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Lecture 3-2 Fiber Optics Communication Link

The document covers optical fiber communication systems, detailing the components such as light sources (LEDs and laser diodes), light detectors, and the optical fiber link budget. It includes comparisons between different types of diodes and provides examples for calculating optical power received and maximum digital transmission rates. The content is structured into modules and units for clarity on fiber optic technology.

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Ace Lo
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8 views

Lecture 3-2 Fiber Optics Communication Link

The document covers optical fiber communication systems, detailing the components such as light sources (LEDs and laser diodes), light detectors, and the optical fiber link budget. It includes comparisons between different types of diodes and provides examples for calculating optical power received and maximum digital transmission rates. The content is structured into modules and units for clarity on fiber optic technology.

Uploaded by

Ace Lo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA

AND
ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Prepared by:
Engr. Zenaida L. Agustin
June 2020
MODULE 3: OPTICAL FIBER

UNIT 2: Fiber Optic


Communication Link
CONTENTS
 Block Diagram of an Optical Fiber Communication System
 Fiber Optic Light Sources
 Fiber Optic Light Detectors
 Optical Fiber System Link Budget
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT SOURCES
Hybrid devices
 Converts electrical signals into optical signals
 Launches these optical signals into an optical fiber for data transmission.

1. LEDs – Light Emitting Diode


 Emits incoherent light through spontaneous emission.
 Used for Multimode systems w/ 100-200 Mbps rates.
 Broad spectral width and wide output pattern.
 850nm region: GaAs and AlGaAs
 1300–1550nm region: InGaAsP and InP
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT SOURCES
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT SOURCES
2. LDs – Laser Diodes
 LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
 Emit coherent light through stimulated emission
 Mainly used in Single Mode Systems
 Light Emission range: 5 to 10 degrees
 Require Higher complex driver circuitry than LEDs
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT SOURCES
COMPARISON BETWEEN LED AND LASER
LED LASER Diode
Broad output spectrum High efficiency
Low launch power, suitable for shorter Fast response time
distances
Less temperature dependent Lower dispersion
Simple construction Higher data transmission rate
cheaper Narrow output spectrum
Coherent output beam
High launch power, suitable for longer
transmission distances
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT DETECTORS
Optical Detectors
 These are transducers that convert optical signals into electrical signals.
 An optical detector generates electrical current proportional to the intensity of the
incident optical light.

Optical Detector Requirements


 Compatible in size to low-pass optical fibers for efficient coupling and packaging.
 High sensitivity at the operating wavelength of the source.
 Low noise contribution.
 Maintain stable operation in changing environmental conditions.
FIBER OPTIC LIGHT DETECTORS
Semiconductor Photodiodes
 Generate current when they absorb photons.

Factors that affect the performance of photodiodes:


1. Optical detector materials
 Si,GaAs, GaAlAs – 850nm
 Ge, InP, InGaAs -1300nm and 1550nm.
2. Response time factors
 Thickness of the active area.
 Detector RC time constant.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PIN AND APD DIODES
PIN diode APD diode
Exhibit lower noise levels Generates higher photo current
cheaper Larger values of responsivity
Response time is double that of PIN
OPTICAL FIBER LINK BUDGET
Ls-f Lf Lf-d
Light Light
Source Detector

Pt Pr
Lcon or Lsplice

𝑷𝒓 = 𝑷𝒕 − 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝐵𝑚


𝑃𝑡 − 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 (𝑑𝐵)
EXAMPLE
Determine the optical power received in dBm and watts for a 20-km
optical fiber link with the following parameters:
LED output power of 30mW
Four 5-km sections of optical cable each with a loss of 0.5dB/km
Three cable-to-cable connectors with a loss of 2dB each
No cable splices
Light source-to-fiber interface loss of 1.9dB
Fiber-to-light detector loss of 2.1dB
No losses due to cable bends

Lf= 0.5dB/km
Ls-f=1.9dB Lf-d=2.1dB
Light Light
Source Detector
5km 5km 5km 5km
Pt= 30mW Pr= ___ dBm
Lcon= 2dB each
Ls-f=1.9dB Lf= 0.5dB/km Lf-d=2.1dB
Light Light
Source Detector
5km 5km 5km 5km
Pt= 30mW Pr= ___ dBm
Lcon= 2dB each

𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵𝑚) − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠(𝑑𝐵)


30𝒎𝑾
𝑷𝒕 𝒅𝑩𝒎 = 10 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 14.771𝒅𝑩𝒎
1𝒎𝑾

𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝑩 = 𝐿𝑠−𝑓 + 𝐿𝑓 + 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 𝐿𝑓−𝑑


0.5𝑑𝐵
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝑩 = 1.9dB + 20𝑘𝑚 + 2𝑑𝐵 3 + 2.1𝑑𝐵 = 20𝑑𝐵
𝑘𝑚

𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 14.771𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 20dB = −5.229dBm


𝑃𝑟 = 299.985𝜇𝑊
DISPERSION LIMITED LENGTH
1
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡𝑏

∆𝑇 = 𝑡𝑏 /2

1
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2∆𝑇

∆𝑇 = ∆𝑡 𝑛𝑠 𝑥𝐿 𝑘𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑡 − 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 − 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡


𝑘𝑚
∆𝑇 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐿 − 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
DISPERSION LIMITED LENGTH

1
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
∆𝑇
EXAMPLE
For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km, determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for
a. UPRZ transmission
b. UPNRZ transmission

5𝑛𝑠
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐿 = 10𝑘𝑚 ∆𝑡 =
𝑘𝑚

1 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝑃𝑅𝑍: 𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 20𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
∆𝑇 5𝑛𝑠
10𝑘𝑚
𝑘𝑚

1 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝑃𝑁𝑅𝑍: 𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 10𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
2∆𝑇 5𝑛𝑠
2 10𝑘𝑚
𝑘𝑚
IT’S YOUR
TURN TO
SOLVE
Problem Set 3-2

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