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Lecture 4

The document discusses problem-solving agents in artificial intelligence, focusing on their functionality which includes goal formulation, problem formulation, and search. It explains how these agents systematically consider outcomes of actions to achieve desired states, using atomic representations of the world. Examples such as the 8-puzzle and 8-queens problems illustrate the concepts of state, actions, transition models, and goal tests in problem formulation.

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2 views20 pages

Lecture 4

The document discusses problem-solving agents in artificial intelligence, focusing on their functionality which includes goal formulation, problem formulation, and search. It explains how these agents systematically consider outcomes of actions to achieve desired states, using atomic representations of the world. Examples such as the 8-puzzle and 8-queens problems illustrate the concepts of state, actions, transition models, and goal tests in problem formulation.

Uploaded by

extraubd
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Problem solving agent

Artificial Intelligence
Muhammad Umar Farooq
Summary of last lecture
• Agent
• Rational agent
• Types of environment
• PEAS
• Types of Agent
– Simple reflex agent
– Model based reflex agent
– Goal based agent
– Utility based agent
In today lecture
• Problem solving agent
• Functionality of problem solving agent
– Goal formulation
– Problem formulation
– Search
• Examples of different problem and their
problem formulation
Problem solving agent
• Problem-solving agents one kind of goal-based
agent called a problem-solving agent which use
atomic representations, that is, states of the
world are considered as wholes, with no internal
structure visible to the problem solving
algorithms.
• atomic representation each state of the world is
indivisible
– If we want to move from Multan to Lahore then all
intermediate cities are considered as atomic.
Problem solving agent

• In which we look at how an agent can decide


what to do by systematically considering the
outcomes of various sequence of actions that
it might take
• Decide to do by searching sequence of action
that leads to desirable state
Functionality of Problem solving agent
Goal Formulation

Problem Formulation

Search

Solution

Execution
Goal formulation

• What is the goal state?


• What is important characteristics of the goal
state?
• How does the agent know that it has reached
on the goal ?
• Are there several possible goal states?
Functionality of Problem solving agent
Goal Formulation

Problem Formulation

Search

Solution

Execution
Problem formulation

• What are the possible states of the world


relevant for solving the problem
• What information is accessible to the agent
• How can the agent progress from state to
state
• Follows the goal-formulation
Problem formulation

• Initial state
• Action
• Transition model
• Goal test
• Path cost
What is search

• Search is the systematic examination of states


to find path from root/start state to the goal
state
• The output of a search algorithm is a solution,
that is, a path from initial state that satisfies
the goal test
Search

• An agent with several immediate options of


unknown values can decide what to do by first
examining different possible sequences of
actions that leads to states of known values,
and then choosing the best one. This process
is call search
• A search-algorithm takes a problem as input
and returns a solution in the form of an action
Search groups

• Method which finds path from start to goal


• Method which find the best path
• Search methods in the face of opponent
• Path cost
– Sum of the cost of operators
– Alternative: sum of the distance, number steps,
etc
8-Puzzle problem
8-Puzzle problem
Problem formulation
• States: A state description specifies the location of each of
the eight tiles and the blank in one of the nine squares.
• Initial state: Any state can be designated as the initial state.
• Actions: Left, Right, Up, or Down.
• Transition model: Given a state and action, this returns the
resulting state; for example, if we apply Left to the start
state in above Figure, the resulting state has the 5 and the
blank switched.
• Goal test: This checks whether the state matches the goal
configuration
• Path cost: Each step costs 1, so the path cost is the number
of steps in the path.
8-queens problem
In today lecture

• Problem solving agent


• Functionality of problem solving agent
– Goal formulation
– Problem formulation
– Search
• Examples of different problem and their
problem formulation
Thank you

Any question ?

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