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The document discusses air pollution dispersion, diffusion, and deposition, focusing on factors affecting pollutant accumulation and plume behavior. It outlines two approaches to air pollution modeling: Fickian diffusion and Gaussian dispersion equations, emphasizing the need for dispersion modeling due to the impracticality of comprehensive measurements. Additionally, it covers atmospheric stability classes, estimating spread parameters, and design procedures for tall stacks to assess maximum downwind concentrations and plume rise.

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Princess lyn Ramos
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2 views

APC

The document discusses air pollution dispersion, diffusion, and deposition, focusing on factors affecting pollutant accumulation and plume behavior. It outlines two approaches to air pollution modeling: Fickian diffusion and Gaussian dispersion equations, emphasizing the need for dispersion modeling due to the impracticality of comprehensive measurements. Additionally, it covers atmospheric stability classes, estimating spread parameters, and design procedures for tall stacks to assess maximum downwind concentrations and plume rise.

Uploaded by

Princess lyn Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIDTERMS : AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION, DIFFUSION AND DEPOSITION

FACTORS IN THE ACCUMULATION OF POLLUTANT IN AN AREA BEHAVIOR OF A PLUME TWO APROACHES TO AIR POLLUTION MODELLING
1. Emission rates > Po utant concentration at a particular source 1. FICKIAN DIFFUSION EQUATION
2. Generation and destruction rates is measured in terms of averaging time. - Second order di erential equation
3. Dispersion rates > Time-averaged po utant concentration at a - uses average eddy di usivities and constant average wind
given distance, Xo (distributed in the + Y speed as the inputs.
ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELING direction, Wi iamson 1973).
> Need for Dispersion Modeling >Spreading plume in the vertical distributes
- impossible to measure the impact from a facility that wi be built concentration.
in the future. 2. GAUSSIAN DISPERSION EQUATION
- comprehensive measurement could be 1,000 times more expensive - The binormal behavior of po utants is best modeled by a
Thus, distribution of po utant is binormal.
than modeling, also subject to errors. Double-Gaussian equation (Pasqui , 1961).
- Modeling (only practical approach when many sources and when - This equation models the dispersion of non-reactive
Behavior of the downwind, elevated
isolate the potential e ects of just one source), it may not be 100% gaseous po utants from an elevated source.
transverse concentration pro les as a
accurate but it is precise (reproducible). function of distance downward. - The steady-state concentration at a point (x.y.z), located
downwind from the source is given by,
PHYSICAL EXPLANATION OF DISPERSION

Coordinate system showing Gaussian


distributions in the horizontal and vertical.
ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY CLASSES ESTIMATING SPREAD PARAMETERS THE DEPENDENCE OF CONCENTRATION ON
The general equations given by Martin (1976): AVERAGING TIME
> For the horizontal spread parameter, > For averaging times between 10 minutes to 5 hr, the averaging
time is related to concentration as fo ows (Hino 1968)

> For the vertical spread parameter,

A = very unstable ; surface wind speed is measured at 10m where:


above the ground. x = distance from the stack, m
Note: if averaging time < 10 mins, replace the exponent 0.5 by 0.2
a,b,c,d and f = constants that are dependent on the stability
B = moderately unstable ; corresponds to clear summer class.
day with sun higher than 60° above the horizon.
WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH ELEVATION
C= slightly unstable ; corresponds to a clear summer day
> Power Law
with a few broken clouds, or a clear day with sun 35-60°
above the horizon.

D = neutral ; corresponds to a fa afternoon, or a cloudy


summer day, or a clear summer day with a sun 15-35°

E = slightly stable ; cloudiness is de ned as the fraction


of sky covered by clouds

F= stable ; for A-B, B-C, or C-D conditionds, average the


values obtained for each. Regardless of wind speed, Class
D should be assumed for overcast conditions, day or night.
EXAMPLE 1 : SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2 : SOLUTION
ESTIMATING THE MAXIMUM DOWNWIND GROUND-LEVEL ESTIMATING THE MAXIMUM DOWNWIND UNDER AN ELEVATED INVERSION
CONCENTRATION
Maximum downwind concentration
- always occurs on the Centerline (y=0)
- can be estimated using the polynomial equation given by
Ranchoux (1976)

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TALL STACKS


1. Analyze the meteorology 4. Consider e ects of local terrain.
2. Make preliminary hazard assessment based on meteorology. 5. Review the results.
3. Test various cases of physical stack parameter (height and
diameter), plume rise models, and plant locations in
conjunction with the "worst-case" meteorology.

ESTIMATING THE PLUME RISE


Principle of Plume Rise Ho and (1953) Formula
TALL STACK - a plume of hot gases emitted vertica y possesses both
- A stack is considered ta if it is 2.5 times ta er than the ta est momentum and buoyancy.
building in the area. - as it moves vetica y, the momentum decreases (- it causes
- de ned as stack which have gases with high buoyancy and exit velocity the plume to bend over the direction of the mean wind) as a
( > 1.5 times the maximum average wind speed ). enhibit signi cant plume result of atmospheric resistance.
rise and with large heat emission ( > 10 MW ), U.S. EPA (1985). - though it loses momentum, its buoyancy (result of thermal
- it is modeled by the Gaussian Model. gradient) enables it to rise for a long time after bending over.
Modi ed Ho and Formula ( Wark et al., 1998) Modi ed Concawe Formula (Thomas, Carpenter and Colbaugh 1970)

Briggs Plume Rise Model


- currently used by U.S EPA in a their compute programs.
> For neutral or unstable conditions

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