QIT Assignment 1
Uploaded by
Niranjan NagumalliQIT Assignment 1
Uploaded by
Niranjan NagumalliQuantum Information Theory
Monsoon - 2024
Assignment 1
Due: August 20, 2024, 11:59 PM
Total Points: 30
Instructions
Please solve the following problems and submit your solutions by the due
date. The solutions should be written on papers and submitted
physically in the lab A3-106 (Vindhya block). You are exempted from
this condition in case you are not in campus. For each question show all the
steps clearly and justify your answers. Points for each question are indicated.
Problem 1 [10 Points]
1. A function (·, ·) : V × V → C is called an inner product if it satisfies
the following properties.
(a) It is linear in the second argument.
(b) (a, b)∗ = (b, a), where a, b ∈ V .
(c) (a, a) ≥ 0 and the equality holds if and only if a = 0.
Show that for the function ⟨C, D⟩ : L(H) × L(H) → C := T r[C † D]
, where C, D are linear operators in Hilbert space H, all of the above
three properties satisfy. This is called Hilbert-Schmidt inner prod-
uct. [4]
1
2. Now that we have defined an inner product, we can define orthogonality
between operators. Two operators C and D are called orthogonal if
T r[C † D] = 0. Show that, Pauli operators X, Y, Z along with identity
I, form an orthogonal basis under Hilbert-Schmidt inner product. [3]
3. Show that, |⟨C, D⟩|2 ≤ ⟨C, C⟩ · ⟨D, D⟩. [3]
Problem 2 [10 Points]
1. Show that, trace of an operator A is independent of the choice of basis.
[2]
2. The density matrix of a pure state are those which can be written
as ρ = |ψ⟩⟨ψ| where |ψ⟩ ∈ H. Convex combination of such states are
called mixed states. Show that, a state ρ is pure if and only if ρ2 = ρ.
[2]
3. The purity of a state ρ is defined to be as T r[ρ2 ] . What will be the
purities for both pure and mixed states? [1]
4. One can write any qubit state density operator in terms of Pauli oper-
ators as the following:
1
ρ= (I + r1 X + r2 Y + r3 Z)
2
Show that, ρ is a density operator (i.e. it satisfies all the properties of
a density operator) iff r12 + r22 + r32 ≤ 1. For a vector
θ θ
|ψ⟩ = cos |0⟩ + eiϕ sin |1⟩,
2 2
write down the pure state density operator and find out r1 , r2 , r3 .[2+3]
Problem 3 [10 Points]
1. Suppose we have a bipartite pure state ρ = |ψ⟩⟨ψ|AB for |ψ⟩AB ∈
HA ⊗HB , where, both HA and HB are finite dimensional Hilbert spaces.
2
Let us take their dimensions to be same, namely d. Then it is possible
to express vector as follows
d−1 p
X
|ψ⟩AB = λi |i⟩A ⊗ |i⟩B
i=0
, where {|i⟩A } and {|i⟩B } forms orthonormal bases in their respec-
tive Hilbert spaces, and λi ’s are real, non-negative. This is called the
Schmidt decomposition of the vector |ψ⟩AB .
(a) Now suppose you are given a vector |ψ⟩AB which is not necessar-
ily in the Schmidt form (like the expression above). Show that,
there exists a local unitary UA ⊗ UB such that, when applied, the
resulting vector
|ψ ′ ⟩AB = UA ⊗ UB |ψ⟩
is in the Schmidt form. [3]
(b) The coefficients λi ’s are called Schmidt coefficients and number
of such non-zero coefficients are called Schmidt number . Prove
that a pure bipartite state is entangled iff it’s Schmidt number is
more than 1. [3]
2. Let XAB ∈ L(HA ⊗ HB ) be a linear operator acting in the Hilbert
space HA ⊗ HB . Can you write down a Schmidt like decomposition for
this operator? If yes, write it down clearly mentioning the meaning of
each term and conditions if any. If no, justify your answer. [2]
3. Let X ∈ L(HA , HB ) be a linear operator acting from HA to HB . Let,
A −1
dX
|Γ⟩AB = |i⟩A ⊗ |i⟩B .
i=0
Here |i⟩A and |i⟩B are orthonormal bases in their respective Hilbert
spaces. Sometimes, |Γ⟩AB is referred to as unnormalized maximally
entangled vector . Prove that,
(IA ⊗ XA→B ) |Γ⟩AA = (X T )B→A ⊗ IB |Γ⟩BB .
[2]
