Screenshot 2025-04-19 at 8.42.24 AM
Screenshot 2025-04-19 at 8.42.24 AM
Design
Gears
Introduction
• Power transmission is the movement of energy from
its place of generation to a location where it is
applied to performing useful work
• A gear is a component within a transmission device
that transmits rotational force to another gear or
device
Friction Gearing
A simple means of transmitting rotational motion and
power from one shaft to another is pair of friction
gears, as shown in Figure 5.1(a). Here, transmission
relies on the friction force between the cylinders in
contact.
T3 = Fr3 (5.2-3)
Combining Eq. (5.2-2) and (5.2-3)
T2 Fr r
= 2 = 2 (5.2-4)
T3 Fr3 r3
If no slip, r2 2 = r3 3 (5.2-5)
3 r2
= (5.2-6)
2 r3
Figure 5.3 Continuously variable belt drive: (a) high speed ratio, (b) low speed ratio.
Gear Assembly
For two gears to mesh properly and work
together smoothly, they must have the
same:
1.Diametral Pitch
2.Circular Pitch
3.Module
Type of Gears
According to the position of axes of the shafts.
a. Parallel
1. Spur Gear
2. Helical Gear
3. Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
Worm and worm gears
Spur Gear
• Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
• Transmit power from one shaft to
another parallel shaft
• Used in Electric screwdriver,
oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm
clock, washing machine and
clothes dryer.
External and Internal Spur Gear
Helical Gear
• The teeth on helical gears are cut
at an angle to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes
helical gears operate much more
smoothly and quietly than spur
gears
• One interesting thing about helical
gears is that if the angles of the
gear teeth are correct, they can be
mounted on perpendicular shafts,
adjusting the rotation angle by 90
degrees
Herringbone Gears
• To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite hand
can be mounted side by side,
to cancel resulting thrust
forces
Figure 5.28 Spur gear terminology: (a) external gear, (b) rack, (c) internal gear.
Nomenclature of Spur Gears
• Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder
(cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to
replace.
• Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
• Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth,
in a right section of the gear.
• Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the
spaces between the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
• Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the addendum circle.
• Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the root circle.
• Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one
gear and the addendum of the mating gear.
Nomenclature of Spur Gears
• Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying
outside the pitch surface.
• Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying
inside the pitch surface.
• Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness):
The thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle.
It is the length of an arc and not the length of a straight
line.
• Tooth space: The distance between adjacent teeth
measured on the pitch circle.
• Backlash: The difference between the tooth thickness
of one gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
• Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.
D 2r
Pc = =
N N
Nomenclature of Spur Gears
• Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit
pitch diameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the
number of teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
N N
Pd = =
D 2r
1 0.47 + 2 0.53
mc = = 1.53
Output N Input 3 N
eOutput/ Input = = e3 / 2 = =+ 2 (6.1-3)
Input N Output 2 N3
Classification of Gear Trains
N2 N4
e3 / 2 = − e5 / 4 = −
N3 N5
N2 N4 N
e3 / 2 = − e5 / 4 = − e6 / 5 = − 4
N3 N5 N5
N 2 N 4 N 5 N N
e6 / 2 = e3 / 2 e5 / 4 e6 / 5 = − − − =− 2 4 Figure 6.6 Compound gear trains
N 3 N 5 N 6 N3 N6
Idler gear 5 has no effect on the magnitude of the speed ratio; although it
affects the direction of output speed and the distance between the input and
output shafts.
Classification of Gear Trains
The compound gear train illustrated in Figure
6.6(c) incorporates an external-internal
meshing pair. The numbers of teeth are
N2 = 9; N3= 62; N4 = 20;
N5 = 51; N6 = 15; N7= 54
N 2 N 4 N 6
e7 / 2 = e3 / 2 e5 / 4 e7 / 6 = − −
N 3 N 5 N 7
9 20 15
= = 0.0158 = 1:63.3 Figure 6.6 Compound gear trains
62 51 54
This arrangement of gears is employed in the
design of a winch. Figure 6.7 shows a
corresponding photograph of the system.
A compound gear train may be designed to
provide multiple speed ratios through one
output shaft by transmitting motion through
various pairs of gears.
Figure 6.7 Gear train used in a winch
Example 6.1 Speed Ratios for Manual
Transmission
Figure 6.8 shows a schematic of a manual
transmission, which employs a compound
gear train. The Shifter allows pairs of
gears to be disengaged and reengaged to
obtain three different speed ratios.
Determine the speed ratios of the gear
train.
Solution: Figure 6.8 Compound gear trains
N N N 7 = 12; N 8 = 24;
e8 /1 = 1 7 As, 4=2x2 by factorization
N 2 N8 N1 = 12; N 2 = 24;
The second and third desired speed ratio, e8 / 3 = 1 / 2.45 and e8 / 5 = 1 / 1.55 can not match
exactly considering, by trial & error
N N
e8 / 3 = 3 7 = 1 / 2.45 (N 3 + N 4 ) = 36
N 4 N8
N 3 N 7 16 12
N 3 = 16; N 4 = 20; = = 1 : 2.50
N 4 N 8 20 24
N5N7
e8 / 5 =
N 6 N8
= 1 / 1.55 (N 5 + N 6 ) = 36