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-_Homologous_and_Analogous

The document outlines an experiment aimed at studying homologous and analogous organs in plants and animals. Homologous organs, such as the forelimbs of vertebrates, share a common structural origin but serve different functions, indicating divergent evolution. In contrast, analogous organs, like the wings of birds and bats, perform similar functions despite differing structures, exemplifying convergent evolution.

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8 views

-_Homologous_and_Analogous

The document outlines an experiment aimed at studying homologous and analogous organs in plants and animals. Homologous organs, such as the forelimbs of vertebrates, share a common structural origin but serve different functions, indicating divergent evolution. In contrast, analogous organs, like the wings of birds and bats, perform similar functions despite differing structures, exemplifying convergent evolution.

Uploaded by

rincy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT ………

HOMOLOGOUS AND ANALOGOUS


ORGANS
Aim: Study of homologous and analogous organs in plants and animals.
Material Required: Plant specimens showing tendrils, thorns, a potato and sweet
potato, picture showing wings of bird, bat and butter fly and the bones of
forelimbs in vertebrate animals.
Homologous organs- Organs which are similar in their basic
structural plan but different in their function. Homologous organs
points to common ancestry of organisms.
Eg. Forelimbs of vertebrates and Thorns of Bougainvillea and
tendrils of cucumber
Homologous Organs in Plants
Tendrils of cucurbits and thorns of Bougainvillea

The thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology.


In Bougainvillea, the thorns are actually modified stems. In Cucurbita (like
pumpkin or squash), the tendrils are also modified stems. They come from the
same origin (stem). They show divergent evolution—one original structure (stem)
changed in different ways in different plants for different functions.
Homologous organs in forelimbs of vertebrates.
The forelimbs of man, cheetah, whale, and bat are homologous organs because:
 They have the same basic bone structure and origin. The forelimbs consists
of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals and metacarpals.
 But they are modified for different functions.
This is a classic example of divergent evolution—same structure evolved in
different directions to suit different needs.

Analogous organs- Organs which are different in their structural


plan but similar in function. The dissimilar looking organs adapted
to perform the same function due to the similar habitat the
organisms share.
Eg. Wings of birds, bat, butterfly and Potato and sweet potato
Analogous Organs in plants
Underground Stem of potato and Underground Root of
Sweet potato
The underground stem of potato and the underground root of
sweet potato are analogous organs because:
 They perform the same function (food storage),
 But they develop from different parts of the plant (Potato -
stem vs. Sweet potato -root).
This is an example of convergent evolution, where different
structures evolved independently to serve the same purpose.

Analogous organs in animals


Wings of birds, bat, butterfly

 All three are used for flying , but they have different
origins:
o Bird and bat wings come from forelimbs,
o Butterfly wings come from the exoskeleton (outer
body wall).
 Their internal structures are different too.

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