Ch. 2
Ch. 2
Chapter Two
Job Order Costing System
In the previous chapter, we have tried to classify and identify different
types of costs incurred in the production process. The entire costs
incurred in producing a product must be recorded and reported
properly. However, the accounting procedure in a manufacturing firm
is more complex than the accounting procedure in a merchandising
firm and is different in the types of products manufactured, the
number of units produced and complexity of the manufacturing
process.
To properly account product costs and report it in Income Statement
and Balance Sheet, we need to have an accounting system that
accumulates and assigns them to the manufactured units.
In manufacturing firm, there are two basic accounting systems.
i. General accounting system
ii. Cost accounting system
i. General Accounting System:- It is a logical extension of
accounting for merchandising firms using the periodic inventory
system.
If the manufacturing firm produces single or relatively similar
products, a periodic inventory system can be applied.
When we use this system, all the recording, posting and other
accounting procedures are the same as that of a merchandising
firm practices. However, the adjustment procedure is bit
different.
The year-and adjustment are almost similar except that there
are additional efforts to adjust direct materials and work-in-
process.
The two accounts are adjusted to the manufacturing summery
account, where as the finished goods are adjusted by the
income summery account.
The following table shows the balance of sales, beginning
inventory of DM, WIP, FG and manufacturing costs incurred
during the year.
Sales 1,831,600
Beg. F.G. Inventory 157,500
Beg. WIP Inventory 110,000
Beg. D.M. Inventory 124,000
D.M purchase 441,600
D. Labor 437,500
Indirect labor 98,600
Dep. on factory equipment 44,600
Light and power 43,600
Dep. on Factory property 12,000
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ii. To close the direct materials purchased, direct labor cost and
factory overhead cost to the manufacturing summery account.
Manufacturing summary 1,116,8
Purchase 00 441,600
Direct labor 437,500
Indirect labor 98,600
Depreciation on factory equipment 44,600
Light and power 43,600
Depreciation factory building 12,000
Insurance expense on factory 9,000
property 19,000
Factory Property tax 5,800
Factory supplies expense 4,100
Miscellaneous factory cost
iii. The end inventory of D.M, work in process and finished goods
should be adjusted (updated).
After adjusting the beginning and ending inventory and closing the
manufacturing summary etc. the income summery and balance shows the
cost of goods sold.
Income Summary
BFG 182,000 EFG
157,000
CGM
1,101,750
CGS
1,076,750
Operating expense
Selling expense ………………………. 330,000
Administrative expense ……………. 168,850
1,076,750 1,831,600
498,850
256,000
The balance of income summary account is closed to the appropriate
capital account.
Income summary ---------------------------256,000
Abebe capital --------------------------------------------------256,000
ii. Cost Accounting System
It is a system that uses a perpetual inventory system, which helps
it to achieve greater accuracy in determining product cost than
general accounting system.
It is also used for making effective control
It is used to determine fair unit cost of manufacturing products
There are two different cost accounting system
i. Job order costing system
ii. Process costing system
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2. Purchase order
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3. Receiving report
It is a form that used to list the description and quantities of the
goods received.
It is prepared by a receiving department and sent copy of the
documents and the material to the storeroom clerk.
The accounting department, then records the materials received
based on the receiving report and the supplier’s invoice as
follows.
Direct Material ---------------- 20,000
Account payable --------------------
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5. Materials requisition
It is a form that used to requisite raw materials and indirect
materials required for production. It is prepared by the
production department. The material order form contains the
following;
a. The job number for which the materials are required
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When direct materials are issued from storeroom, the following entry is
recorded.
Such costs are not directly traced to a specific job. Thus it has to
be assigned to the d/t cost object in some way.
If actual overhead is used, the unit produced in some months
may improperly absorbs huge costs and there by in creasing unit
cost.
Example
ABC furniture factory estimated the following for the next year
Manufacturing overhead cost ------------------ 675,000
Direct labor cost---------------------------------- 450,000
Direct labor hours-------------------------------- 90,000
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Limitation
It is implacable to use it when the hourly rate is different from
employee to employee.
Employee A Employee B
Salary for 50 hours 40 x 5 = 200 40 x 10 - 400
Job No 452 Job No 453
Manufacturing overhead 1.5 x 200 = 300 1.5 x 400 = 600
applies
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B. Direct Labor hours – when the hourly labor cost varies from
employee to employee, their method is more appropriate for
MOH cost allocation.
It allocates the MOH cost effectively whether the hourly ways rate is
uniform or different
Limitations
Machine hours are not readily available for the upcoming year.
Suppose that job no 452 and job no 453 requires 20 and 25 labour hrs
respectively.
Job No. 452 Job No. 453
Machine 20 22
hours
Most applied 20 x 15 = 350 22 x 15 - 330
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Suppose that job 452 consumed D. material cost 7 110 and job 453
consumed D. material cost of 120.
This method is not used widely because very few overhead costs are
affected by the function of direct materials used in production
Suppose job No. 452 and 453 consumed prime costs of Br. 320 for
each
Example
Assume that half of the coffee tables are sold for 130 each with a 40%
down payment.
To record the sales
Cash ………………….. 5, 400
Account receivable …. 8, 100
Sales (75 * 180) 13, 500
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Direct labor
Out
MOH
Out
Illustration
1. In ABC Furniture factory, the following production order is given
Job No. 555 ……………….. 100 student chair (St. Mary’s order)
Job No. 556 ……………….. 30 coffee table (for stock)
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5. The D. L cost totaled br. 25,000 (20, 000 is indirect labor) was
applied. The D.L. cost is applied for job No. 555 and 557 40% each
and 20% for job No. 556.
6. Additional raw materials are issued totaling br. 78,000
Market B ………………….. 18, 000
Market B ……………………23, 000
Market C …………………... 31, 000
Market D …………………… 6, 000
Total ………………….. 78, 000
Out of 78, 000 materials costing 18, 000 are indirect.
The three jobs are charged the 60, 000 D.M. cost as follows
Job 555 ………………. 24, 000
Job 556 …………………12, 000 For allocation on job cost sheet
Job 557 ……………….. 24, 000
7. Indirect manufacturing cost incurred during the month is br 4, 000.
8. The payroll for the month totaled br. 48, 000 (20, 000 is indirect
labor). The direct labor cost is charged for the three jobs as follows.
9. MOH cost is applied at 70% of D. L cost (D.L.C = 28,000 + 5, 000)
10. Other actual manufacturing cost for the month is totaled br. 19,
800.
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11. Job No. 555 and 556 are completed and transferred to the
Finished Goods inventory warehouse.
12. The college has paid br. 85 per student chair and 5 coffee tables
are sold for br. 1, 400 each during the month.
Required
Prepare the journal entry for each of the above transactions
(activities)
Using job cost sheet, record the costs for each of the job.
Still the amount charged to the job doesn’t represent what the job
actually consumed; because, we are still allocating MOH cost to jobs.
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Under or over applied MOH cost should not be carried for the coming
period rather it should be disposed off in the period the difference
occurred in two ways.
i. By charging it in to cost of goods sold
Example: The MOH control a/c has a debit balance of br 607, 500 and
MOH cost applied is br. 540, 000.
607, 500 – 540, 000 = 67, 500 under applied
This amount will be disposed to c.g.s as follows
Assume that the MOH control a/c shows debit balance of br. 192, 650,
which shows an over applied balance 7 br 2, 700. The over applied
amount of MOH cost will be prorated to WIP, F.G and C.G.S by one of
the following ways.
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N.B.
Account
Accoun Account Proration of the over
Balance after
ts Balance allocation overhead
proration
WIP 11, 400 11,400/457, 500 = 0.25 11, 332.50
18, 600 18, 600/456, 500 = 0.04 18, 492
F.G
0.04 x 2700 = 108
427, 500 427, 500/457, 500 = 93.5% 424, 975.50
C.g.s
0.935 x 457, 500 = 2, 524, 50
Total 457, 500 2, 750 454, 800
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