M.Sc.

Environmental Science
SYLLABUS BASED ON THE SEMESTER SYSTEM

ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

Candidates who have passed B.Sc. (Hons.)/B.Sc. (10+2+3) with a minimum of 50% marks or
equivalent GPA (also a minimum 50% aggregate or equivalent GPA at 10 & 10+2 levels) shall be
considered eligible for admission to M.Sc. Course in Environmental Science.

General Guidelines

1. There shall be four semesters two in each year with total of 80 credits.

2. There shall be 17 core courses of theory papers with total of 40 credits. Lab work based on
theory papers will have 17 credits.

3. In the semester III students will select two major elective courses out of four offered.

4. There shall be two minor elective courses based on only theory papers of total 4 credits. The
minor course shall be offered to the students of other departments of the Faculty of Science.
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M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005
DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT COURSES AND CREDITS IN VARIOUS SEMESTERS
SEMESTER – I
Courses Course Title Credits
ESM – 101 Foundation Course in Ecology 3
ESM – 102 Earth and its Atmosphere 3
ESM – 103 Aquatic Environment 3
ESM – 104 Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology 3
ESM– 105 Global Environmental Change 2
ESM – 106 Lab work based on courses ESM – 101 and ESM – 102 3
ESM – 107 Lab work based on courses ESM – 103 and ESM – 104 3
Total 20
SEMESTER – II
ESM – 201 Biodiversity and Conservation 3
ESM – 202 Energy Resources and Conservation 3
ESM – 203 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology 3
ESM – 204 Environmental Monitoring and Management 3
ESM – 205 Lab work based on courses ESM – 201 and ESM – 202 3
ESM – 206 Lab work based on courses ESM – 203 and ESM – 204 3
ESM – 207 M Natural Resources and Management -Minor Elective 2
Total 20
SEMESTER – III
ESM - 301 Biostatistics and Modeling 3
ESM – 302 Water Resource Management 3
ESM – 303 Lab work based on courses ESM – 301 and ESM – 302 3
Any one of the following: 3
ESM - 304 Ecological Restoration
ESM - 305 Society and Environment
Any one of the following: 3
ESM - 306 Air Pollution Control and Abatement
ESM - 307 Remote Sensing and GIS
ESM – 308 Lab work based on courses ESM – 306/ESM – 307 2
ESM 309-M Environmental Pollution-Minor Elective 2
Total 19
SEMESTER – IV
ESM – 401 Disaster Management 2
ESM – 402 Environmental Legislation 3
ESM – 403 Industrial Training Report** 4
ESM – 404 Dissertation based on project work 10
ESM - 405 Field Study and Report thereof 2
Total 21
Grand Total 80
# Environmental Science students shall opt Minor Electives from other programmes
**Industrial training of minimum 4 weeks during summer vacation following semester II
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SEMESTER – I

ESM - 101: Foundation Course in Ecology

Organisms and Environment: Holocoenotic nature of environment; abiotic and biotic

environment.
Ecological adaptations: Morphological and physiological responses of organisms to
temperature and water.
Population ecology: Population characteristics, population growth, carrying capacity,
population regulation, life history strategies (r and K selection), population interactions
including Lotka – Volterra model, population differentiation.
Community ecology: Concepts of community and continuum; community attributes;
species diversity (α, β and γ); community coefficients; concept of ecological niche.
Community development: Models and mechanisms of ecological succession; changes in
ecosystem properties during succession; Concept of climax.
Ecosystem organization: Ecosystem structure and functions, primary production
(methods of measurement, global pattern, controlling factors); energy dynamics (trophic
organization, energy flow pathways, ecological efficiencies); litter fall and
decomposition; mineral cycles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Ecosystem management: Concepts; sustainable development; sustainability indicators.

Suggested Readings:
1. E.P. Odum and G.W. Barrett. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology. Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.
2. J.S. Singh, S.P. Singh and S.R. Gupta. 2008. Ecology, Environment & Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications.

ESM - 102: Earth and its Atmosphere

Weathering and erosion processes; Types and formation of soils and soil profile.
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Landslides and Floods: and their impact on environment.
Major rock and ore forming minerals: Properties of minerals; Igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks. Impact of mining on environment.
Groundwater: Occurrence; Salt water intrusion; Pollution and management.
Evolution of the earth’s atmosphere, composition and thermal stratification, atmosphere
and the earth’s radiation balance, circulation of atmosphere, atmospheric stability, lapse
rates and mixing heights, plume behavior; Gaussian plume model; Photochemistry of
nitrogen oxides, oxygen, ozone and chlorides in the atmosphere.
Köppen’s climate classification system; General relationship between landscape, biomes
and climate.

Suggested Readings:
1. T. R. Oke. 2006. Boundary layer climates. Methuen & Co. Ltd.
2. S. Pal Arya. 2001. Introduction to Micrometeorology. Academic Press.
3. H. R. Byers. 2006. General Meteorology. McGraw-Hill.
4. K. S. Valdiya. 1987. Environmental Geology. Tata McGraw-Hill.
5. J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs. 2006. Atmospheric Science – An introductory survey.
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Academic Press.
7. Hamblin. (8th Ed). 2000. Earths Dynamic Systems. Prentice Hall.
8. David Huddart and TimStott. 2010. Earth Environments- Past, Present and Future.
Wiley-Blackwell.

ESM – 103: Aquatic Environment

Diversity of aquatic habitats; hydrologic cycle

Aquatic food webs including microbial loop; trophic cascade
Measurement of aquatic primary productivity
Lakes - Origin and classification, ecological zonation, thermal stratification, water
circulation, physical and chemical characteristics
Phytoplankton – diversity and models of nutrient-limited growth, paradox of plankton; a
general account of zooplankton
A general account of benthic and periphytic communities
Characteristics of running water habitats; river continuum concept
Oceans: Chemistry of seawater, circulation and ecological zonation in sea, marine biota,
coral reefs
A general account of estuaries and wetlands
Eutrophication: Causes, consequences and control measures

Suggested Readings:
1. Dobson, M. and Frid, C. 1998. Ecology of Aquatic Systems. Longman.
2. Adams, S.M. (Ed). 2002. Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress.
American Fisheries Society, Bethesda.
3. Talling, J.F. and Lemoalle, J. 1998. Ecological Dynamics of Topical Inland Waters.
Cambridge University Press.
4. Wetzel, R.G. and Likens, G.E. 2000. Limnological Analysis. Springer-Verlag.
5. Wetzel, R.G. 2000. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press.
6. Dodson, S. 2005. Introduction to Limnology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

ESM – 104: Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology

Introduction to microorganisms: General characteristics, nutritional types, microbial

diversity.
A brief idea of techniques relating to isolation, purification and culture of
microorganisms.
Types of interaction between plants and microbes.
Microorganisms and soil fertility.
Microorganisms in extreme environments.
Microbial toxins and environmental hazards.
Brief account of plant diseases and their ecosystem level effects.
Microbes and public health: Brief account of microbial diseases in humans.
Microbially induced corrosions and biofilms.
Bioremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants.
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Brief account of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, DNA ligases, linkers, blotting
techniques and gene libraries.
Strategies of recombinant DNA technology and its applications.
Release of genetically engineered microorganisms: safety and environmental risks.
Vermicular and bio-fertilizer technology.

Suggested Readings:
1. Raina M. Maier. 2000. Environmental Microbiology. Academic Press.
2. Pepper, I. and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Environmental Microbiology (2nd Edition).
Academic Press.

ESM – 105: Global Environmental Change

Global Environmental change issues.

Stratospheric ozone layer: Evolution of ozone layer; Causes of depletion and
consequences; Effects of enhanced UV-B on plants, microbes, animals, human health and
materials; Biological action spectra; Global efforts for mitigation ozone layer depletion.
Climate change: Greenhouse effects; Drivers of climate change; Greenhouse gases and
their sources; Implications on climate, oceans, agriculture, natural vegetation, wildlife
and humans; Effects of increased CO2 on plants; International efforts on climate change
issues.
Atmospheric deposition: Past and present scenario; Causes and consequences of
excessive atmospheric deposition of nutrients and trace elements; Eutrophication; Acid
rain and its effect on plants, animals, microbes and ecosystems.

Suggested Readings:
1. N. Adger , K. Brown , D. Conway. (Vol. 22). 2012. Global Environmental Change:
Understanding the Human Dimensions. The National Academic Press.
2. Karl K. Turekian. 1996. Global Environmental Change-Past, Present, and Future.
Prentice-Hall.
3. Richard Anthony Matthew. 2009. Jon Barnett, Bryan McDonald. Global
Environmental Change and Human Security . MIT Press., USA.
4. Hester, R.E. and Harrison, R.M. 2002. Global Environmental Change. Royal Society
of Chemistry.

ESM – 106: Lab work based on courses ESM – 101 and ESM – 102
ESM – 107: Lab work based on courses ESM – 103 and ESM – 104

SEMESTER – II

ESM – 201: Biodiversity and Conservation

Introduction to biodiversity: species, genetic and ecosystem diversity.
Biodiversity magnitude and distribution: diversity gradients and related hypotheses,
biodiversity and ecosystem function, methods for biodiversity monitoring.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services: provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting.
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Threats to biodiversity: Natural and anthropogenic, species extinctions, IUCN threat

categories, Red data book, Invasions: causes and impact.
Biodiversity conservation, principles and strategies; in-situ and ex-situ conservation,
Protected Area Network.
Biodiversity Hot spots: concepts, distribution and importance.
Use of biodiversity: Source of food, medicine, raw material, aesthetic and cultural.
Biodiversity prospecting.

Suggested Readings:
1. Anne E. Magurran. 2003. Ecological diversity and its measurements. Blackwell
Publications.
2. J.S.Singh, S.P. Singh and S.R. Gupta. 2008. Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications (New Delhi).
3. V.H. Heywood and Watson R.T. (Ed). 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment: UNEP.
Cambridge University Press.

ESM – 202: Energy Resources and Conservation

Introduction: Energy, work and power; Energy and people; Energy sources – Resource
and reserves - an overview; an overview of the current global and National Energy
Scenario.
Fossil Fuels: Oil, coal, natural gas, shale, tar sands – Sources, exploration, exploitation;
environmental consequences.
Nuclear Energy: Nuclear fission and Fusion; Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear reactors (PWR,
BWR, Gas Cooled Breeder) and nuclear power.
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources: Solar energy, solar power, photovoltaic
cells; Wind power; Geothermal energy; Ocean energy; Fuel cells.
Bio Energy: Biomass conversion processes; Biodiesel; Environmental consequences of
biomass resource harnessing.
Energy Conservation: National energy policy, energy efficiency improvement, audit and
energy saving.

Suggested Readings:
1. M. Dayal. (6th Ed). 1997. Renewable Energy: Environment and Development. Konark
Pub. Pvt. Ltd.
2. S. Vandana. 2002. Alternative Energy. APH Publishing Corporation.
3. S. K. Agarwal. 2003. Nuclear Energy: Principles Practice and Prospects. APH
Publishing Corporation.
4. P. Chaturvedi. 1995. Bio-Energy Resources. Concept Publications.
5. V S. Mahajan. 1991. National Energy: policy, crisis and growth. Ashish Publishing
House.

ESM – 203: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology

Air pollution: Types and sources, Effects of SO2, NO2, O3, HF, photochemical smog and
particulates on plants and human health, aeroallergens and allergies.
Ozone layer depletion: Causes and consequences.
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Noise pollution: Types, sources and effects on human health.

Water Pollution: Types and sources; Effects on water quality, plants and human health;
Thermal pollution.
Soil pollution: Types and sources, Effects of pesticides and heavy metals on ecosystems,
mechanisms of metal toxicity, metallophytes.
Radioactive pollution: Sources and hazards.
Solid waste: Sources and effects.
Toxicology: Principles of toxicology, dose-response relationships, Chronic and acute
toxicity; Effective concentration, LD , Median tolerance limit and Margin of safety;
50
Toxicity testing (Holistic and Numeric approach).
Uptake, bioaccumulation, bio-transformation and excretion of xenobiotics.
Role of temperature and humidity in human health.

Suggested Readings:
1. A. K. De. (3rd Ed). 2008 Environmental Chemistry. New Age Publications India Ltd.
2. I. C. Shaw and J. Chadwick. 1997. Principles of Environmental Toxicology. Taylor&
Francis Ltd.
3. S.C. Santra. 2011. Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency.
4. Ira. S. Richards. 2008. Principles and Practices of Toxicology in Public Health. Jones
and Barlett Publications.

ESM – 204: Environmental Monitoring and Management

Ambient air monitoring; Methods of collection and analyses of gaseous and particulate
pollutants.
Methods of collection of water samples and analyses of physico-chemical characteristics.
Methods of collection of soil samples and analyses of physico-chemical characteristics.
Bio-monitoring and bio-indication.
Principles of chromatography, spectrophotometry, electro-analytical and radio-analytical
techniques.
Environmental Management: Principles and strategies ; Indicators of environmental
quality, economic valuation; pipeline model; closed loop model and material balance
model; environmental cost-benefit analysis; sources of uncertainty in cost and benefit
estimates; Fiscal incentives in pollution control and management.
Environmental management system (EMS): ISO-14000; Environmental audit;
Environmental clearance for establishing industries; Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA); EIA guidelines 1994, Environmental taxes.
International trade and environment; Trade Related Intellectual Properties (TRIPs),
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), Corporate environmental ethics.

Suggested Readings:
1. C. N. Sawyer, P. L. McCarty and G. F. Parkin. 2002. Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science. John Henry Press.
2. H. H. Rump. 2000. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Water, Waste water and
soil. Wiley-VCH.
3. R. K. Sapru. 1987. Environmental Management in India (Vol. I & II). Ashish
Publishing House.
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4. Bryan F.J. Manly. 2009. Statistics for Environmental Science and Management. CRC
Press.

ESM – 205: Lab work based on courses ESM - 201 and ESM – 202

ESM – 206: Lab work based on courses ESM – 203 and ESM - 204

ESM – 207M: Natural Resources and Management

Atmosphere: Composition, atmospheric chemistry; weather pattern

Aquatic system: Diversity, characteristics, watershed management, rain water harvesting.
Biodiversity: Importance, threats, approaches for conservation and management.
Soil: Resources, fertility and agricultural sustainability; Soil erosion and conservation;
Restoration of contaminated soils. Waste management
Energy: Basics of energy and its various forms; Energy management and audit.

Suggested Readings:
1. B.R. Gurjar, Chandra S.P. Ojha, L.T. Molina. 2010. Air Pollution. CRC Press.
2. W.N. Beyer and J.P. Meador. 2011. Environmental Contaminants in Biota. CRC
Press.
3. E.N. Laboy-Nieves, M.F.A. Goosen and E. Emmanuel. 2010. Environmental and
Human Health. CRC Press.
4. Vaughn Nelson. 2011. Introduction to Renewable Energy. CRC Press.

SEMESTER - III

ESM – 301: Biostatistics and Modeling

General concepts and terminology; sampling methods; distribution of attributes; tests of

hypothesis and significance; contingency tables and chi-square test; comparison of
means: t-test, multiple range tests; Simple experimental design and analysis of variance;
correlation and regression analysis; Introduction to multivariate methods.
Approaches to development of models; conceptual, statistical and mathematical models;
steps in the modeling process; single and multiple regression models; modeling coupled
human-natural systems; model testing and validation; models as predictive tools.

Suggested Readings:
1. S. C. Gupta and V. K. 1986. Kapoor. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. S.
Chand & Co.
2. Aslam Mahmood. 1993. Statistical Methods in Geographical Studies. Rajesh
Publications, New Delhi.
3. J.Medhi. Statistical Methods: 1992. An Introductory Text. New Age International Ltd.
Publishers.
4. Gupta, S. P. 2000. Statistical Methods. Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
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ESM – 302: Water Resource Management

Global distribution of water resources, water need and consumption; Threats to surface
water resources; Principles and approaches to surface water management.
Watershed management: Rain water harvesting and storage, recharging of ground water;
role of dams.
Properties of sewage and industrial effluents; effluent standards; treatment of industrial
effluents, sewage treatment (primary, secondary and tertiary treatment), advanced
treatments (nitrate and phosphate removal); Sludge treatment and disposal; Waste water
use.
Drinking water quality and water treatment (desalination, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis
and disinfection of water).

Suggested Readings:
1. A.J. Schleiss and R.M. Boes. 2011. Dams and Reservoirs under Changing
Challenges. CRC Press.
2. J.N. Parkinson, J.A. Goldenfum and C.E.M. Tucci. 2010. Integrated Urban Water
Management. CRC Press.
3. A.N. Findikakis and K Saro. 2011. Groundwater Management Practices. CRC Press.

ESM – 303: Lab work based on courses ESM – 301and ESM – 302

Any one of the following two (ESM - 304 and ESM 305):

ESM – 304: Ecological Restoration

Definitions and concept, reclamation, remediation, restoration and rehabilitation.

Disturbance: causes and impact on the structure and functioning of terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.
Aims and strategies: Passive and active; habitat, species and ecosystem restoration; single
vs. multiple end-points.
Ecosystem reconstruction: Acceleration of ecological succession, physical, chemical,
biological and biotechnological tools.
Restoration of biological diversity: Augmentation, reintroduction and introduction of
species.
Degradation and restoration of natural ecosystems: Forests, grassland/savanna, wetlands
and other aquatic ecosystems.
Restoration of degraded soils: Restoration of contaminated soils and soil fertility, mine
spoil restoration.

Suggested Readings:
1. Paul E Hardisty. 2010. Environmental and Economic Sustainability. CRC Press.
2. S.C. Santra. 2011. Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency.
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ESM – 305: Society and Environment

Social perspectives of environment: Global and Indian issues.

Sustainable development: Concept, components and strategies.
Social impacts of growing human population and affluence, food security, hunger,
poverty, malnutrition, famine.
Social impacts of water crisis, global climate change, O3 depletion, nuclear accidents,
acid rain, consumerism and waste products.
Problems related to major dams and other developmental projects, resettlement and
rehabilitation.
Environment and human health: epidemiological issues, women and child welfare, family
welfare programme.
Environmental education, Environmental ethics, public awareness, peoples participation
in resource conservation and environmental protection.

Suggested Readings:
1. S.C. Naik and T.N. Tiwari. 2006. Society and Environment. Oxford & IBH
Publishers.
2. S.C. Santra. 2011. Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency.
3. See net, a lot of information is available including PDF files.

Any one of the following two (ESM 306 and ESM 307):

ESM: 306: Air Pollution Control and Abatement

Air quality criteria and standards, air pollution indices; National Environment policy;
National air monitoring programme.
Control of inorganic emissions, clean coal technology, coal conversion, industrial
clean-up technology.
Air pollution control equipments: settlers, cyclone collectors, air filters, scrubbers and
electrostatic precipitators.
Control of CO, SO2, NOx and VOCs emissions, control of vehicular emission.
Indoor air quality control.
Biological abatement of air pollution, scope of green belt development,
phytoremediation.
Noise pollution: Standards, abatement and control.
Economic aspects of air pollution control.

Suggested Readings:
1. V.P. Kudesia. 1997. Air Pollution. Pragati Prakashan.
2. M.H. Rao and H.V.H. Rao. 1998. Air Pollution. Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
3. B.R. Gurjar, L. T. Molina and C. S. P. Ojha. 2010. Air Pollution. CRC Press.
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ESM – 307: Remote Sensing and GIS

Electromagnetic Radiation as Remote Sensing Medium; General Mechanism of Remote

Sensing Data Recording; General Characteristics of Remote Sensing Platforms; General
Characteristics of Remote Sensing Sensors; Indian Remote Sensing Satelites and Sensors.

Spectral Characteristics of Common Natural Objects; Atmospheric Effects on Remote

Sensing Data; Spectral Signatures and Spectral Response Patterns; Resolution of Remote
Sensing Data; Characteristics of Raw Remote Sensing Data

Nature of Qualitative Information and Sequence in Interpretation; Elements of Image

Patterns-Landforms, Drainage, Erosion Details; Applications of Remote Sensing; Remote
Sensing Applications in Environmental Studies; Digital Image enhancement and
classification methods; Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing; Characteristics of
Microwave remote sensing Data; Radar and Lidar: Applications of Microwave Remote
Sensing Data.

Geograpical Data and GIS; Coordinate Systems and Datums; Digital representation of
geographical data-Raster and Vector models; GIS Data Standards-Concepts and
Components; Conceptual and Logical Data Modeling; Applications of GIS

Suggested Readings:
1. 1. Burough, P.A. and McDonnel, R. 1998. Principles of Geographical Information
Systems. Oxford University Press, NY.
2. Campbell, J.B. (2nd Ed), 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing. Taylor and Francis.
3. Christopher, J. 1997. Geographical Information Systems and Computer Cartography.
Longman.
4. Reeves, Robert G. 1999. Manual of Remote Sensing, (Vols. I & II). American
Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, USA.
5. Rencz, A.N. (3rd Ed.) Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote
Sensing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
6. Sabins, F. F. Jr. (2nd Ed). 1986. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H.
Freeman & Co.

ESM –308: Lab work based on ESM – 306/ESM – 307

ESM – 309M: Environmental Pollution

Air Pollution: Types and sources, effects on ecosystem and human health.
Water Pollution: Types and sources, effects on aquatic ecosystem and human health,
eutrophication and its control.
Soil Pollution: Types and sources; Effects of pesticides and heavy metals on ecosystem
and human health; Biomagnification.
Noise Pollution: Sources, permissible limit, effects on human health.
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Suggested Readings:
1. B.R. Gurjar, C.S.P. Ojha and L.T. Molina. 2010. Air Pollution-Health and
Environmental Impacts. CRC Press.
2. J.S. Jean, J. Bundschuh and P. Bhattacharya. 2011. Arsenic in Geosphere and Human
Diseases. CRC Press.
3. I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba and M.L. Bresseau. 2006. Environment and Pollution Science.
Academic Press.

SEMESTER – IV

ESM – 401: Disaster Management

Understanding hazards and disasters, hazards to environment, risk Assessment,

vulnerability analysis.
Dimensions of disaster, disaster impact assessment; types of disaster impact; disaster
trends and patterns; flood, drought, cyclone, tsunami, earthquake and volcanoes & its
management.
Understanding natural and man-made disaster; disaster preparedness; disaster responses;
reducing the impacts of disaster.
Biophysical hazards; disaster due to diseases; disaster in medicines; disaster aid;
Community preparedness; forecasting and warning; rehabilitation; reconstruction and
recovery; slope Instability and landslide hazard.

Suggested Readings:
1. G. F. White (Ed). 1974. Natural Hazards – Local, National, Global. Oxford University
Press.
2. V.T. Chow. 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill.
3. A. N. Strahler and A. H. Strahler. 1973. Environmental Geoscience - Interaction
Between Natural Systems and Man . Santa Barbara, California: Hamilton Publishing.
4. P. Reining. 1978. Handbook of Desertification Indicators. Washington D.C.: American
Association for the Advancement of Science.
5. K. S. Valdiya. 1987. Environmental Geology. Tata McGraw-Hill.

ESM – 402: Environmental Legislation

Fundamental right to clean environment and duties; State’s obligation.

Power of Parliament to legislate environmental legislations.
Definition- Environment, air pollution, water pollution, hazardous substances, handling, animal
article, forest, non-forest purposes, biodiversity.
Environmental legislation enforcement authorities: (i) Under the Water and Air Act-composition,
powers and functions, and (ii) Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986- powers
Environmental dispute redress bodies: (i) National Green Tribunal – composition and jurisdiction,
(ii) Trial court- jurisdiction under the environmental legislations, and (iii) Executive Magistrate’ s
powers
The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980: Objectives and Mechanism.
The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972: Objectives, prohibition on hunting and trade.
The Biodiversity Act 2002: object and National Biodiversity Authority.
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Convention on Climate Change: objectives, principles and commitment-India’s response.

Suggested Readings:
1. Environmental Laws. 2005. Universal Law Publishing.
2. S. Diwan and A. Rosencranz. 2005. Environmental Law and Policy in India. Oxford Univ.
Press.

ESM 403: Industrial Training Report

Students shall be required to go for Industrial training (4 credits) of four weeks during summer
vacation after completion of Semester II examination. The training will be evaluated during
Semester IV on the basis of a report and presentation.

ESM 404: Dissertation based on project work

The project work (10 credits) will be carried out by the students in semester IV and work will be
evaluated on the basis of dissertation and presentation.

ESM 405: Field Study and Report thereof

Students are required to visit any local industry, river or other site and prepare a study
report thereof. The field study will be evaluated on the basis of report and presentation.