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12 Worksheet 2

This document is a worksheet for Math 1A, focusing on key functions in trigonometry and exponential functions. It defines trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent, along with their identities and properties. Additionally, it explores the exponential function, its definitions, and properties, including the notable relationship between addition and multiplication in exponential forms.

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2 views

12 Worksheet 2

This document is a worksheet for Math 1A, focusing on key functions in trigonometry and exponential functions. It defines trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent, along with their identities and properties. Additionally, it explores the exponential function, its definitions, and properties, including the notable relationship between addition and multiplication in exponential forms.

Uploaded by

nefsiogullarihuseyinali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 1A: introduction to functions and calculus Oliver Knill, 2014

Lecture 2: Worksheet

In this lecture, we get acquainted with the most important functions.

Trigonometric functions

The cosine and sine functions can be defined geometrically by the co-
ordinates (cos(x), sin(x)) of a point on the unit circle. The tangent
function is defined as tan(x) = sin(x)/ cos(x).

cos(x) = adjacent side/hypothenuse


sin(x) = opposite side/hypothenuse
tan(x) = opposite side/adjadcent side
Pythagoras theorem gives us the important identity

cos2(x) + sin2(x) = 1

Define also cot(x) = 1/ tan(x). Less important but sometimes used


are sec(x) = 1/ cos(x), csc(x) = 1/ sin(x).

1 Find cos(π/3), sin(π/3).


2 Where are the roots os cos and sin?
3 Find tan(3π/2) and cot(3π/2).
4 Find cos(3π/2) and sin(3π/2).
5 Find tan(π/4) and cot(π/4).
1
sinHxL
x
cosHxL

cosHxL sinHxL
tanHxL

-А2 x А2
x 2Π x 2Π
The exponential function

The function f (x) = 2x is first defined for positive integers like


210 = 1024, then for all integers with f (0) = 1, f (−n) = 1/f (n).
Using roots, it can be defined for rational numbers like 23/2 = 81/2 =
√
8 = 2.828.... Since the function 2x is monotonone on the set of ra-
tionals, we can fill the gaps and define f (x) for any real x. By taking
square roots again and again for example, we see 21/2, 21/4, 21/8, ... we
approach 20 = 1.

2x

x
There is nothing special about 2 and we can take any positive base a
and define the exponential ax. It satisfies a0 = 1 and the remarkable
rule:
ax+y = ax · ay

It is spectacular because it provides a link between addition and mul-


tiplication.

We will especially consider the exponential exph(x) = (1 + h)x/h ,


where h is a positive parameter. This is a super cool exponential
because it satisfies exph(x + h) = (1 + h) exph(x) so that
[exph(x + h) − exph(x)]/h = exph(x) .

We will see this relation again. For cocktail party conversation say
that ”the quantum derivative of the quantum exponential is the func-
tion itself for any Planck constant h”.

For h = 1, we have the function 2x we have started with. In the


limit h → 0, we get the important exponential function exp(x) which
we also call ex. For x = 1, we get the Euler number e = e1 =
2.71828....

1 What is 2−5?
2 Find 21/2.
3 Find 271/3.
4 Why is A = 23/4 smaller than B = 24/5? Take the 20th power!
5 Assume h = 2 find exph(4).

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