A Comprehensive Guide to Bash Scripting for DevOps Engineers

 Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is one of the most essential scripting languages for DevOps engineers.
It is used for automating system administration tasks, managing cloud infrastructure, creating
CI/CD pipelines, and handling configuration management.

1. What is Bash Scripting?

 Bash scripting is a way of automating command-line tasks in Unix-based operating systems like
Linux and macOS. A Bash script is simply a text file containing a series of commands that are
executed sequentially by the shell.

Key Features of Bash Scripting

 Automates repetitive tasks like backups, updates, and deployments.

 Executes multiple commands in a sequence, reducing manual effort.
 Handles file operations (create, delete, move, modify files).
 Can be used in CI/CD pipelines and cloud automation.

2. Why Should DevOps Engineers Learn Bash Scripting?

 Bash scripting is a fundamental skill for DevOps engineers for the following reasons:

Server Automation & Configuration Management

 Automating software installation and configuration on Linux servers.

Example: Updating system packages using Bash scripts.

CI/CD Pipeline Integration

 Writing Bash scripts to automate code building, testing, and deployment in Jenkins, GitHub
Actions, and GitLab CI/CD. Example: A script that triggers deployment when code is pushed to
GitHub.

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Cloud Infrastructure Automation

 Automating AWS, Azure, and GCP services using CLI tools inside Bash scripts.

Example: A script that provisions AWS EC2 instances using AWS CLI.

Log Monitoring & System Alerts

 Writing Bash scripts to monitor system logs and send alerts when issues arise.

Example: A script that scans logs for error messages and emails the DevOps team.

Containerization & Kubernetes Management

 Automating Docker container builds and Kubernetes deployments using Bash.

Example: A script that restarts a Kubernetes pod if it crashes.

3. Bash Scripting Basics

 Before diving into advanced scripting, let’s cover the fundamentals.

1. Creating and Running a Bash Script

To create a Bash script, follow these steps:

Step 1: Create a Script File

nano myscript.sh

or

vim myscript.sh

Step 2: Add the Shebang (Interpreter Directive)

#!/bin/bash

echo "Hello, DevOps Engineer!"

Step 3: Save and Exit

Press Ctrl + X, then Y, and hit Enter.

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Step 4: Make the Script Executable

chmod +x myscript.sh

Step 5: Run the Script

./myscript.sh

Output:

Hello, DevOps Engineer!

4. Bash Scripting Fundamentals

1. Variables in Bash

#!/bin/bash

name="DevOps Engineer"

echo "Welcome, $name!"

Output:

Welcome, DevOps Engineer!

2. User Input Handling

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your name:"

read user_name

echo "Hello, $user_name!"

3. Conditional Statements (if-else)

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter a number:"

read num

if [ $num -gt 10 ]; then

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 echo "The number is greater than 10."

else

echo "The number is 10 or less."

fi

4. Loops in Bash

For Loop

#!/bin/bash

for i in {1..5}; do

echo "Iteration $i"

done

While Loop

#!/bin/bash

count=1

while [ $count -le 5 ]; do

echo "Count: $count"

((count++))

done

5. Advanced Bash Scripting for DevOps

1. Automating System Updates

#!/bin/bash

echo "Updating system packages..."

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

echo "System update complete!"

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2. Backup and Restore Files

#!/bin/bash

backup_dir="/backup"

mkdir -p $backup_dir

cp -r /var/log/* $backup_dir

echo "Logs have been backed up to $backup_dir"

3. Monitoring Disk Usage and Sending Alerts

#!/bin/bash

threshold=80

usage=$(df -h / | grep '/' | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/%//g')

if [ $usage -gt $threshold ]; then

echo "Warning: Disk usage exceeded $threshold% ($usage%)"

# Send an email alert (requires mailutils installed)

echo "Disk usage warning: $usage%" | mail -s "Disk Alert" [email protected]

fi

4. Automating Docker Container Deployment

#!/bin/bash

echo "Pulling the latest Docker image..."

docker pull nginx:latest

echo "Starting a new container..."

docker run -d -p 80:80 --name mynginx nginx:latest

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5. Kubernetes Pod Health Check

#!/bin/bash

pod_status=$(kubectl get pods my-app -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}')

if [ "$pod_status" != "Running" ]; then

echo "Pod my-app is not running. Restarting..."

kubectl delete pod my-app

fi

6. Best Practices for Bash Scripting in DevOps

 Use Shebang (#!/bin/bash) – Always define the shell interpreter.

 Use Comments (#) – Make scripts understandable.
 Use Meaningful Variable Names – Improve readability.
 Test Before Deployment – Run in a safe environment first.
 Log Outputs (>> logfile.log) – Keep a record of script execution.
 Error Handling (set -e) – Stop script on errors.
 Security Measures – Avoid storing sensitive credentials in scripts; use environment variables
instead.

7. Conclusion

Bash scripting is an essential skill for any DevOps engineer. It enables automation of system
administration, CI/CD pipelines, cloud management, and monitoring tasks.

Learning Bash scripting will significantly enhance your efficiency in handling Linux-based DevOps
workflows.

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Scripts are used to automate the daily tasks, simplify repetitive tasks, and perform system
administration tasks.

Types of scripts:

1. Bash

2. Zsh - Z Shell

3. FISH - Friendly Interactive Shell

4. Ksh - Korn Shell

5. Csh - C Shell

6. Tcsh - TENEX C SHell

7. PowerShell

Bash scripts can be used for various purposes,

such as executing a shell command, running multiple commands together, customizing administrative
tasks, performing task automation etc.

So knowledge of bash programming basics is important for every Linux user.

cat $SHELL - displays the current shell type you are working on.

cat /etc/shells - displays the available shells of that machine.

which bash

echo $SHELL

ps -p $$

cat /etc/passwd | grep ec2-user

To switch from one shell to an other shell : sh

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==================================================================================

#! /bin/bash (#! = shebang)

echo "Hello DevOps" > file.txt

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The first line of a shell script is always a shebang usually the bash #!/bin/bash which specifies the
interpreter to execute the script. When the script is executed the kernel reads the shebang line and uses
that interpreter to execute that script.

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#!/bin/bash

mydata="Hello, world!"

echo $mydata

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=================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Printing text with newline"

echo -n "Printing text without newline"

echo -e "\nRemoving \t backslash \t characters\n"

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==================================================================================

echo "Enter Username: "

read username

echo $username

# displays the prompt message

# -p stand for prompt

# reads input from the user and puts it in the newusername variable

read -p "Enter the new username: " newusername

echo $newusername

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# reads input from the user & hides the text from echoing in the terminal

# -s stands for silent

read -sp "Enter Password: " password

echo ""

echo $password

if you don’t wish to specify the variable name for the read we can use $REPLY to echo the value

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter the username: "

read

echo "Read without variable name assignment: "$REPLY

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==================================================================================

Argument Passing

We can pass arguments that can be used inside the scripts when it is executed.

Those arguments can be accessed by the script using special variables like $1 $2 $3 etc.

# gives the filename of the script itself

echo "FileName Argument: "$0 # argument_passing.sh

# gives the first argument passed

echo "First Argument: "$1 # Vish

# gives the second argument passed

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echo "Second Argument: "$2 # DevOps Engineer

# displays all arguments passed

echo "All Arguments: "$@ # Vish DevOps Engineer

# displays number of arguments passed

echo "No of Arguments: "$# # 2

echo "Third Argument: "$3 # 3

echo "Fourth Argument: "$4 # 4

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Arithmetic Operations

In shell scripting, to perform arithmetic operations we need to use double parenthesis (( )) which is used
for arithmetic expansion on integers.

The double parenthesis (( )) is also called a unary operator.

#!/bin/bash

n1=10

n2=5

echo "Sum of two numbers: "$(($n1+$n2)) # Addition

echo "Sub of two numbers: "$(($n1-$n2)) # Substraction

echo "Mul of two numbers: "$(($n1*$n2)) # Mulitplication

echo "Div of two numbers: "$(($n1/$n2)) # Division

echo "Modulus of two numbers: "$(($n1%$n2)) # Modulus

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=====================================================================================
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Conditions:

[[ -z STRING ]] - Empty string

#!/bin/bash

my_string=""

if [[ -z $my_string ]]; then

echo "The string is empty."

else

echo "The string is not empty."

fi

[[ -n STRING ]] - Not empty string

#!/bin/bash

my_string="Hello, World!"

if [[ -n $my_string ]]; then

echo "The string is not empty."

else

echo "The string is empty."

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fi

[[ STRING == STRING ]] - Equal

#!/bin/bash

string1="apple"

string2="apple"

if [[ $string1 == $string2 ]]; then

echo "Strings are equal."

else

echo "Strings are not equal."

fi

[[ STRING != STRING ]] - Not equal

#!/bin/bash

#!/bin/bash

string1="apple"

string2="orange"

if [[ $string1 != $string2 ]]; then

echo "Strings are not equal."

else

echo "Strings are equal."

fi

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[[ NUM -eq NUM ]] - Equal

#!/bin/bash

num1=5

num2=5

if [[ $num1 -eq $num2 ]]; then

echo "Numbers are equal."

else

echo "Numbers are not equal."

fi

[[ NUM -ne NUM ]] - Not equal

#!/bin/bash

num1=5

num2=10

if [[ $num1 -ne $num2 ]]; then

echo "Numbers are not equal."

else

echo "Numbers are equal."

fi

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[[ NUM -lt NUM ]] - Less than

#!/bin/bash

num1=5

num2=10

if [[ $num1 -lt $num2 ]]; then

echo "Number 1 is less than Number 2."

else

echo "Number 1 is not less than Number 2."

fi

[[ NUM -le NUM ]] - Less than or equal

#!/bin/bash

num1=5

num2=5

if [[ $num1 -le $num2 ]]; then

echo "Number 1 is less than or equal to Number 2."

else

echo "Number 1 is greater than Number 2."

fi

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[[ NUM -gt NUM ]] - Greater than

#!/bin/bash

num1=10

num2=5

if [[ $num1 -gt $num2 ]]; then

echo "Number 1 is greater than Number 2."

else

echo "Number 1 is not greater than Number 2."

fi

[[ NUM -ge NUM ]] - Greater than or equal

#!/bin/bash

num1=5

num2=5

if [[ $num1 -ge $num2 ]]; then

echo "Number 1 is greater than or equal to Number 2."

else

echo "Number 1 is less than Number 2."

fi

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[[ X && Y ]] - And

#!/bin/bash

!/bin/bash

echo "Enter username"

read username

echo "Enter password"

read password

if [[ ( $username == "raham" && $password == "1234" ) ]]; then

echo "valid user"

else

echo "invalid user"

fi

[[ X || Y ]] - Or

!/bin/bash

echo "Enter username"

read username

echo "Enter password"

read password

if [[ ( $username == "raham" || $password == "1234" ) ]]; then

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echo "valid user"

else

echo "invalid user"

fi

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==================================================================================

[[ -e FILE ]] - Exists

#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/file.txt"

if [[ -e $file_path ]]; then

echo "File exists."

else

echo "File does not exist."

fi

[[ -r FILE ]] - Readable

#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/file.txt"

if [[ -r $file_path ]]; then

echo "File is readable."

else

echo "File is not readable."

fi

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[[ -d FILE ]] - Directory

#!/bin/bash

directory_path="/path/to/directory"

if [[ -d $directory_path ]]; then

echo "Path is a directory."

else

echo "Path is not a directory."

fi

[[ -w FILE ]] - Writable file

#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/file.txt"

if [[ -w $file_path ]]; then

echo "File is writable."

else

echo "File is not writable."

fi

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[[ -s FILE ]] - File size is > 0 bytes

#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/file.txt"

if [[ -s $file_path ]]; then

echo "File size is greater than 0 bytes."

else

echo "File size is 0 bytes or the file does not exist."

fi

[[ -f FILE ]] - File

#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/file.txt"

if [[ -f $file_path ]]; then

echo "Path is a regular file."

else

echo "Path is not a regular file."

fi

[[ -x FILE ]] - Executable file

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#!/bin/bash

file_path="/path/to/executable"

if [[ -x $file_path ]]; then

echo "File is executable."

else

echo "File is not executable."

fi

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==================================================================================

Loops:

if else loop is a conditional statement that allows executing different commands based on the
condition true/false.

Here square brackets [[ ]] are used to evaluate a condition.

#!/bin/bash

# -e stands for exists

if [[ -e ./ifelse.sh ]]

then

echo "File exists"

else

echo "File does not exist"

fi

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elif

elif is a combination of both else and if. It is used to create multiple conditional statements

and it must be always used in conjunction with if else statement

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your lucky number"

read n

if [ $n -eq 101 ];

then

echo "You got 1st prize"

elif [ $n -eq 510 ];

then

echo "You got 2nd prize"

elif [ $n -eq 999 ];

then

echo "You got 3rd prize"

else

echo "Sorry, try for the next time"

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

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for:

The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence of values and below is the syntax

#!/bin/bash

for i in {1..10}

do

echo "Val: $i"

done

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===================================================================================

while

The while loop is used to execute a set of commands repeatedly as long as a certain condition is true.

The loop continues until the condition is false.

#!/bin/bash

count=0

while [ $count -lt 5 ]

do

echo $count

count=$(($count+1))

done

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===================================================================================

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until

The until loop in shell scripting is used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition
is met.

#!/bin/bash

count=1

until [ $count -gt 5 ]

do

echo $count

count=$(($count+1))

done

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===================================================================================

Arrays

An array is a variable that can hold multiple values under a single name

${arrayVarName[@]} - displays all the values of the array.

${#arrayVarName[@]} - displays the lenght of the array.

${arrayVarName[0]} - displays the first element of the array

${arrayVarName[-1]} - displays the last element of the array

unset arrayVarName[2] - deletes the 2 element

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#!/bin/bash

# Declare an array of fruits

fruits=("apple" "banana" "orange" "guava")

# Print the entire array

echo "All fruits using @ symbol: ${fruits[@]}"

echo "All fruits using * symbol: ${fruits[*]}"

# Print the third element of the array

echo "Third fruit: ${fruits[2]}"

# Print the length of the array

echo "Number of fruits: ${#fruits[@]}"

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===================================================================================

Break Statement

break is a keyword. It is a control statement that is used to exit out of a loop ( for, while, or until)
when a certain condition is met.

It means that the control of the program is transferred outside the loop and resumes with the next set
of lines in the script.

#!/bin/bash

count=1

while true

do

echo "Count is $count"

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 count=$(($count+1))

if [ $count -gt 5 ]; then

echo "Break statement reached"

break

fi

done

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===================================================================================

Continue statement

continue is a keyword that is used inside loops (such as for, while, and until) to skip the current
iteration of the loop and move on to the next iteration.
It means that when the continue keyword is encountered while executing a loop the next set of lines
in that loop will not be executed and moves to the next iteration.

#!/bin/bash

for i in {1..10}

do

if [ $i -eq 5 ]

then

continue

fi

echo $i

done

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===================================================================================

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Functions

Functions are a block of code which can be used again and again for doing a specific task thus
providing code reusability.

Normal Function:

#!/bin/bash

sum(){

echo "The numbers are: $n1 $n2"

sum_val=$(($n1+$n2))

echo "Sum: $sum_val"

n1=$1

n2=$2

sum

Function with return values

To access the return value of the function we need to use $? to access that value

#!/bin/bash

sum(){

echo "The numbers are: $n1 $n2"

sum_val=$(($n1+$n2))

echo "Sum: $sum_val"

return $sum_val

n1=$1

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n2=$2

sum

echo "Retuned value from function is $?"

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===================================================================================

Variables in Functions

The variable is a placeholder for saving a value which can be later accessed using that name. There are
two types of variables

Global - Variable defined outside a function which can be accessed throughout the script

Local - Variable defined inside a function and can be accessed only within it

#!/bin/bash

# x & y are global variables

x=10

y=20

sum(){

sum=$(($x+$y))

echo "Global Variable Addition: $sum"

sum

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sub(){

# a & b are local variables

local a=20

local b=10

local sub=$(($a-$b))

echo "Local Variable Substraction: $sub"

sub

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===================================================================================

if [ $(whoami) = 'root' ]; then

echo "You are root"

else

echo "You are not root"

fi

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===================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

valid=true

count=1

while [ $valid ]

do

echo $count

if [ $count -eq 5 ];

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then

break

fi

((count++))

done

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter Your Name"

read name

echo "Welcome $name"

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

n=10

if [ $n -lt 10 ];

then

echo "It is a one digit number"

else

echo "It is a two digit number"

fi

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your lucky number"

read n

if [ $n -eq 101 ];

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then

echo "You got 1st prize"

elif [ $n -eq 510 ];

then

echo "You got 2nd prize"

elif [ $n -eq 999 ];

then

echo "You got 3rd prize"

else

echo "Sorry, try for the next time"

fi

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

Name_of_dir=$1

start_no=$2

end_no=$3

eval mkdir $Name_of_dir{$start_no..$end_no}

Command : ./one.sh mustafa 1 10

This command will create 1 to 10 folders

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==================================================================================

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WRITE A SCRIPT TO KNOW WHICH USER WE CURRENTLY LOGGED INT

if [ $(whoami) = 'root' ]; then

echo "You are root"

else

echo "You are not root"

fi

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

SCRIPT TO CREATE 10 FOLDERS:

Name_of_dir=$1

start_no=$2

end_no=$3

eval mkdir $Name_of_dir{$start_no..$end_no}

Command : ./one.sh mustafa 1 10

This command will create 1 to 10 folders

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==================================================================================

SCRIPT TO TAKE BACKUP LOGS:

#!/bin/bash

src=/var/log/httpd/access_log

dest=mybackup

time=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S")

backupfile=$dest/$time.tgz

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#Taking Backup

echo "Taking backup on $time"

tar zcvf $backupfile --absolute-names $src

if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]

then

echo "Backup Complete"

else

exit 1

fi

The z option compresses the backup using gzip,

the c option creates a new archive,

the v option enables verbose mode to display the progress,

and the f option specifies the output file.

if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]: This line checks the exit status of the tar command using the special variable $?. If the
exit status is 0, it means the backup was successful.

${?} is a special variable that represents that most recently executed command.

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

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CREATE A SCRIPT THAT USER EXIST OR NOT, IF NOT LET’S CREATE

echo "Enter username:"

read username

# Check if user exists

id $username >/dev/null 2>&1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then

echo "User exists"

else

echo "User does not exist"

read -p "Do you want to create the user? (y/n) " create_user

if [ $create_user == "y" ]; then

read -s -p "Enter password: " password

echo

useradd -m -p $(openssl passwd -1 $password) $username

echo "User created"

else

exit 0

fi

fi

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

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#!/bin/bash

echo "Total arguments : $#"

echo "1st Argument = $1"

echo "2nd argument = $2"

./filename Redhat ubuntu fedora centos

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

string1="Linux"

string2="Hint"

echo "$string1$string2"

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==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter directory name"

read newdir

mkdir $newdir

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==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter filename"

read newfile

touch $newfile

=====================================================================================
==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter directory name"

read ndir

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if [ -d "$ndir" ]

then

echo "Directory exist"

else

`mkdir $ndir`

echo "Directory created"

fi

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==================================================================================

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter filename to remove"

read fn

rm -i $fn

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==================================================================================

To check HTTPD IS RUNNIG OR NOT?

#!/bin/bash

check_service() {

if systemctl status $1 | grep "active (running)"; then

return 0

else

return 1

fi

# Call the check_service function with argument "apache2"

if check_service httpd; then

echo "HTTPD is running"

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else

echo "HTTPD is not running"

fi

=====================================================================================
==================================

To check the disk usage of HOME directory:

#!/bin/bash

get_disk_usage() {

directory=$1

# Calculate disk usage of specified directory

disk_usage=$(du -s $directory | awk '{print $1}')

echo $disk_usage

# Call the function and store the result in a variable

usage=$(get_disk_usage $HOME)

# Display the result

echo "The disk usage of the home directory is: $usage bytes."

=====================================================================================
==================================

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To check the disk usage of /home directory:

#!/bin/bash

get_disk_usage() {

directory=$1

# Calculate disk usage of specified directory

disk_usage=$(du -s $directory | awk '{print $1}')

echo $disk_usage

# Call the function and store the result in a variable

usage=$(get_disk_usage /home)

# Display the result

echo "The disk usage is: $usage"

=====================================================================================
==================================

TO CHECK TOOLS ARE INSTALLED OR NOT

#!/bin/bash

check_package() {

local PACKAGE_NAME="$1"

if ! command -v "${PACKAGE_NAME}" > /dev/null 2>&1

then

printf "${PACKAGE_NAME} is not installed.\n"

else

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 printf "${PACKAGE_NAME} is already installed.\n"

fi

check_package "vim"

check_package "git"

=====================================================================================
==================================

INSTALL PACKAGES USING FUNCTIONS:

#!/bin/bash
install_package() {

local PACKAGE_NAME="$1"

yum install "${PACKAGE_NAME}" -y

install_package "vim"

install_package "git"

=====================================================================================
==================================

TO CHECK MULTIPLE SERVICES ARE RUNNING OR NOT

#!/bin/bash

check_services() {

for service in "$@"; do

if systemctl status "$service" | grep "active (running)"; then

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 echo "$service is running"

else

echo "$service is not running"

fi

done

# adding service name apache2 mysql to check

check_services apache2 mysql

=====================================================================================
=================================

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SCRIPT TO GET OLDER FILES THAN 60 DAYS

#!/bin/bash

find path -mtime +60 -exec rm -f {} \;

1. CREATE A FOLDER (mkdir folder1)

2. CREATE SOME FILES IN SIDE THE FOLDER WITH OLDER TIME STAMP (touch -d "Fri, 21 Aug 2023
11:14:00" tcs infosys infotech)

3. WRITE A SCRIPT TO FIND FILES : (find folder1 -mtime +60 -exec ls -a {} \; )

4. MODIFY THE SCRIPT TO DELETE A FILES : (find myfiles -mtime +60 -exec rm -f {} \;)

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=========================================

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=====================================================================================
=========================================

SCRIPT TO GET MEM INFO:

echo "Total Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $2 " MB"}')"

echo " Used Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $3 " MB"}')"

echo "Free Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $4 " MB"}')"

echo "Avail Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $7 " MB"}')"

NOTE:

free -m gives full info about memory

Awk : this is used to divide the data in the format of rows and column’s which are present in a file.

/Mem : matches the lines which contains memory info

$2 : prints the second column of the output of (free -m) command

$3 : prints the third column of the output of (free -m) command

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SCRIPT TO GET EBS INFO:

echo "EBS Volume Usage: $(df -h | grep -E '^/' | awk '{print $4 " free out of " $2}')"

NOTE:

-E ‘^/‘ : that ends with

awk : used to split the output on rows and columns

$4 : used mem

$2 : total mem

Srujana – Cloud & Dev-Ops Explorer