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1. Statistics definition - Classification - Population and Sample

Statistics is a scientific discipline focused on the collection, organization, and analysis of data to explain and predict phenomena, divided into descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarize data from a specific sample, while inferential statistics use sample data to make predictions about a larger population. The document also defines key concepts such as population and sample, emphasizing their importance in statistical studies.

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2 views

1. Statistics definition - Classification - Population and Sample

Statistics is a scientific discipline focused on the collection, organization, and analysis of data to explain and predict phenomena, divided into descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarize data from a specific sample, while inferential statistics use sample data to make predictions about a larger population. The document also defines key concepts such as population and sample, emphasizing their importance in statistical studies.

Uploaded by

cristinaleonjoseline
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics 1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Statistics - Definition

- Statistics is a scientific discipline that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of a
set of data in order to obtain explanations and predictions about observed phenomena.

Classification

- Statistics is divided into two branches:

- Descriptive statistics

- Inferential statistics

Descriptive Statistics

- It is related to the description of the data collected in a sample, meaning it covers the
procedures related to the collection, organization, presentation, synthesis, and interpretation of
data, without attempting to infer anything about them.

(For example, age of a population, height of students in a school, temperature in summer


months, etc.)

Descriptive Statistics:

1. Average Test Scores: Calculating the average score of students in a class to summarize
how the class performed on a particular test. For example, "The average score of 30
students in the math test was 85."

This example is considered descriptive statistics because it involves summarizing and


describing the characteristics of a specific dataset, which in this case is the test scores
of 30 students

2. Survey Results: Summarizing the results of a survey where 100 people were asked
about their favorite fruit. The findings might state, "40% preferred apples, 30%
preferred bananas, and 30% preferred oranges."

This example is considered descriptive statistics because it involves summarizing the


responses from a specific dataset, which consists of the survey results of 100 people.
Inferential Statistics

- It relates to the process of using sample data to make inferences and decisions regarding the
population of data.

- For example: opinion polls, market analysis, medical epidemiology, etc.

Examples on Inferential Statistics:

1. Predicting Election Results: Using a sample of 1,000 voters to predict the outcome of
an entire country's election. For example, "Based on the sample, we estimate that
Candidate A will receive 52% of the national vote."

This example is considered inferential statistics because it involves using data from a
sample (1,000 voters) to make predictions or draw conclusions about a larger
population (the entire country's voters). In inferential statistics, the goal is to go beyond
the data at hand and make inferences about a population based on a subset of that
population.

2. Quality Control: Taking a small sample of products from a production line to infer the
overall quality of all products. For example, "If 2 out of 50 tested items are defective,
we estimate that 4% of the entire production might be faulty."

In this case, finding that "2 out of 50 tested items are defective" is used to estimate the
defect rate for the entire production. The result, "4% of the entire production might be
faulty," extends the findings from the sample to infer a characteristic (quality) of all the
products.

Note: Descriptive statistics summarize data from a specific group, while inferential statistics
make predictions or inferences about a larger population based on a sample.

Population
- The statistical population, also known as the universe, is the set or totality of elements to be
studied.

- The elements of a population consist of each individual associated because they share some
common characteristic.

- The statistical population can be a set of people, places, or real things. For example,
adolescents in a town or the possible uses of sugar in cooking recipes.

- Since it is very complicated to conduct a study with all the elements that make up a
population, especially if it is considered an infinite population, a representative sample is taken
from it for studies.

Sample

- The sample is a representative part of a population where its elements share common or
similar characteristics.

- It is used to study the population in a more feasible way, as it can be easily counted. When
conducting a study on the behavior, properties, or preferences of an entire specific population,
samples are often extracted.

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