Friction Drives

➢Definitions
Types of Friction
Laws of friction
Friction in Pivot and Collar Bearings
➢Belt Drives
Flat Belt Drives
Ratio of Belt Tensions
Centrifugal Tension
Power Transmitted
 INTRODUCTION
➢When a body moves or tends to move on another body, a force appears
between the surfaces. This force is called force of friction and it acts
opposite to the direction of motion.
➢The force arises from the fact that the surfaces, though planed and made
smooth, have ridges and depressions that interlock and the relative
movement is resisted (Fig. 3.1).
➢Thus, the force of friction on a body is parallel to the sliding surfaces and
acts in a direction opposite to that of the sliding body (Fig. 3.2). The
magnitude of this force depends on the roughness of surfaces
When to reduce/increase the force of
friction ?
There are phenomena, where it is necessary to reduce the force of friction
whereas in some cases it must be increased.
Reduction of force of friction
In case of lathe slides, journal bearings, etc., where the power transmitted is
reduced due to friction, it has to be decreased by the use of lubricated
surfaces.
Increase of force of friction
In processes where the power itself is transmitted through friction, attempts
are made to increase it to transmit more power. Examples are friction
clutches and belt drives etc. Even the tightness of a nut and bolt is
dependent mainly on the force of friction.
KINDS OF FRICTION

Usually, three kinds of friction, depending upon the conditions of surfaces are considered.
Dry Friction
Dry friction is said to occur when there is relative motion between two completely unlubricated
surfaces. It is further divided into two types:
➢ Solid Friction: When the two surfaces have a sliding motion relative to each other, it is called a
solid friction.
➢ Rolling Friction: Friction due to rolling of one surface over another (e.g. ball
and roller bearings) is called rolling friction.
Skin or Greasy Friction
When the two surfaces in contact have a minute thin layer of lubricant between
them, it is known as skin or greasy friction. Higher spots on the surface break
through the lubricant and come in contact with the other surface. Skin friction is
also termed as boundary friction (Fig. 3.3)
Film Friction

When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a lubricant, friction
will occur due to the resistance of motion between the lubricant and the surfaces
in contact with it. This is known as film friction or viscous friction (Fig. 3.3)
LAWS OF FRICTION

Experiments have shown that the force of solid friction (Static friction)

➢ is directly proportional to normal reaction between the two surfaces

➢ Opposes the motion between the surfaces
➢ depends upon the materials of the two surfaces
➢ is independent of the area of contact
➢ is independent of the velocity of sliding
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

• Let a body of weight W rest on a smooth and dry plane surface. Under the
circumstances, the plane surface also exerts a reaction force Rn on the
body which is normal to the plane surface. If the plane surface considered
is horizontal, Rn would be equal and opposite to W (Fig. 3.6(a)).
Cont….
• Let a small horizontal force F be applied to the body to move it on the surface (Fig. 3.6(b)). So long
the body is unable to move, the equilibrium of the body provides,

• Where F' is the horizontal force resisting the motion of the body. As the force F is increased, the
resistive force F' also increases accordingly. F' and Rn, the friction and the normal reaction forces
can also be combined into a single reaction force R inclined at an angle θ to the normal. Thus
At a moment, when the force F would just move the body, the value of F' or R sin θ
(equal to F) is called the static force of friction. Angle θ attains the value φ and
the body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces (Fig. 3.6(c))
F, in the horizontal direction
W, in the vertical downward direction, and
R, at an angle φ with the normal (inclined towards the force of friction).
According to the first law of friction,
The angle φ is known as the limiting angle of friction, or simply the angle of
friction.
Now, if the body moves over the plane surface, it is observed that the friction
force will be slightly less than the static friction force. As long as the body
moves with a uniform velocity, the force F required for the motion of the body
will be equal to the force of friction on the body. However, if the velocity is to
increase, additional force will be needed to accelerate the body. "Thus, while
the body is in motion, it can be written that

Where φ is approximately the limiting angle of friction.

Also, no movement is possible until the angle of reaction R with the
normal becomes equal to the limiting angle of friction or until tan φ = µ.
Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in
contact with a horizontal surface
Pivot and Collar Bearing
The rotating shafts are frequently subjected to axial thrust. These Shafts,
Can be kept in correct axial position if bearing surfaces are provided. The
bearing surfaces which are flat or conical carry the axial thrust. The
bearing surfaces placed at the end of a shaft are known as pivots.
The pivot may have a flat surface, or a conical surface or truncated conical
surface as shown in Fig 3.8 (a), (b) and (c) respectively
 • The bearing surfaces provided at any position along the shaft to carry the axial thrust, is known as
collar. The surface of the collar may be flat (normal to the axis of shaft) or of conical shape as
shown in Fig. 3.9 (a) and (b) respectively. The collar bearings are also known as thrust bearing.

For a new bearing, the contact between the shaft and bearing may be good over the whole surface.
This means that the pressure over the rubbing surfaces may be assumed as uniformly distributed. But
when the bearing becomes old, all parts of the rubbing surfaces will not move with the same velocity
and hence the wear will be different at different radii. The pressure distribution will not be uniform. The
rate of wear of surfaces depends upon the pressure and the rubbing velocities between the surfaces.
The design of bearings is based on the following assumptions though neither of them is strictly true :
(1) the pressure is uniformly distributed over the bearing surfaces, and
(2) the wear is uniform over the bearing surface.
The power lost, due to friction in pivot and collar bearings, are calculated on the above two
assumptions.
Flat Pivot
• The bearing surface placed at the end of the shaft is known as pivot. if the surface is flat as shown
in Fig.3.10, then the bearing surface is called flat pivot or foot-step. There will be friction along the
surface of contact between the shaft and bearing. The power lost can be obtained by calculating the
torque.
(1)case of Uniform Pressure

When the pressure is assumed to be uniform over the bearing surface. then intensity of pressure (p) is given by

(2) Case of Uniform Wear

For the uniform wear of the bearing surface, the load transmitted to the varioius, Circular rings should be same
(or should be constant). But load transmitted to any circular ring is equal to the product of pressure and area
of the ring. hence for uniform wear. the product of pressure and area of ring should be constant.
Area of the ring is directly proportional to the radius of the ring. Hence for uniform wear, the product of pressure
and radius should be constant or p x r constant.

Hence for uniform wear, we have

Examples
• Problem1. Find the power lost in friction assuming (1) uniform pressure and (ii) uniform wear when
a vertical shaft of 100 mm diameter rotating at 150 r.p.m. rests on a flat end foot step bearing. The
coefficient of friction is equal to 0.05 and shaft carries a vertical load of 15 kN
 Consider a circular ring of radius r and thickness dr as shown in fig 3f.4a
(1)Uniform pressure (2)uniform wear