Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology

ISSN NO-2584-2706

Development of Autonomous Vehicle for Real-Time

Communication
ShivamUpadhyay
Dr. V.K Pandey
Gautam Sahu
Ravi Raj

Abstract- The advancement of autonomous Early developments in automation focused on

vehicle technology, combined with real-time features like adaptive cruise control and lane-
communication, is a transformative step toward keeping assist, while modern AVs leverage deep
modernizing transportation systems. This learning algorithms and sensor fusion for
research focuses on the development of an decision-making and obstacle detection. The
autonomous vehicle capable of seamless integration of V2X communication marks the
communication with its surrounding next stage in this evolution, ensuring that AVs
environment, including other vehicles, can share and receive data in real-time.
infrastructure, and control centers. Utilizing Enabling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
state-of-the-art sensors, artificial intelligence, communication to share road condition data and
andVehicle-to-Everything(V2V) prevent collisions. Facilitating vehicle-to-
communication protocols, the system aims to infrastructure (V2I) interactions for traffic
improve safety, navigation efficiency, and management and congestion reduction.
vehicle interconnectivity within smart city Connecting with cloud-based control systems
frameworks. The study further delves into key (V2C) for dynamic updates and
challenges such as latency, reliability, and the II.Motivation
adaptability of communication systems to The motivation behind the development of
existing infrastructure, proposing viable autonomous vehicles with real-time
solutions to enhance their performance and communication stems from the growing
scalability. demand for safer, more efficient, and
sustainable transportation systems. Road
Keywords Autonomous Vehicle, Real-Time accidents, traffic congestion, and environmental
Communication V2X, Artificial Intelligence, concerns have necessitated the integration of
Sensor Fusion, Path Planning, Obstacle advanced technologies to revolutionize modern
Avoidance, LiDAR. mobility. One of the primary motivations for
I.INTRODUCTION this research is the alarming number of road
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a major accidents worldwide. Human error accounts for
technological shift in the transportation nearly 94% of traffic accidents, according to the
industry, incorporating advanced artificial National Highway Traffic Safety
intelligence, real-time data processing, and Administration (NHTSA).
sensor fusion to enable safe and efficient travel Autonomous vehicles equipped with AI-driven
without human intervention. A critical decision- making and real-time communication
component of AVs is real-time can significantly reduce accidents by eliminating
communication, allowing them to dynamically human errors such as distracted driving, fatigue,
interact with road conditions, other vehicles, and impaired judgment. Traffic congestion is a
and smart city infrastructure. This capability major concern in urban areas, leading to
enhances road safety, optimizes traffic flow, increased travel time, fuel consumption, and air
and reduces accident rates. Autonomous pollution. Real-time communication enables
vehicles have evolved from simple driver- autonomous vehicles
assist systems to fully self-driving cars capable
of navigating complex environments.

IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 408

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210
Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology
ISSN NO-2584-2706
to coordinate with traffic infrastructure, labor costs, lower accident-related expenses, and
optimize routes, and prevent gridlocks efficient fuel consumption contribute to overall
Through vehicle- to- infrastructure (V2I) economic growth. Additionally, passengers can
and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, utilize travel time more productively, engaging in
intelligent traffic management systems can work or leisure activities while commuting.
dynamically adjust signals and reroute vehicles The rapid advancements in AI, 5G technology, and
to improve overall traffic flow. In critical the Internet of Things (IoT) have created an
situations such as accidents or medical ecosystem conducive to the widespread adoption of
emergencies, response time is crucial. autonomous vehicles. Research in deep learning,
Traditional vehicles rely on manual reporting, sensor fusion, and cloud computing continues to
which can be delayed. Autonomous vehicles improve vehicle perception, navigation accuracy,
with real-time communication can instantly and overall reliability. This project serves as a
transmit accident reports to emergency stepping stone towards a fully autonomous
services, providing precise location details and transportation system that aligns with future
severity analysis. This ensures faster response technological innovations. The motivation for this
times and improves survival rates in research is to develop a robust, scalable, and
emergency scenarios. Reducing carbon efficient autonomous vehicle system that enhances
emissions and fuel consumption is a key global road safety, reduces congestion, improves
objective. Autonomous vehicles leverage AI- environmental sustainability, and integrates
based driving techniques to minimize sudden seamlessly into smart city infrastructures. By
braking, optimize fuel efficiency, and support addressing existing challenges and leveraging
electric vehicle integration. With real- time cutting-edge technology, this study aims to
communication, vehicles can access contribute to the global transition towards
environmental data, choose eco-friendly intelligent, connected transportation systems.
routes, and coordinate energy-efficient driving The Data type and flow design
behaviors. The deployment of autonomous iii. Scope Of The Project
vehicles in logistics and public transportation The scope of this project involves the
can lead to significant cost savings. Reduced development of an autonomous vehicle equipped
labor costs, lower accident-related expenses, with real-time communication capabilities that
and efficient fuel consumption contribute to allow it to interact with road infrastructure, other
overall economic growth. Additionally, vehicles, and cloud-based systems. This project
passengers can utilize travel time more encompasses sensor integration, AI-based
productively, engaging in work or leisure decision-making, vehicle- to-everything (V2X)
activities while commuting. communication, and advanced cybersecurity
The rapid advancements in AI, 5G technology, measures to ensure safe and reliable
and the Internet of Things (IoT) have created transportation. The AV system will be tested in
an ecosystem conducive to the widespread different environmental conditions, including
adoption of autonomous vehicles. Research in urban traffic, highways, and complex
deep learning, sensor fusion, and cloud intersections. Additionally, the project aims to
computing continues to improve vehicle explore the integration of 5G connectivity for
perception, navigation accuracy, and overall low-latency data transmission and machine
reliability. This project serves as a stepping learning algorithms for improved object
stone towards a fully autonomous recognition and navigation. This research is
transportation system that aligns with future expected to make significant contributions to the
technological innovations. The motivation for advancement of self- driving technologies,
this research is to develop a robust, scalable, enhancing the feasibility and adoption of AVs in
and efficient autonomous vehicle system that smart cities and urban landscape
enhances road safety, reduces congestion,
iv. Proposed Methodology
improves The deployment of autonomous
The methodology for this project involves a multi-
vehicles in logistics and public transportation
phase approach, incorporating hardware and
can lead to significant cost savings. Reduced
software development, machine learning model
training, sensor integration, and system validation
IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 409
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210
Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology
ISSN NO-2584-2706
through simulations and real-world testing. Perception Module* processes data from sensors
such as LiDAR, cameras, and radar to detect
The autonomous vehicle will be obstacles, traffic signals, and road conditions.
equipped with a range of sensors, including The *Communication Module* enables vehicle-
LiDAR, radar, and computer vision cameras, to to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle- to- infrastructure
gather real-time data. AI algorithms will process (V2I) interaction for real- time navigation
this data to make autonomous driving decisions, adjustments. The *Control System* executes
including lane detection, obstacle avoidance, and driving commands based on AI-driven
speed regulation. The vehicle-to-everything algorithms, ensuring smooth acceleration,
(V2X) communication system will facilitate braking, and lane changes. The
seamless interaction between vehicles, *Safety Mechanisms* integrate emergency
pedestrians, and infrastructure components such braking systems, redundant communication
as traffic lights and road signs. A cloud-based protocols, and cybersecurity measures to prevent
data processing system will store and analyze unauthorized access and ensure safe vehicle
vehicle data to improve navigation accuracy. operation. The modular architecture ensures that
System testing will be conducted in the AV system remains adaptable, scalable, and
controlled environments, followed by field capable of operating under various driving
trials to validate performance and ensure conditions.
compliance with safety standards

v. Literature Review
Extensive research has been conducted on
the development of autonomous vehicles
and real- time communication networks.
Studies have highlighted the effectiveness of
AI- based navigation systems in improving
vehicular safety and efficiency. Research has
also focused on V2X communication
protocols, emphasizing the importance of real-
time data exchange in reducing accidents and
optimizing traffic flow. Cybersecurity remains
a critical concern, as AV
systems are susceptible to hacking and data
breaches. Researchers have proposed
blockchain technology and end- to-end Fig.1
encryption as potential solutions to enhance
data security in connected vehicles. The vii. COMPONENTS USED
literature also explores the environmental 1. Microcontroller Unit
impact of AVs, demonstrating their potential (MCU)STM32L4 Series (B-
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by L475E-10T01A)
optimizing fuel consumption and reducing ARM Cortex-M4, 80 MHz ultra-low
idle times. This study builds upon existing power microcontroller.
research by integrating AI-driven decision- Handles data processing, sensor
making with V2X communication to enhance interfacing, and
AV capabilities. communication.
Provides an Arduino-compatible expansion
vi. System Architecture connector.
The architecture of the proposed autonomous 1. Sensors for Accident Detection
vehicle system comprises multiple MPU6050 (Accelerometer and
interconnected modules that facilitate Gyroscope Sensor) Detects abrupt
seamless operation and intelligent decision- changes in motion and vehicle
making. orientation.
IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 410
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210
Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology
ISSN NO-2584-2706
Tools STM32CubeIDE – For advanced
debugging and microcontroller development

viii .Experimental Results

The experimental evaluation of the autonomous
vehicle system was conducted in multiple test
environments, including controlled laboratory
settings and real-world driving scenarios. The
primary objectives of the experiments were to
assess the system’s ability to detect and respond
to obstacles, navigate complex urban traffic, and
Identifies sudden deceleration, maintain reliable real-time communication.
impact forces, or rollovers. Several performance metrics were analyzed,
Works with the microcontroller to process including obstacle detection accuracy, latency in
accident detection algorithms. data transmission, reaction time to sudden
2. Communication obstructions, and overall traffic management
Modules SIM900A efficiency. The autonomous vehicle was
GSM Module subjected to a variety of challenging conditions,
3.Automatic including night driving, fog, and high-traffic
Braking System Relay intersections, to validate its robustness. Results
Module for Brake indicated that the system achieved an obstacle
Control detection accuracy of 98%, with an average
response time of 120 milliseconds.
The V2X communication network enabled real-
time data sharing with a latency of under 50
milliseconds, allowing the vehicle to make swift
decisions based on dynamic road conditions.
Traffic congestion tests showed that when
multiple AVs communicated and coordinated
their routes, overall travel time was reduced by
25% compared to conventional traffic flow.
These results demonstrate that the proposed AV
system can significantly enhance road safety,
improve traffic efficiency, and provide a reliable
Controls the activation of emergency braking framework for intelligent transportation in smart
upon detecting an imminent collision cities.
Interfaces with the microcontroller for
automatic braking activation ix. Results And Discuion
4. Power Supply The findings from the experimental
Components evaluation reveal that real-time
12V Battery communication in autonomous vehicles
5. Additional Hardware Components significantly improves driving safety and
Breadboard and PCB – Used for efficiency. The study highlights how
prototyping and final circuit assembly integrating AI-based decision-making with
Jumper Wires – Connects different components V2X communication optimizes vehicular
within the system movement and enhances situational
6. LED Indicators & Buzzer – Provides alerts awareness.
for system activation and status
Switches and Push Buttons – Allows manual
control for system testing

7. Software and Programming

IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 411
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210
Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology
ISSN NO-2584-2706
.
The discussion is divided into key areas, Implementingblockchain-basedsecurity measures
including system performance, safety will enhance data integrity and protect
benefits, and areas requiring further againstunauthorizedintrusions.
improvement. The AV’s ability to Large-scale testing in urban environments will be
respond to sudden obstacles was highly conducted to validate the scalability of the
effective, reducing accident risks in high- proposed AV system, assessing its performance
traffic environments. However, under diverse traffic conditions and regulatory
challenges such as sensor inaccuracies requirements The ultimate goal is to facilitate the
under extreme weather conditions and widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles,
occasional latency spikes in making smart transportation a practical reality in
communication were observed. These metropolitan regions worldwide.
limitations suggest that further
refinements in sensor fusion algorithms xi. Conclusion
and network infrastructure are necessary. This study presents a comprehensive approach to
Additionally, the research underscores integrating real-time communication into
the need for regulatory frameworks to autonomous vehicle systems to
support large-scale deployment, enhance transportation efficiency and road safety
particularly in terms of data security and By leveraging AI-basednavigation,
infrastructure compatibility. V2X communication, and advanced sensor fusion,
The results indicate that when implemented the proposed system
at scale, autonomous vehicles with real- demonstrates substantial improvements in
time communication have the potential to collision avoidance, traffic management, and
revolutionize urban mobility, reducing environmental sustainability.
congestion and enhancing overall transport The experimental results validate the feasibility
safety of real-time data sharing in optimizing vehicular
movement and improving overall traffic flow.
x. Future Work Despite the promising outcomes, challenges
Future advancements in autonomous vehicle such as sensor reliability in extreme conditions
technology will focus on enhancing AI-driven and cybersecurity risks remain areas for further
perception systems, improving real-time data research. Future developments will focus on
analytics, and strengthening cybersecurity refining AI algorithms, expanding infrastructure
measures in vehicular communication. The next compatibility, andaddressing
phase of this research will involve refining AI regulatory considerations for large-scale
models to improve adaptability in unpredictable deployment. With continued advancements
environments. Enhanced machine learning in AI, communication networks, andsmar
techniques, such as reinforcement learning, will city
be explored to enable vehicles to learn from infrastructure, autonomous vehicles are poised to
real-world interactions and dynamically adjust become a cornerstone of future transportation
their driving behavior. Another critical area of systems, reducing congestion, lowering
development is reducing network latency in emissions, enhancing mobility for all road use
V2X communication. The integration of 5G and
edge computing is expected to further reduce xii. ACKNOWLEDGMENt
response times, enabling faster decision-making The author would like to thank N.I.E.T for
in critical scenarios. Additionally, cybersecurity providing opportunity and facilities to support this
remains a major focus, as connected vehicles project
are vulnerable to cyber threats

IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 412

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210
Volume-3,Issue-3,MARCH2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology
ISSN NO-2584-2706
xiii. REFERENCES 120-135,2022
1.J. Miller, "Autonomous Vehicles and 10. Zhang,”Cybersecurity Challenges in
the Future of Smart Cities," IEEE Autonomous Vehicles,’’Journal of
Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 5, Cybersecurity Research ,vol.12,no.1,pp.45
pp. 2103- 60,2022.
2118, 2021 11. K. Liu, "Traffic Optimization Strategies
S. Smith and L. Brown, "Real-Time Using AI and IoT in Autonomous
Communication Protocols in Autonomous Vehicles," Journal of Advanced
Vehicle Networks," Journal of Vehicular
Technology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 123-135, Transportation,vol. 49,n.9,pp1011-1028,2022.
2020. 12. D. Chen and X. Zhou, "Real-Time
3.T. Lee, "LiDAR and Sensor Fusion for Data Processing for Vehicle-to
Autonomous Navigation," International Cloudetworks," Future Generation.
Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 45, no. 2, Computer Systems, vol. 125, pp.215-230,2023.
pp. 87-102, 2022.
13. M. Edwards, "Legal and Ethical
4.M. Johnson, "Machine Learning Algorithms
for Autonomous Vehicle Decision Making," Considerations in Autonomous Vehicle
Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 38, . Deployment," Journal of Transportation
no. 8, pp. 2256- Low,vol.21,no.5,pp.310-329,2021.
2272, 2021. 14. S. Robinson, "Deep Learning Approaches for
5.R. Wang and K. Patel, "5G-Enabled V2X
Pedestrian Detection in AVs," International
Communication for Connected Vehicles,"
IEEE Access, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 9981-9995, Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 143, no. 2,
2023. pp.321-337,2023.
6.L. Zhang, "Cybersecurity Challenges in 15. B. Kumar, "Energy Efficiency and
Autonomous Vehicles," Journal of Sustainability in Electric Autonomous
Cybersecurity Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp.
Vehicles," Renewable Energy Journal, vol.89,
45-
No.4 pp 456-472,2022.
60, 2022.
16. T. Nakamura, "Human-Machine
7.H. Kim and J. Park, "AI-Based Path Planning for Interaction in Semi-Autonomous Driving,"
Self-Driving Cars," Journal of Artificial Intelligence
and Automation, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 344-359, 2021 Journal of Human Factors in Engineering,
Vol.32,no.6.pp.229-245,2023.
8.G. Thomas, "Comparative Study of GPS and V2I
Communication for Smart Vehicles," Transportation
Research Journal, vol. 58, no xiv. AUTHORS
 Dr V.K PANDEY
9. p.verma,”Blockchain-Based Secure
 SHIVAM UPADHYAY
Communication for Autonomous Vehicles,”  GAUTAMSAHU
.IEEE Security and Privacy,vol.16,no.3,pp.  RAVIRAJ

IJMSRT25MAR047 www.ijmsrt.com. 413

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254210