SAGARMANTHAN 2024

A maritime conference held in New delhi.

Focused on several key themes →

1. Addressing the need for enhanced maritime connectivity and infrastructure to

support emerging economies and optimize seaborne trade.
2. Exploring collaborations to promote sustainable development in the blue economy,
emphasizing the role of emerging littoral states and island nations.
3. Focusing on sustainable practices and governance frameworks to ensure the
longevity and health of ocean ecosystems.
4. Discussing the integration of advanced technologies to modernize port operations,
enhance shipping efficiency, and bolster maritime security.

Highlighted India’s maritime initiatives →

1. Sagarmala program
2. Maritime India Vision 2030
3. Green Tug Transition program

GLOBAL ALLIANCE AGAINST HUNGER AND POVERTY

The Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty is an international initiative launched
during the G20 Leaders' Summit in Rio de Janeiro on November 18, 2024. Spearheaded by
Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during Brazil's G20 presidency, the alliance aims
to eradicate hunger and poverty globally by 2030.

Key components →

1. Policy Basket: A curated collection of 49 policy instruments divided into nine broad
categories, offering member countries a menu of effective strategies to combat
hunger and poverty.
2. Global Knowledge Exchange: The alliance emphasizes sharing knowledge, expertise,
and successful case studies among member countries to replicate and scale effective
interventions.

Strategic initiatives →

1. Expand cash transfer programs to reach over 500 million people in low and lower-
middle-income countries by 2030.
2. Double school meal provisions for children in the hardest-hit countries by 2030.
 3. Scale socioeconomic inclusion programs to lift an additional 100 million people out
of poverty by 2030, with a focus on women's empowerment.
4. Enhance integrated maternal and early childhood support for over 200 million
children and women worldwide.

The alliance was established against a backdrop of increasing global challenges, including
rising hunger and poverty rates exacerbated by economic disparities, conflicts, and climate
change. President Lula emphasized the urgency of addressing these issues, calling hunger "a
plague that shames humanity." The initiative has been viewed as a significant step toward
revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable development, aligning with the United
Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

BAMBI BUCKET

A Bambi Bucket is a collapsible, specialized bucket system used in aerial firefighting,

suspended from helicopters to deliver water or fire retardant directly onto fires.

BRAZIL’S G20 AGENDA

During its presidency of the G20 in 2024, Brazil established three primary agenda priorities:
Wikipedia

1. Social Inclusion and the Fight Against Hunger and Poverty: Emphasizing the
eradication of hunger and poverty, Brazil launched the Global Alliance Against
Hunger and Poverty, uniting 82 countries and various international organizations to
accelerate efforts toward these goals. Le Monde.fr

2. Energy Transition and Sustainable Development: Focusing on the economic, social,

and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, Brazil aimed to promote
clean energy initiatives and address climate change challenges.

3. Reform of Global Governance Institutions: Advocating for comprehensive reforms of

international bodies such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Bank,
and the International Monetary Fund to better represent the evolving dynamics of
the global landscape.

These priorities were encapsulated under the theme "Building a Just World and a
Sustainable Planet," reflecting Brazil's commitment to fostering equitable development and
environmental stewardship.
3RD VOICE OF GLOBAL SOUTH SUMMIT

The 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (VOGSS) was convened virtually on August 17, 2024,
under the overarching theme "An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future."
Hosted by India.

Key themes →

1. Conflicts
2. Food and Energy security crises
3. Climate change

Initiatives and commitment →

Prime Minister Modi proposed a comprehensive Global Development Compact (GDC)

focusing on →

• Trade for development

• Capacity building for sustainable growth

• Technology sharing

• Project-specific concessional finance and grants

The VOGSS serves as a platform reflecting India's philosophy of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam"

(One Earth, One Family, One Future) and the vision of "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka
Vishwas, and Sabka Prayas" (Together with all, Development for all, Trust of all, Efforts of
all). It underscores India's commitment to fostering unity and collaborative development
among Global South nations.
INDIA CHINA 75 YEAR DIPLOMACY

On April 1, 2025, India and China commemorated the 75th anniversary of their diplomatic
relations, established in 1950.

Xi Jinping highlighted the significance of the relationship, stating that both countries, as
ancient civilizations and major developing nations, are at critical stages of modernization. He
advocated for a "Dragon-Elephant Tango," symbolizing harmonious coexistence and mutual
growth.

Indian President Droupadi Murmu acknowledged the shared responsibility of India and
China, home to one-third of the world's population, in promoting global peace and
development.

History →

1. 1954 Panchsheel agreement- mutual respect and non aggression

2. The 1962 war and subsequent border disputes have been significant challenges, with
the 2020 Galwan Valley clash being a recent example.
3. Despite political tensions, bilateral trade has grown, with China becoming one of
India's largest trading partners.

Recent developments →

1. In October 2024, both nations agreed on patrolling arrangements along the Line of
Actual Control (LAC), aiming to de-escalate border tensions.
a. Both nations consented to reinstate patrolling activities in the Depsang and
Demchok regions, adhering to practices established prior to the 2020
confrontations.
b. Creation of Buffer Zones: The agreement facilitated the establishment of
buffer zones in sensitive sectors along the LAC to prevent inadvertent
confrontations between the two armies.
c. Phased Disengagement: A structured disengagement plan was outlined,
involving the systematic withdrawal of troops from friction points, aiming to
revert to the status quo ante of early 2020.
2. In January 2025, India and China agreed to resume direct flights after nearly five
years, signaling a move towards normalizing relations.
SASEC

South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) program, established in 2001, is a

collaborative initiative aimed at promoting regional prosperity.

SASEC's primary goal is to boost intraregional trade and cooperation within South Asia, while
also developing connectivity and trade links with Southeast Asia, the People's Republic of
China, and global markets.

It focuses on 4 main sectors →

1. Transport - Developing multimodal transport networks to enhance intraregional

trade and investment.
2. Trade facilitation - Implementing measures to streamline customs procedures and
improve cross-border trade efficiency.
3. Energy - Enhancing energy access and security through infrastructure development
and promoting intraregional power trade.
4. Economic corridor development - Promoting synergies between economic corridors
in member countries to optimize development impacts and strengthen value chains.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) acts as the secretariat, lead financier, and development
partner for SASEC, providing technical and financial support to implement projects and
initiatives.
ISRAEL PALESTINE

Key Historical milestones →

1. 1917 Balfour declaration

a. The British government expressed support for establishing a "national home
for the Jewish people" in Palestine, fueling Arab concerns about
displacement.
2. 1947 UN partition Plan
a. The United Nations proposed dividing Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab
states, with Jerusalem under international administration. Jewish leaders
accepted the plan; Arab leaders rejected it, leading to conflict.
3. 1948 Arab Israeli War
a. Following Israel's declaration of independence in 1948, neighboring Arab
states invaded. The war concluded with armistice agreements in 1949,
establishing Israel's borders but leaving Jerusalem and the Palestinian
territories divided.
4. 1967 Six day war
a. Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, and other
territories, leading to ongoing disputes over these areas.
5. Oslo accords 1990s
a. These agreements aimed to establish a framework for peace and led to the
creation of the Palestinian Authority, granting limited self-governance in parts
of the West Bank and Gaza.

Core issues of the Conflict →

1. West Bank and Gaza strip

a. Occupied by Israel since 1967. Palestininans demand complete Israel
withdrawal and estd of an independent state in these territories.
b. Jerusalem – Claimed by both Israel and Palestine as their capital – creating a
critical religious, political and symbolic flashpoint.
c. Israeli settlements → Extensive settlement construction in the occupied West
Bank has been viewed by Palestinians as undermining a viable future
Palestinian state.
2. Palestinian refugees
a. Millions of Palestinians remain displaced, demanding the "Right of Return" to
their ancestral homes in Israel. Israel strongly opposes large-scale returns,
fearing demographic shifts affecting its Jewish identity.
3. Security concerns
a. Israel cites security threats from Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas
(governing Gaza), and Islamic Jihad, leading to military operations and
ongoing tensions.
 b. Palestinians accuse Israel of excessive military force and human rights abuses
under occupation.

Different stakeholders and their interests →

1. Israel Palestine above

2. International community
a. USA – a key ally of Israel – provides multi channel support but has shown
growing concerns about Humanitarian crisis and settlement expansion.
b. European Union – Supports 2 state solution
c. Russia and china – criticism of Western support for Israel and often sides with
Palestine @ International forums.

Recent developments →

1. The conflict escalated significantly in October 2023 when Hamas launched attacks on
Israeli communities, resulting in approximately 1,200 Israeli deaths and over 250
hostages taken. Israel responded with extensive military operations in Gaza, leading
to substantial casualties and displacement among Palestinians.
2. A ceasefire brokered by the United States, Egypt, and Qatar in January 2025
temporarily halted hostilities. However, by March 2025, Israel resumed military
operations, citing Hamas's rearmament and the need to secure the release of
remaining hostages. This renewed offensive led to further casualties and the
expansion of Israeli-controlled "security zones" within Gaza.
3. The situation remains volatile, with ongoing military engagements and stalled
diplomatic efforts. Hamas has offered to release all remaining Israeli hostages in
exchange for a permanent ceasefire and full Israeli military withdrawal, but Israel has
rejected these terms, insisting on Hamas's complete demilitarization. The
humanitarian situation in Gaza continues to deteriorate, with significant civilian
casualties and displacement.

Possible pathways to resolution →

1. 2 state solution
a. Long considered the international consensus. It involves creating an
independent Palestine alongside Israel. Current realities (extensive Israeli
settlements, political fragmentation) increasingly make this challenging but
still favored internationally.
2. 1 state solution
 a. Advocated by some as a democratic state including all Israelis and
Palestinians. This faces major obstacles due to demographic, religious, and
cultural divides.
3. Intermin solutions and Ceasefire agreements
a. Immediate humanitarian ceasefires, easing Gaza blockades, prisoner
exchanges, and gradual confidence-building measures could lay foundations
for future political agreements.

OPERATION SADBHAV

Operation Sadbhav was a humanitarian initiative launched by the Government of India in

September 2024 to provide emergency assistance to Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam
following the devastating impact of Typhoon Yagi.

1. Myanmar - India dispatched 10 tonnes of aid, including dry rations, clothing, and
medicines, aboard the Indian Naval Ship INS Satpura.
2. Vietnam - A C-17 Globemaster aircraft of the Indian Air Force transported 35 tonnes
of relief materials, comprising water filters, blankets, mosquito nets, kitchen utensils,
solar lamps, and other essentials, valued at $1 million.
3. Laos - India provided 10 tonnes of aid, including generator sets, water purifiers,
hygiene kits, mosquito nets, blankets, and sleeping bags, delivered via a military
transport aircraft.

This operation was part of India's broader effort to contribute to humanitarian assistance
and disaster relief within the ASEAN region, aligning with its 'Act East Policy'.

In the wake of the recent 7.7 magnitude earthquake that struck Myanmar on March 28,
2025, causing significant casualties and exacerbating the humanitarian crisis, India has
continued its support by deploying search and rescue teams, medical professionals, and
dispatching multiple aircraft and ships filled with relief materials.
RUSSIA UKRAINE WAR

History →

1. 1991 – USSR collapses and Ukraine becomes independent

2. Budapest memorandum 1994 – relinquishes Nuclear arsenal in exchange for security
guarantees
3. Initially all was good but tensions emerged over →
a. Crimea – had pro Russian sentiment and Russia wanted greater control over it
+ naval access.
b. Natural gas supply, fees, price etc.
4. Orange revolution 2004
a. Pro EU and NATO candidate Viktor Yuschenko elected president
5. Post 2004 – Ukraine moved towards West
a. 2008 Bucharest NATO summit – NATO promised future membership for
Ukraine and Georgia – Russia views NATOs expansion as an existential threat
to its security.
b. Russo Georgian war 2008 – alarmed Ukraine
6. Ukraine internally divided – West Ukraine supporting west and East Ukraine
supporting Russia
7. In Nov 2013 – Viktor Yanukovych opted for closer ties with Russia because Russia
gave it a better deal than EU.
a. This sparked Euromaidan movement – in Kiev. Yanukovych fled to Russia.
8. Post the above event – Russia annexed Crimea and conducted a referendum in which
people overwhelmingly supported Russia.
9. War in Donbas
a. 2 self proclaimed republics – Donetsk People republic and Luhansk People
republic.
10. Minsk accords
a. Minsk 1 – Ceasefire was declared but collapsed immediately.
b. Minsk 2 – Went for a long time till 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine.

Impact on India and World →

1. India
a. Initially increased Oil prices but then India increased purchase from Russia.
b. Affected global food prices – as Russia and Ukraine are grain exporters and
sunflower oil exporters.
2. Diplomatic impact
a. India adopted a cautious diplomatic stance – abstained from UN resolutions.
 b. Conflict disrupted India’s defense supply from Russia
c. Created challenges within QUAD
3. Economic
a. Allowed India to explore alternative trading mechanisms including rupee
ruble trade

Impact on World →

1. Europe’s energy crisis

2. Food crisis – eg Egypt
3. Supply chain disruptions in semiconductors – Eg neon gas is used in semiconductors
– this was supplied from there.
4. Geopolitical impact
a. Strengthened NATO – Sweden and Finland became NATO members.
b. Pushed Russia closer to china
c. Shift in global order – the invincibility of West is now being questioned.
5. Military
a. European countries increased their defense spending
b. Threat of nuclear escalation
c. Humanitarian crisis in Europe
6. Information warfare and propaganda reached new heights from both sides.
PARIS AI SUMMIT

Key Themes →

1. Public Interest AI: Developing open AI infrastructure for social, economic, and
environmental benefits.
2. Future of Work: Ensuring AI’s responsible use through sustained social dialogue.
3. Innovation & Culture: Creating sustainable AI ecosystems, especially for creative
industries.
4. Trust in AI: Establishing scientific consensus on AI safety and security.
5. Global AI Governance: Shaping an inclusive and effective international AI
governance framework.

Key outcomes →

1. Joint Declaration on Inclusive and Sustainable AI: Joint Statement on ‘Inclusive and
Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet’ was signed by 58
countries including India, China, EU, except US and the UK (expressing concerns
related to excessive regulations on AI).
2. Public Interest AI Platform and Incubator: Public Interest AI Platform and Incubator
was launched to bridge public-private AI efforts, and promote a trustworthy AI
ecosystem through capacity building in data, transparency, and financing.
3. Human-Centric AI and Global Priorities: The summit emphasized the need for
ethical, safe, and inclusive AI, ensuring human rights protection while addressing
AI-driven inequalities.
a. Global Priorities related to AI includes AI accessibility, transparency, job
creation, sustainability, and international governance.
b. It emphasized bridging the digital divide, ensuring AI safety, promoting
green AI, and fostering global cooperation.
4. Alignment with Existing Multilateral AI Initiatives: The summit emphasized
alignment with global AI initiatives, including UN General Assembly Resolutions, the
Global Digital Compact, UNESCO AI Ethics Recommendations, the African Union AI
strategy, and frameworks by OECD, G7, and G20.
5. India’ Stance: India advocated open-source and sustainable AI, emphasizing clean
energy and workforce upskilling.
a. As the 2024 lead chair of the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI), it aims to
establish GPAI as the central platform for responsible AI development.

2nd India France AI Policy roundtable on sidelines of Paris India AI summit →

1. AI Governance & Ethics: Emphasis on responsible AI, equitable benefit-sharing,

techno-legal frameworks, and AI safety.
 a. Discussions covered Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for AI, AI
foundation models, global AI governance, and AI’s role in tackling global
challenges.
2. Cross-Border AI Collaboration: Focus on data sovereignty, interoperable AI
infrastructure, and sovereign AI models, addressing the lack of arbitration
mechanisms for cross-border data flows.
3. AI for Global Challenges: Integration of AI in multilingual models, federated
computing, and solutions for global issues.
4. Sustainable AI: Promotion of energy-efficient AI models and responsible
computing practices to mitigate AI’s high energy footprint.
INDIA USA TIES

1. MISSION 500 B $

Mission 500 is a strategic initiative launched by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and
U.S. President Donald Trump on February 13, 2025, with the ambitious goal of more than
doubling India-U.S. bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030.

Key Components of Mission 500:

1. Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA):

o Both nations committed to negotiating a comprehensive Bilateral Trade

Agreement by the fall of 2025.

o The BTA aims to:indianembassyusa.gov.in+2The White House+2The Economic

Times+2

▪ Enhance Market Access: Facilitate smoother entry of goods and

services into each other's markets.

▪ Reduce Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: Lower duties and address

regulatory obstacles hindering trade.

▪ Deepen Supply Chain Integration: Strengthen collaboration in

manufacturing and technology sectors.

2. Sectoral Focus:

o Energy:mint+1Press Information Bureau+1

▪ India is considering eliminating import taxes on U.S. liquefied natural

gas (LNG) to boost energy imports and address trade imbalances.

o Agriculture:Press Information Bureau+1Business Today+1

▪ Discussions include lowering tariffs on U.S. agricultural products such

as almonds, walnuts, and lentils.

o Defense and Technology:

▪ Both countries aim to enhance cooperation in defense production and

technology transfers, contributing to mutual security interests.

Challenges and Developments:

• Tariff Disputes:

o In April 2025, the U.S. imposed a 27% tariff on Indian imports, affecting
sectors like electronics and gems. Financial Times+3Reuters+3Upstox - Online
Stock and Share Trading+3
 o India is actively assessing these tariffs and exploring opportunities to mitigate
their impact while continuing trade negotiations. Upstox - Online Stock and
Share Trading+1New York Post+1

• Trade Imbalance:

o The U.S. reported a $45.6 billion trade deficit with India, prompting calls for
more balanced trade relations. Reuters

Strategic Importance:

Achieving the objectives of Mission 500 is expected to:

• Boost Economic Growth: Enhance trade and investment flows between the two
nations.

• Strengthen Strategic Ties: Deepen cooperation in critical sectors, including defense

and technology.Reuters

• Promote Regional Stability: Collaborate on initiatives that contribute to security and

prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.indianembassyusa.gov.in

Mission 500 represents a significant step toward a more integrated and robust economic
partnership between India and the United States, aiming to address existing challenges and
capitalize on mutual opportunities.

2. NEW 10 YEAR FRAMEWORK

India and the United States are set to enhance their defense collaboration by developing a
new 10-year framework for the U.S.-India Major Defense Partnership, intended to span
from 2025 to 2035. DD News+5Business Standard+5The Tribune+5

Key Aspects of the Proposed Framework:

• Comprehensive Defense Cooperation: The framework aims to expand military

collaboration across various domains, including air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace.
AP News

• Defense Trade and Technology Sharing: It seeks to facilitate the transfer and co-
development of advanced defense technologies, enhancing India's defense
capabilities and promoting joint research and development initiatives. Financial
Times+10Executive Gov+10Business Standard+10

• Strategic Alignment: The agreement reflects a mutual commitment to address

regional and global security challenges, strengthening the strategic partnership
between the two nations.
This initiative underscores the deepening strategic ties between India and the United States,
aiming to bolster defense cooperation and contribute to regional stability.Business
Standard+3The White House+3

3. US INDIA ENERGY SECURITY

The United States-India Energy Security Partnership has been significantly strengthened
through a series of strategic initiatives aimed at enhancing energy trade, diversifying energy
sources, and fostering collaboration in emerging technologies.
ETEnergyworld.com+1Energetica India+1

Key Developments in the U.S.-India Energy Partnership:

1. Hydrocarbon Trade Expansion:

o Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): India is contemplating the removal of import

taxes on U.S. LNG to increase imports, aiming to reduce its trade surplus with
the U.S. and secure a reliable energy source. Reuters

o Crude Oil and Petroleum Products: Both nations have committed to boosting
trade in hydrocarbons, with the U.S. positioning itself as a leading supplier to
meet India's growing energy demands. India Shipping News

2. Civil Nuclear Energy Collaboration:

o The leaders announced plans to advance the U.S.-India 123 Civil Nuclear
Agreement by constructing U.S.-designed nuclear reactors in India, involving
large-scale localization and potential technology transfer. American Nuclear
Society+2India Shipping News+2World Nuclear News+2

o India is considering amendments to its Atomic Energy Act and the Civil
Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to facilitate foreign and private investments
in the nuclear sector. India Shipping News+1American Nuclear Society+1

3. Strategic Petroleum Reserves and Energy Security:

o Both countries underscored the importance of strategic petroleum reserves

to maintain economic stability during crises and resolved to work with key
partners to expand these arrangements. India Shipping News+1Energetica
India+1

4. Renewable Energy and Emerging Technologies:

 o The partnership includes collaboration in renewable energy sectors, such as
wind and solar, and investments in emerging energy solutions to promote
sustainable development. ETEnergyworld.com

These initiatives reflect a mutual commitment to enhancing energy security, diversifying

energy sources, and promoting sustainable economic growth, thereby strengthening the
strategic partnership between the United States and India.

4. 123 NUCLEAR AGREEMENT REAFFIRMATION

In February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Donald Trump
reaffirmed their commitment to the U.S.-India 123 Civil Nuclear Agreement, aiming to
advance civil nuclear cooperation between the two nations.

Key Developments:

• Construction of U.S.-Designed Nuclear Reactors in India:

o Both leaders announced plans to collaborate on building large-scale U.S.-

designed nuclear reactors in India, emphasizing significant localization and
potential technology transfer. World Nuclear News

• Legislative Amendments in India:

o The Indian government proposed amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and
the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) to facilitate foreign and
private investments in the nuclear sector. These changes aim to address
liability concerns that have previously hindered international collaboration.
The White House

• Bilateral Arrangements:

o Both sides agreed to establish bilateral arrangements in accordance with the

CLNDA, addressing civil liability issues and enabling collaboration between
Indian and U.S. industries in nuclear reactor production and deployment. The
White House

• Focus on Advanced Nuclear Technologies:

o The collaboration includes plans to develop and deploy advanced

technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which offer flexible and
scalable nuclear power solutions. World Nuclear News+2Universal Group Of
Institutions+2The White House+2
These initiatives underscore a mutual commitment to enhancing energy security and
promoting clean energy solutions through strengthened civil nuclear cooperation.
BILATERAL POLITICAL RELATIONS

1. Historical context – Multiple wars with Pakistan, China etc shaped a legacy of
mistrust even though Peace agreements like – Shimla agreement 1972, IWT 1960 etc
exists.
2. Key Political flashpoints
a. Border disputes –
i. Kashmir
ii. 2016 Uri attack + 2019 Pulawama
iii. Doklam 2017 + Galwan 2020
iv. Nepal’s new map in 2020 (kalapani and Lipulekh)
v. BD Land agreement 2015 improved border mgmt. and reduced illegal
crossings
vi. India Nepal and Bhutan border is mostly open and Peaceful
vii. India Myanmar has Free movement regime
b. Refugee and ethnic issues –
i. Rohingya 2017
ii. Sri Lankan Tamils
iii. BD refugees
iv. Afgan refugees post 2021.

STRATEGIC AND SECURITY DIMENSIONS

1. Border mgmt. and disputes

2. Maritime security in IOR
a. SAGAR 2015 – Security and Growth for All in the Region
b. EEZ surveillance patrols with Maldives, Seychelles and Mauritius
c. SLINEX – joint naval exercise with Sri Lanka
d. CORPAT – Coordinated patrols with Indonesia and Thailand
e. Coastal radar network setup by India in IOR littoral countries
f. India has strong naval presence around key waterways like Malacca strait.
3. Military cooperation
a. Nepal – Surya Kiran
b. BD – Milan
c. SL – Mitra shakti and SLINEX
d. Myanmar – Operation sunrise 2019
4. Regional security Org
a. SAARC, BIMSTEC, QUAD, SCO
5. China’s influence
a. String of Pearls -> Gwadar, Hambantota, Kyaukpyu, Investments in Maldives
and BD.
 b. BRI and CPEC ->
c. India’s counter → Chabahar, kaladan MMT, QUAD, SAGAR etc.

ECONOMY AND TRADE

1. Trade Volumes and Balance

a. BD enjoys duty free access to Indian markets under south asia’s trade
concessions
b. Nepal and Bhutan are highly integrated. → special economic treaty allows
Free trade in certain goods.
i. Bhutan trades almost exclusively with India – exports hydropower and
minerals and imports mfg goods
ii. INR is legal tender in Bhutan
iii. India often in surplus but that is offset through investment and aid
c. SL → FTA since 2000
d. Pakistan – MFN withdrawn and bilateral trade suspended in 2019. Currently
almost 0 trade. Big potential missing.
e. Myanmar – Import of pulses and Timber but export of Pharma.
i. Border trade and barter @ border areas bw tribes.
2. Investment and Connectivity Projects
a. Lines of Credit → used to finance – railways – Jaynagar Janakpur (Nepal) +
Akhaura Agartala & Highways – IMT highways + Nepal’s terai roads.
b. Cross border Infra
i. BBIN MV agreement – Bhutan not joining so others are moving
forward.
ii. Passenger train between Kolkata-Khulna & Dhaka- NJP.
iii. With BD – India signed a coastal shipping and Inland waterways pact –
allowing each others to use each others waterways.
iv. Sittwe port in Rakhine completed by India
v. Energy → India imports surplus power from Nepal and Bhutan and
exports to BD. + BIMSTEC grid interconnection agreement in progress.
+ india built Petroleum pipelines eg – Motihari amlekhganj to export
diesel to Nepal.
3. Economic diplomacy and Trade agreements
a. SAFTA – operational since 2006 – India slashed tariff on imported goods from
smaller SAARC nations.
b. FTA with SL since 2000.
c. Open border trade with Nepal Bhutan.
d. Maldives – NO FTA but India provides liberalized quotas for Maldivian exports
like Tuna fish and enjoys duty free entry for Indian goods under Maldives
import regime.
e. Currency swap agreements with neighbors in case of BoP crisis.
 f. Despite the above – challenges remain
i. Non tariff barriers
ii. Indian business sometimes face unpredictable regulations in those
countries.
iii. Political issues like Teesta water dispute is makes BD hesitant to offer
transit for further connectivity or an FTA w/o reslving this issue.
g. India has responded by encouraging Indian industry to invest in neighboring
countries. ++ proposing new economic corridors (such as Ind BD Myanmar
Thailand Growth corridor.)

SOCIO CULTURAL AND PEOPLE TO PEOPLE TIES

1. Cultural diplomacy and common heritage

a. Religious and Historical linkages – Birthplace of major religions like HBJS.
i. India has promoted a Buddhist circuit pilgrimage tourism.
ii. Ramayana and other epics form a shared civilizational heritage
between India and countries like SL (Ramayana trail).
iii. Sikh faith connects India with Pakistan – Kartarpur corridor.
b. Language and ethnicity
i. Bengali culture shared between WB and BD.
ii. Tamil – TN and SL tamils.
c. Cinema and entertainment
i. Bollywood movies widely watched across the region.
ii. Shared pop culture creates a common conversation influences
fashion, language and social norms regionally.
d. Yoga and ayurveda
i. International Yoga day observed in neighbouring countries.
2. Educational and Training Exchanges
a. Scholarships and studies – ICCR scholarships + ITEC program sponsorships.
i. Afghan students in Indian campus.
ii. Medical and engg colleges have significant pop from Nepal and
Bhutan. These create a cadre of foreign alumni with personal ties to
India – often becoming goodwill ambassadors for India when they
return home.
b. Capacity building and training
i. Under ITEC programs – govt officils and professionals from
neighboring countries invited here.
ii. Indian Military academies – have long hosted leaders from Nepal, BD
and SL.
 c. Scientific and technical cooperation – South Asia satellite (GSAT 9) – A comms
satellite dedicated to SAARC.
3. Tourism and Pilgrimage flows
a. Inbound to India – to religious sites like Ajmer sharif + Delhi dargahs +
medical toursim from BD etc + Varanasi, bodh gaya, south India temples.
b. Outbound from india – Nepal’s Pashupatinath temple, Bhutan’s monasteries,
ramayan trail of SL.
c. Culture and Sports exchange – Cricket tours + Pakistan matches as part of
tourneys.
4. Diaspora and Migration connections

WATER AND ENV ISSUES

1. Transboundary Rivers and Water sharing

a. IWT
b. 1996 Ganga water treaty with BD has ensured for 30 years an agreed water
flow division from Ganga/Padma @ Farakka barrage. – Balances India’s needs
to prevent siltation in Kolkata port with BD’s needs for dry season river flow.
c. Teesta water is the most contentious issue with BD – finalization has been
stalled due to opposition from WB.
d. In 2022 Ind BD signed an agreement on Kushiyara river water sharing.
e. Nepal → Kosi(1954) , gandak (1959), Mahakali treaty 1996 aimed at joint
irrigation and power projects. → Slow implementation though – Pancheshwar
dam on Mahakali still not completed.
f. With Bhutan → India has financed and helped build several large HP projects
– Tala, Chukha etc and buys most of the electricity generated. WIN WIN for
both parties.
g. China’s upstream role – China has shared hydrological data on Brahmaputra
flow which helps India predict floods as part of Bilateral understanding that
was renewed after 2017 Doklam standoff.
2. CC and disaster cooperation
a. In 2021 Bhutan and Maldives joined India’s International solar alliance.
b. India Nepal undertaking joint studies on Glacier melting.
c. India BD working together on protecting Sunderbans mangrove ecosystem.
d. Operation Maitri by India post 2015 Nepal EQ
e. Maldives capital had a water plant breakdown in 2014 – India airlifted fresh
water and desalination kits within hours.
 f. India and Nepal coordinate on protecting Terai arc landscape.
g. Scientists from these countries collaborate through forums like ICIMOD
Kathmandu which researches glacier health, mountain agriculture and
disaster risk in Himalayan region.
3. Transboundary Pollution and resource mgmt.
a. Air pollution – India and Pakistan in Winter. From NW. BD too. No trilateral
mech yet but there is a need for it in future.
b. River pollution – India’s namami gange helps BD too.
c. Fisheries and Ocean ecology – Indian trawlers from TN often stray into SL
waters, causing tensions and depleting fish stocks. + India and SL have tried to
address this through Joint working groups on fisheries. India is urging its
fishermen to practise deep sea fishing NOT bottom trawling.

BORDER MGMT. AND INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cross border terrorism

a. LeT and JeM from Pakistan – Pathankot 2016, Uri 2016 and Pulwama 2019.
India responded multi layered – diplomatically isolating Paxtan - @ UN and
FATF. + Cross border strikes.
i. Due to such pressures Pakistan convicted Zaki Ur Rahman Lakhvi –
JeM commander.
b. Militancy from other neighbors
i. BD and Myanmar in past provided safety to insurgents. But BD under
Awami League govt has cracked down.
ii. In 2019 and 2022 – Myanmar and India coordinated to flush out
terrorists from Sagaing region of Myanmar.
c. Increased intelligence sharing with SL since Easter bombing 2019 and
increasing since then.
2. Infiltration and Border security measures
a. Fenced 100% of Oakistan and 70% of BD border.
b. With BD a coordinated Border mgmt. plan exists.
c. India Myanmar – coordinate patrols
d. Coastal security – Joint patrols with SL and periodic Navy visits to Maldives
waters.
3. Insuregency and separatism
a. Kashmir, NE, LWE
4. Trafficking and smuggling – Drug trafficking, arms smuggling, Human trafficking
a. India has pushed for greater intelligence sharing through platforms like
Narcotics control bureau exchanges and SAARC anti drug forum.
5. Refugee situations and Internal security
MULTILATERAL AND REGIONAL GROUPINGS

1. SAARC
2. BIMSTEC
3. ASEAN AEP
4. BBIN
5. IORA
6. IOC – Indian ocean commission – Works with France in that one as observer state.
7. BRICS → 2017 Xiamen declaration mentioned Pakistan based terrorists too – was
seen as a diplomatic win.
8. G20 and G7
9. CDRI and ISA

EXTERNAL ACTORS AND GEOPOLITICAL CONTESTATIONS

1. China
a. BRI economic leverage
i. Pakistan became “All weather ally” of China after CPEC (roads, ports
and power plants.)
ii. SL – Hambantota + Colombo Port city
iii. Maldives – 2013-2018 govt inked major contracts with china. Current
is also pro china.
iv. Nepal signed up for BRI in 2017 – Trans Himalayan connectivity.
v. BD – China built Payra power plant, Karnaphuli tunnel etc.
vi. Myanmar – relies on Chinese trade and investment – includes a
strategic pipeline from Kyaukpyu port to Yunnan – giving vhina a direct
access to BoB.
vii. Bhutan – china’s influence felt through Border negotiations.
b. Strategic and military ties
i. Largest arms supplier to Pakistan – also joint mfg of JF17 jets.
ii. Security and law enforcement cooperation pact 2017 between
Maldives and china.
iii. Djibouti base
c. Political sway and diplomacy
i. During Nepal’s 2015 blockade crisis – China stepped in by sending fuel
and signing transit agreements which Nepal used as leverage to limit
dependence on India.
ii. In BD and SL – China’s unconditional loans and Non interference policy
appealed to leaders.
iii. Mediated in Rohingya reparation talks
iv. Pakistan – shields Pax in UNSC
2. USA
a. Security and defense cooperation
i. USA sees India as key pillar of free Indo Pacific and has signed
foundational defense agreements – LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA.
ii. Has also courted BD – called it a key Indo pacific partner.
iii. US Pacific command is now renamed as Indo pacific command and
conducts Joint exercise – Tiger triumph with India.
b. Economic and dev initiatives
i. US Millenium Challenge COorporation compact in Nepal – 500 Million
$ grant fro roads and electricity.
ii. Duty free garment export by BD to USA.
c. Values diplomacy
i. US often brings up democracy and Human rights in its engagement
which can resonate with India’s stance.
ii. This stance backfires sometimes. During Sri Lanka’s civil war endgame
and aftermath, U.S.-led pressure for accountability put India in a
delicate spot balancing strategic interests with Tamil human rights
concerns.
3. Russia
a. Russia engaging with Pakistan Military in recent years – Joint exercise since
2016. Partly due to India buying from west.
b. Post 2021 – Russia has kept an open line with Taliban and includes India in
the loop.
c. Post sanctions, Russia is looking for newer markets and south asia is a good
contender.
4. Others
a. Japan – cofinanced Dhaka metro, Matarbari deep sea port. + asia Africa
growth corridor. Investment in India’s NE too.
b. Gulf countries – repeatedly given financial lifelines to Pakistan.
In BD Gulf countries are major destinations for workers.
5. String of Pearls vs SAGAR
a. String of pearls – Take examples from above
b. SAGAR –
i. information fusion centers where India shares maritime data with IOR
countries;
ii. capacity building like training hundreds of naval and coast guard
personnel from across the region; and
iii. quick humanitarian responses (e.g., Indian Navy’s Operation Vanilla to
aid Madagascar after a cyclone in 2020, assistance to Mauritius during
an oil spill in 2020, and supplying COVID-19 vaccines and medicines
via ships in 2021).
 iv. India’s SAGAR doctrine also champions “collective action” –
encouraging initiatives like joint patrols or agreements such as the
trilateral Maritime Security Cooperation agreement with Sri Lanka
and Maldives (revived in 2021) to coordinate naval security in their
adjacent waters.
v. India is building critical infrastructure like the Mauritius Metro Express
and has offered to develop security facilities in Seychelles’ Assumption
Island, though the latter faced local pushback.
vi. Sri Lanka try to balance – appreciating Indian aid during crises but not
wanting to alienate China which is also a big investor.
vii. Maldives oscillated: the pro-India government (2018-2023)
wholeheartedly participated in SAGAR initiatives (like joining India-led
intelligence fusion) but the new government might recalibrate the
balance again.

DEVELOPMENT AND HUMANITARIAN COOPERATION

1. Vaccine maitri and Health diplomacy

a. Demonstrated India’s ability as “Pharmacy of the world”
b. Indira Gandhi Inst of child health in Afg
c. Upgradation of Dickoya hospital in SL.
2. Lines of credit grants and Infra building
a. Khulna mongla rail line BD
b. Mahakali bridge and Arun III PP in Nepal + Jaynagar Janakpur rail line
c. Upgrading Kankesanthurai harbor in SL + restoration of Jaffna rail line
d. Water and housing projects in Maldives
e. Parliament, Zaranj delaram, Salma dam – Afg
f. India funds a significant portion of Bhutan’s 5YP.
g. Maldives – Greater Male connectivity projects
h. Myanmar → While China is bigger, India has carved a niche in grant projects
like schools, industrial training centers, and solar electrification of villages in
border regions. It also signed agreements to build/upgrade medical centers
and preserve cultural sites like the Ananda Temple in Bagan.
3. HADR
a. Helped post 2015 EQ in Nepal + In cyclone Idai Mozambique 2019
b. 2022 Economic slowdown – India helped.
c. In Operation Rahat (2015 Yemen) – India evacuated citizens of BD and SL out
too.
d. When the Maldives had a drinking water crisis in 2014 (fire at the
desalination plant), India immediately flew in water and sent naval vessels
with onboard desalination, mitigating the crisis within days.
 e. In 2019, after the Easter bombings in Sri Lanka, India sent forensic experts to
help in the investigation as well as extended medical treatment in India to
some of the injured victims.
4. Capacity building and tech cooperation
a. ITEC training
b. Advanced IT center in SL
c. India has in recent years shared its successful digital initiatives. It has
provided the “PAN-African e-Network” model to neighbors as well, enabling
teleeducation and tele-medicine consultations from Indian institutions to
doctors and students in Bhutan, Bangladesh, etc.
d. In 2021, India launched the SAARC Vaccine Initiative platform to let
neighbors collaborate on digital vaccine certification (based on India’s Co-WIN
app).

DIASPORA AND TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES

QUAD

It is a diplomatic partnership – NOT a military alliance or a mutual defense agreement.

Purpose – Open stable and inclusive Indo pacific.

Global foot print → 24% of World pop + 35% of GDP

Sector of cooperation

1. Military
a. Malabar exercises
b. 2+2 dialogue
c. Strengthening the QUAD act 2024 – passed by US house in 2024 – directs US
to increase engagement with quad.
2. Economic Expansion (recent)
a. Wilmington declaration
 b. Health – Health security partnership + Quad cancer Moonshot to fight
cervical cancer.
c. Quad ports of the future initiative
d. Promoting Open RAN deployment and Quad Investors network (QUIN) for
tech investments
e. Q CHAMP – climate change adaptation and mitigation
f. Cybersecurity – action plan to protect Undersea telecom cables
g. Earth observation data sharing for climate disaster
h. Counter terrorism working group in 2023.
i. Quad Fellowship – annual intake of 100 doctoral and masters students from
quad members for STEM degrees in USA.
j. QUAD debt mgmt. program to address unsustainable debts financing

Significance for India →

1. Countering china – reducing the threat of encirclement
2. Strengthens act east policy
3. Boosts India military
4. Tech and economic cooperations (see above)

Significance for other countries →

Challenges →

1. Lacks a formal structure like NATO

2. Varying financial resources, military capacity and strategic objectives of the members.
3. India’s ties to Russia and Australia’s dependence on china
4. For India → can alienate partners like Iran and Myanmar (china ally) + Differing view of
Indo pacific.
5. Perceived as Cold war mentality – Asian NATO by china
6. Making it distinct from other regional groupings like ASEAN, IORA etc has proven to be
difficult.
7. USA occupied with Ukraine and Gaza.
8. India’s cautious approach – fears that it may become a formal military alliance thus
compromising its strategic autonomy.
9. Possibility of reactivating tensions with china
10. Other groups like SQUAD(Phillipines in place of India) have come up shifting focus away
from QUAD.

Way forward →
1. Define clear Indo pacific strategy
2. Expand to include ASEAN countries like Indonesia and Singapore
3. Strengthen India’s maritime strategy

PACIFIC COUNTRIES
Significance for India →

1. Geopolitical
a. Crucial to India’s broader indo pacific strategy
b. Potential maritime and military alliance in future when it becomes the new
center of Great power game
c. India can voice concerns of these countries in G20 and G7 etc earning
credibility
2. Economic
a. Maritime trade
b. Large EEZs of these countries – Blue economy
3. Multilateralism
a. Build consensus for India’s permanent UNSC
4. Climate change
a. Some have joined ISA and CDRI
5. Strong diaspora and Historical connection
a. 1/3rd of Fiji pop – Indian.

India’s engagement with Pacific countries →

1. IPOI
2. FIPIC → Since 2014 for coop between India and 14 pacific islands. Part of India’s broader
Act east policy.
3. Grant in aids and concessional line of credits
4. HADR – vaccines in covid
5. Facilitation of elections – supply of indelible ink to PNG
6. Cardiology hospital @ Fiji by India

Challenges →

1. China → Solomon islands security pact 2022

2. Lack of resources
3. Large distance makes regular diplomatic engagements difficult and projects completion
etc
4. They have heightened vulnerabilities + excluded from global policy discussions.

Way forward

1. More and regular diplomacy + more collab on CC + More maritime coop on issues like –
illegal fishing, piracy, pollution + Enhanced economic partnerships. + Cultural diplomacy.
ASEAN

Estd in 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of ASEAN declration. 10 members currently.

(PM) of India participated in the 21st ASEAN-INDIA Summit in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Key devs
→

1. New ASEAN India Plan of action

2. 10 Point plan to strengthen India ASEAN ties.
a. ASEAN India 2025 year of tourism
b. Annual women scientists conclave
c. Review trade agreement
d. Institutionalize Health ministers meeting
e. Cyber policy dialogue
f. Celebrate 10 years of AEP through youth summits, hackathons, startup fests
etc
g. Doubling scholarship @ Nalanda uni
h. Workshops on green H2
i. Enhance disaster resilience
j. Invite ASEAN leaders to participate in Ek Ped Maa ke Naam campaign

Importance of ASEAN for India

1. India’s 4th largest trading partner

2. ASEAN is crucial for India’ ASEP and Indo pacific strategy
a. Stabilizing Myanmar is impo
3. North east connectivity
4. Balance china
 5. Maritjime security like malacca
6. Increase tourism

INDO PACIFIC OCEAN INITIATIVE

About → Non treaty based voluntary arrangement that promotes cooperation for a free and
open Indo pacific and the rules based regional order.
Launched by India in 2019.
Builds upon SAGAR ie Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) 2015.

What is Indo pacific? →

India → East coast of Africa to Americas
USA → West coast of India to America (Bollywood to Hollywood)

7 pillars of IPOI

1. Maritime security
2. Maritime ecology
3. Maritime resources
4. Capacity building + resource sharing
5. Disaster risk reduction and mgmt.
6. Science tech and acads coop
7. Trade connectivity and maritime transport
ACT EAST POLICY

Announced by PM in 2014 @ 9th East Asia summit .

AEP in action →
1. Went from East Asia to Indo Pacific.
IPOI launched in 2019.
2. Regional engagements → BIMSTEC + Asia coop dialogue + IORA etc
3. Institutional collab → Joined IPEF & SCRI
4. Defense → BrahMOs to Phillipines 2022 + India Vietnam military logistics pact
5. Connectivity programs → Kaladan MMT + IMT + Mekong India Economic corridor
6. Pacific Islands engagements (above)
7. India and Taiwan’s increasing unofficial rel

Convergence in Strategic interests →

1. Aligns with Japan’s Free and Open Indo Pacific , Korea’s New Southern Policy , ASEAN’s
outlook on Indo Pacific (AOIP)
2. Stands With phillipines on South china sea dispute
3. India and ASEAN agree on asean’s centrality.

Key challenges →
1. Delay in projects → Kaladan cost has increased from 536 cr in 2008 to 3200 Cr now
2. BD unrest → Jeopardizes connectivity and other things like BIMSTEC
3. China expansion in IOR
4. China has already estd presence in ASEAN
5. India’s huge trade deficit with ASEAN
6. India engages bilaterally with ASEAN not multilaterally
7. Walking out of RCEP created economic disappointment in ASEAN
 VIETNAM MALAYSIA
Recent Initiatives → Recent →
1. Mekong Ganga coop 1. UPI in Malaysia
2. Quick Impact projects by India in various 2. Netaji subhas cultural center in Malaysia
provinces of Vietnam under MGC above 3. 100 seats allocated under ITEC
3. Handed over INS KIRPAN – an indigenous programme for Malsyians.
missile corvette.

Way forward →
1. Renegotiate ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) to address deficit
2. Complete pending infra
3. Security coop in IOR and SCS + Cultural diplomacy (leverage Buddhism) + Multilateral
engagement – strengthen ties with Japs, aussies etc.

AUKUS

3 way strategic alliance bw USA, Australia, England.

Aim → Boost defense + accelerate tech + expand industry in the 3 nations to stabilize Indo
pacific.

2 Pillars →
1. Pillar 1 – Support Australia in getting SSNs
2. Pillar 2 – Coop as in Aims above
Significance Concerns
1. Strategic (as above) 1. Potential arms race in the region
2. Complements QUAD and Five Eyes 2. Weakening of QUADs strategic role
3. Competes with China for tech dominance 3. Nuclear proliferation risk
4. Alliance of lib dems against autocracies.
IWT

About →

1. Water usage rights → Signed in 1960 mediated by WB

a. Eastern rivers – ravi beas satluj for India’s unrestricted use (30% water)
b. Western rivers – Indus Jhelum chenab – allocated to Pakistan (70% water)
2. India can use western rivers only for non consumptive uses like navigation, run of the
river project etc.
3. Dispute resolution mechanism (3 level graded)
a. Permanent Indus commission
b. Neutral expert – for tech disputes
Shall be appointed by WB or jointly by GoI and GoPakistan.
c. Court of arbitration

Current disputes → 330 MW Kishenganga(Jhelum) and 850 MW Ratle project. (Chenab)

Challenges to IWT →

1. Pak’s opposition – mainly on the grounds of their compliance with tech criteria set by the
treaty
2. Rapid Galcier melting alters river flow.
3. India’s growing needs but less water allocated.
4. Security and Political pressure
-- Water’s role in geopolitics “Blood and water cannot flow together”
-- terrorism concers – India has linked IWT concerns with cross border terrorism from
Pakistan suggesting treaty compliance should reflect security considerations. Especially after
incidents like Uri.

Way forward →
1. Integrated Water Management and CC adaptation
→ Adopt Int river basi mgmt. approaches and joint climate studies by both nations.
2. Adopt principles like Equitable ad Reasonable Utilization (ERU) + No Harm Rule (NHR)
3. Real time satellite based monitoring and joint data sharing mechanisms.
G7

It is an informal grouping of advanced democracies that meets annually to coordinate global

economic policies and address other transnational issues.

Significance in current world →

1. Central role in global governance

-- Global Partnership on AI (GPAI)
-- Hiroshima AI Process
-- FATF estd in 1988 by G7

2. Defnder of global rules based order

-- Free and Inclusive Indo pacific

3. Platform to discuss and resolve prominent disputes

-- Ukraine Russia war, hamas conflict, red sea crisis etc

4. Past achievments
-- BEPS
-- Global Apollo program for multinational clean energy research 2015
-- 2002 – Global fund to fight malaria and aids
-- 2009 – L’Aquila Food security initiative
-- 2021 – Build back better World to address post covid infra gap
-- 2022 – PGII – Partnership for global infra and Investment

Significance for India →

1. India can voice global south’s concerns

2. Unlike G20, BRICS, SCO where there are non democratic states, G7 has lib dems only so
reflects the concerns and agendas of India
3. The outreach session of the G7 meeting has always been an imp platform to showcase its
achievments and outlook to the world.
4. Gives India the opportunity to meet Global leaders and set priorities.

What India can add to G7? →

1. India gets frequently invited to G7 summits

2. Growing economic and military might
3. Alternative to china in representing rising economies – China defied PCA order, India
didn’t.
4. Will help G7 better understand Global south concerns

Conclusion → EX U.S. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan's description of the G7 as the
"steering committee of the free world" underscores its pivotal role in shaping global policy.
G20

Limitations of G20 →

1. Representational inequity
a. Reluctance to rename the forum as G21 even after Africa’s inclusion
2. Diplomatic fragmentation
a. Key leaders absence eg – Russia’s Vlad Putin.
b. Argentina’s opposition to sustainable dev and welfare spending
c. Major economies like US Germany etc resist wealth tax and progressive
taxation proposals
3. Unrealized goals in governance overhaul
a. Has called for reforming global instns like UNSC and WB but not successful
b. Despite coinciding with COP29, G20 failed to advance climate goals beyond
previous declarations
4. Structural and Operational weaknesses
a. Non binding decisions + has NO formal charter
5. Competition from other Institutions
 a. Growing influence of BRICS and SCO etc.

How to enhance G20s effectiveness →

1. Permanent secretariat with research and policy capacity to ensure continuity

between summits.
2. Clear division of labor between G20 and G7
a. G20 focus on – Global public goods like monetary stability, trade issue etc
b. G7 focus on Geopolitics.
3. Empower middle income members like Argentina, Brazil, India RSA etc
4. Accountability framework
a. Introduce mechanisms to track commitments made, monitor their
implementations, and provide transparent Annual performance reviews.
5. Strategic coordination with UN agencies like WHO, UNEP and UNDP.
6. Addressing global south priorities – equitable Global governance, reduce G7
dominance etc

SCO

Intro → Founded in 2001 by Russia, China, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

Current members → India, Pakistan, Iran, Belarus added to above.

Structures → Council of Heads of state (1) , Council of Heads of Governments (2) ,

Permanent bodies – Secretariat (Beijing) + RATS in Tashkent

Goals → Security + Border issues + Military cooperation + Intelligence sharing + Counter

terrorism + Cooperation in education, energy, transport etc.

Role in reshaping Global order →

1. Expansion beyond Central Asia to include European Belarus now.

2. Challenging western structure
a. Turkey is a NATO member but also a SCO dialogue partner
3. Filling security void left by NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan
a. Afghanistan Contact Group (ACG) created in 2005 to maintain regional
cooperation with Kabul
4. RATS as Counter terrorism structure
 5. China leverages SCO to demonstrate leadership offering alternatives to USA led
instns.

Challenges in SCO →

1. Including Belarus expands it, raises its global profile but dilutes its regional focus.
2. Starting aim was to focus on Central asia. Expansion beyond could force members to
seek alternative formats.
3. Fuels China’s rhetoric
4. SCO members engage Taliban bilaterally for individual interests undermining the
collective approach of SCO.
5. Used by China to fuel its BRI aims – goes against india’s sovereignty.
6. SCO decisions lack executive guarantee thus like NAM has become merely a place to
discuss and announce positions and views.
7. India and Pakistan both are members with opposite views – India declared Pakistan
as “The epicenter of terrorism”

India and SCO →

1. Joined in 2017
2. India seeks to reconfigure SCO into a development focused group rather than an Anti
Western agenda.
3. India’s balancing act
a. India in its 1st ever presidency of SCO hosted the meeting in virtual format in
2023.
b. Uses SCO forum to improve relations with Central asia
c. Main priority @ SCO is eradicating terrorism
d. India’s priorities articulated by PM’s vision of a SECURE SCO
i. SECURE → Security + Economic coop + Connetivity + Unity + Respect
for Sovereignty + Env protection
BRICS

16TH BRICS – Kazan declaration (Strengthening Multilateralism for Just global dev and
security)

Members → BRICS + EE ISU (Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, KSA, UAE)

What brings BRICS together?

Key initiatives →

1. Financial
a. NDB hqd in Shanghai 2014
b. Contingent reserve arrangement – short term support in BoP crisis
c. BRICS Cross border Payment Initiative – alternative to SWIFT
d. BRICS Grain exchange → Russian initiative to establish a grain trading
platform within BRICS to develop a fair agri trading system.
e. BRICS Clear depository – Cross border payment settlement and depository
infra
2. Global south
a. BRICS Plus dialogue
b. Endorsed BRICS Partner countries → This new catgory added 13 new partner
countries.
3. Security
a. Rapid info security council
4. SnT
a. Remote sensing satellite constellation
b. ST Innovation Framework program 2015
c. BRICS RnD vaccine senter + Integrated Early warning system to prevent mass
infectious diseases risks.
Relevance of BRICS →

1. Energy security – Iran, KSA and UAE are members

2. BRICS acts as a platform for global south
3. Safe spce for dialog between India china, Iran KSA etc.
4. Allows India to push UNSC and WTO reforms.

Challenges associated with BRICS→

1. Economic potential not reached

a. 18% of global trade collectively but only 2.2% Intra BRICS trade
b. Credit rating agency proposed long ago but not yet taken up
c. Dedollarisation is difficult with increased expansion
2. NDBs limitations
a. Lack of funds on the scale of WB, AIIB etc
b. AIIB cofinances projects with ADB and WB but NDB is on its own
3. Not very influential
a. Collectively hold only 19% of voting power in IBRD bank – G7 has 40%.
4. Intra BRICS geopolitical rivalry
5. Member economies issues
a. China’s economic slowdown
b. Russia’s decline over the years + recent war
c. RSAs high unemployment etc
6. Perception of anti west grouping
7. Existence of similar groups – IBSA, BASIC etc.
a. IBSA – India, Brazil, RSA
b. BASIC – Brics without Russia.

Way forward →

1. Develop clear and shared vision

2. Setup permanent secretariat
3. Define membership criteria
4. Check Chinese influence

BIMSTEC

7 members → India, BD, SL, Nepal, Bhutan + Myanmar, Thailand.

Connects – South and SEA + Himalays and BoB

Significance of BIMSTEC

1. Bridge between SA and SEA.

2. Intra regional coop between SAARC and ASEAN members
3. Home to approx. 1.5 Billion people
4. 1/4th of Trade happens through BoB per year
5. Connectivity projects – Kaladan, IMT,BBIN etc
6. For India →
a. Allows to pursue 3 core policies of AEP + Neighborhood 1st + North East dev
b. Counter china
c. Alternative to SAARC

Challenges →

1. Plans to hold meeting every 2 years but only 4 meetings in 20 years till 2018.
2. India uses BIMSTEC only when SAARC fails and MT focuses on ASEAN more
3. Extremely wide focus areas – 14 areas
4. Bilateral issues – eg between BD and Myanmar.
5. BCIM has formed with China in it. BIMSTEC not exclusive anymore. (BCIM – BD, India,
Myanmar, China)
6. Framework agreement for FTA was signed in 2004 but no movement till now.

Difference between SAARC and BIMSTEC

Way forward →

1. Regular bilateral and group-level talks to manage issues like the Rohingya crisis.
2. Explore a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) among maritime members like Myanmar and
Sri Lanka.
3. Develop a coastal shipping ecosystem and interconnected electricity grid.
4. India’s Leadership Role: Address smaller members' concerns about power
imbalance.
5. Prioritize the blue economy, digital economy, and start-up/MSME collaborations.