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Topic 4

The document outlines the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) and its various maritime zones, including internal waters, territorial waters, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves. It also details the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and its annexes, which regulate pollution from ships and set standards for environmental protection. Additionally, it highlights the impact of land-based pollution on marine environments and the importance of international cooperation in addressing these issues.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views53 pages

Topic 4

The document outlines the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) and its various maritime zones, including internal waters, territorial waters, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves. It also details the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and its annexes, which regulate pollution from ships and set standards for environmental protection. Additionally, it highlights the impact of land-based pollution on marine environments and the importance of international cooperation in addressing these issues.

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sitiwahidah
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UNCLOS III

Contiguous
Baseline zone
The low waterline along the • 12 nm seaward from the
coast or reef marked on large territorial waters
Exclusive
scale charts or low tide Territorial • Coastal state can continue
economic
elevation situated within the waters enforce laws in customs,
territorial sea. taxation, immigration & zones
• 12 nm seaward side of the pollution
baseline • 200 nm seaward side from
• Coastal state: set laws, the baseline
Internal regulate use & use any • Coastal nation has the sole
waters resources Continental exploitation right over all
shelf natural resources
• Landward side of the • Foreign states are free to
baseline • The natural prolongation of navigate and overflight
• Coastal state: set laws, the land territory to the (subject to the coastal states
regulate use & use any Archipelagic continental margin’s edge or regulation), and may also lay
resources submarine pipes and cables
waters 200 nm from the coastal
state’s baseline, whichever is
• Similar to internal waters greater
BUT subject to existing rights Remarks:
including traditional fishing nm – nautical miles
rights of immediately 12 nm = 22 km; 14 miles
adjacent states 200 nm = 370 km, 230 miles
Established: 1958
Members: > 150 States
Until 1982, IMO IMCO

IMCO
(Intergovernmental Maritime
GESAMP: Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.
Consultive Organization) GIPME: Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment.
ICSPRO: Inter-Secretariat Committee on Scientific Programmes Relating to Oceanography.
Several adopted important IMO conventions:
Signed & Adopted: 1973
Entry into force: 1983
Annex I Annex II Annex III
Regulations for the Prevention of Regulations for the Control of Pollution Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Pollution by Oil by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
(Entered into force: 2 October 1983) (Entered into force: 2 October 1983) (Entered into force: 1 July 1992)

Covers prevention of pollution by oil Details the discharge criteria & measures for the Contains general requirements for the issuing of
operational measures as well as from control of pollution by noxious liquid substances detailed standards on packing, marking, labelling,
carried in bulk; some 250 substances were evaluated documentation, storage, quantity limitations,
accidental discharges; the 1992 amendments & included in the list appended to the Convention; exceptions & notifications. For the purpose of this
to Annex I made it mandatory for new oil the discharge of their residues is allowed only to Annex, “harmful substances” are those substances
tankers to have double hulls and brought in reception facilities until certain concentrations & which are identified as marine pollutants in the
a phase-in schedule for existing tankers to fit conditions (which vary the category of substances) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
double hulls, which was subsequently revised are complied with. In any cases, no discharge is (IMDG Code) or which meet the criteria in the
in 2001 and 2003. permitted within 12 miles of the nearest land. Appendix of Annex III.

Annex IV Annex V
Annex VI
Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Prevention of Pollution by Garbage
Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Ships from Ships
(Entered into force: 19 May 2005)
(Entered into force: 27 September 2003) (Entered into force: 31 December 1988)
Contains requirements to control pollution of Deals with different types of garbage and Sets limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide
the sea by sewage, the discharge of sewage into specifies the distances from land and the emissions from the ship exhausts and prohibits
the sea is prohibited, except when the ship has manner in which they may be disposed of, the deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances,
in operation an approved sewage treatment most important feature of the Annex is the designated emission control areas set more stringent
plant or when the ship is discharging complete ban imposed on the disposal into the standards for SOx, NOx and particulate matter. A
chapter adopted in 2011 covers mandatory technical
comminuted & disinfected sewage using an sea of all forms of plastics.
and operational energy efficiency measures aimed at
approved system at a distance of more than 12 reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships.
nautical miles from the nearest land.
MARPOL or MARPOL 73/78 is the
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as
modified by the Protocol of 1978.
"MARPOL" is short for marine pollution
and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and
1978.
A coastal State may adopt pollution legislation
for its EEZ which conforms and gives effect to
‘generally accepted international rules and
standards established through the competent
international organization.’
Malaysian Department of Environment
(DOE)

https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Country_Information/Law_N_Regulation/Malaysia/Malaysia_mal13278.pdf
Water Pollution | #aumsum #kids #science
#education #children - YouTube
Malaysian rivers:
main source of
land-based
pollution

Sewage from Trash/litter from


Runoffs from Leachate from
Domestic sewage livestock farms riverside
towns rubbish dumps
(pig farms in squatters
particular)

 Land-based pollution is sometimes associated with harmful


algae blooms (HABs), example: red-tide
Gonyaulax polygramma
Mauritius oil spill: ship breaks up and remaining fuel spreads into ocean - YouTube
Between 1975 and 1982, incidents of
oil spill which polluted Malaysian
waters:
Ballast Water Management (imo.org)
Imposex in snails - disorder in sea snails caused by the toxic effects
Lainey R. Runoff - Thermal
Pollution PSA - YouTube
Iranian Oil Submarine
Supertanker What Is NOISE POLLUTION? | What Causes Noise
Pollution? | The Dr Binocs Show | Peekaboo Kidz -
YouTube

Why the Ocean Is Getting Louder | Underwater Noise


Pollution - YouTube
• Brine discharge from seawater desalination poses a potential threat to
the unique spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish, in
the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
• The survival of embryos decreased with an increase in salinity, with
no embryos surviving to full term in salinities greater than 50‰.
Sedimentation at Gulf of Mexico
Aquatic debris is a problem with
no geographical boundaries.
Shark Fin Soup | National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCqPXhhxZIg
National geographic
September 2019
Hawksbill shell has been traded throughout the world for millennia. The Japanese have figured
prominently in the trade of this commodity, which they call “bekko.” The figure above depicts
Japanese bekko imports from 1950 to 1992, using Japanese customs statistics. Japan was the
world’s major importer of hawksbill shell during the 20th century; its imports did not cease until
the end of 1992. Major locations of export in each region are marked with red dots.
ES

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