Sruthi, 2007). Here, the bamboo acts as a reinforcing material which is good in
tension and daub acts as material with good compressive strength due to natural binders used in it. This
walling method is being popularly used for panelling in contemporary spatial design as seen in Figure
34. This assembly can be clearly understood from Figure 35.

For the purpose of this research, the wattle and frame were constructed and an estimated quantity of
daub was prepared by the local craftsmen of Songadh Taluka, in the Dang district of Gujarat. A 930mm
x 930mm wattle was prepared using a couple of 20-25mm wide and only 2-3mm thick untreated bamboo
slats by intertwining them alternatively in perpendicular directions as shown in Figure 36. This wattle
was then attached to a 980mm x 980mm wooden frame with metal handles for sturdiness. A
homogenous daub was separately prepared there using the locally available red soil (64 kgs), cow dung
(16 kgs), grass husk (16 kgs) or jute fibres and water (12 litres) in 16:4:4:3 ratio respectively. The red
soil is made wet and kept in wet conditions for 3 days. On the 4th day, after pugging the wet red soil
using feet, the plaster is finished by mixing the natural stabilizers - cow dung and husk in it using hands.
These wattle and daub were transported to the lab to fix the wattle frame in the GHB specimen frame as
Figure 37. The daub is made suitable to plaster by the artisan by adding 5-6 litres of water and mixing
it well. The first layer of daub, thin enough to cover the exposed bamboo slats was then applied using
hands on both the sides of the panel as seen in Figure 36. The first layer is allowed to dry avoiding direct
sunlight, the second layer was applied to form a total thickness of 5-6mm on both the sides. After 24
hours of drying time, the third layer of daub of 8-10mm was applied to fill the cavities or cracks
developed after drying. The GHB specimen frame was kept exposed to the open environment to dry for
5 days but avoiding direct sunlight as seen in Figure 37. The sample edges were sealed with silicon to
avoid the heat transfer through gaps after drying. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

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 Annexure I

Figure 34: Photograph of Wattle-and-Daub technology employed by Hunnarshala Foundation at

Khamir Craft Resource Centre, Kutch, Gujarat in the year 2007.
Source: (Matter, n.d.)

Bamboo frame
(Perpendicular Lattice using
untreated hollow split
bamboo of 2 to 3 mm thick)

15 mm thick Homogenous
Daub (Red Soil: Cowdung:
Grass husk/Jute fibres:Water in
16:4:4:3 ratio) on both sides of
the lattice

Figure 35: 3d illustration of the wattle-and-daub wall

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 153
 Annexure I

Figure 36: Photograph showing Wattle prepared by artisans fixed in a wooden frame (left) and Daub
prepared regionally and brought to the testing facility for plastering (right).

Figure 37 Application of daub on the wattle (left), GHB specimen frame exposed to outside conditions
to dry the walling assembly sample

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 Annexure I

9. Stabilized Adobe Wall

Adobe or mud brick is one of the oldest building materials in use and abundantly found everywhere with
affordable and reasonable cost. In addition to being simple and economic, adobe bricks are fireproof,
durable and non-toxic. They possess low sound transmission levels through walls and provide sufficient
thermal mass to buildings. Adobe brick walls are load bearing structures, and can be used to build up to
several stories high. Also, adobe bricks are suitable to build vaults and domes. They can be simply cut,
reshaped and easily subjected to openings. The greatest disadvantage of adobe is its vulnerability to
water and rain. (Sahu & Singh, 2017) Studies by (Ngowi, 1997) and (Walker, 1995) have shown that
stabilization of earth with suitable stabilizer and reinforcing material either natural or man-made not
only improves its durability but also compressive strength. Study by (Sharma et al., 2015) shows that
compressive strength of soil increases considerably by addition of fibers. (Sharma et al., 2016) Adobe
structures are more common in inhospitable climates and where lumber and other resources are scarce.
According to Sustainable Sources, a green building journal, adobe requires less than 1/150th of the
energy required to manufacture a similar amount of Portland cement, and less than five times the energy
required to produce ordinary brick. (Gromicko, n.d.). This assembly can be referred from Figure 38.

For the purpose of this research, around 75 stabilized adobe blocks of 230 x 230 x 75 mm each and the
mud mortar mix were prepared by the local artisans in the North Gujarat region. For the stabilized adobe
blocks, a dry mix composed of soil, sand and cement was first prepared. Then water was added to this
mix, and pugging was done to attain a wet mixture. Later, husk was added as reinforcement to mixture
while pugging and adding water, as a binder material. The ratio of soil, sand, cement and husk being
9:3:1/2:4.5. The mixture was then poured in a wooden formwork, and kept for 15-20 mins. The blocks
were removed from the formwork and kept in a shaded place to dry. These blocks were cured for 10-15
days by sprinkling water on them rather than directly spraying on top of them. Mud mortar is a mixture
of clayey soil and sand which is used as a binder to hold the blocks. The ratio for the mud mortar used
in the sample was 1 sand: 5 soil. These materials were then transported to the lab to construct the
masonry directly into the GHB specimen frame. The cutting of blocks was done on site as per GHB
specimen frame size. The blocks are laid on the wet mortar to align and set easily to allow some
movement while construction of the wall as seen in Figure 39. After allowing the finished wall to dry
for 36 hours, the sample edges were sealed with silicon to avoid the heat transfer through gaps. The
illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 155
 Annexure I

Stabilized Adobe Blocks

(230 X 230 X 75 mm) in
(soil:sand:cement:husk in
9:3:0.5:4.5 ratio)
[IS 1725:1982]
15 mm thick Mud
mortar (sand:soil in 1:5
ratio) to lay the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 38: 3d illustration showing specifications of the stabilized adobe wall

Figure 39: Photographs of (a)Pugging of the mud mix for the adobe; (b) Pouring mud mix in the
mould; (c)Removing blocks from the mould; (d) Levelling of a course of the blocks; (e) Dried
stabilized adobe wall

156 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

10. Laterite Block Wall

Laterite is well known in Asian countries as a building material for more than 1000 years. (Schellmann,
n.d.) Lateritic soils can be found in two natural states: Soft soils, which harden when exposed to air due
to chemical reaction. Such soils can be found on the west coast of India, from Kerala to Goa; Hard crust
which used to be a soil and has already hardened. Orissa in India show wonderful examples of such soils
and blocks. (Auroville Earth Institute, n.d.)

The laterite clay is diffused in immense masses, without any appearance of stratification and is placed
over the granite that forms the basis of Malayala. It is full of cavities and pores, and contains a very
large quantity of iron in the form of yellow and red ochres. In the mass, while excluded from the air, it
is dug up in square masses with a pick-axe, and immediately cut into desired shape with a trowel. Soon
after, it becomes hard as brick, and resists the air and water much better than other clay bricks in India.
(Schellmann, n.d.) It is estimated that 2.83cum(100 cu-ft) of soil is excavated in each load. (Nasheed et
al., n.d.) The blocks shall be exposed preferably for a period of three months before being used in the
construction of masonry to ensure adequate stabilization. The standard laterite block sizes available in
India are 390 x 190 x 190mm, 490 x 190 x 190mm and 590 x 290 x 290mm. (BIS, 2003) Most common
weathering damages namely granular disintegration, bio-degradation and salt attack stem from presence
of moisture. Hence protection from dampness prolongs the life of laterite masonry. (Kasthurba et al.,
2006) Figure 41 shows a 3D illustration of the laterite block wall.

For the purpose of this research, laterite blocks of 355 x 205 x 92mm size were sourced from Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra in India. Using locally sourced sand and soil from Ahmedabad city, mud mortar
of 1 sand: 5 soil ratio was used as a binder to hold the blocks. This masonry was directly constructed in
the GHB specimen frame requiring cutting of the blocks in-situ as seen in Figure 40. The finished wall
was left to dry for 48 hours before thermal imaging and testing as seen in Figure 42.

Figure 40: Photograph of the artisan cutting the laterite block to fit each course into the specimen
frame; Sideways photograph of the reduced laterite block (right)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 157
 Annexure I

Laterite Blocks
(355 X 205 X
92 mm)

15 mm thick
Mud mortar
(sand: soil in
1:5 ratio) to lay
the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 41: 3d illustration of the laterite block wall

Figure 42 Left-Right: Photograph of the artisan cutting the laterite block to fit each course into the
specimen frame; Sideways photograph of the reduced laterite block (right)

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 Annexure I

11. Unstabilized Adobe Wall

Adobes are made of thick malleable mud, often added with straw. After being cast, they are left to dry
under sun. They are traditionally either hand shaped or shaped in parallelepiped wooden moulds. The
name adobe comes from the Egyptian hieroglyph, meaning brick. It has passed via Coptic in Arabic, as
Al-ţŭb. When Arabs invaded Spain and France, the word has been deformed progressively as a Thob, a
Dob and it became finally adobe in French and in English. (Auroville, n.d.)

For the purpose of this research, around 75 unstabilized adobe blocks of 230 x 230 x 75 mm each and
the mud mortar mix were prepared by the local artisans in the North Gujarat region. For the unstabilized
adobe blocks, a dry mix composed of husk, sand and soil in 4.5:3:9 ratio was first prepared. Then water
was added to this mix, and pugging was done to attain a wet mixture. Later, husk was added as
reinforcement to mixture while pugging and adding water, as a binder material. The ratio of soil, sand,
cement and husk was 9: 3: 0.5: 4.5. The mixture was then poured in a wooden formwork, and kept for
15-20 mins. The blocks were removed from the formwork and kept in a shaded place to dry for at least
15-20 days. No curing was required due to absence of stabilizers. The ratio for the mud mortar used in
the sample was 1 sand: 5 soil. These materials were then transported to the lab to construct the masonry
directly into the GHB specimen frame. The assembly can be referred from Figure 43. The cutting of
blocks was done on site as per GHB specimen frame size. The blocks were laid on the wet mortar to
align and set easily to allow some movement while construction of the wall as seen in Figure 44. The
wall was left to dry for 36 hours. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 159
 Annexure I

Unstabilized Adobe Blocks

(230 X 230 X 75 mm) in
(soil:sand:cement:husk in
9:3:0.5:4.5 ratio)
[IS 1725:1982]
ratio)
15 mm thick Mud
mortar
(sand: soil in 1:5 ratio)
to lay the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 43 3d illustration of the unstabilized adobe wall

Figure 44 Artisan laying the second course of the unstabilized adobe (left); Completed wall assembly
of the unstabilized adobe (right)

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12. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall

Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks (CSEBs) are non-fired blocks with a mix of soil, sand, water and
5% cement as a stabilizer. They are compressed in a motorised or a manual press and cured for 28 days.
(Maïni, n.d.) Some of the advantages of using CSEBs for construction are that they can be made on site
and their manufacture needs much less energy and reduces pollution (a CSEB uses 10.7 times less
energy to make than a country fired brick). (AVEI, n.d.) Refer this wall assembly from Figure 45.

For the purpose of this research, around 75 stabilized adobe blocks of 230 x 230 x 75 mm each and the
mud mortar mix were prepared by the local artisans in the North Gujarat region. For the unstabilized
adobe blocks, a dry mix composed of husk, sand and soil in 4.5:3:9 ratio was first prepared. Then water
was added to this mix, and pugging was done to attain a wet mixture. Later, husk was added as
reinforcement to mixture while pugging and adding water, as a binder material. The ratio of soil, sand,
cement and husk being 9:3:1/2:4.5. The mixture was then poured in a wooden formwork, and kept for
15-20 mins. The blocks were removed from the formwork and kept in a shaded place to dry for at least
15-20 days. No curing was required as no stabilizers were added to the composition. The ratio for the
mud mortar used in the sample was 1 sand: 5 soil. These materials were then transported to the lab to
construct the masonry directly into the GHB specimen frame. The cutting of blocks was done on site as
per GHB specimen frame size. The blocks are laid on the wet mortar to align and set easily to allow
some movement while construction of the wall. The process can be seen in Figure 46. After allowing
the finished wall to dry for 36 hours, the sample edges were sealed with silicon to avoid the heat transfer
through gaps. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Stabilized Compressed Earth (CEB)

Blocks
(230 X 230 X 75 mm) in soil:sand
:cement: husk in 9:3:0.5:4.5 ratio
[IS 1725:1982]

15 mm thick Mud mortar

(sand: soil in 1:5 ratio) to lay
the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 45 3d illustration of the CSEB wall

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 161
 Annexure I

Figure 46 (a) Making of the CSEB mix; (b) Filling the mix in the mould of the press machine; (c)
Compressing the mix using a manual press machine; (d) Preparation of the mortar for assembly; (e)
Laying of the second course of the CSEB; (d)Finishing of the CSEB wall assembly in the GHB box.

162 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
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13. Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block (CEB) Wall

The most common stabilizers used for CSEB production are cement and lime. Lime is more environment
friendly than cement. Lime-stabilized blocks can be used for single-story buildings, while the
combination of lime and cement stabilizers helped to obtain higher compressive strengths than that of
lime alone. (Malkanthi et al., 2020) Refer this wall assembly from Figure 47.

For the purpose of this research, around 55 unstabilized compressed-earth-blocks of 230 x 230 x 105
mm each and the mud mortar mix were prepared by the local artisans in the North Gujarat region. For
the unstabilised CEB, first the dry mixture is prepared with sand soil in 1:3 ratio and mixed properly.
Lime water is added to the mixture, in such a way that it's not too much wet or dry. Lime water acts as
a stabilizer here. Wet enough to form a lump and dry enough to break when dropped from a height. The
mixture is then poured in a metal mould fixed in the block-compress-machine, properly filled till the top
and compressed to form the blocks. The blocks are removed from the mould and kept in a shaded place.
These blocks are cured for 10-15 days by sprinkling water on them rather than directly spraying on top
of them. The blocks are kept to dry in a shaded area for at least 15-20 days. The unstabilized CEB blocks
were covered with a wet jute cloth for 10 days before the sample assembly. This was done to avoid the
formation of cracks because of the reaction from the lime water. This chemical reaction can also form a
new material such as a pozzolana. After that it is kept to dry in a shaded area before using it for the
sample wall. The ratio for the mud mortar used in the sample was 1 sand: 5 soil.

These materials were then transported to the lab to construct the masonry directly into the GHB
specimen frame. The cutting of blocks was done on site as per GHB specimen frame size. This can be
seen in Figure 48. The blocks are laid on the wet mortar to align and set easily to allow some movement
while construction of the wall. After allowing the finished wall to dry for 36 hours, the sample edges
were sealed with silicon to avoid the heat transfer through gaps. The illustration in plan and elevation is
available in Annexure 2.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 163
 Annexure I

Unstabilized Compressed Earth

(CEB) Blocks (230 X 230 X 75
mm) in (soil:sand:cement:husk
in 9:3:0.5:4.5 ratio)
[IS 1725:1982]

15 mm thick Mud
mortar
(sand: soil in 1:5 ratio)
to lay the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 47 3d illustration of unstabilized compressed earth block wall

Figure 48 Cutting the unstabilized CEB for the second course unit (left); Finished unstabilized CEB
wall assembly in the GHB box.

164 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

14. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Block Wall with Perlite-based cement plaster
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, thermally insulating building
material used to produce concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks for building construction. AAC is
manufactured from fly ash, lime, gypsum, aluminium, cement, sand, and other raw materials. AAC
blocks are advantageous because they simultaneously provide structure, insulation, and fire- and mold-
resistance while being easy to construct with. Moreover, due to the bigger size of individual blocks, they
require less mortar than a clay brick wall of same size. Refer this walling technology in Figure 49.

In current traditional building practices, the AAC block wall is constructed, typically with regular
cement mortar and finished with plaster. For the purpose of the research, this walling technology was
constructed using Perlite-based cement as the plaster for finishing and regular cement mortar between
the AAC blocks. This type of plaster is thermally insulating and inhibits heat transfer from either side.
Both AAC blocks and perlite-based cement plater were procured from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The readily
available AAC blocks of standard size in India, 600mm x 200mm x 100mm or 24” x 8” x 4” were used.
A 5mm thk layer of cement mortar was applied between AAC block. The plaster applied to both sides
of the wall was 20mm thick. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Autocalved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Blocks (600 X 200 X 90 mm)
[IS: 2185 (Part 3)-1984]
Conductivity: 0.1877 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.626 MJ/m3K or
924.15 J/Kg.K

5 mm thick Cement Mortar Mix to

lay the blocks
[IS 2250:1981]
Specific Heat: 942.16 J/Kg.K

15 mm thick ICY Plast Plaster on

both sides
Conductivity: 0.114 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.010 MJ/m3K

Figure 49: 3d illustration of AAC block wall

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 165
 Annexure I

15. Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall

Rammed earth wall is one of the oldest construction techniques. It involves compacting layers of soil in
a formwork. Upon drying, it results in a dense monolithic wall. The best suited soils for rammed earth
construction are sandy or gravely soils. In case, the nautral soil is too dry, it is moistened and thoroughly
mixed to obtain a uniformly humid mix. This technique relies on the self-weight of the wall to hold it in
place. Also, rammed earth walls have high thermal mass.

First, dry mixture was prepared with sand, soil, and aggregate in the 2:6:4 ratio. Next, lime water was
sprinkled on the mixture to prevent excessive wetting. The prepared mixture was wet enough to form
lumps in hand but dry enough to allow breakage when dropped from a height. This mixture was poured
into a wooden formwork up to a height of around 10 cm and then rammed. The process was repeated to
form consistent layers. A geo-grid wire mesh was used between the layers for reinforcement. After
compression, the density was checked using a penetrometer. After completion, the formwork was
carefully dismantled to avoid cracking on edges.

The materials were transported to the lab and then installed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 51.
The whole wall was divided into 4 parts for the ease of logistics. The blocks were chiseled for
accommodation within the sample holder. Next, cement mortar was applied to fix the blocks on the
sample holder frame. The blocks were then laid on the wet mud mortar to align and set easily by allowing
some movement during the construction. The sand to soil ratio used to prepare the mud mortar applied
between the blocks was 1:5. The finished wall was left to dry for 24-36 hours before thermal imaging
and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Unstabilized Rammed Earth Blocks

(480 X 480 X 230 mm)
[ASTM E2392/ E2392M: 2016]

10 mm thick Mud mortar (sand:

soil in 1:5 ratio) to lay the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 50: 3D illustration of Unstabilized rammed earth wall.

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 Annexure I

Figure 51: Unstabilized rammed earth block and wall sample preparation.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 167
 Annexure I

16. Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall

To obtain higher load bearing capacities, stabilizer can be added to the soil before the ramming stage.
When added in appropriate amount, cement acts as a good stabilizing agent.

First, dry mixture was prepared with cement, sand, soil, and aggregate in the 1:2:6:4 ratio. Next, lime
water was sprinkled on the mixture to prevent excessive wetting. The prepared mixture was wet enough
to form lumps in hand but dry enough to allow breakage when dropped from a height. This mixture was
poured into a wooden formwork up to a height of around 10 cm and then rammed. The process was
repeated to form consistent layers. A geo-grid wire mesh was used between the layers for reinforcement.
After compression, the density was checked using a penetrometer. After completion, the formwork was
carefully dismantled to avoid cracking on edges.

The materials were transported to the lab and then installed in the GHB specimen. The whole wall was
divided into 4 parts for the ease of logistics. The blocks were chiseled for accommodation within the
size of GHB sample holder. Next, cement mortar was applied to fix the blocks on the sample holder
frame. The blocks were then laid on the wet mud mortar to align and set easily by allowing some
movement during the construction. The sand to soil ratio used to prepare the mud mortar applied
between the blocks was 1:5. The finished wall was left to dry for 24-36 hours before thermal imaging
and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Stabilized Rammed Earth Blocks

(480 X 480 X 230 mm)
[ASTM E2392/ E2392M: 2016]

10 mm thick Mud mortar (sand:

soil in 1:5 ratio) to lay the blocks
[IS 13077:1991]

Figure 52: 3D illustration of Stabilized rammed earth wall

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 Annexure I

Figure 53: Stabilized rammed earth block and wall sample preparation.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 169
 Annexure I

17. AAC Block Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, thermally insulating building
material used to produce concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks for building construction. AAC is
manufactured from fly ash, lime, gypsum, aluminium, cement, sand, and other raw materials. AAC
blocks are advantageous because they simultaneously provide structure, insulation, and fire- and mold-
resistance while being easy to construct with. Moreover, due to the bigger size of individual blocks, they
require less mortar than a clay brick wall of same size. Refer this walling technology in Figure 54.

The materials were transported to the lab and the wall was constructed in the GHB specimen. Cement
mortar was applied to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The blocks were then laid on the wet
mortar to align and set easily by allowing some movement during the construction. The cement to sand
ratio used to prepare the cement mortar applied between the blocks was 1:4. The wall was left for 24
hours for the mortar to dry. Next, the cement plaster was prepared in mentioned ratio and applied to
finish the wall surface. The completed sample was left to dry for 10 days before thermal imaging and
testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Autocalved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks (600 X

200 X 90 mm)
[IS: 2185 (Part 3)-1984]
Conductivity: 0.181 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 893.77 J/KgK or 0.511 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Mortar (cement:sand in 1:4

ratio)
[IS 2250:1981]
Conductivity: 1.393 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.28 J/KgK or 0.830 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.411 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 916.07 J/KgK or 1.050 MJ/m3K

Figure 54: 3D Illustration of AAC block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster

170 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

18. AAC Block Wall with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster
Industrially manufactured, precast AAC blocks can be used to construct insulating walls with suitable
block-bedding and wall finishing materials. Apart from cement, lime mortar and lime plaster are suitable
materials in AAC block wall construction. Lime mortar used for above ground construction is called
non-hydraulic lime. Refer this walling technology in Figure 55.

In order to prepare lime mortar, quicklime was first slaked or hydrated for 3-4 days. Next, it was mixed
with sieved sand in the ratio 1:3. Similarly, lime plaster was prepared by combining lime and sand in
the ratio 1:4 after hydration of quick lime was complete.

The materials were transported to the lab and the wall was constructed in the GHB specimen as seen in
Figure 56. The wall was directly constructed in the sample holder. Lime mortar was applied to fix the
blocks on the sample holder frame. The blocks were then laid on the lime mortar to align and set easily
by allowing some movement during the construction. The sample was left for a day for the mortar to
dry. Lime plaster was applied on the next day for wall finishing. The completed wall was left to dry for
5-6 days before thermal imaging and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

Autocalved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks

(600 X 200 X 90 mm)
[IS: 2185 (Part 3)-1984]
Conductivity: 0.181 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 893.77 J/KgK or 0.511 MJ/m3K
15 mm thick Lime Mortar (lime:sand in 1:3
ratio)
[IS 712:1984]
Conductivity: 0.847 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 834.60 J/KgK or 1.630 MJ/m3K

10 mm thick Lime Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 2394:1984]
Conductivity: 0.946 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 850.73 J/KgK or 1.699 MJ/m3K

Figure 55: 3D Illustration of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 171
 Annexure I

Figure 56: Preparation of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster.

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 Annexure I

19. Burnt Clay Brick Wall with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster
Burnt clay brick is one of the most common materials used in wall construction. Due to faster setting
time, brick walls are typically constructed with cement mortar. However, lime mortar is also commonly
used as an alternative to cement mortar. When quick lime is thoroughly mixed with enough water, it
forms a slurry which is used as mortar. This non-hydraulic lime slurry naturally turns back to calcium
carbonate by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air. This process is called the lime cycle.

In order to prepare lime mortar, quicklime was first slaked or hydrated for 3-4 days. Next, it was mixed
with sieved sand in the ratio 1:3. Similarly, lime plaster was prepared by combining lime and sand in
the ratio 1:4 after hydration of quick lime was complete.

The materials were transported to the lab and then installed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 58.
The wall was directly constructed in the sample holder. Lime mortar was applied to fix the blocks on
the sample holder frame. The blocks were then laid on the lime mortar to align and set easily by allowing
some movement during the construction. The sample was left for a day for the mortar to dry. Lime
plaster was applied on the next day for wall finishing. The completed wall was left to dry for 5-6 days
before thermal imaging and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

Burnt Clay Bricks (230 X 115 X 75 mm)

[IS 1077:1992]
Conductivity: 0.5069 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 933.31 J/KgK or 0.796 MJ/m3K

12 mm thick Lime Mortar (lime:sand in 1:3 ratio)

[IS 712:1984]
Conductivity: 0.961 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 856.28 J/KgK or 1.688 MJ/m3K

10 mm thick Lime Plaster (lime:sand in 1:4 ratio)

coat on both sides
[IS 2394:1984]
Conductivity: 1.003 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 814.26 J/KgK or 1.822 MJ/m3K

Figure 57: 3D Illustration of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 173
 Annexure I

Figure 58: Preparation of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster.

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 Annexure I

20. Limestone Wall with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster

Limestone is a common carbonate sedimentary rock, used in construction for centuries. Metamorphosis
of limestone results in marble. Limestone is long-lasting due to higher resistance to weathering. It is
easy to cut into block form for more elaborate carving.

For the purpose of this research limestone blocks of size 355 mm x 200mm x 140mm were sourced from
Junagadh. In order to prepare lime mortar, quicklime was first slaked or hydrated for 3-4 days. Next, it
was mixed with sieved sand in the ratio 1:3. Similarly, lime plaster was prepared by combining lime and
sand in the ratio 1:4 after hydration of quick lime was complete.

The materials were transported to the lab and then installed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 60.
The wall was directly constructed in the sample holder. Lime mortar was applied to fix the blocks on
the sample holder frame. The blocks were then laid on the lime mortar to align and set easily by allowing
some movement during the construction. The sample was left for a day for the mortar to dry. Lime
plaster was applied on the next day for wall finishing. The completed wall was left to dry for 5-6 days
before thermal imaging and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

Limestone Blocks (355 X 200 X 140 mm)

[IS 2185 (Part 3):1984]
Conductivity: 0.969 W/m.K

20 mm thick Lime Mortar (lime:sand in 1:3

ratio)
[IS 712:1984]
Conductivity: 0.862 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 834.57 J/KgK or 1.290 MJ/m3K

12 mm thick Lime Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 2394:1984]
Conductivity: 0.946 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 804.06 J/KgK or 1.474 MJ/m3K

Figure 59: 3D Illustration of limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 175
 Annexure I

Figure 60: Preparation of limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster.

176 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

21. Limestone Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster

Limestone can be processed to produce blocks, bricks or powder. The powdered form is used to make
mortar and plaster mix. It is a key ingredient in the manufacture of Portland cement or concrete.
Limestone wall can be constructed with lime or cement mortar.

For the purpose of this research limestone blocks of size 355 mm x 200mm x 140mm were sourced from
Junagadh. The materials were transported to the lab and the wall was constructed in the GHB specimen
as seen in Figure 62. Cement mortar was applied to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The
blocks were then laid on the wet mortar to align and set easily by allowing some movement during the
construction. The cement to sand ratio used to prepare the cement mortar applied between the blocks
was 1:4. The wall was left for 24 hours for the mortar to dry. Next, the cement plaster was prepared in
the same ratio (1:4) and applied to finish the wall surface. The completed sample was left to dry for 10
days before thermal imaging and testing began. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

Limestone Blocks
(355 X 200 X 140 mm)
[IS 2185 (Part 3):1984]
Conductivity: 0.969 W/m.K

20 mm thick Cement Mortar [IS 2250:1981]

Conductivity: 1.386 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 866.99 J/KgK
or 1.113 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.205 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 927.89 J/KgK or 1.315 MJ/m3K

Figure 61: 3D Illustration of limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 177
 Annexure I

Figure 62: Preparation of limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster

178 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

22. Hollow clay brick (100mm thick) wall with cement plaster
Hollow clay bricks contain designed air gaps which significantly reduce the construction material and
hence, the dead load. They are manufactured using natural additives such as coal ash, rice husk, and saw
dust along with clay sourced from dead water tanks. Hollow clay brick walls can be constructed using
either cement mortar (1:4 ratio for 100 mm thick walls) or a special kind of dry adhesive manufactured
especially for tightly fixing the hollow bricks in wall. These bricks can be be chiselled for fixing
electrical or plumbing conduits.

For this technology hollow clay bricks of full size- 400 mm x 200mm x 100mm and half size- 200 mm
x 200 mm x 100 mm were sourced from Bengaluru. The materials were transported to the lab and the
wall was constructed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 64. The blocks were laid with dry adhesive
applied using a dispenser. The same was used to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The cement
plaster was prepared in the 1:1 ratio and applied to finish the wall surface. The illustration in plan and
elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Hollow Clay Brick (400 X 200 X 100 mm)

[IS 3952:1988]
Conductivity: 0.635 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 872.96 J/KgK or 1.215 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

(cement:sand in 1:1 ratio)
[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.389 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 957.91 J/KgK or 1.315 MJ/m3K

Figure 63: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (100 mm thick) with cement plaster on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 179
 Annexure I

Figure 64: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with cement plaster on both sides

180 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

23. Hollow clay brick (100mm thick) wall with XPS insulation
Extruded Polysterene insulation is manufactured through extrusion process, which allows the XPS sheet
or board to have a smooth finish on both top and bottom sides. Moreover, the extrusion process gives
the board a closed cell structure which may help in moisture resistance. XPS boards are available in
various thicknesses and compressive strengths.

For this technology hollow clay bricks of full size- 400 mm x 200mm x 100mm and half size- 200 mm
x 200 mm x 100 mm were sourced from Bengaluru. The materials were transported to the lab and the
wall was constructed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 66. The blocks were laid with dry adhesive
applied using a dispenser. The same was used to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The cement
plaster was prepared in the 1:1 ratio and applied to the wall surface. The XPS board was fixed on the
plaster coat using PVC film and finished with cement screed. The illustration in plan and elevation is
available in Annexure 2.

Hollow Clay Brick (400 X 200 X 100 mm)

[IS 3952:1988]
Conductivity: 0.635 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 872.96 J/KgK or 1.215 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.389 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 957.91 J/KgK or 1.315 MJ/m3K

25 mm thick Extruded Polysterene (XPS)

Board
[ASTM C578-19]
Conductivity: 0.0316 W/m.K

1 mm thick PVC Film

2 mm thick Cement Screed

Figure 65: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (100 mm thick) with XPS insulation on one side

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 181
 Annexure I

Figure 66: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with cement plaster on both sides and XPS insulation
on one side

182 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

24. Hollow clay brick (200mm thick) wall with rockwool insulation infill
Hollow clay bricks contain designed air gaps which significantly reduce the construction material and
hence, the dead load. The air gaps can be used to infill rockwool insulation to increase thermal resistance
of the walling technology. Rockwool or mineral wool is manufactured from a mix of volcanic rock and
slag obtained as byproduct from steel manufacturing industry.

For this technology hollow clay bricks of full size- 400 mm x 200mm x 100mm and half size- 200 mm
x 200 mm x 100 mm were sourced from Bengaluru. The blocks were filled with rockwool insulation
sourced locally in Ahmedabad. The wall was constructed in the GHB specimen with rockwool-infilled
clay bricks as seen in Figure 68. The blocks were laid with dry adhesive applied using a dispenser. The
cement plaster was prepared in the 1:1 ratio and applied to finish the wall surface. The illustration in
plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Hollow Clay Brick (400 X 200 X 200 mm)

[IS 3952:1988]
Conductivity: 0.635 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 872.96 J/KgK or 1.215 MJ/m3K

Infill Rock Wool insulation

[IS 8183:1993; BS EN 13162:2012]
Conductivity: 0.039 W/m.K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both sides

[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.389 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 957.91 J/KgK or 1.315 MJ/m3K

Figure 67 : 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (200 mm thick) with rockwool insulation infill

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 183
 Annexure I

Figure 68: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with rockwool infill

184 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

25. Hollow clay brick (200mm thick) wall with cement plaster
Hollow clay bricks contain designed air gaps which significantly reduce the construction material and
hence, the dead load. They are manufactured using natural additives such as coal ash, rice husk, and saw
dust along with clay sourced from dead water tanks. Hollow clay brick walls can be constructed using
either cement mortar (1:4 ratio for 100 mm thick walls) or a special kind of dry adhesive manufactured
especially for tightly fixing the hollow bricks in wall. These bricks can be be chiselled for fixing
electrical or plumbing conduits.

For this technology hollow clay bricks of full size- 400 mm x 200mm x 200mm and half size- 200 mm
x 200 mm x 200 mm were sourced from Bengaluru. The materials were transported to the lab and the
wall was constructed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 70. The blocks were laid with dry adhesive
applied using a dispenser. The same was used to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The cement
plaster was prepared in the 1:1 ratio and applied to finish the wall surface. The illustration in plan and
elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Hollow Clay Brick (400 X 200 X 200 mm)

[IS 3952:1988]
Conductivity: 0.635 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 872.96 J/KgK or 1.215 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat on both

sides (cement:sand in 1:1 ratio)
[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.389 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 957.91 J/KgK
or 1.315 MJ/m3K

Figure 69: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick wall (200 mm thick) with cement plaster on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 185
 Annexure I

Figure 70: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall with rockwool infill

186 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

26. Hollow clay brick (200mm thick) wall with XPS insulation
Extruded Polysterene insulation is manufactured through extrusion process, which allows the XPS sheet
or board to have a smooth finish on both top and bottom sides. Moreover, the extrusion process gives
the board a closed cell structure which may help in moisture resistance. XPS boards are available in
various thicknesses and compressive strengths.

For this technology hollow clay bricks of full size- 400 mm x 200mm x 200mm and half size- 200 mm
x 200 mm x 200 mm were sourced from Bengaluru. The materials were transported to the lab and the
wall was constructed in the GHB specimen as seen in Figure 72. The blocks were laid with dry adhesive
applied using a dispenser. The same was used to fix the blocks on the sample holder frame. The cement
plaster was prepared in the 1:1 ratio and applied to the wall surface. The XPS board was fixed on the
plaster coat using PVC film and finished with cement screed. The illustration in plan and elevation is
available in Annexure 2.

Hollow Clay Brick (400 X 200 X 200 mm)

[IS 3952:1988]
Conductivity: 0.635 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 872.96 J/KgK or 1.215 MJ/m3K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster coat

(cement:sand in 1:1 ratio)
[IS 1661:1972]
Conductivity: 1.389 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 957.91 J/KgK or 1.315
MJ/m3K

25 mm thick Extruded Polysterene (XPS)

Board
[ASTM C578-19]
Conductivity: 0.0316 W/m.K
1 mm thick PVC Film
2 mm thick Cement Screed layer

Figure 71: 3D Illustration of hollow clay brick walls (200 mm thick) with XPS insulation on one side

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 187
 Annexure I

Figure 72: Preparation of hollow clay brick wall (200mm thick) with XPS insulation

188 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

27. RCC wall

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) walls are the most common walls in business as usual construction.
The cement concrete provides compressive strength to the walll while reinforcement i.e. steel bars
provides tensile strength. This assembly was included in testing to allow for two reasons:

• It allows for comparison between RCC-based technologies with varying insulating materials.
• It is representative of the walling technologies achieved through emerging construction
techniques such as tunnel formwork, precast concrete construction, etc which allow faster
construction. The constituents of concrete can be varied based on desired performance.

The RCC wall sample was constructed using RCC blocks with vertical and horizontal reinforcements
i.e. steel bars of 8 mm diameter placed 110 mm apart, outside the sample. The blocks were then installed
in the GHB sample holder as shown in Figure 74. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in
Annexure 2.

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
[IS 456:2000]
Conductivity: 1.583 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.48 J/KgK or
1.689 MJ/m3K

Steel Reinforcement- horizontal

and vertical members (8 mm dia,
at 110 mm c/c)
[IS: 2062(Grade A)]

Figure 73: 3D Illustration of 100 mm thick RCC wall

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 189
 Annexure I

Figure 74: Preparation of 100mm thick RCC wall

190 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

28. RCC wall with EPS

Expanded Polystyrene or EPS board is a solid insulating material used in walls to improve thermal
performance of the technologies. EPS boards are manufactured by expanding polystyrene beads into
foam using heat or steam. Desirable sizes of boards are obtained by shaping the product during
expansion and cutting them using heated nichrome wires to give a smooth finish.

The RCC wall sample was constructed using RCC blocks with vertical and horizontal reinforcements
i.e. steel bars of 8 mm diameter placed 110 mm apart, outside the sample. The blocks were then installed
in the GHB sample holder as shown in Figure 76. Further EPS board was fixed to one side of the wall.
Figure 76 shows the process of constructing RCC wall sample in the GHB samaple holder. The
illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
[IS 456:2000]
Conductivity: 1.583 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.48 J/KgK or
1.689 MJ/m3K

Steel Reinforcement- horizontal

and vertical members (8 mm dia,
at 110 mm c/c)
[IS: 2062(Grade A)]

50 mm thick Expanded Polysterene

(EPS-insulation) board on one side
[IS: 4671-1984]
Conductivity: 0.0365 W/m.K

1 mm thick PVC Film

2 mm thick Cement Screed

Figure 75: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with EPS board on one side

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 191
 Annexure I

Figure 76: Preparation of RCC wall with EPS board on one side

192 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

29. RCC wall with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides

Styrofoam (EPS) is commonly used in packaging products, coffee cups, etc. These are manufactures in
the same way as EPS boards i.e. by expanding polymer beads. They are available in varying options of
thermal performances (i.e. thermal conductivity) and thicknesses.

The RCC wall sample was constructed using RCC blocks with vertical and horizontal reinforcements
i.e. steel bars of 8 mm diameter placed 110 mm apart, outside the sample. The blocks were then installed
in the GHB sample holder as shown in Figure 78. Further Styrofoam (EPS) boards were fixed to both
sides of the wall. Figure 78 shows the process of constructing RCC wall sample in the GHB samaple
holder. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
[IS 456:2000]
Conductivity: 1.583 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.48 J/KgK or 1.689 MJ/m3K

Steel Reinforcement- horizontal and vertical

members (8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)
[IS: 2062(Grade A)]

24 mm thick Styrofoam (insulation) on both

sides
[IS: 4671-1984]
Conductivity: 0.0352 W/m.K

1 mm thick PVC Film

2 mm thick Cement Screed

Figure 77: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 193
 Annexure I

Figure 78: Preparation of RCC wall with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides

194 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

30. RCC Wall with PVC Panels on both sides

This walling technology is derived from the stay-in-place PVC formwork or SIP panels, where the pre-
fabricated PVC wall forms are filled with concrete to construct RCC walls finished with PVC panels.
The PVC panels provide a smooth finish for the walls, eliminating the need for plastering or other
finishing coats.

The RCC wall sample was constructed using RCC blocks with vertical and horizontal reinforcements
i.e. steel bars of 8 mm diameter placed 110 mm apart, outside the sample. The blocks were then installed
in the GHB sample holder as shown in Figure 80. Further PVC panels were fixed to both sides of the
wall. Figure 80 shows the process of constructing RCC wall sample in the GHB samaple holder. The
illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
[IS 456:2000]
Conductivity: 1.583 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.48 J/KgK or
1.689 MJ/m3K

Steel Reinforcement- horizontal

and vertical members (8 mm
dia, at 110 mm c/c)
[IS: 2062(Grade A)

6 mm thick PVC Boards on both

sides sealed with silicone gel
Conductivity: 0.084 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.3468 MJ/m3K

Figure 79: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with PVC panels on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 195
 Annexure I

Figure 80: Preparation of RCC wall with PVC panels on both sides

196 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

31. RCC Wall with EPS Board on one side and PVC panels on both sides
This walling technology is derived from pre-fabricated sandwich panel systems that consists of a core
material sandwiched between two face boards. The core material consists of RCC while the face boards
could be made of fibre-cement, PVC panels, or calcium silicate boards. Further, insulation can be added
to this assembly in the form of either EPS granule balls in the core material or as EPS board finished
with cement screed.

The RCC wall sample was constructed using RCC blocks with vertical and horizontal reinforcements
i.e. steel bars of 8 mm diameter placed 110 mm apart, outside the sample. The blocks were then installed
in the GHB sample holder as shown in Figure 82. Further PVC panels were fixed to both sides of the
wall and EPS sheet to only one side. Figure 82 shows the process of constructing RCC wall sample in
the GHB samaple holder. The illustration in plan and elevation is available in Annexure 2.

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
[IS 456:2000]
Conductivity: 1.583 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 942.48 J/KgK or 1.689 MJ/m3K

Steel Reinforcement- horizontal and

vertical (8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)
[IS: 2062(Grade A)]

6 mm thick PVC Panels on both sides

sealed with silicone gel
Conductivity: 0.084 W/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.3468 MJ/m3K

50 mm thick Expanded Polysterene

(EPS) Board on one side
Conductivity: 0.0365 W/m.K
1 mm thick PVC Film
2 mm thick Cement Screed

Figure 81: 3D Illustration of RCC wall with EPS board and PVC panels on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 197
 Annexure I

Figure 82: Preparation of RCC wall with EPS board on one side and PVC panels on both sides

198 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Annexure II: Schematic Drawings of the Test Samples

1. Rat-trap bond wall.

Total wall thickness= 250 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.11 W/m2K

10 mm thick cement
Plaster on both sides

12 mm thick Cement
Mortar to lay bricks

Burnt Clay Bricks (230

X 110 X 75 mm)
[IS 1077:1991]

Cavity between bricks

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 83: Schematic drawings of Rat-trap bond wall

Table 5: Walling technology and testing details for Rat-trap bond wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Layers Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement Plaster 10 mm thick
IS
mix (for both (cement : sand in -
1661:1972
sides) 1:1 ratio)
12 mm thick ASTM C
Cement Mortar IS
(cement: sand in 1363
mix 2250:1981
1:1 ratio)
230 X 110 X 75 IS
Burnt Clay Bricks
in mm 1077:1991

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 199
 Annexure II

2. Light Guage Framed Steel Structure (LGFSS)

a. LGFSS with Expanded Polysterene (EPS) board with Guniting on one side and
Gypsum Board on other side
Total wall thickness= 136 mm
U value of the assembly= 1.37 W/m2K

15 mm thick Guniting with

cement mortar
Steel Chicken Wire Mesh fixed
to EPS Board Using the screw
SDS Hexhead with Ceresin
without washer
50 mm thick Expanded
Polysterene (insulation) Board
Noging (C section in the missile of
the panel) is screwed to the GI-
stud with SDS screw

95 mm thick Core wall panel are

assembled from C section studs
on a 610 mm grid of Galvanized
steel of specified grade with the
minimum of Z 275
15 mm thick Gypsum board
screwd using Flat heat self-
driven type screw

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 84 : Schematic drawings of LGFSS wall sample: External wall type 1 with EPS as per
specifications and drawings found in BMTPC Performance appraisal certificate (PAC) no: 1014-
S/2014.

200 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Table 6 : Walling technology and testing details for LGFSS wall sample with EPS board
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
10 mm thick
Cement Plaster mix
(cement : sand in IS 9012:1978
for Guniting
1:1 ratio)
4 mm dia wire of
UTS 480 MPa of
spacing 150 x
Steel Chicken Wire
150 mm or 1.4 IS 3150:1982
mesh
mm dia of
spacing 40 x 40
mm.
Expanded ASTM C
Polysterene (EPS) 15 mm thick IS 4671:1984 1363
Board
Concrete mix
(for core wall 95 mm thick IS 456:2000
panel)
ASTM A
Steel C Section 653A,
(Nogging) 653/M:2013,
IS 277:1992
IS 2095
Gysum Board 15 mm thick
(Part-I): 2011

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 201
 Annexure II

b. LGFSS with Pre-Painted Galvanized Iron (PPGI) sheet

Total wall thickness= 150 mm,
U value of the assembly= 2.12 W/m2K

35 mm thick PPGI (Pre-

Painted Galvanized Iron)
Sheet on single side
5 mm thick Vapour Barrier
membrane
Noging (Steel C section in the
middle of the panel) is
screwed to the GI-stud using
SDS Screw

15 mm thick Gypsum Board

screwed using Flat heat self-
driven type screw

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 85: Schematic drawings of LGFSS wall sample with PPGI sheet as per specifications and
drawings found in BMTPC Performance appraisal certificate (PAC) no:1014-S/2014.
Table 7 : Walling technology and testing details for LGFSS wall sample with PPGI sheet
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Pre- Painted
Galvanized
35 mm thick IS 14246:1995
Iron (PPGI)
sheet
Vapor
ASTM C
Barrier 5 mm thick ASTM E1745
1363
membrane
On a 610 mm ASTM A
Steel C
grid of 653A,
Section
Galvanized 653/M:2013,
(Nogging)
steel of IS 277:1992

202 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

specified
grade.
Gysum IS 2095 (Part-
15 mm thick
Board I): 2011

3. Reinforced Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Core Panel System

Total wall thickness= 150 mm
U value of the assembly= 0.56 W/m2K

35 mm thick Shot Crete

layer on both sides

3mm dia Glavanized Steel

members as connectors at
150 mm c/c

3mm dia longitudinal

members at 75 mm c/c
80 mm thick Expanded
Sintered Polysterene
(insulated) layer- Self-
Extinguishing type

Elevation Section
Note: When used as in-fill wall
in famed RCC structure, the
frame structure shall be
designed in accordance with
Plan IS 456:2000 or IS 800:2007

Figure 86 : Schematic drawings of Reinforced EPS core panel wall sample as per specifications and
drawings found in the BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1020-S/2015.
Table 8: Walling technology and testing details for Reinforced EPS core panel wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Shotcrete Mix
(for both 35 mm thick IS 9012:1978
ASTM C
sides)
1363
Galvanized IS : 432 (Part
3 mm dia
Steel members I)- 1982;

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 203
 Annexure II

(tranverse, (at 75 mm c/c,

longitudinal) 150 c/c)
Expanded 80 mm thick
Polysteren (Self-
IS 4671:1984
(EPS) Board- Extinguishing
Sintered type)
4. Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel
c. Unfilled
Total wall thickness= 124 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.06 W/m2K

124 mm thick Class-I water

resistant grade Glass Fibre
Reinforced Gypsum Panel
(15 mm thick at both sides
with 94 mm cavity)

Cavity in the GFRG Panel

Elevation Section

Plan
Figure 87: Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample; Class-
1 unfilled panel, as per specifications and drawings found in BMTPC Performance Appraisal
Certificate (PAC) no: 1009-S/2012 and structural design manual.

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 Annexure II

Table 9: Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- unfilled
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Class 1 Glass
124 mm thick
Fibre ASTM
(15 mm thick
Reinforced C1355/ ASTM C
at both side
Gypsum Panel C1355M- 1363
with 94 mm
(Water 96 (2020)
cavity inside)
resistant)
d. With RCC and non-structural filling
Total wall thickness= 124 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.12 W/m2K

124 mm thick Class-I

water resistant grade
Glass Fibre Reinforced
Gypsum Panel (15 mm
thick at both sides with
94 mm cavity)

Core filled with

non-structural core
(mkd. as B)

Cavity (every 3rd or

4th) filled with M20
concrete, reinforced
with 8 m dia MS Bar
(mkd. as A)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 88 : Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample;
Class-1 fully filled load-bearing panel as per specifications and drawings found in BMTPC
Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1009-S/2012 and structural design manu

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 205
 Annexure II

Table 10 : Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- fully filled
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Class 1 Glass
124 mm thick
Fibre ASTM
(15 mm thick
Reinforced C1355/
at both side
Gypsum Panel C1355M-
with 94 mm
(Water 96 (2020)
cavity inside)
resistant)

Cavity Filled
with non-
structural core ASTM C
filling 1363

Cavity (every 94 mm (as

3rd or 4th) per drawing)
filled with M20
concrete, IS 456:2000
reinforced with
8mm dia MS
Bar

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 Annexure II

e. Partial RCC filling

Total wall thickness= 124 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.13 W/m2K

124 mm thick Class-I

water resistant grade Glass
Fibre Reinforced Gypsum
Panel (15 mm thick at both
sides with 94 mm cavity)

Cavity (every 3rd or 4th)

filled with M20 concrete,
reinforced with 8 m dia
MS Bar

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 89 : Schematic drawings of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum building Panel wall sample;
Class-1 partially filled load-bearing panel with non-structural core filling as per specifications found
in BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no: 1009-S/2012
Table 11 : Walling technology and testing details for GFRG Panel wall- partially filled
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
124 mm thick
Class 1 Glass Fibre ASTM
(15 mm thick
Reinforced C1355/
at both side
Gypsum Panel C1355M-
with 94 mm
(Water resistant) 96 (2020)
cavity inside) ASTM C
Cavity (every 3rd 1363
or 4th) filled with
M20 concrete, IS 456:2000
reinforced with
8mm dia MS Bar

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 207
 Annexure II

5. Burnt Clay Brick Wall

Total wall thickness= 250 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.41 W/m2K

10 mm thick Cement
plaster on both sides

12 mm thick Cement
Mortar to lay the bricks

Burnt Clay Bricks (230

X 110 X 75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 90: Schematic drawings of burnt clay brick wall sample

Table 12: Walling technology and testing details for burnt clay brick wall sample
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
10 mm thick
Cement Plaster
(cement : IS
coat (for both
sand in 1:1 1661:1972
sides)
ratio)
12 mm thick ASTM C
Cement Mortar IS 1363
(cement:sand
Mix 2250:1981
in 1:1 ratio)
Burnt Clay 230 X 110 X IS
Bricks 75 mm 1077:1991

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 Annexure II

6. Structural Stay-in-Place formwork system

Total wall thickness= 230 mm

U value of the assembly= 0.44 W/m2K

30 mm thick Expanded
Polysterene (XPS-
insulation) Sheet
15 mm thick Cement
Plaster coat
3 mm thick Filtering
Grid made of 0.5 mm
rib mesh
50 mm thick Extruded
Polysterene (XPS) sheet
under the mesh

Vertical stiffner
C-Channel at 200 mm c/c

Connectors as sheer link

Horizontal Stiffners
Concrete Infill

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 91 : Schematic drawing of Structural Stay-in-Place Formwork (Coffor) wall sample with
insulation as per specifications found in BMTPC Performance Appraisal Certificate (PAC) no:
1035-S/ 2018.

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 209
 Annexure II

Table 13 : Walling technology and testing details for of Structural Stay-in-Place Formwork (Coffor)
wall sample with insulation

Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly

Extruded
ASTM
Polysterene 30 mm thick
C578-19
(EPS) Sheet

Cement Plaster IS
15 mm thick
(for both sides) 1661:1972

3 mm thick
Filtering Grid (with a grid
on both sides made of 0.5
mm rib mesh) ASTM C
1363
Extruded
polyseteren
ASTM
(XPS) sheet 50 mm thick
C578-19
attached to the
filtering grid

Concete (infill)
mix with the
150 mm thick IS 456:2000
steel
reinforcement

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 Annexure II

7. Bamboo Crete Wall

Total wall thickness= 65mm
U value of the assembly= 2.71 W/m2K

20 mm thick Cement
Plaster on both sides of the
steel wire mesh

Bamboo Frame
(Perpendicular Lattice using
untreated hollow split
bamboo of 4 to 6 mm thick)

Steel Chicken Wire Mesh

Wooden Frame

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 92 : Schematic plan and elevation of the Bamboo-Crete Wall

Table 14 : Walling technology and testing details for Bamboo-Crete Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
916.87
Cement Plaster 20 mm thick J/kg K
IS 1.335 ISO
Mix (for both (cement:sand
1661:1972 W/m.K 0.8727 22007-2
sides) in 1:6 ratio)
MJ/m3K
Steel Chicken
IS:3150-
Wire Mesh on 2-3 mm thick ASTM C
1982
both sides 1363
Bamboo Frame
(Perpendicular
Lattice using
25 mm thick
untreated
hollow split
bamboo)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 211
 Annexure II

8. Wattle and Daub Wall

Total wall thickness= 45 mm
U value of the assembly= 3.61 W/m2K

15 mm thick Homogenous
Daub on both sides of the
Lattice

Bamboo frame
(Perpendicular Lattice using
untreated hollow split
bamboo of 2 to 3 mm thick)

Wooden Frame

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 93: Schematic drawings of the Wattle and Daub Wall

Table 15 : Walling technology and testing details for Wattle and Daub Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Homogenous
15 mm thick (Red
Daub mix
Soil: Cowdung:
(for both
Grass husk/Jute
sides of the
fibres:Water in
bamboo
16:4:4:3 ratio)
lattice frame)
ASTM C
45 mm thick width
1363
of the total frame
(Perpendicular
Bamboo
Lattice using 2-3
Frame
mm thick untreated
hollow split
bamboo)

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 Annexure II

9. Stabilized Adobe Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.11 W/m2K

15 mm thick Mud
Mortar to lay the
blocks

Stabilized Adobe
Blocks (230 X 230 X
75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 94 : Schematic drawings of the Stabilized Adobe Wall

Table 16 : Walling technology and testing details for Stabilized Adobe Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
230 x 230 x 75 ASTM C
mm (soil:sand 1363
Stabilized IS
:cement:husk
Adobe Blocks 1725:1982
in 9:3:0.5:4.5
ratio)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 213
 Annexure II

10. Laterite Block Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.17 W/m2K

15 mm thick Mud mortar

to lay the blocks

Laterite Stone Blocks

(355 X 205 X 92 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 95 : Schematic drawings of the Laterite Block Wall

Table 17 : Walling technology and testing details for Laterite Block Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
ASTM C
1363
Laterite 355 x 205 x 92
Blocks mm

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 Annexure II

11. Unstabilized Adobe Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.05 W/m2K

15 mm thick Mud mortar

to laid the blocks

Unstabilized Adobe
Blocks (230 X 230 X
75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 96 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Adobe Wall

Table 18: Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Adobe Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
230 x 230 x 75 ASTM C
mm (soil:sand: 1363
Unstabilized IS
cement husk in
Adobe Blocks 1725:1982
9:3:0.5:4.5
ratio)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 215
 Annexure II

12. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.79 W/m2K

15 mm thick Mud mortar

(sand: soil in 1:5 ratio)
to lay the blocks

Stabilized Compressed
Earth (CEB) Blocks
(230 X 230 X 75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 97: Schematic drawings of the Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall
Table 19: Walling technology and testing details for Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
ASTM C
230 x 230 x 75
Stabilized 1363
mm (soil:sand
Compressed IS
:cement:husk
Earth Blocks 1725:1982
in 9:3:0.5:4.5
(CEB)
ratio)

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 Annexure II

13. Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block (CEB) Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.74 W/m2K

15 mm thick Mud
mortar to lay the blocks

Unstabilized Compressed
Earth (CEB) Blocks (230
X 230 X 75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 98 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block (CEB) Wall
Table 20: Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Compressed Earth Block Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
230 x 230 x 75 ASTM C
Unstabilized 1363
mm (soil:sand
Compressed IS
:cement:husk
Earth Blocks 1725:1982
in 9:3:0.5:4.5
(CEB)
ratio)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 217
 Annexure II

14. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Block Wall with Perlite-based Cement
Plaster
Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 0.76 W/m2K
Mortar

15 mm thick Perlite-
based Plaster on both
5 mm thick Cement
Mortar to lay the
blocks
Autoclaved Aerated
Concrete(AAC) Blocks
(600 X 200 X 90 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 99: Schematic drawings of the Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Wall with Perlite-based
cement plaster
Table 21:Walling technology and testing details for AAC Block Wall with Perlite-based cement plaster
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Perlite-based
0.1144 0.01017
Plaster (for both 15 mm thick
W/m.K MJ/m3K
sides)
Cement Mortar IS 1.487 942.16
5 mm thick
mix 2250:1981 W/m.K J/Kg.K ISO ASTM C
0.6269 22007-2 1363
3
Autoclave IS: 2185 MJ/m K
600 X 200 X 0.1877
Aerated Concrete (Part 3)- or
90 mm W/m.K
(AAC) Block 1984 924.15
J/Kg.K

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 Annexure II

15. Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.13 W/m2K
Mortar

10 mm thick Mud
mortar to lay the blocks

Unstabilized Rammed
Earth Blocks
(480 X 480 X 230 mm)

Layers of Rammed earth

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 100 : Schematic drawings of the Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall

Table 22 : Walling technology and testing details for Unstabilized Rammed Earth Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
10 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
480 X 480 X
230 mm (sand, ASTM C
ASTM
Rammed soil, and 1363
E2392/
Earth Block aggregate in
E2392M:
(Unstabilized) the 2:6:4 ratio
2016
for the dry
mixture)

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 219
 Annexure II

16. Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall

Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.09 W/m2K
Mortar

10 mm thick Mud
mortar to lay the blocks
stabilized Rammed
Earth Blocks
(480 X 480 X 230 mm)

Layers of Rammed earth

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 101 : Schematic drawings of the Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall

Table 23 : Walling technology and testing details for Stabilized Rammed Earth Wall
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
10 mm thick
Mud Mortar IS
(sand:soil in
mix 13077:1991
1:5 ratio)
480 X 480 X
230 mm (sand, ASTM C
ASTM
Rammed soil, and 1363
E2392/ 0.5755 1.208 ISO
Earth Block aggregate in
E2392M: W/m.K MJ/m3K 22007-2
(Stabilized) the 2:6:4 ratio
2016
for the dry
mixture)

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 Annexure II

17. AAC Block Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster
Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 0.78 W/m2K
Mortar

15 mm thick Cement
Plaster coat on both sides

15 mm thick
Cement Mortar
to lay the blocks

AAC Blocks
(600 X 200 X 90 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 102: Schematic drawings of AAC block wall with cement mortar and cement plaster
Table 24: Walling technology and testing details for AAC block wall with cement mortar and plaster
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement 916.07
Plaster mix IS 1.411 J/kg.K or
15 mm thick
(for both 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.050
sides) MJ/m3K
942.28
15 mm thick
Cement IS: 2250- 1.393 J/kg.K or ISO ASTM C
(cement:sand
Mortar mix 1981 W/m.K 0.8308 22007-2 1363
in 1:4 ratio)
MJ/m3K
Autoclave 893.77
IS: 2185
Aerated 600 X 200 X 0.1810 J/kg.K or
(Part 3)-
Concrete 90 mm W/m.K 0.5111
1984
(AAC) Block MJ/m3K

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 221
 Annexure II

18. AAC Block Wall with Lime Mortar and Cement Plaster
Total wall thickness= 220 mm
U value of the assembly= 0.82 W/m2K
Mortar

10 mm thick
Lime Plaster coat
on both sides
15 mm thick
Lime Mortar to
lay the blocks

AAC Blocks
(600 X 200 X 90 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 103 : Schematic drawings of AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime plaster

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 Annexure II

Table 25: Walling technology and testing details for AAC block wall with lime mortar and lime
plaster

Properties Testing Method

Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
850.73
Lime Plaster 10 mm thick
IS: 2394- 0.946 J/kg.K
mix (for both (lime: sand in
1984 W/m.K 1.699
sides) 1:4 ratio)
MJ/m3K
834.60
15 mm thick
Lime Mortar 0.847 J/kg.K ISO ASTM C
(lime: sand in IS: 712-1984
mix W/m.K 1.630 22007-2 1363
1:3 ratio)
MJ/m3K
Autoclave 893.77
IS: 2185
Aerated 600 X 200 X 0.181 J/kg.K
(Part 3)-
Concrete 90 mm W/m.K 0.511
1984
(AAC) Block MJ/m3K

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 223
 Annexure II

19. Burnt Clay Brick Wall with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster
Total wall thickness= 250 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.31 W/m2K
Mortar

10 mm thick
Lime Plaster coat
on both sides

12 mm thick
Lime Mortar to lay
the blocks
Burnt Clay Bricks
(230 X 115 X 75 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 104: Schematic Illustration of burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime plaster

224 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Table 26: Walling technology and testing details for burnt clay brick wall with lime mortar and lime
plaster
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
814.26
Lime Plaster 10 mm thick J/kg.K
IS: 2394- 1.003
mix (for both (lime: sand in
1984 W/m.K
sides) 1:4 ratio) 1.822
MJ/m3K

856.28
12 mm thick J/kg.K
Lime Mortar 0.9617 ISO ASTM C
(lime: sand in IS: 712-1984
mix W/m.K 22007-2 1363
1:3 ratio) 1.688
MJ/m3K

933.31
Brunt Clay 230 X 115 X IS 0.5069 J/kg.K
Brick 75 mm 1077:1992 W/m.K
0.7963
MJ/m3K

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 225
 Annexure II

20. Limestone with Lime Mortar and Lime Plaster

Total wall thickness= 250 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.84 W/m2K

12 mm thick Lime
Plaster coat on both
sides

20 mm thick
Lime Mortar to lay
the blocks

Limestone Blocks
(355 X 200 X 140 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan
Figure 105: Schematic drawings of Limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
Table 27 : Walling technology and testing details for Limestone wall with lime mortar and lime plaster
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
12 mm thick 804.06
Lime Plaster
IS: 2394- 0.9461 J/kg.K
mix on both (lime: sand in
1984 W/m.K 1.474
sides 1:4 ratio) MJ/m3K
834.57
20 mm thick ISO ASTM C
Lime Mortar 0.8626 J/kg.K
(lime: sand in IS: 712-1984 W/m.K 22007-2 1363
mix 1.290
1:3 ratio) MJ/m3K
IS: 2185
Limestone 355 X 200 X 0.9694
(Part 3)-
Block 140 mm W/m.K
1984

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 Annexure II

21. Limestone Wall with Cement Mortar and Cement Plaster

Total wall thickness= 250 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.82 W/m2K

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 106: Schematic drawings of Limestone wall with cement mortar and cement plaster
Table 28: Walling technology and testing details for Limestone wall with cement mortar and plaster
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement 927.89
15 mm thick
Plaster mix IS 1.205 J/kg.K
(cement: sand
(for both 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.315
in 1:4 ratio)
sides) MJ/m3K
866.99
20 mm thick ISO ASTM C
Cement IS: 2250- 1.386 J/kg.K
(cement: sand 22007-2 1363
Mortar mix 1981 W/m.K 1.113
in 1:4 ratio)
MJ/m3K
IS: 2185
Limestone 355 X 200 X 0.9694
(Part 3)-
Block 140 mm W/m.K
1984

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 227
 Annexure II

22. Hollow Clay Brick (100 mm thk) Wall with Cement Plaster
Total wall thickness= 130 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.71 W/m2K

15 mm thick Cement Plaster

coat on both sides

Hollow Clay Brick

(400 X 200 X 100 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan
Figure 107: Schematic drawings of hollow clay (100 mm )brick with cement plaster coat on both sides
Table 29: Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay (100 mm )brick with cement plaster
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement 957.91
15 mm thick
Plaster mix IS 1.389 J/kg.K
(cement: sand
(for both 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.315
in 1:1 ratio)
sides) MJ/m3K ISO ASTM C
872.96 22007-2 1363
Hollow Clay 400 X 200 X IS: 3952- 0.635 J/kg.K
Brick 100 mm 1988 W/m.K 1.215
MJ/m3K

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 Annexure II

23. Hollow Clay Brick (100 mm thk) Wall with XPS board on one side and Cement
Plaster
Total wall thickness= 158 mm

U value of the assembly= 0.89 W/m2K

2 mm thick Cement Screed

1 mm thick PVC Film

25 mm thick Extruded
Polysterene (XPS) Board

15 mm thick Cement Plaster

coat on both sides

Hollow Clay Brick

(400 X 200 X 100 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 108: Schematic drawings of hollow clay bricks (100 mm) wall with extruded polysterene board
on one side and cement plaster coat on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 229
 Annexure II

Table 30 : Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay bricks (100 mm) wall with extruded
polysterene board on one side and cement plaster coat on both sides
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement
2 mm thick
Screed

PVC Film 1 mm thick

Extruded
ASTM 0.0316 Not ASTM C
Ploysterene 25 mm thick
C578-19 W/m.K Applicable 518
(XPS) Board

957.91 ASTM C
Cement 1363
15 mm thick J/kg.K
Plaster mix IS 1.389
(cement: sand
(for both 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.315
in 1:1 ratio)
sides)
MJ/m3K ISO
22007-2
872.96
J/kg.K
Hollow Clay 400 X 200 X IS: 3952- 0.635
Brick 100 mm 1988 W/m.K
1.215
MJ/m3K

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 Annexure II

24. Hollow Clay Brick (200 mm thk) Wall with Rockwool insulation infill and Cement
Plaster
Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 1.83 W/m2K

15 mm thick
Cement Plaster coat
on both sides

Infiil Rock wool

(insulation)

Hollow Clay Brick

(400 X 200 X 200 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 109: Schematic drawings of hollow clay bricks (200 mm) wall with rockwool insulation infill
and cement plaster
Table 31: Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay bricks (200 mm) wall with rockwool
insulation infill and cement plaster
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
15 mm thick 957.91
Cement Plaster
(cement: IS 1.389 J/kg K ISO
mix (for both
sand in 1:1 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.315 22007-2
sides)
ratio) MJ/m3K ASTM C
IS 1363
Infill
Not 8183:1993; 0.039 Not ASTM C
Rockwool
Applicable BS EN W/m.K Applicable 518
(insulation)
13162:2012

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 231
 Annexure II

Hollow Clay 400 X 200 X IS: 3952- 0.635 872.96 ISO

Brick 200 mm 1988 W/m.K J/kg K 22007-2
25. Hollow Clay Brick (200 mm thk) Wall with Cement Plaster
Total wall thickness= 230 mm
U value of the assembly= 1.28 W/m2K

15 mm thick
Cement Plaster coat
on both sides

Hollow Clay Brick

(400 X 200 X 100 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 110 : Schematic drawings of hollow clay (100 mm) brick with cement plaster
Table 32 : Walling technology and testing details for hollow clay (100 mm) brick with cement plaster
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement 957.91
15 mm thick
Plaster mix IS 1.389 J/kg.K
(cement: sand
(for both 1661:1972 W/m.K 1.315
in 1:1 ratio)
sides) MJ/m3K ISO ASTM C
872.96 22007-2 1363
Hollow Clay 400 X 200 X IS: 3952- 0.635 J/kg.K
Brick 200 mm 1988 W/m.K 1.215
MJ/m3K

232 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

26. Hollow Clay Brick (200 mm thk) Wall with Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) on one
side and Cement Plaster
Total wall thickness= 258 mm

U value of the assembly= 0.75 W/m2K

2 mm thick
Cement Screed layer

1 mm thick PVC Film

25 mm thick
Extruded
Polysterene
(XPS) Board

15 mm thick Cement
Plaster on both sides

Hollow Clay Brick

(400 X 200 X 100 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 111 : Schematic drawings of hollow clay (200 mm) brick with XPS on one side and cement
plaster coat on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 233
 Annexure II

Table 33:Walling technology and testing detaibls for hollow clay (200 mm) brick with XPS on one side
and cement plaster coat on both sides
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement
2 mm thick
Screed

PVC Film 1 mm thick

Extruded
ASTM 0.0316 Not ASTM C
Ploysterene 25 mm thick
C578-19 W/m.K Applicable 518
(XPS) Board
957.91
J/kg.K ASTM C
15 mm thick
Cement IS 1.389 1363
(cement: sand
Plaster mix 1661:1972 W/m.K
in 1:1 ratio) 1.315
MJ/m3K ISO
22007-2
872.96
J/kg.K
Hollow Clay 400 X 200 X IS: 3952- 0.635
Brick 200 mm 1988 W/m.K
1.215
MJ/m3K

234 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

27. RCC Wall (100 mm thk)

Total wall thickness= 100 mm
U value of the assembly= 3.59 W/m2K

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
Steel Reinforcement-
horizontal and vertical
members
(8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 112: Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall

Table 34 : Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall

Properties Testing Method
Particulars Dimensions Specification Total
Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
8 mm dia,
Steel IS: 2062
@ 110 mm
Reinforcement (Grade A)
C/C
942.484 ASTM C
J/kg.K 1363
1.5831 ISO
Concrete Mix 100 mm thick IS: 456-2000
W/m.K 1.6891 22007-2
MJ/m3K

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 235
 Annexure II

28. RCC Wall (100 mm thk) with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) board on one side
Total wall thickness= 153 mm
U value of the assembly= 0.58 W/m2K

2 mm thick
Cement Screed

1 mm thick PVC Film

50 mm thick Expanded
Polysterene (EPS) board

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
Steel Reinforcement-
horizontal and vertical
members
(8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 113 : Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with EPS board on one side
Table 35: Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with EPS board on one side
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement
2 mm thick
Screed
PVC Film 1 mm thick
Expanded
IS: 4671- 0.0365 Not ASTM C
Ploysterene 50 mm thick
1984 W/m.K Applicable 518
(EPS) Board ASTM C
Steel 8 mm dia, IS: 2062 1363
Reinforcement at 110 mm c/c (Grade A)
942.484
100 mm 1.5831 J/kg.K ISO
Concrete Mix IS: 456-2000
thick W/m.K 1.6891 22007-2
MJ/m3K

236 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

29. RCC Wall (100 mm thk) with Styrofoam (EPS) board on both sides
Total wall thickness= 154 mm
U value of t-he assembly= 0.65 W/m2K

2 mm thick Cement Screed

1 mm thick PVC Film

24 mm thick Styrofoam
(insulation) on both sides

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
Steel Reinforcement-
horizontal and vertical
(8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)

Elevation Section

Plan
Figure 114 : Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with Styrofoam (EPS) on both sides
Table 36:Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with Styrofoam (EPS) on both sides
Properties Testing Method
Particulars Dimensions Specification Total
Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement
2 mm thick
Screed
PVC Film 1 mm thick
Styrofoam
IS: 4671- 0.0352 Not ASTM C
Board 24 mm thick
1984 W/m.K Applicable 518 ASTM C
(insulation)
Steel 8 mm dia, IS: 2062 1363
Reinforcement at 110 mm c/c (Grade A)
942.484
100 mm 1.5831 J/kg.K ISO
Concrete Mix IS: 456-2000
thick W/m.K 1.6891 22007-2
MJ/m3K

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 237
 Annexure II

30. RCC Wall (100 mm thk) with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) boards on both sides
Total wall thickness= 112 mm
U value of the assembly= 2.62 W/m2K

6 mm thick PVC Boards

on both sides sealed with
silicone gel
Steel Reinforcement-
horizontal and vertical
(8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)

Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 115: Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with PVC boards on both sides
Table 37: Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with PVC boards on both sides
Properties Testing Method
Total
Particulars Dimensions Specification Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
PVC Board
0.084 0.3468
sealed with 6 mm thick
W/m.K MJ/m3K
silicone gel
8 mm dia,
Steel IS: 2062
ISO ASTM C
Reinforcement @ 110 mm (Grade A)
C/C 22007-2 1363
942.484
100 mm 1.5831 J/kg.K
Concrete Mix IS: 456-2000
thick W/m.K 1.6891
MJ/m3K

238 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

31. RCC Wall (100 mm thk) with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) board on one side and
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) board on both sides
Total wall thickness= 165 mm

U value of the assembly= 0.52 W/m2K

2 mm thick
Cement Screed
1 mm thick PVC Film

50 mm thick Expanded
Polysterene (EPS) Board

6 mm thick PVC Boards

sealed with silicone gel
Concrete Wall
(980 X 980 X 100 mm)
Steel Reinforcement-
horizontal and vertical
(8 mm dia, at 110 mm c/c)

Elevation Section

Plan

Figure 116:Schematic drawings of 100 mm thick RCC Wall with EPS insulation board on one side
and PVC boards on both sides

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 239
 Annexure II

Table 38 : Walling technology and testing details for RCC Wall with EPS insulation board on one side
and PVC boards on both sides
Properties Testing Method

Particulars Dimensions Specification Total

Specific
Conductivity Particulars Wall
heat
assembly
Cement
2 mm thick
Screed

PVC Film 1 mm thick

Expanded
IS: 4671- 0.0365 Not ASTM C
Polysterene 24 mm thick
1984 W/m.K Applicable 518
(EPS) Board

0.084 0.3468
PVC Board 6 mm thick
W/m.K MJ/m2K
ASTM C
1363
8 mm dia,
Steel IS: 2062
@ 110 mm
Reinforcement (Grade A)
C/C
ISO
22007-2
942.484
J/kg.K
1.5831
Concrete Mix 100 mm thick IS: 456-2000
W/m.K
1.6891
MJ/m3K

240 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Sciece & Energy, CEPT University
 References

7. References
1. ASTM. (n.d.). C 1363 – 97: Standard Test Method for the Thermal Performance of Building
Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus 1. Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
http://arnisco.com/astm/PDF/C1363.PDF
2. BIS. (1993). IS 2250 - 1981: Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars.
3. BIS. (2005). IS 1077 - 1992: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks -Specifications.
4. BMTPC. (n.d.-a). Retrieved August 18, 2019, from
http://www.bmtpc.org/newsdetails.aspx?mid=27
5. BMTPC. (n.d.-b). BMTPC - Already issued PACs. Retrieved March 5, 2020, from
http://bmtpc.org/topics.aspx?mid=47&Mid1=383
6. BMTPC. (2011). GFRG Panel PAC BMTPC.
http://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/PDF_Files/22_GFRG-Panel-RCF.pdf
7. BMTPC. (2014). LGFSS PAC BMTPC.
http://bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/PDF_Files/28_PACS_ LGFSS.pdf
8. BMTPC. (2015). Reinforced EPS Core Panel System.
http://bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/PDF_Files/34_PAC-EPS.pdf
9. BMTPC. (2017). BMTPC on Twitter: “Expanded polystyrene core panel system(EPS) is the
potential construction technology for mass housing.”
https://twitter.com/bmtpcdelhi/status/907828179225673728
10. BMTPC. (2018a). BMTPC EPS core panel - YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pvXDLAZzmo
11. BMTPC. (2018b). BMTPC light gauge steel structure system - YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pvXDLAZzmo
12. BMTPC. (2018c). Structural Stay-in-Place Formwork (Coffor) System PAC BMTPC.
http://bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/PDF_Files/50_PAC_Coffor.pdf
13. CBERD. (2014). US-India Joint Centre for Building Energy Research and Development.
http://cberd.org
14. Coffor Construction Company LLD. (n.d.). Coffor Structural Formwork. Retrieved April 16,
2020, from https://www.coffor.com/en/
15. Jayasinghe, C. (2016). Comparative Performance of Masonry Bond Patterns. October 2008.
16. MoHUA. (2017). Housing For All- Public brochure. http://mhupa.gov.in
17. MOHUA. (2017). MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS, Annual Report 2017-18.
http://moud.gov.in
18. Saurabh, T. (2015). Laurie Baker: A model for Sustainable Architectural Design.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saurabh_Tewari2
19. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. (n.d.). Principles of rat trap bond.
20. Tam, V. W. Y. (2011). Cost Effectiveness of using Low Cost Housing Technologies in
Construction. Procedia Engineering, 14, 156–160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.018
21. Varanashi, S. (2012). Masonry walls or concrete columns? - The Hindu.
https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Masonry-walls-or-concrete-
columns/article13383124.ece

Part II: Derivation of U-values for Wall Assemblies and Walling Technologies 241
References

Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

The Capital Court, 104B, 4th Floor,
Munirka Phase III,
New Delhi 110067
Website: https://shaktifoundation.in/
Email: [email protected]

Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy

CEPT University, K.L. Campus,
Navarangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
Phone: +9179 2630 2470, Ext: 383
Website: www.carbse.org
Email: [email protected]

242
 Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Part-III: Derivation of Thermal Transmittance Value

of Roofing Technologies

i
APRIL 2024
Supported by

Project By

Construction Agency

243
Advancing Building Energy Efficiency in India

Part III: Derivation of Thermal

Transmittance Values of Roofing
Technologies

April 2024

Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation

CEPT Research and Development Foundation,

CEPT University

Thumbimpressions LLP

244
Authors
Dr. Rajan Rawal, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Dr. Yash Shukla, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Krishna Patel, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University
Nikhil Bhesaniya, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University

Documentation support
Milind Zaveri, Thumbimpressions Collaborative

Graphics by
Krishna Patel, CEPT Research and Development Foundation, CEPT University

Please cite this document as:

Rawal , R., Shukla , Y., Patel , K., & Bhesaniya, N. (2024, April). Derivation of Thermal Transmittance
values of Roof Assemblies. In http://carbse.org/. CEPT Research and Development Foundation.

Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge all the roof assembly manufacturers for providing us with the necessary
study sample. We also acknowledge International Sustainable Energy Foundation and
Thumbimpressions Collaborative and the supporting artisans for expert execution of all the traditional
roofing assembly samples.

245
Disclaimer
CEPT Research and Development Foundation does not endorse any of the products or
technologies mentioned in this document.

© Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy

CEPT University
K.L. Campus, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://carbse.org/

246
CONTENTS
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 252

2. Assessment of Research Instruments ..................................................................................... 253

2.1 Guarded Hot Box (GHB) .......................................................................................................... 253

3. Testing Procedure .................................................................................................................... 254

3.1. General Procedure .................................................................................................................... 254

4. Identification of the Roofing Assembly .................................................................................. 256

4.1 Sampling Criteria ...................................................................................................................... 256

4.2 Selected Roofing Technologies ................................................................................................ 256

4.3 Selected Roofing Technologies ................................................................................................ 258

5. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 259

6. Annexures ................................................................................................................................. 260

Annexure I: Summary of the Selected Roofing Technologies........................................................ 260

Annexure II: Schematic Drawings of the Test Samples ................................................................. 280

References .......................................................................................................................................... ccxc

247
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Project Outline and research activity protocol .................................................................... 252
Figure 2: Exploded View of the Guarded Hot Box Apparatus .......................................................... 253
Figure 3 Photographs of the metering chamber attached to the specimen frame and the entire ......... 254
Figure 4: 3D showing the specimen frame ......................................................................................... 255
Figure 5: Thatch Roofing Assembly in the GHB specimen frame apparatus ..................................... 255
Figure 6: Selected roofing assembly for testing.................................................................................. 257
Figure 7: Thermal performance evaluation of the selected roof assemblies, lower the U-value, better the
performance ........................................................................................................................................ 259
Figure 8: Project of a warehouse project constructed using Flat PPGI Sheet (Source:
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/factory-shed-22308673388.html ) ........................................ 260
Figure 9: Illustration of Flat PUF Insulated roof panel with PPGI sheet sample used as the specimen for
the test. ................................................................................................................................................ 261
Figure 10:Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Flat PPGI sheet with PUF Sheet
insulation ............................................................................................................................................. 261
Figure 11:Project of an industrial shed constructed using curved PPGI Sheet ................................... 262
Figure 12: Illustration of Curved PUF Insulated roof panel with PPGI sheet sample used as the specimen
for the test. .......................................................................................................................................... 263
Figure 13: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF
Insulation within the GHB apparatus .................................................................................................. 263
Figure 14: Project of an industrial shed constructed using TRIMDEK single skin PPGI sheet ......... 264
Figure 15: Illustration of TRIMDEK single skin PPGI sheet with PUF insulation and Aluminum sheet
vapor barrier sample used as the specimen for the test. ...................................................................... 265
Figure 16: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF
insulation within the GHB apparatus. ................................................................................................. 265
Figure 17: : Project of a house in Bangalore by Good Earth using Timber structure with Mangalore tiles
roofing ................................................................................................................................................. 266
Figure 18: Illustration of Timber with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen
for the test ........................................................................................................................................... 267
Figure 19: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Timber with Single sided
Mangalore tile roofing within the GHB apparatus.............................................................................. 267
Figure 20: Roof construction using Timber structure with Double-sided Mangalore tiles roofing .... 268
Figure 21: Illustration of Timber with Double sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen
for the test ........................................................................................................................................... 269
Figure 22: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Timber structure with Double
sided Mangalore tiles roofing within the GHB Apparatus.................................................................. 269
Figure 23: Roof construction using Bamboo structure with Clay tiles roofing .................................. 270

248
Figure 24: Illustration of Bamboo with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen
for the test ........................................................................................................................................... 271
Figure 25: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Bamboo with Single sided
Mangalore tile roofing within the GHB Apparatus............................................................................. 271
Figure 26: Roof consruction with double sided mangalore tiles roofing ............................................ 272
Figure 27: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Bamboo with double-sided
Mangalore tile roofing within the GHB Apparatus............................................................................. 273
Figure 28: Roof construction of a restaurant using Thatch roof ......................................................... 274
Figure 29: Illustration of Thatch roofing sample used as the specimen for the test ........................... 275
Figure 30: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Thatch roofing within the GHB
Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................ 275
Figure 31: Roof construction of mud house using thatch in Alwar, Rajasthan .................................. 276
Figure 32: Illustration of Thatch roofing with 75mm XPS sample used as the specimen for the test 277
Figure 33: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Thatch roofing within the GHB
Apparatus. ........................................................................................................................................... 277
Figure 34: Roof construction using timber with single sided mangalore tile roofing and cement sheet
............................................................................................................................................................ 278
Figure 35: Illustration of sample used as the specimen for the test .................................................... 279
Figure 36: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the timber with single sided
mangalore tiles with cement board within the GHB Apparatus ......................................................... 279
Figure 37:Schematic drawings of Flat PPGI sheet with PUF insulation as per specifications ........... 280
Figure 38:Schematic drawings of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulation as per specifications ..... 281
Figure 39:Schematic drawings of TRIMDEK single skin steel with PUF insulation and Aluminium
sheet water proofing as per specifications .......................................................................................... 282
Figure 40: Schematic drawings of timber with single sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications
............................................................................................................................................................ 283
Figure 41:Schematic drawings of Timber with double sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications
............................................................................................................................................................ 284
Figure 42:Schematic drawings of Bamboo with single sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications
............................................................................................................................................................ 285
Figure 43:Schematic drawings of Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications
............................................................................................................................................................ 286
Figure 44:Schematic drawings of Thatch roof as per specifications .................................................. 287
Figure 45:Schematic drawings of Thatch roof with 75mm XPS insulation as per specifications ...... 288
Figure 46:Schematic drawings of Timber with single sided Mangalore tile roof and cement board roof
as per specifications ............................................................................................................................ 289

249
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Selected Roofing Assemblies for testing .............................................................................. 256
Table 2: List of Roofing technologies selected along with source region and manufacturer information
............................................................................................................................................................ 258
Table 3: Thermal transmittance value database of all selected roofing assemblies and technologies.259
Table 4: Roofing technology and testing details for Flat PPGI sheet with PUF Insulation roofing
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 280
Table 5: Roofing technology and testing details for Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulation roofing
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 281
Table 6:Roofing technology and testing details for TRIMDEK single skin steel sheet with PUF
insulation and Aluminium sheet water proofing roofing assembly .................................................... 282
Table 7:Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with single sided Mangalore tiles roof
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 283
Table 8:Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with double sided Mangalore tiles roof
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 284
Table 9:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with single sided Mangalore tiles roof
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 285
Table 10:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roofing
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 286
Table 11:Roofing technology and testing details for Thatch roof assembly....................................... 287
Table 12:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roofing
assembly.............................................................................................................................................. 288
Table 13: Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with single sided Mangalore tile roof and
cement board roof assembly .............................................................................................................. 289

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 250

ABBREVIATIONS

CARBSE Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy

CRDF CEPT Research and Development Foundation
PUF Polyurethane Foam
GHB Guarded Hot Box
PPGI Pre-painted Galvanized Iron
XPS Extruded Polystyrene

UNITS AND PARAMETERS

Thermal Transmittance Value (U- Value) : W/m2K
Relative Humidity (RH) : %
Specific heat per unit mass : J/kg.K
Specific heat per unit volume : MJ/m3.K
Thermal Conductivity : W/m.K

251
 Assessment of Research Instruments

1. Introduction
This report submitted by CRDF, CEPT University aims to facilitate knowledge regarding thermal
performance evaluation of roof construction technologies through the derivation of their U-values,
using its state-of-the-art laboratory facilities. To validate their U-value test results for a dependable
reference in sustainable building practices, the research activity protocol has been listed in Figure1.
This database has been envisaged to facilitate efficient and sustainable affordable housing construction
This research activity tests ten roofing assemblies that may fall in one of the following categories:

• Conventional Roofing Technologies: This includes business-as-usual roof assemblies such as

RCC slabs, Precast Hollow core slab, decking slab etc. that can be used as reference baselines.
• Alternative Roofing Technologies: This category includes region-specific roofing assemblies
used in vernacular architecture such as various kinds of Mangalore tiled roofs, thatch roofs etc.
• Emerging Roofing Technologies: This category refers to industrialized roofing technologies,
systems, and/ or products such as Tepper quad bubble deck, Light weight steel gauge roofing
etc.

•Name and role of the lab, its testing instruments and

1. Assessment of research lab capacity
standards.
and capability

2. Identification of approved and

employed walling technologies •1. Availability from manufacturers

2.1 Sampling criteria •2. Feasibility of testing apparatus

2.2 Selected walling technologies •3. Inclusion of traditional assemblies

•Approaching certified manufacturers to supply,

3 Procurement of the samples • confirming with the required test sample size.

•Use of the testing instrument and exceptional measures

4. Testing Procedure for this research project.

•Database of thermal transmittance values (U-values)

5 Derivation of U-Values of the
and their comparative evaluation based on their thermal
samples
performance.

Figure 1: Project Outline and research activity protocol

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 252

Assessment of Research Instruments

2. Assessment of Research Instruments

2.1 Guarded Hot Box (GHB)
Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy (CARBSE), under CRDF, CEPT
University, Ahmedabad has characterized and tested the roofing technology samples procured from
different manufacturers using Guarded Hot Box (GHB), as per ASTM C1363.

GHB is used to test the thermal performance of non-homogenous specimens, such as complex wall
assemblies, cavity walls, ventilated shaded wall assembly or walls with phase change materials (PCM).
It determines the amount of heat transfer through a given material or assembly of various materials.
This is done by controlling the temperature on both sides of the material and minimizing the extraneous
heat transfers that takes place through material other than the given one; which can be used to determine
the thermal transmittance of a homogeneous as well as a non-homogenous specimen and can test a
specimen with a maximum thickness of 350mm.

Figure 2: Exploded View of the Guarded Hot Box Apparatus

The metering chamber is cooled using a chiller and the guard chamber is maintained at the same
temperature using an HVAC system. The climatic chamber is maintained at higher temperatures using
electric coils. Surface, water and air temperature sensors are placed for temperature control along with
relative humidity (RH), pressure, and air velocity sensors placed at equal distances. The GHB used for
testing is custom made as per ASTM C1363. The range of measurement is 0.1 to 5 W/m2k and the
specimen size must have a maximum width of 980 mm, length of 980 mm and thickness up to 350 mm
(CBERD, 2014). Figure 2 is a photograph showing the assembly of GHB at CARBSE. The testing
procedure is further elaborated in Section 3 of this report

Part III: Derivation of U-values Roofing Technologies 253

 Testing Procedure

3. Testing Procedure
3.1. General Procedure
The GHB apparatus is traditionally recognized as the only absolute method for thermal conductivity
measurement in a steady state for homogeneous and non-homogeneous materials. To determine the net
energy flow through the specimen, a five sided metering box is placed with the open side against the
warm face of the test panel. Apparently, if there is no net energy exchange across the walls other than
that of the metering box, and only negligible flanking loss around the specimen, the heat input from the
fan and heaters, minus any cooling coil energy extraction from the metering box, would be considered
a measure of the energy flux through the metered area of the specimen. Since it is not practically
possible to have the condition mentioned above, the GHB apparatus is designed to obtain an accurate
measure of the net sample heat flow. Here, the net energy transfer through the specimen is determined
from net measured energy input to the metering chamber, rectifying the losses through the chamber
walls and flanking loss for the specimen at the perimeter of the metering area. The heat loss rate through
the metering chamber walls is curbed by using highly insulated walls and controlling the surrounding
ambient temperature, or by using a temperature controlled guard chamber. That portion of the specimen
outside the boundary of the metering area or the specimen frame, exposed to the guarding space
temperature, constitutes a passive guard to minimize the flanking heat flow in the test panel near the
perimeter of the metering area. The basic hot box apparatus can be assembled in a wide variety of sizes,
orientations, and designs. There are two primary design configurations. The first is the guarded hot box
used for the testing, that has a controlled “guard” chamber surrounding the metering box. An example
of this configuration is presented in Figure 4 (ASTM, n.d.).

Figure 3 Photographs of the metering chamber attached to the specimen frame and the entire

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 254

 Testing Procedure

Figure 4: 3D showing the specimen frame

Figure 5: Thatch Roofing Assembly in the GHB specimen frame apparatus

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4. Identification of the Roofing Assembly

4.1 Sampling Criteria

1. Availability from Manufacturers: Samples were sourced from manufacturers who had the product
readily available for procurement.
2. Manufacturers: Preference was given to manufacturers who were willing to provide roofing samples
of the specified dimensions (980mm x 980mm) to accommodate the GHB instrument’s specimen frame
for testing purposes.
3. Inclusion of Traditional Techniques: Samples were chosen from materials and techniques that
reflect traditional roofing practices currently utilized in both vernacular and contemporary green
building methodologies in India.
4. Feasibility for Testing Apparatus: The selection of technology and materials was contingent upon
their feasibility to be constructed into samples that seamlessly fit within the testing apparatus frame. It
was crucial that such construction did not necessitate alterations to the inherent properties of the
materials or deviate from the regional construction methodologies.

4.2 Selected Roofing Technologies

Non-homogeneous and low-cost roofing construction techniques/technologies, such as Mangalore tiles

roof, thatch roof were tested along with selected roofing technologies to understand the comparative
assessment between the traditional and the advanced technologies. Technologies selected for testing are
specified in Table 1. This following order is listed according to the testing sequence. Refer to Annexures
1 and 2 for more information on the assemblies.

Table 1: Selected Roofing Assemblies for testing

Phase Sr. No Roofing Assembly

1 Flat PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet

2 Curved PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet

3 TRIMDEK Profile with PUF insulation and aluminum sheet waterproofing

4 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing

5 Timber + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing

I
6 Bamboo + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing

7 Bamboo + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing

8 Thatch roof

9 Thatch roof + 75mm XPS insulation

10 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing + Cement Fiber Board

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 256

 Identification of Roofing Assembly

Figure 6: Selected roofing assembly for testing

257 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
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4.3 Selected Roofing Technologies

For the Phase I of the report, we have a mix of industrial and vernacular assemblies. The industrial
assemblies were procured from the manufacturer while the traditional roofing systems had to be
constructed in the prevalent vernacular way of construction, employing skilled artisans with expert
guidance for the results that can be applied. Thus, the execution serviced were rendered by
Thumbimpressions LLP, a firm specialized in bamboo & earth construction innovations, artisan training
and R&D. The vernacular assemblies selected for the Phase I were all dry construction assemblies,
hence they were made by the artisans in the workshop and installed as a 980*980 panel directly into the
GHB on the day of testing.

Table 2: List of Roofing technologies selected along with source region and manufacturer information

S/N Technologies Manufacturer/Construction Agency Location

1 Flat PUF-insulated roof panels with KEON Cold-chain Evolution Ahmedabad,
PPGI sheet Gujarat
2 Curved PUF-insulated roof panels with
PPGI sheet
3 TRIMDEK Profile with PUF insulation TATA blueScope Steel
and aluminum sheet waterproofing
4 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile Technical coordinator: Milind
roofing Zaveri
5 Timber + Double sided Mangalore tile Second Party: Thumbimpressions,
roofing Surat
6 Bamboo + Single sided Mangalore tile Gujarat.
roofing Services:
7 Bamboo + Double sided Mangalore tile 1. Execution of all the traditional
roofing roofing systems
8 Thatch roof 2. Procuring local materials and
coordinating with the artisans.
9 Thatch roof + XPS insulation 3. Transportation of the materials,
artisans, and assembly supervisor.
10 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile 4. Provide technical facilitation related
roofing + Cement Fiber Board to securing the roofing system into the
apparatus.

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 258

Results

5. Results
Table 3 shows the Thermal Transmittance values obtained for all 10 assemblies and Figure 5 shows
evaluation of the thermal performances of the same.

Table 3: Thermal transmittance value database of all selected roofing assemblies and technologies.

S/N Roof Types Thickness (mm) U-value (W/m2K)

1 Flat PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet 121.4 0.253

2 Curved PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI 121.4 0.246

sheet
3 TRIMDEK Profile with PUF insulation and 76.2 0.255
Aluminum sheet waterproofing
4 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing 93.0 1.505

5 Timber + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing 105.0 1.117

6 Bamboo + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing 108.0 1.502

7 Bamboo + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing 114.0 1.122

8 Thatch roof 246.0 0.234

9 Thatch roof + XPS insulation 321.0 0.177

10 Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing + 105.0 1.484

Cement Fiber Board

Figure 7: Thermal performance evaluation of the selected roof assemblies, lower the U-value, better the performance

Part III: Derivation of U-values Roofing Technologies 259

 Annexure I

6. Annexures
Annexure I: Summary of the Selected Roofing Technologies
This section is an elaboration on the types of roof samples procured and tested for thermal performance
using GHB.

1. Flat PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet (Pre-painted galvanized iron)

Flat PPGI (Pre-Painted Galvanized Iron) sheet with PUF (Polyurethane Foam) insulated roof panels
refers to a type of roofing material that combines insulation and a protective outer layer for buildings.
PUF is a type of insulation material that is commonly used in construction. It is formed by combining
two liquid components to create a foam, which is then used to insulate various building elements. PPGI
is a type of steel sheet that has been coated with a layer of zinc to protect it from corrosion, and then
further coated with a layer of paint for aesthetic purposes.

The roof panel typically consists of three main layers:

Outermost Layer (PPGI sheet): 0.7 mm thick PPGI sheet
This is the visible layer that provides protection against environmental elements such as sunlight, rain,
and corrosion.
Insulation (PUF): 120 mm thick insulating layer
The polyurethane foam layer serves as insulation, helping to regulate the temperature within the
building by minimizing heat transfer. The thickness of the roof panels can vary based on the specific
requirements and the intended application. Thicker panels generally offer better insulation properties.
Innermost Layer (PPGI sheet): 0.7 mm thick PPGI sheet
This layer can provide additional structural support.

Use: These panels are primarily used as roofing material for various types of buildings, including
commercial, industrial, and residential structures. Some of the advantages include ease of installation,
durability, and corrosion resistance.

Figure 8: Project of a warehouse project constructed using Flat PPGI Sheet (Source:
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/factory-shed-22308673388.html )

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 260

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 121.4 mm | U-Value: 0.253 W/m2K

Flat Pre-Painted Galvanized sheet

0.7 mm Thickness

Polyurethane Foam (PUF) 120 mm thick

Thermal Conductivity: 0.02901 w/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.0413 MJ/m3K

Flat Pre-Painted Galvanized sheet

0.7 mm Thickness

Figure 9: Illustration of Flat PUF Insulated roof panel with PPGI sheet sample used as the specimen for the test.

Figure 10:Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Flat PPGI sheet with PUF Sheet insulation

261 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

2. Curved PUF-insulated roof panels with PPGI sheet (Pre-painted galvanized iron).

The Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulated roof panels is similar to the Flat PPGI assembly but with
ribbed roofing and wall cladding profile with subtle fluting in the pans to provide strength and long-
spanning capabilities.

The roof panel typically consists of three main layers:

Outermost Layer (PPGI sheet): 0.7mm thick PPGI sheet
This is the visible layer that protects against environmental elements such as sunlight, rain, and
corrosion.
Insulation (PUF): 80 - 120 mm thick insulating layer
The polyurethane foam layer serves as insulation, helping to regulate the temperature within the
building by minimizing heat transfer. The thickness of the roof panels can vary based on the specific
requirements and the intended application. Thicker panels generally offer better insulation properties.
Innermost Layer (PPGI sheet): 0.7mm thick PPGI sheet
This layer can provide additional structural support.

Use: These panels are primarily used as roofing material for various types of buildings, including
commercial, industrial, and residential structures.

Figure 11:Project of an industrial shed constructed using curved PPGI Sheet

Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/badminton-court-roofing-sheds-shuttle-court-constructions-in-chennai-tamil-
nadu-india-14464440797.html?pos=10&pla=n

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 262

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 121.4 mm | U-Value: 0.246 W/m2K

Curved Pre-Painted Galvanized sheet

0.7 mm Thickness

Polyurethane Foam (PUF) 120 mm thick

Thermal Conductivity: 0.02901 w/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.0413 MJ/m3K

Flat Pre-Painted Galvanized sheet

0.7 mm Thickness

Figure 12: Illustration of Curved PUF Insulated roof panel with PPGI sheet sample used as the specimen for the test.

Figure 13: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF Insulation within the
GHB apparatus

263 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
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3. TRIMDEK single skin Steel sheet with PUF insulation and Aluminium sheet vapour barrier

LYSAGHT TRIMDEK 1015 is a versatile, trapezoidal ribbed roofing and wall cladding profile with
subtle fluting in the pans to provide strength and long spanning capabilities. It is ideal for industrial and
commercial applications. It is manufactured from high strength steel and provides excellent spanning
capability resulting in better design freedom. TRIMDEK is manufactured from Al-Zn alloy coated steel
that offers excellent corrosion resistance and lasts up-to four times more than ordinary Zinc coated steel
profiles. TRIMDEK profile comes with Solar Reflectance Technology that lowers surface temperature
by absorbing lesser heat from the sun. It keeps both roofs & buildings cooler at reduced energy costs.

The roof panel typically consists of three main layers:

Outermost Layer : 0.7 mm thick Al-Zn Alloy coated steel sheet
This is the visible layer that provides protection against environmental elements such as sunlight, rain,
and corrosion.
Insulation (PUF): 50-75 mm insulating layer
The polyurethane foam layer serves as insulation, helping to regulate the temperature within the
building by minimizing heat transfer.
Innermost Layer (Aluminum sheet): 0.5 mm Aluminum sheet helped in waterproof insulation.

Use: These panels are primarily used as roofing material for various types of buildings, including
commercial, industrial, and residential structures.

Figure 14: Project of an industrial shed constructed using TRIMDEK single skin PPGI sheet

Source: https://tatabluescopesteel.com/products-solutions/durashine/purlin/

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 264

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 76.2 mm | U-Value: 0.255 W/m2K

Curved Al-Zn coated steel sheet

0.7 mm Thickness

Polyurethane Foam (PUF) 50-75 mm thick

Thermal Conductivity: 0.02901 w/m.K
Specific Heat: 0.0413 MJ/m3K

Aluminium sheet vapour Barrier

0.5 mm Thickness

Figure 15: Illustration of TRIMDEK single skin PPGI sheet with PUF insulation and Aluminum sheet vapor barrier sample
used as the specimen for the test.

Figure 16: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulation
within the GHB apparatus.

265 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
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4. Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing

The single-sided Mangalore tile roofing stands out as a foundational and widely embraced roofing style
in India. Crafted from baked clay, Mangalore tiles exhibit remarkable qualities, inherently resisting
moisture absorption and heat retention, making them both waterproof and heat-resistant. Beyond their
durability, the design of these tiles ensures effective rainwater drainage, making them especially suited
for regions with heavy rainfall. Their versatility and reliability position them as a preferred choice,
offering a sturdy and weather-resistant solution for a range of architectural applications.

An additional advantage lies in the ease of maintenance, as these tiles can be replaced individually when
broken, eliminating the need for replacing the entire roof. The straightforward installation process
further contributes to its widespread adoption as a roofing material across the country.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 12 mm thick Mangalore tiles
Timber purlins: 32 x18mm purlins of Teak wood
Timber Rafters: 32 x 45 mm purlins of Teak wood
Timber Stiffeners: 32 x18mm purlins of Teak wood
Innermost Layer: 32 x 45mm Teak wood rafters

Use: Mangalore tiles have garnered widespread popularity for residential roofing, particularly in
tropical or coastal climates.

Figure 17: : Project of a house in Bangalore by Good Earth using Timber structure with Mangalore tiles roofing

Source: https://goodearth.org.in/connect/materials/benefits-of-clay-roof-tiles/

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 266

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 93 mm | U-Value: 1.505 W/m2K

282 x 428, 12mm Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K
32x18mm Timber Purlins
Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Stiffeners

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x45 mm Timber Rafters

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

Figure 18: Illustration of Timber with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 19: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Timber with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing
within the GHB apparatus

267 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

5. Timber + Double sided Mangalore tile roofing

This roofing assembly features a unique design, incorporating two layers of Mangalore tiles. Unlike
conventional assemblies, this design includes one layer positioned conventionally on the top, while an
additional layer is installed beneath, serving a dual purpose as both a structural component and a false
ceiling. The crucial element of this innovative design lies in the air gap between the two layers of
Mangalore tiles, creating an effective insulating barrier. This dual-layered system not only enhances the
structural integrity of the roof but also contributes to improved thermal insulation, making it a
sophisticated and efficient solution for roofing applications.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 282 x 428 mm, 12mm thick Mangalore tiles
Timber purlins: 32 x18mm purlins of teak wood
Air gap: 21mm
Flat Mangalore tiles: 282 x 428 mm, 12mm thick
Timber rafters: 32 x 45mm teak wood rafters
Innermost Layer: 32 x18mm purlins of teak wood

Use: This assembly is commonly seen in residences, schools, churches in the hot and humid regions
of the country

Figure 20: Roof construction using Timber structure with Double-sided Mangalore tiles roofing

Source: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=so-bvHB9rSk

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 268

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 105 mm | U-Value: 1.117 W/m2K

282 x 428mm, 12mm Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
21 mm Air Gap

282 x 428, 12mm Flat Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K
32x18mm Timber Stiffeners
Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
32x45 mm Timber Rafters
Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

Figure 21: Illustration of Timber with Double sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 22: Photographs showing the Front (left) and the back (right) of Timber structure with Double sided Mangalore tiles
roofing within the GHB Apparatus

269 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
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6. Bamboo + Single-sided Mangalore tile roofing

The assembly typically composed of timber and Mangalore tiles can seamlessly incorporate bamboo as
a substitute for timber, offering a practical alternative, especially in regions where acquiring timber
poses challenges. Bamboo proves to be a fitting replacement due to its ready availability in comparable
section sizes and its impressive combination of durability, tensile strength, and compressive strength,
allowing it to bear substantial loads.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 12 mm thick Mangalore tiles
Timber purlins: 32 x18mm purlins of teak wood
Bamboo rafters: 60 mm Diameter Bamboo rafters
Innermost Layer: 32 x18 mm stiffeners of teak wood

Use: This particular assembly is also used in the construction of roofs of houses in regions where timber
is difficult to get.

Figure 23: Roof construction using Bamboo structure with Clay tiles roofing

Source: https://bamboou.com/how-to-install-a-clay-tile-roof/0-cover-how-to-install-a-clay-tile-roof-for-a-bamboo-building/

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 270

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 108 mm | U-Value: 1.502 W/m2K

282 x 428mm, 12mm Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Stiffeners

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
60 mm Diameter Bamboo Rafters
Specific heat: 0.709 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.1753 W/m.K

Figure 24: Illustration of Bamboo with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 25: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Bamboo with Single sided Mangalore tile roofing
within the GHB Apparatus

271 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

7. Bamboo + Double-sided Mangalore tile roofing

Similar to the timber with double-sided Mangalore tiles roofing, this assembly simply replaces the
timber with bamboo counterparts. In areas where timber scarcity is a concern, the easy adaptability of
bamboo becomes a significant advantage. Its robust structural properties make it a reliable choice for
maintaining the integrity of the assembly. This substitution not only addresses the issue of timber
availability but also aligns with sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices, given bamboo’s
renewable and fast-growing nature. Consequently, this adaptable and resource-efficient modification
ensures the continued feasibility and resilience of the timber and Mangalore tile assembly.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 282 x 428 mm, 12mm thick Mangalore tiles
Timber purlins: 32x18mm purlins of teak wood
Air gap: 21mm
Flat Mangalore tiles: 282 x 428 mm, 12mm thick
Bamboo rafters: 60 mm Diameter Bamboo rafters
Innermost Layer: 32x18 mm stiffeners of teak wood

Use: Similar to the previous assembly, this roofing assembly is used for the constuction of houses in
the regions where timber is difficult to get.

Figure 26: Roof consruction with double sided mangalore tiles roofing

Source: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=so-bvHB9rSk

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 272

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 114 mm | U-Value: 1.122 W/m2K

282 x 428mm, 12mm Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
21 mm Air Gap

282 x 428, 12mm Flat Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K
32x18mm Timber Stiffeners
Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
60mm Diameter Bamboo Rafters
Specific heat: 0.709 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.1753 W/m.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

Figure 27: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Bamboo with double-sided Mangalore tile roofing
within the GHB Apparatus

273 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

8. Thatch roofing

Thatch roofing, a prevalent choice for rural dwellings in India, is crafted from dried hay sourced from
maize or millet crops after the harvest season. This eco-friendly roofing material, known for its
exceptional insulating qualities, is not only readily available but also contributes to sustainable
construction practices.

The construction of a thatch roof typically involves layering and securing bundles of dried hay in an
overlapping fashion. A sturdy framework, often made from bamboo or timber, supports the thatch
bundles. The layers of hay create a dense and effective barrier against external elements while allowing
for optimal ventilation. Additionally, a well-constructed thatch roof can withstand varying weather
conditions, providing reliable shelter to occupants.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 150 mm thick layer of Thatch
Timber purlins: 32 x18mm purlins of teak wood
Bamboo rafters: 60 mm Diameter Bamboo rafters
Innermost Layer: 32x18 mm stiffeners of teak wood

Use: Thatch roof is majorly used as a DIY material to construct houses in the rural regions. Some
moderns buildings have also used thatch roof like the example shown below.

Figure 28: Roof construction of a restaurant using Thatch roof

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/900248/bamboo-long-house-restaurant-bambubuild/5b73f291f197ccf52700026e-
bamboo-long-house-restaurant-bambubuild-photo

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 274

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 246 mm | U-Value: 0.234 W/m2K

Tied Thatch Bundles

150 mm thick, Specific Heat: 439.66J/Kg.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Stiffeners

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
60mm Diameter Bamboo Rafters
Specific heat: 0.709 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.1753 W/m.K

Figure 29: Illustration of Thatch roofing sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 30: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Thatch roofing within the GHB Apparatus

275 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

9. Thatch roofing with XPS Insulation

Thatch roof construction, a traditional technique, combines natural aesthetics with modern insulation
like XPS (Extruded Polystyrene). Typically, thatch comprises dried hay layered on a timber, bamboo
or metal roof frame. Integrating XPS insulation enhances energy efficiency by offering thermal
resistance, minimizing heat transfer and maintaining interior comfort. The XPS insulation also provides
durability, resisting moisture and mold growth, prolonging the roof’s lifespan offering sustainable and
comfortable shelter solutions.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 150 mm thick layer of Thatch
Timber purlins: 32x18mm purlins of teak wood
Bamboo Rafters: 60mm Diameter Bamboo
Innermost Layer: 75mm Thick XPS Layer

Use: Majorly used in residential buildings, schools etc.

Figure 31: Roof construction of mud house using thatch in Alwar, Rajasthan

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/989711/mud-house-sketch-design-studio/63344dc44dba6e02cc399a6a-mud-house-
sketch-design-studio-photo

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 276

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 321 mm | U-Value: 0.177 W/m2K

Tied Thatch Bundles

150 mm thick, Specific Heat: 439.66J/Kg.K

32x18 mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

60mm Diameter Bamboo Rafters

Specific heat: 0.709 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.1753 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Stiffeners

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

Extruded Polystyrene Insulation (XPS)

75mm thickness
Thermal Conductivity: 0.03327 W/m.K

Figure 32: Illustration of Thatch roofing with 75mm XPS sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 33: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the Thatch roofing within the GHB Apparatus.

277 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure I

10. Timber + Single sided Mangalore tile roofing with Cement Fiber Board

Timber with single sided mangalore tile roofing can be constructed with a several variations like cement
fiber board, insulations, etc. We chose this particular variation since its use is widespread and it is easy
to construct. This variation involves using cement fiber boards as an underlayment beneath the
Mangalore tiles. CFB provides a solid and durable surface for the tiles to rest upon. It enhances the
structural integrity of the roof, improves weather resistance, and helps prevent water seepage.
Additionally, CFB is resistant to fire, pests, and rot, further increasing the longevity of the roof.

The tested roofing panel consists of the following layers:

Outermost Layer: 200 mm thick layer of Thatch
Timber purlins: 32 x18mm purlins of teak wood
Bamboo Rafters: 60 mm Diameter Bamboo
Innermost Layer: 12 mm thick Cement Fiber sheet

Use: Widespread use in residential buildings

Figure 34: Roof construction using timber with single sided mangalore tile roofing and cement sheet

Source: https://www.ecopro.co.in/fibre-cement-roofs-a-growing-trend-in-india/

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 278

 Annexure I

Assembly thickness: 105 mm | U-Value: 1.484 W/m2K

282 x 428, 12mm Terracotta roofing tiles

Specific heat: 1.1646 MJ/m3K or 865.3324 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5434 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Purlins

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
32x45 mm Timber Rafters
Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K

32x18mm Timber Stiffeners

Specific heat: 0.9191 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.2059 W/m.K
12mm Cement Fiber Sheet
Specific heat: 1.1073 MJ/m3K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.5128 W/m.K

Figure 35: Illustration of sample used as the specimen for the test

Figure 36: Photographs showing Front (left) and the back (right) of the timber with single sided mangalore tiles with cement
board within the GHB Apparatus

279 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

Annexure II: Schematic Drawings of the Test Samples

This section elaborates on the testing details of the chosen roofing assemblies.

1. Flat Pre-Painted Galvanized Iron sheet with PUF Insulation

Total Assembly thickness: 121.4 mm

U-Value: 0.253 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 37:Schematic drawings of Flat PPGI sheet with PUF insulation as per specifications

Table 4: Roofing technology and testing details for Flat PPGI sheet with PUF Insulation roofing assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard W/m.K (J/kg.K) \volume
(MJ/m3K)

Flat PPGI Sheet IS 14246:1995 0.7 - - - -

IS 3069:1994
PUF
IS : 12436 - 120 ASTM C518 0.02901 - 0.0413
Insulation
1988

Flat PPGI Sheet IS 14246:1995 0.7 - - - -

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 280

 Annexure II

2. Curved Pre-Painted Galvanized Iron sheet with PUF Insulation

Total Assembly thickness: 121.4 mm

U-Value: 0.246 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 38:Schematic drawings of Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulation as per specifications

Table 5: Roofing technology and testing details for Curved PPGI sheet with PUF insulation roofing assembly

Properties

Thickness Testing Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Particulars Specification Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
(mm) Standard
(W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Curved PPGI Sheet IS 14246:1995 0.7 - - - -

IS 3069:1994
PUF
IS : 12436 - 80-120 ASTM C518 0.02901 - 0.0413
Insulation
1988

Flat PPGI Sheet IS 14246:1995 0.7 - - - -

281 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

3. TRIMDEK single skin steel sheet with PUF insulation and Aluminium sheet water proofing

Total Assembly thickness: 76.2 mm

U-Value: 0.255 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN
Figure 39:Schematic drawings of TRIMDEK single skin steel with PUF insulation and Aluminium sheet water proofing as
per specifications

Table 6:Roofing technology and testing details for TRIMDEK single skin steel sheet with PUF insulation and Aluminium
sheet water proofing roofing assembly

Properties

Thickness Testing Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Particulars Specification Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
(mm) Standard
(W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Curved PPGI Sheet IS 14246:1995 0.7 - - - -

PUF IS 3069:1994
50-75 ASTM C518 0.02901 - 0.0413
Insulation IS : 12436 - 1988

Aluminium sheet IS 14246:1995 0.5 - - - -

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 282

 Annexure II

4. Timber with single-sided Mangalore tiles roof

Total Assembly thickness: 93 mm

U-Value: 1.505 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN
Figure 40: Schematic drawings of timber with single sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications

Table 7:Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with single sided Mangalore tiles roof assembly

Properties

Thickness Testing Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Particulars Specification Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
(mm) Standard
(W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Mangalore Tiles 12 0.5434 865.3324 1.1646

Timber Purlins IS:2858- 1984 18 0.2059 - 0.9191

ISO 22007-2
IS 654:1992
Timber Rafters 45 0.2059 - 0.9191

283 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

5. Timber with double-sided mangalore tiles roof

Total Assembly thickness: 105 mm

U-Value: 1.117 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN
Figure 41:Schematic drawings of Timber with double sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications

Table 8:Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with double sided Mangalore tiles roof assembly

Properties

Thickness Testing Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Particulars Specification Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
(mm) Standard
(W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Mangalore tiles 12 ISO 22007-2 0.5434 865.3324 1.1646

Timber Purlins 18 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

IS:2858- 1984
Airgap 21 - - - -
IS 654:1992
Mangalore tiles 12 ISO 22007-2 1.0567 848.3257 2.2004

Timber Rafters 45 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 284

 Annexure II

6. Bamboo with single sided Mangalore tiles

Total Assembly thickness: 108 mm

U-Value: 1.502 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 42:Schematic drawings of Bamboo with single sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications

Table 9:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with single sided Mangalore tiles roof assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard (W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Mangalore Tiles 12 0.5434 865.3324 1.1646

Timber Purlins IS:2858- 1984 18 0.2059 - 0.9191

ISO 22007-2
IS 654:1992
60mm Dia
Bamboo Rafters 0.1753 - 0.709
CC 490mm

285 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

7. Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles

Total Assembly thickness: 114 mm

U-Value: 1.122 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 43:Schematic drawings of Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roof as per specifications

Table 10:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roofing assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard (W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Mangalore tiles 12 ISO 22007-2 0.5434 865.3324 1.1646

Timber Purlins 18 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

Airgap IS:2858- 1984 21 - - - -

IS 654:1992
Flat Mangalore tiles 12 ISO 22007-2 1.0567 848.3257 2.2004

Bamboo 60mm Dia

ISO 22007-2 0.1753 - 0.709
Rafters CC 490mm

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 286

 Annexure II

8. Thatch roof

Total Assembly thickness: 246 mm

U-Value: 0.234 w/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 44:Schematic drawings of Thatch roof as per specifications

Table 11:Roofing technology and testing details for Thatch roof assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard (W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Thatch 150 ISO 22007-2 - 439.66 -

Timber Purlins 18 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

SANS 0407:2016
Bamboo 60mm Dia
ISO 22007-2 0.1753 - 0.709
Rafters CC 490mm

287 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
 Annexure II

9. Thatch roof with 75mm XPS insulation

Total Assembly thickness: 321 mm

U-Value: 0.177 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN
Figure 45:Schematic drawings of Thatch roof with 75mm XPS insulation as per specifications

Table 12:Roofing technology and testing details for Bamboo with Double sided Mangalore tiles roofing assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard (W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Thatch 150 ISO 22007-2 - 439.66 -

Timber Purlins 18 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

SANS 0407:2016
60mm Dia CC
Bamboo Rafters ISO 22007-2 0.1753 - 0.709
490mm

XPS Insulation ASTM C578 - 19 75 ASTM C518 0.03327 - -

Part III: Derivation of U-values of Roofing Technologies 288

 Annexure II

10. Timber with single sided Mangalore tile roof and cement Board

Total Assembly thickness: 105 mm

U-Value: 1.484 W/m2K

ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

Figure 46:Schematic drawings of Timber with single sided Mangalore tile roof and cement board roof as per specifications

Table 13: Roofing technology and testing details for Timber with single sided Mangalore tile roof and cement board roof
assembly

Properties

Thermal Specific Heat Specific Heat

Thickness Testing Conductivity Per unit mass Per unit
Particulars Specification
(mm) Standard (W/m.K) (J/kg.K) volume
(MJ/m3K)

Mangalore Tiles 12 0.5434 865.3324 1.1646

IS:2858- 1984
Timber Purlins 18 0.2059 - 0.9191
IS 654:1992
Timber Rafters 45 ISO 22007-2 0.2059 - 0.9191

Cement
IS 14862 : 2000 12 0.5128 - 1.1073
Fiber Board

289 Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy, CEPT University
References
ASTM. (n.d.). C 1363 – 97: Standard Test Method for the Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies
by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus 1. Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
http://arnisco.com/astm/PDF/C1363.PDF

ISO 22007-2 : Plastics — Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity —Part 2 :
Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method. Edition 2022-06

C518 − 21 Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Heat Flow Meter Apparatus, Published September 2021. DOI: 10.1520/C0518-21

Project by:

© Centre for Advanced Research in Building Science and Energy

CEPT University
K.L. Campus, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://carbse.org/
U.S.- India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
and
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)

Thermo-Physical Properties
of
Construction Materials
Annexure -009_March 2014
U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Acrylic Sheet Board 1145 0.2174 1.5839 Acrylic sheet has unique physical characteristics. It is much clear, more impact resistant and weighs half
as compared to finest optical glass. It doesn’t turn yellow after a while, has 92 % light transmittance and is
an excellent insulator. It is available in number of translucent as well as transparent colours.

Armor Insulation 270 0.0678 0.1578 Armor is a class – A building product made up of very high quality natural cotton fibres. It is eco-friendly
and carries high resistance values in case of smoke, fungi, fire and corrosiveness.

Asbestos Cement Board 1404 0.4709 0.7218 Asbestos cement board contains high proportion of asbestos sheet which are bonded together with Portland
Board cement. It is a dense rigid board which is resistant to flame, weathering and fire and doesn’t allow easy heat
flow. It is mostly used in board form in buildings.

Asbestos Sheet Board 1377 0.5128 1.2043 Asbestos sheet is made up of very high quality of asbestos fibres. It is very durable, fire resistant and very
-Shera efficient insulating material. It is used in form of sheet. Asbestos cause’s health risks therefore the use of
it nowadays has gone minimal.

Autodaved Aerated Block 642 0.1839 0.7940 AAC is a porous, lightweight, resource efficient concrete used as precast building material providing
Concrete Block structure, insulation, and fire and mould resistance. Its improved thermal efficiency helps in reducing
(AAC) building heating and cooling load. AAC is manufactured by mixing a silica rich material such as fine
ground sand or fly ash, cement, a sulphate source such as gypsum, quicklime, a rising agent and water.
Workability allows accurate cutting and easy installation thus minimizing generation of solid waste. AAC
products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and lintels.

Bamboo Wood 913 0.1959 0.6351 Bamboo is type of plant with hard hollow stem. It is woody in nature and has an extremely hard surface.
Before application it needs to be chemically treated. It is considered as one of the best renewable
resources available on earth. Apart from its other structural non-structural uses it is also used as
reinforcement these days.

Brass Metal 8500 106.4800 11.1164 Brass has muted yellow colour and higher malleability in comparison to bronze and zinc. The relatively
low melting point of brass and its flow characteristics makes it a relatively easy material to cast. Its
cost effectiveness, low manufacturing, corrosion resistance and machinability allow manufacturers to
produce vast range of products. It is mostly used in Commercial plumbing and OEM applications also its
antibacterial properties make it useful for doorknobs especially in hospitals.

Calcium Silicate Board 1016 0.2810 0.8637 Calcium silicate board is considered much safer and better option than asbestos cement board for
Board providing insulation. It is used in construction industry as insulation and can also be used for equipment
insulation.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Composite Marble Stone 3146 2.4400 2.1398 Cement marble crust is composed of natural marble chips and powder with highly specialised polyester
resin. It is generally formed in blocks of various sizes and can be cut and polished like natural marble.
It has greater compactness; greater elasticity; is more durable and delivers greater colour uniformity as
compared to natural marble. It is used for internal flooring, vanity and laundry tops etc.

Cement Board Board 1340 0.4384 0.8113 A cement board is made up of cement and reinforcing fibres which are then formed into various sizes of
board. It is mainly used as a backing board which adds strength and impact resistance to wall and is better
in comparison to gypsum boards. Thin cement board sheets allows bending in case of curved surfaces.

Cement Bonded Board 1251 0.3275 1.1948 Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB) is dimensionally stable having superior structural integrity and
Particle Board does not delaminate in water. CBPB can be sanded, routed, drilled, sawn, planed, nailed and screwed
with standard carpentry tools. The board is easy to maintain as it is highly scratch resistant and resistive
towards pest. Available in various sizes and is applicable for False Ceiling, Wall Cladding, kitchen cabinets,
Cupboards, Cabins, Partitions and Door panels.

Ceramic Fiber Insulation 128 0.0491 0.1093 Ceramic fibre blanket is manufactured from high strength spun ceramic fibres. It is lightweight, thermally
Blanket efficient, have excellent thermal stability, low shrinkage at elevated temperature, low heat storage, good
cold strength, excellent hot strength, thermal shock resistance and excellent resistance to most chemicals.
It is used as insulation in construction industry.

Cement Fiber Board 1276 0.3880 0.8973 Cement fibre Board Panel is made up of cement, sand and recycled wood waste available at economic
Board pricing. Fibre cement board is more durable and less toxic then vinyl and have less maintenance than
wood. It is resistant to fire, insects, rot and general decay. Waterproof, fire resistant polymer texture coating
is applied on exterior panels. It is used for roof panels, wall panels, false ceiling, door, window etc.

Cement Plaster 278 1.2080 0.9719 Cement plaster is mixture of suitable sand, portland cement and water which is normally applied to
masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface.

Cement Powder Powder 1070 0.1137 0.7943 Cement power is made by heating limestone and then grinding it to form fine powder. This powder when
mixed with stone, sand and aggregate forms concrete. It is widely used in construction.

Ceramic Blue Tile Tile 2707 1.3720 1.2082 Ceramic tile is made up of materials like porcelain and earthenware. It is extremely durable, has great
strength. Cooling and heating systems can be installed underneath it. This particular tile is blue in colour
and is available in many colours and sizes. It can be used in wide range of application like flooring, shower
area, roofing, countertops and walls.

Annexure -009_March 2014 Page 2 of 12

U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Ceramic Frit Glass 2520 0.6882 0.7859 Ceramic frit glass when combined with tinted, reflective or low e glass controls light transmittance, solar
Glass heat gain is reduced and performance of the space is enhanced. It is available is different colours and
can be specified for exterior as well as interior but the surface needs to be protected from direct contact
with environment.

Ceramic Tile - Tile 2549 0.8018 1.6168 Ceramic bathroom tile has great strength, is extremely durable and easy to maintain and is preferred for
Bathroom use at places where hygiene is a prime concern like bathroom. It is also anti-water absorption and easy to
clean.

Ceramic Tile Tile 2700 1.5996 1.1438 Ceramic tile is made up of materials like porcelain and earthenware. It is extremely durable, has great
strength. Cooling and heating systems can be installed underneath it. It can be used in wide range of
application like flooring, shower area, roofing, countertops and walls.

Chile Wood Wood 362 0.1422 0.4102 Chile is a white or pale yellow soft wood mostly found in northern hemisphere. It is light in weight and
straight grained. It is resistant to shrinking and swelling and is mostly used in packing materials.

Chitodio Stone 3209 3.7512 2.1223 Chitodio stone is available in different design and colours and is mainly used as flooring of super market,
shopping mall, warehouse flooring, etc.

Clay Tile Tile 2531 0.6323 1.4253 Clay tile is made of rich earth which is known for its plasticity. It is used for number of application like
roofing, flooring, wall cladding etc. and adds pleasing natural look to the place.

Float Glass/ Glass 2477 1.0522 1.9654 Float glass is manufactured from common glass making raw materials where some additional refining
Clear Glass agents are added to it to improve its properties. It can be tempered, bent, laminated and can also be
decorated.

Concrete Block Block 2427 1.3957 0.4751 Concrete Block 25/50 also called concrete masonry unit (CMU) is a precast concrete block. Most
25/50 concrete block have one or more hollow cavities, and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. It is
widely used in construction industry for making walls.

Annexure -009_March 2014 Page 3 of 12

U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Concrete Block Block 2349 1.4107 0.7013 Concrete Block 30/60 is better in terms of thermal properties than Concrete Block 25/50. It is also
30/60 known as concrete masonry unit (CMU). Most concrete block have one or more hollow cavities, and their
sides may be cast smooth or with a design. It is widely used in construction industry for making walls.

Corian Board 1750 1.0120 2.0921 Corian is a solid, homogeneous, non-porous surfacing material composed of natural minerals and acrylic
resin. It can be thermoformed by heating, allowing unique shapes to be created. It is very durable,
hygienic, repairable, non-toxic, translucent, colourful, creates inconspicuous joints and is workable like
hardwood. Corian solid surfaces deliver high performance and outstanding aesthetics. It can be used for
wall cladding, kitchen countertops and bathroom vanity tops.
Crystal White Tile Tile 2390 1.5094 1.9427 Crystal white tile is a man-made material having crystal, sparkly finish known for its strength and
durability. Crystal tile is available in wide variety of colours, finished and sizes. Workability is easy but
has to be laid with great precision. It can be customised as per client’s requirement and adds different
dimension to space when teamed with mosaics, border tiles, wood furnishing etc. It is widely used for
bathrooms, kitchens, hallways flooring.
Dholpuri Stone Stone 2262 3.0840 1.5830 Dholpur stone is a type of sandstone having good mechanical strength, low water absorption, saline water
resistance, weather resistance and superior performance. It is available in various colours and sizes. It is
used for interior as well as exterior application such as landscaping, stonewalls, roofing, flooring, cladding,
pillars etc.
Distilled Water Water 1000 0.6134 3.8165 Distilled water is composition of hydrogen and oxygen molecules and is widely used in construction
projects.

Engineered Wood Tile 571 0.2527 1.4230 Engineered wood floor is composed of multiple layers of wood in form of plank that are cross layered, glues
Floor Tiles and pressed together. It is more resistant to higher moisture levels as compared to slid wood flooring thus
are widely used in regions having higher relative humidity levels. Engineered wood is much more stable
making it a universal product that can be installed over all types of subfloors.
Extruded Insulation 30 0.0321 0.0374 Extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam plastic insulation has a closed cell structure and lacks voids which
Polystyrene XPS make XPS very strong and durable material. It has low thermal conductivity and diffusivity. Its closed
cell structure helps resist moisture penetration without even using a facer. It is available in variable
compressive strength and is used for insulation in wall, roof, ceiling and building foundation.

Fiber Reinforced Board 1183 0.2252 1.6930 Fibre reinforced plastic is made by reinforcing fibres like carbon fibre, glass fibre etc. It is light weight, is
Plastic (FRP ) resistant to corrosion and has good mechanical properties thus offering environmental benefits.

Annexure -009_March 2014 Page 4 of 12

U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Fire Brick Brick 2049 1.2729 1.2887 A firebrick is a rectangular block of clay which is modelled, baked and then treated to be heat resistant.
Its properties can be adjusted by adding or adjusting the amount of refractory materials. It is widely used
in construction industry for the purpose of making walls.

Floor Board Board 954 0.2654 1.1423 Engineered wood flooring is made up of number of wood layers. It possesses great strength and stability
which is achieved by running each layer of wood at a 90° angle to the layer above. It is widely used across
the globe and can be installed over all types of subfloors.

Foam Cement Block 581 0.1588 0.5359 Form cement block is a light weight block which is used in construction of non-structural walls in order to
Block reduce the amount of structural concrete and steelwork. Its use leads to significant cost saving and also
provides thermal insulation.

Ghana Teak Wood Wood 529 0.2062 0.5769 Ghana teak wood has high strength, excellent durability and can withstand extreme weather conditions. It
is also known for its aesthetic appearance. It is mostly used in flooring, furniture, wall cladding, window &
door frames.

Glasswool Insulation 49 0.0351 0.0339 Glass wool or fibre glass insulation is made up of fibre glasses which are arranged into a texture similar
to wool. It is thermal and acoustical efficient and is available in form of sheets and rolls. It is inorganic in
nature and is non-corrosive, non-combustible and doesn’t absorb moisture.

Black Fine Granite Stone 3535 2.4351 2.2511 Granite is a type of igneous rock consisting of mica, quartz and feldspar. It is granular and crystalline in
texture. It has been used as flooring for decades now. It can be pink to grey in colour.

Black Coarse Stone 3473 2.5433 2.1996 Granite is a type of igneous rock consisting of mica, quartz and feldspar. It is granular and crystalline in
Granite texture. It has been used as flooring for decades now. Black Coarse granite as the name defines is coarse
in nature.

Green Marble Stone 2650 2.3720 2.5275 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals mostly calcite. It has been in
use for more than 450 years now.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Green Rockwool Insulation 96 0.0450 0.1089 Green Rockwool refers to a type of insulation commonly used in building construction, industrial plants,
and in automotive applications.

Gypsum Board Board 623 0.2527 0.6033 Gypsum board is also known as wallboard or drywall. It is made of plaster of paris and componenet of
cement. It is used as sheathing for interior walls and ceiling and provides a smooth surface finish. The
board is available in different thickness like 6mm, 12mm and 18mm.

Gypsum Powder Powder 588 0.2020 1.1918 Gypsum powder is formed form gypsum stone by heating the stone. The powder is known for adding
strength and viscosity to the material. It is used for plaster, paint and drywall.

Gypsum Powder Powder 542 0.1033 0.6260 Gypsum powder from board is formed form gypsum board. The powder is known for adding strength and
from Board viscosity to the material. It is used for plaster, paint and drywall.

Italian Black Stone 2911 2.3636 2.2349 Granite is a type of igneous rock consisting of mica, quartz and feldspar. It is granular and crystalline in
Granite texture. It has been used as flooring for decades now. It is used in bathrooms, kitchens etc.

Italian Marble Stone 2630 2.7752 2.1869 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals mostly calcite. It has been in
use for more than 450 years now. It is mainly used as flooring and wall cladding in construction industry.

Jaisalmer Yellow Stone 3006 2.7447 2.0954 Jaisalmer Yellow is a type of limestone and is very fine grained as compared to other limestone. It has
Stone been used in monumental buildings and is used as flooring and cladding nowadays.

Jalore Stone 2982 3.4412 1.9617 Granite is a type if igneous rock consisting of mica, quartz and feldspar. It is granular and crystalline in
texture. It has been used as flooring for decades now. It is used in bathrooms, kitchens etc.

Annexure -009_March 2014 Page 6 of 12

U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Kota Stone Stone 3102 3.0229 2.0732 Kota Stone is a fine-grained variety of limestone which is quarried at Kota district, Rajasthan, India. It is
available in greenish-blue and brown colour. Its strength and durability makes it an excellent stone and
has been widely used for exterior as well as interior purpose.

Laminated Board 656 0.1841 1.2621 Particle board is made up of saw dust and other wood waste. It is an inexpensive material used in place of
Particle Board wood panelling or boards. It is used only for interior projects and is not much durable. It can be machined
as per the customer need.

Lime Powder Powder 607 0.1286 0.7078 Lime powder in an inorganic compound also called slaked lime. It is either white or colourless crystal. It is
extensively used in construction industry.

Mangalore Roof Tile - Roof 2531 0.6051 1.2809 Mangalore tiles are red coloured tiles prepared from laterite clay. It is eco-friendly, cheap, durable and
Tile is available in different size and shapes as per users need. Due to vast availability of sizes and shapes
they are easy to handle and install but precaution is needed as these are delicate and are vulnerable to
breakage. These tiles can be used in many creative ways but their maintenance is an issue.
Ambaji Marble Stone 3128 2.8108 2.1943 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals mostly calcite. It has
been in use for more than 450 years now. It is mainly used as flooring and wall cladding in construction
industry.

Medium Density Board 133 0.2045 0.9610 Medium density fibreboard is a type of hardwood made from wood fibres forming panels by applying high
Fiberboard (MDF) pressure and temperature. It is stronger and denser than plywood, is flat and has no knots. Workability
includes easy cutting, drilling, machining and filing without damaging the surface. It can also be painted to
produce smooth surface. It is used for making wall panels, display cabinets and storage units.
Melamine Board 807 0.2459 0.6509 Melamine Fibre board is used in the auto industry to create free-form shapes such as dashboards, rear
Fiberboard parcel shelves, and inner door shells.

Mild Steel (MS) Metal 7823 44.1170 4.1896 Mild Steel is one of the least expensive steel and most common metal used and is founded in almost every
product created from metal. It is relatively hard, very durable and can be easily welded and annealed. It
has poor resistance to corrosion and has to be protected. Its structural strength doesn’t allow MS to be
used for beams and girders.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Mineral Fiber - Board 364 0.0710 0.3222 Mineral fibre ceiling board is fire proof, mould proof, ensures better sound absorption and is a thermal
Celling insulator. It is eco-friendly and is used in indoor ceiling.

Mineral Fiber - Board 773 0.2739 0.6427 Mineral fibre plain board is fire proof, mould proof, ensures better sound absorption and is a thermal
Plain insulator. It is eco-friendly and is ideally suited for places where high privacy levels are required.

Oak Laminated Tile 949 0.2652 1.3389 Oak laminated floor tile is extremely durable, is resistant to damage and easier to keep clean. It is very
Floor Tiles easy to install and is much more affordable than wood flooring.

Concrete Paver Tile 2210 1.7248 1.3413 Concrete paver tile is precast concrete form used widely as a tile. TIt is known for its strength, durability
Tiles and east application. Workability includes laying of interlocking tiles without using grout, instead sand
particles are spread over the pavers and tamped down thus they can be easily removed and reinstalled in
case some service needs to be provided. They are available in various textures and colours and are mostly
used in exterior pavement applications.
Paver Tile Tile 2612 1.4763 1.2737 Paver tile looks like brick but just half as thick as brick. It is durable and frost-proof and come in all the
colours that a brick comes into. They are used for flooring.

Plain & Board 902 0.2710 0.9740 Plain & pre laminated particle board is manufactured using plantation species of timber known for
Prelaminated superior finish, high durability, excellent machinability and resistance to termite, water and moisture. It is
Particle Board eco-friendly wood based panel board which is cost effective and extremely versatile. It is used for making
panel doors, flush doors, flooring, partitioning, false ceiling, wall panelling etc.
Plaster of Paris Powder 1000 0.1353 0.9526 Plaster of Paris is made by heating gypsum. It can be moulded in varies shapes and sizes after adding
(POP) Powder water to the powder. Its setting time is very less and is used in art, architecture, fireproofing, and medical
applications.

Plywood Board 697 0.2210 0.7258 Plywood is flexible, workable and re-usable. It is also resistant to cracking, splitting, shrinkage and twisting
and has good strength. It is widely used in building and furniture industry.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Polyisocyanurate Insulation 40 0.0364 0.0685 The PIR “thermal blanket” insulates the framing materials thus reducing moisture possibility and
(PIR) improving overall R value of the building envelope. It is not ignitable and is suitable for building roof, wall
insulation and for equipment insulation.

Polymer Plastic 1743 0.5027 1.6968 A polymer is created through the process called polymerisation. It is used as wall panels, sealing, coating,
(Anisotropic) roofing material and for piping system.

Polyurethane Insulation 40 0.0372 0.0704 Flexible polyurethane foam is used for thermal insulation and is most often used in bedding and
Foam (PUF) upholstery. Flexible polyurethane can be cut into various shapes. In construction rigid polyurethane is
commonly used.

POP Board Board 1080 0.4994 1.2167 POP is made by heating gypsum powder. POP board is a layer of plaster sandwiched between two sheets
of card board. Plaster board puts very little pressure on the environment. The product is non-toxic and
unwanted by-products from the process are minimal.

Porcelain Tile Tile 2827 1.5331 1.6259 Porcelain tile is ceramic tile. It has very less water absorption rate and can be glazed or kept unglazed. It
is used for flooring as well as wall cladding.

Pumice Square - Tile 2327 0.9907 0.4382 Bronze tiles is made of ceramic and various metal mixtures. It is engineered in a way that it look like
Bronze Tile bronze surface. It can be painted but surface needs to be conditioned before applying paint.

Quartz Stone 2359 3.7603 1.8277 Natural Quartz is the hardest non- precious crystal stone mined directly from the earth. Quartz surfaces
are created from pure natural Quartz. Its good looks and everlasting finish can be easily maintained by
simple and routine care and can be used in areas prone to footfalls and weathering. It is mostly used as
flooring material for commercial and residential projects.

Rajnagar Marble Stone 3332 5.6405 2.7770 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals mostly calcite. It has been in
use for more than 450 years now. It is mainly used as flooring and wall cladding in construction industry.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Rigid Polyurethane Insulation 40 0.0269 0.0766 Rigid polyurethane foam is a very versatile material having great combination of physical strength
(40 Kg/m3) and mechanical properties. It can be used at places where insulation needs to be combined with load
bearing. It is impact resistant, known for its longevity, space saving and has low maintenance.

Rigid Polyurethane Insulation 25 0.0384 0.0763 Rigid polyurethane foam is a very versatile material having great combination of physical strength and
(25 Kg/m3) mechanical properties. It can be used at places where insulation needs to be combined with load bearing.
It is impact resistant, known for its longevity, space saving and has low maintenance.

Rockwool Insulation 64 0.0461 0.0904 Rockwool insulation is made of actual rocks and minerals. It is also called stone wool insulation or
mineral wool insulation. It is known for its thermal resistance and sound absorptivity. It is commonly used
in building construction, industrial plants, and in automotive applications.

Rubber - Foam Insulation 89 0.0561 0.1486 Foam rubber is manufactured by forming gas bubbles in a plastic mixture with the help of blowing agent.
Foam rubber contains roughly 85 percent air and 15 percent rubber. Workability allows easy cutting and
fixing. It is used as insulation, expansion joint filler in masonry and concrete work and filler support sealant
in traffic bearing joints.
Rubber Wood Wood 472 0.1679 0.5034 Rubberwood has a dense grain character with little tendency to wrap or crack. It is eco friendly as it
is only harvested when it can no longer be used for its latex producing sap. Rubberwood has very less
shrinkage and is one of the more stable construction materials. It is extensively used in furniture industry
and for making kitchen accessories. Outdoor usage of the products is not recommended. Rubberwood
latex is also used for rubber based products.
Saag Wood Wood 959 0.2886 1.0258 Saag (Teak) is a yellowish brown timber having high oil content, high tensile strength and tight grain
making it a suitable option for outdoor furniture applications. Easy workability but presence of silica in
the wood causes severe blunting on edged tools. It is resistant to termite attacks and over time matures
to silvery grey finish. Used for manufacturing of articles where weather resistance is required and also for
indoor furnishing such as flooring, countertops, furniture, doors and window frames.
Sand Powder 1600 0.3075 1.1343 Sand is composed of rock and mineral particles and is a granular material. Its composition highly
depends on type of rock and mineral availability. In is widely used in building construction and
landscaping.

Sandstone Stone 2530 3.0097 1.5957 Sandstone is a sedimentary rock available in various colours. It is a valuable aquifer as it allows
percolation of water and stores large quantities. It is also helpful to filter out pollutants from the surface
and is a commonly used building material.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Serpentine Stone 3068 2.1363 2.4484 Serpentine Green Granite and can be identified by its marks, which look like the skin of a serpent. It is a
Green Granite type of igneous rock consisting of mica, quartz and feldspar. It is granular and crystalline in texture. It has
been used as flooring for decades now. It is used in bathrooms, kitchens etc.

Soft Board Board 274 0.0943 0.2753 Soft Board is a light coloured sheet made up of bagasse. It is soft and resilient and is known for its sound
absorbing properties. It is available in variable thickness. It is used in wall and ceiling lining as acoustic
boards.

Soft Board-High Board 353 0.0983 0.2621 Soft Board is a light coloured sheet made up of bagasse. It is soft and resilient and is known for its sound
Density absorbing properties. It is available in variable thickness. It is used in wall and ceiling lining as acoustic
boards.

Stainless Steel Metal 7950 13.5633 3.6351 Stainless steel is an ideal material as it requires low maintenance, is resistant to corrosion. It differs
(SS) from the carbon steel by the mount of chromium present. The carbon steel rusts easily when exposed to
moisture whereas stainless steel doesn’t corrode, rust or stain but it is not fully stain proof. It is used in
buildings for practical as well as aesthetic reasons.
Steam Beech Wood 241 0.2331 0.5512 Beech is pale coloured, medium to heavy weight, hard and tough wood having good strength and high
Wood abrasion resistance. Workability is easy despite of its hardness. It can be cut, drilled, planed and milled.
Surface finishing of Beech is very straight forward as it can be stained, painted and polished. Beech can
shrink considerable and is subject to movement as compared to other woods. It is used for furniture,
interior furnishing, household equipment and plywood.
Straw Board Board 760 0.2237 0.7098 Strawboard is made of 100% straw and is strong, lightweight and impact resistant. It can be used as an
alternative to plasterboard. Workability includes easy cutting, machining, shaping and fixing. Strawboard
when incorporated into partitions can achieve half an hour fire and impact resistance. It is recyclable and
biodegradable and useful for preparing high quality building interior.
Teak Wood Wood 665 0.2369 0.8412 Teak is a yellowish brown timber having high oil content, high tensile strength and tight grain making it
a suitable option for outdoor furniture applications. Easy workability but presence of silica in the wood
causes severe blunting on edged tools. It is resistant to termite attacks and over time matures to silvery
grey finish. Used for manufacturing of articles where weather resistance is required and also for indoor
furnishing such as flooring, countertops, furniture, doors and window frames.

Tempered Glass Glass 2500 1.0493 1.9227 Tempered or toughened glass is one of the safety glass used at places where strength, safety and thermal
resistance are important considerations. It is stronger, harder and brittle than standard glass and shatters
into oval pebbles when broken. It is used in buildings for frameless assemblies, structurally loaded
applications and any other application that would become dangerous in the event of human impact.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)
 Thermal Specific
Density
Name Form Conductivity Heat Image Description
kg/m³
W/(mK) MJ/m³K
Tinted Glass Glass 2500 1.0428 1.8904 Tinted glass is produced after treating the surface of a normal glass with film or coating thus reducing
the light transmission through it. It can be coated with different type of coatings which can block as well
as reflect the light.

Udaipur Brown Stone 3197 2.9210 2.2184 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals mostly calcite. It has been in
Marble use for more than 450 years now.

V-Board Board 1191 0.2977 0.8245 V-Board is a particle board considered as an inexpensive alternative to solid wood boards. It is
produced by combining saw dust and other waste wood, provides a good insulation and has low thermal
conductivity. It can be easily cut into sheets with the help of customised saws. V-Board is highly effective
in maintaining a balanced temperature in air-conditioned spaces thus saving energy.

Veneered Particle Board 788 0.2363 0.7075 Natural wood veneer is denser and very smooth. It is generally applied to particle board to provide high
Board degree of finish. It is regarded as premium decorative finish and is widely used in office furniture, wall
lining, false ceiling etc.

Vitrified Tile Tile 2719 1.4786 1.8049 Vitrified tile has a low porosity and water absorption which makes it very strong and stain resistant. It
has better mechanical strength, is scratch and stain resistant and is not affected by acids, alkalis and
chemicals in comparison to marble and granites. It is mainly used for flooring purpose.

Resource Efficient Brick 1520 0.6314 0.9951 Resource Efficient Brick is a hollow brick with low water absorptivity, better finish, improved crushing
Bricks (REB) strength. It helps in resource saving due to its design and manufacturing. It helps in cutting down cost of
the construction.

Wood Wood 802 0.2652 0.8715 Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found around the world. It is an organic material, a natural composite of
cellulose fibres (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. It
has been used for thousands of years for as a construction material.

Wood Pattern Stone 3126 3.4258 2.2852 Chitodio stones are available in different design and colours and is mainly used as flooring of super
Chitodio market, shopping mall, warehouse flooring, etc.

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U.S.-India Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD)