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This document provides an introduction to the basic organization and operations of computer systems, covering key components such as the input unit, output unit, storage unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), and Central Processing Unit (CPU). It outlines the five fundamental operations of a computer: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. Additionally, it distinguishes between primary and secondary storage types, detailing their characteristics and functions.

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8 views

seg-1.2 (1)

This document provides an introduction to the basic organization and operations of computer systems, covering key components such as the input unit, output unit, storage unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), and Central Processing Unit (CPU). It outlines the five fundamental operations of a computer: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. Additionally, it distinguishes between primary and secondary storage types, detailing their characteristics and functions.

Uploaded by

ytchannelbyjr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Introduction to digital

Computers……..
Engr Md.Eftekhar Alam
Assistant Professor(CSE)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) Department,
International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC).
Kumira, Chittagong-4318.
Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn about:


▪ Basic operations performed by all types of computer
systems
▪ Basic organization of a computer system
▪ Input unit and its functions
▪ Output unit and its functions
▪ Storage unit and its functions
▪ Types of storage used in a computer system

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 2/6


Learning Objectives
(Continued from previous slide..)

▪ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

▪ Control Unit (CU)

▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU)

▪ Computer as a system

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 3/16


The Five Basic Operations of a Computer System

▪ Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions


into the computer system

▪ Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them


readily available for initial or additional processing
whenever required

▪ Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add,


subtract, multiply, divide, etc.) or logical operations
(comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.)
on data to convert them into useful information

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 4/16


Computer Fundamentalls: Pradeep K. Siinha & Priitii Siinha

The Five Basic Operations of a Computer System

▪ Outputting. The process of producing useful information


or results for the user such as a printed report or visual
display

▪ Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which


all of the above operations are performed

Ref. Page 15 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 5/16


Basic Organization of a Computer System

Storage Unit

Secondary
Storage

Program Input Output Information


and (Results)
Unit Unit
Data Primary
Storage

Control
Unit
Indicates flow of
instructions and data
Arithmetic Indicates the control
Logic Unit
exercised by the
control unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Ref. Page 16 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 6/16


Input Unit

An input unit of a computer system performs the


following functions:

1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside


world
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer
acceptable form
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the
computer system for further processing

Ref. Page 16 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 7/16


Output Unit

An output unit of a computer system performs the


following functions:

1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which


are in coded form and hence, cannot be easily
understood by us
2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable
(readable) form
3. It supplies the converted results to outside world

Ref. Page 16 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 8/16


Storage Unit

The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores)


the following :

1. Data and instructions required for processing (received


from input devices)
2. Intermediate results of processing
3. Final results of processing, before they are released to
an output device

Ref. Page 17 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 9/16


Two Types of Storage

▪ Primary storage

▪ Used to hold running program instructions


▪ Used to hold data, intermediate results, and
results of ongoing processing of job(s)
▪ Fast in operation
▪ Small Capacity
▪ Expensive
▪ Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)

(Continued on next slide)

Ref. Page 17 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 10/16


Two Types of Storage
(Conti nued from previous slide..)

▪ Secondary storage

▪ Used to hold stored program instructions


▪ Used to hold data and information of stored jobs
▪ Slower than primary storage
▪ Large Capacity
▪ Lot cheaper that primary storage
▪ Retains data even without power

Ref. Page 17 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 11/16


Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place


where the actual executions of instructions takes place during
processing operation

Ref. Page 18 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 12/16


Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates


the operations of all other components of the computer
system

Ref. Page 18 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 13/16


Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic Central
Logic Unit + Control Unit = Processing
(ALU) (CU) Unit (CPU)

▪ It is the brain of a computer system

▪ It is responsible for controlling the operations of


all other units of a computer system

Ref. Page 18 Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 14/16

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