Model Code

of Professional
Conduct

As Amended April 2024

Version with Changes Marked

World Exchange Plaza | 1810 ‑ 45 O’Connor | Ottawa | Ontario | Canada | K1P 1A4 | 613.236.7272 | www.flsc.ca
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 1 – INTERPRETATION AND DEFINITIONS.................................................. 9
1.1 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 2 – STANDARDS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION ..................................... 12
2.1 INTEGRITY............................................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER 3 – RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENTS .............................................................. 15
3.1 COMPETENCE ..................................................................................................... 16
Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 16
Competence .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 QUALITY OF SERVICE ........................................................................................ 20
Quality of Service ............................................................................................................ 20
Limited Scope Retainers ................................................................................................. 21
Honesty and Candour ..................................................................................................... 22
Language Rights ............................................................................................................. 22
When the Client is an Organization ................................................................................ 23
Encouraging Compromise or Settlement ........................................................................ 23
Threatening Criminal or Regulatory Proceedings ........................................................... 23
Inducement for Withdrawal of Criminal or Regulatory Proceedings................................ 24
Dishonesty, Fraud by Client or Others ............................................................................ 25
Dishonesty, Fraud when Client an Organization ............................................................. 26
Clients with Diminished Capacity .................................................................................... 27
3.3 CONFIDENTIALITY .............................................................................................. 29
Confidential Information .................................................................................................. 29
Use of Confidential Information ....................................................................................... 31
Future Harm / Public Safety Exception ........................................................................... 31
3.4 CONFLICTS .......................................................................................................... 35
Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest ................................................................................... 35
Consent........................................................................................................................... 38
Short-term Summary Legal Services .............................................................................. 40
Dispute ............................................................................................................................ 41
Concurrent Representation with protection of confidential client information ................. 41
Joint Retainers ................................................................................................................ 42
Acting Against Former Clients ........................................................................................ 44
Acting for Borrower and Lender ...................................................................................... 45
Conflicts from Transfer Between Law Firms ................................................................... 47
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Application of Rule .......................................................................................................... 47

Law Firm Disqualification ................................................................................................ 48
Transferring Lawyer Disqualification ............................................................................... 50
Lawyer Due-diligence for non-lawyer staff ...................................................................... 50
Doing Business with a Client .......................................................................................... 51
Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 51
Transactions with Clients ................................................................................................ 52
Borrowing from Clients .................................................................................................... 53
Lending to Clients ........................................................................................................... 54
Guarantees by a Lawyer ................................................................................................. 54
Payment for Legal Services ............................................................................................ 55
Gifts and Testamentary Instruments ............................................................................... 55
Judicial Interim Release .................................................................................................. 55
3.5 PRESERVATION OF CLIENTS’ PROPERTY ...................................................... 56
Preservation of Clients’ Property .................................................................................... 56
Notification of Receipt of Property .................................................................................. 56
Identifying Clients’ Property ............................................................................................ 56
Accounting and Delivery ................................................................................................. 57
3.6 FEES AND DISBURSEMENTS ............................................................................ 58
Reasonable Fees and Disbursements ............................................................................ 58
Contingent Fees and Contingent Fee Agreements ......................................................... 59
Statement of Account...................................................................................................... 59
Joint Retainer .................................................................................................................. 60
Division of Fees and Referral Fees ................................................................................. 60
Exception for Multi-discipline Practices and Interjurisdictional Law Firms ...................... 61
Payment and Appropriation of Funds ............................................................................. 61
Prepaid Legal Services Plan ........................................................................................... 62
3.7 WITHDRAWAL FROM REPRESENTATION ........................................................ 63
Withdrawal from Representation ..................................................................................... 63
Optional Withdrawal ........................................................................................................ 63
Non-payment of Fees ..................................................................................................... 64
Withdrawal from Criminal Proceedings ........................................................................... 64
Obligatory Withdrawal ..................................................................................................... 65
Leaving a Law Firm ......................................................................................................... 65
Manner of Withdrawal ..................................................................................................... 66
Duty of Successor Lawyer .............................................................................................. 68
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CHAPTER 4 – MARKETING OF LEGAL SERVICES.................................................... 69

4.1 MAKING LEGAL SERVICES AVAILABLE .......................................................... 70
Making Legal Services Available .................................................................................... 70
Restrictions ..................................................................................................................... 70
4.2 MARKETING ......................................................................................................... 72
Marketing of Professional Services ................................................................................. 72
Advertising of Fees ......................................................................................................... 72
4.3 ADVERTISING NATURE OF PRACTICE ............................................................. 73
CHAPTER 5 – RELATIONSHIP TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ................ 74
5.1 THE LAWYER AS ADVOCATE ............................................................................ 75
Advocacy ........................................................................................................................ 75
Incriminating Physical Evidence ..................................................................................... 78
Ex Parte Proceedings ..................................................................................................... 79
Single-Party Communications with a Tribunal ................................................................ 80
Duty as Prosecutor ......................................................................................................... 80
Disclosure of Error or Omission ...................................................................................... 81
Courtesy.......................................................................................................................... 81
Undertakings ................................................................................................................... 81
Agreement on Guilty Plea ............................................................................................... 81
5.2 THE LAWYER AS WITNESS................................................................................ 83
Submission of Evidence.................................................................................................. 83
Appeals ........................................................................................................................... 83
5.3 [DELETED] ………………………………………………………………………………83
5.4 COMMUNICATING WITH WITNESSES ............................................................... 84
Conduct during Witness Preparation and Testimony ...................................................... 84
5.5 RELATIONS WITH JURORS ................................................................................ 86
Communications before Trial .......................................................................................... 86
Disclosure of Information ................................................................................................ 86
Communication During Trial ........................................................................................... 86
5.6 THE LAWYER AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ................................ 88
Encouraging Respect for the Administration of Justice .................................................. 88
Seeking Legislative or Administrative Changes .............................................................. 89
Security of Court Facilities .............................................................................................. 89
5.7 LAWYERS AND MEDIATORS ............................................................................. 90
Role of Mediator.............................................................................................................. 90
CHAPTER 6 – RELATIONSHIP TO STUDENTS, EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS ........ 91
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6.1 SUPERVISION ...................................................................................................... 92

Direct Supervision Required ........................................................................................... 92
Application ...................................................................................................................... 93
Delegation ....................................................................................................................... 93
Suspended or Disbarred Lawyers ................................................................................... 94
Electronic Registration of Documents ............................................................................. 94
6.2 STUDENTS ........................................................................................................... 96
Recruitment and Engagement Procedures ..................................................................... 96
Duties of Principal ........................................................................................................... 96
Duties of Articling Student............................................................................................... 96
6.3 DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT .............................................................. 97
Discrimination ................................................................................................................. 97
Harassment..................................................................................................................... 99
Sexual Harassment....................................................................................................... 100
Reprisal ......................................................................................................................... 102
CHAPTER 7 – RELATIONSHIP TO THE SOCIETY AND OTHER LAWYERS........... 103
7.1 RESPONSIBILITY TO THE SOCIETY AND THE PROFESSION GENERALLY 104
Communications from the Society ................................................................................ 104
Meeting Financial Obligations ....................................................................................... 104
Duty to Report ............................................................................................................... 104
Encouraging Client to Report Dishonest Conduct ........................................................ 105
7.2 RESPONSIBILITY TO LAWYERS AND OTHERS ............................................. 106
Courtesy and Good Faith .............................................................................................. 106
Communications ........................................................................................................... 106
Inadvertent Communications ........................................................................................ 109
Undertakings and Trust Conditions ............................................................................... 109
7.3 OUTSIDE INTERESTS AND THE PRACTICE OF LAW .................................... 111
Maintaining Professional Integrity and Judgment ......................................................... 111
7.4 THE LAWYER IN PUBLIC OFFICE .................................................................... 112
Standard of Conduct ..................................................................................................... 112
7.5 PUBLIC APPEARANCES AND PUBLIC STATEMENTS .................................. 113
Communication with the Public ..................................................................................... 113
Interference with Right to Fair Trial or Hearing ............................................................. 114
7.6 PREVENTING UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE .................................................... 115
Preventing Unauthorized Practice ................................................................................ 115
7.7 RETIRED JUDGES RETURNING TO PRACTICE ............................................. 116
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7.8 ERRORS AND OMISSIONS ............................................................................... 117

Informing Client of Errors or Omissions ........................................................................ 117
Notice of Claim.............................................................................................................. 117
Co-operation ................................................................................................................. 118
Responding to Client’s Claim ........................................................................................ 118
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PREFACE

One of the hallmarks of a free and democratic society is the Rule of Law. Its importance is
manifested in every legal activity in which citizens engage, from the sale of real property to the
prosecution of murder to international trade. As participants in a justice system that advances
the Rule of Law, lawyers hold a unique and privileged position in society. Self-regulatory powers
have been granted to the legal profession on the understanding that the profession will exercise
those powers in the public interest. Part of that responsibility is ensuring the appropriate
regulation of the professional conduct of lawyers. Members of the legal profession who draft,
argue, interpret and challenge the law of the land can attest to the robust legal system in
Canada. They also acknowledge the public’s reliance on the integrity of the people who work
within the legal system and the authority exercised by the governing bodies of the profession.
While lawyers are consulted for their knowledge and abilities, more is expected of them than
forensic acumen. A special ethical responsibility comes with membership in the legal profession.
This Code attempts to define and illustrate that responsibility in terms of a lawyer’s professional
relationships with clients, the Justice system and the profession.

The Code sets out statements of principle followed by exemplary rules and commentaries,
which contextualize the principles enunciated. The principles are important statements of the
expected standards of ethical conduct for lawyers and inform the more specific guidance in the
rules and commentaries. The Code assists in defining ethical practice and in identifying what is
questionable ethically. Some sections of the Code are of more general application, and some
sections, in addition to providing ethical guidance, may be read as aspirational. The Code in its
entirety should be considered a reliable and instructive guide for lawyers that establishes only
the minimum standards of professional conduct expected of members of the profession. Some
circumstances that raise ethical considerations may be sufficiently unique that the guidance in a
rule or commentary may not answer the issue or provide the required direction. In such cases,
lawyers should consult with the Law Society, senior practitioners or the courts for guidance.

A breach of the provisions of the Code may or may not be sanctionable. The decision to
address a lawyer’s conduct through disciplinary action based on a breach of the Code will be
made on a case-by-case basis after an assessment of all relevant information. The rules and
commentaries are intended to encapsulate the ethical standard for the practice of law in
Canada. A failure to meet this standard may result in a finding that the lawyer has engaged in
conduct unbecoming or professional misconduct.
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The Code of Conduct was drafted as a national code for Canadian lawyers. It is recognized,
however, that regional differences will exist in respect of certain applications of the ethical
standards. Lawyers who practise outside their home jurisdiction should find the Code useful in
identifying these differences.

The practice of law continues to evolve. Advances in technology, changes in the culture of those
accessing legal services and the economics associated with practising law will continue to
present challenges to lawyers. The ethical guidance provided to lawyers by their regulators
should be responsive to this evolution. Rules of conduct should assist, not hinder, lawyers in
providing legal services to the public in a way that ensures the public interest is protected. This
calls for a framework based on ethical principles that, at the highest level, are immutable, and a
profession that dedicates itself to practise according to the standards of competence, honesty
and loyalty. The Law Society intends and hopes that this Code will be of assistance in achieving
these goals.
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CHAPTER 1 – INTERPRETATION AND DEFINITIONS

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1.1 DEFINITIONS

1.1-1 In this Code, unless the context indicates otherwise,

“associate” includes:
(a) a lawyer who practises law in a law firm through an employment or other contractual
relationship; and
(b) a non-lawyer employee of a multi-discipline practice providing services that support or
supplement the practice of law;
“client” means a person who:
(a) consults a lawyer and on whose behalf the lawyer renders or agrees to render legal
services; or
(b) having consulted the lawyer, reasonably concludes that the lawyer has agreed to render
legal services on his or her behalf.
and includes a client of the law firm of which the lawyer is a partner or associate, whether or not
the lawyer handles the client’s work.
Commentary
[1] A lawyer-client relationship may be established without formality.
[2] When an individual consults a lawyer in a representative capacity, the client is the
corporation, partnership, organization, or other legal entity that the individual is
representing;
[3] For greater clarity, a client does not include a near-client, such as an affiliated
entity, director, shareholder, employee or family member, unless there is objective
evidence to demonstrate that such an individual had a reasonable expectation that a
lawyer-client relationship would be established.
A “conflict of interest” means the existence of a substantial risk that a lawyer’s loyalty to or
representation of a client would be materially and adversely affected by the lawyer’s own
interest or the lawyer’s duties to another client, a former client, or a third person.
“consent” means fully informed and voluntary consent after disclosure
(a) in writing, provided that, if more than one person consents, each signs the same or a
separate document recording the consent; or
(b) orally, provided that each person consenting receives a separate written
communication recording the consent as soon as practicable;
“law firm” includes one or more lawyers practising:
(a) in a sole proprietorship;
(b) in a partnership;
(c) as a clinic under the [provincial or territorial Act governing legal aid];
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(d) in a government, a Crown corporation or any other public body; or

(e) in a corporation or other organization;
“lawyer” means a member of the Society and includes a law student registered in the Society’s
pre-call training program;
“limited scope retainer” means the provision of legal services for part, but not all, of a client’s
legal matter by agreement with the client;
“Society” means the Law Society of <province or territory>;
“tribunal” includes a court, board, arbitrator, mediator, administrative agency or other body that
resolves disputes, regardless of its function or the informality of its procedures.
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CHAPTER 2 – STANDARDS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION

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2.1 INTEGRITY

2.1-1 A lawyer has a duty to carry on the practice of law and discharge all responsibilities to
clients, tribunals, the public and other members of the profession honourably and with integrity.

Commentary
[1] Integrity is the fundamental quality of any person who seeks to practise as a
member of the legal profession. If a client has any doubt about his or her lawyer’s
trustworthiness, the essential element in the true lawyer-client relationship will be
missing. If integrity is lacking, the lawyer’s usefulness to the client and reputation within
the profession will be destroyed, regardless of how competent the lawyer may be.
[2] Public confidence in the administration of justice and in the legal profession may
be eroded by a lawyer’s irresponsible conduct. Accordingly, a lawyer’s conduct should
reflect favourably on the legal profession, inspire the confidence, respect and trust of
clients and of the community, and avoid even the appearance of impropriety.
[3] Dishonourable or questionable conduct on the part of a lawyer in either private life
or professional practice will reflect adversely upon the integrity of the profession and the
administration of justice. Whether within or outside the professional sphere, if the
conduct is such that knowledge of it would be likely to impair a client’s trust in the lawyer,
the Society may be justified in taking disciplinary action.
[4] Generally, however, the Society will not be concerned with the purely private or
extra-professional activities of a lawyer that do not bring into question the lawyer’s
professional integrity.
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2.1-2 A lawyer has a duty to uphold the standards and reputation of the legal profession and to
assist in the advancement of its goals, organizations and institutions.

Commentary
[1] Collectively, lawyers are encouraged to enhance the profession through activities
such as:
(a) sharing knowledge and experience with colleagues and students informally in
day-to-day practice as well as through contribution to professional journals and
publications, support of law school projects and participation in panel
discussions, legal education seminars, bar admission courses and university
lectures;
(b) participating in legal aid and community legal services programs or providing
legal services on a pro bono basis;
(c) filling elected and volunteer positions with the Society;
(d) acting as directors, officers and members of local, provincial, national and
international bar associations and their various committees and sections; and
(e) acting as directors, officers and members of non-profit or charitable
organizations.
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CHAPTER 3 – RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENTS

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3.1 COMPETENCE

Definitions

3.1-1 In this section,

“Competent lawyer” means a lawyer who has and applies relevant knowledge, skills and
attributes in a manner appropriate to each matter undertaken on behalf of a client and the
nature and terms of the lawyer’s engagement, including:
(a) knowing general legal principles and procedures and the substantive law and
procedure for the areas of law in which the lawyer practises;
(b) investigating facts, identifying issues, ascertaining client objectives, considering
possible options and developing and advising the client on appropriate courses of
action;
(c) implementing as each matter requires, the chosen course of action through the
application of appropriate skills, including:
(i) legal research;
(ii) analysis;
(iii) application of the law to the relevant facts;
(iv) writing and drafting;
(v) negotiation;
(vi) alternative dispute resolution;
(vii) advocacy; and
(viii) problem solving;
(d) communicating at all relevant stages of a matter in a timely and effective manner;
(e) performing all functions conscientiously, diligently and in a timely and cost-effective
manner;
(f) applying intellectual capacity, judgment and deliberation to all functions;
(g) complying in letter and spirit with all rules pertaining to the appropriate professional
conduct of lawyers;
(h) recognizing limitations in one’s ability to handle a matter or some aspect of it and taking
steps accordingly to ensure the client is appropriately served;
(i) managing one’s practice effectively;
(j) pursuing appropriate professional development to maintain and enhance legal
knowledge and skills; and
(k) otherwise adapting to changing professional requirements, standards, techniques and
practices.
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Competence

3.1-2 A lawyer must perform all legal services undertaken on a client’s behalf to the standard
of a competent lawyer.

Commentary
[1] As a member of the legal profession, a lawyer is held out as knowledgeable,
skilled and capable in the practice of law. Accordingly, the client is entitled to assume
that the lawyer has the ability and capacity to deal adequately with all legal matters to be
undertaken on the client’s behalf.
[2] Competence is founded upon both ethical and legal principles.
This rule addresses the ethical principles. Competence involves more than
an understanding of legal principles: it involves an adequate knowledge of the practice
and procedures by which such principles can be effectively applied. To accomplish this,
the lawyer should keep abreast of developments in all areas of law in which the lawyer
practises.
[3] In deciding whether the lawyer has employed the requisite degree of knowledge
and skill in a particular matter, relevant factors will include:
(a) the complexity and specialized nature of the matter;
(b) the lawyer’s general experience;
(c) the lawyer’s training and experience in the field;
(d) the preparation and study the lawyer is able to give the matter; and
(e) whether it is appropriate or feasible to refer the matter to, or associate or consult
with, a lawyer of established competence in the field in question.
[4] In some circumstances, expertise in a particular field of law may be required; often
the necessary degree of proficiency will be that of the general practitioner.
[4A] To maintain the required level of competence, a lawyer should develop an
understanding of, and ability to use, technology relevant to the nature and area of the
lawyer’s practice and responsibilities. A lawyer should understand the benefits and risks
associated with relevant technology, recognizing the lawyer’s duty to protect confidential
information set out in section 3.3.
[4B] The required level of technological competence will depend on whether the use of
understanding of technology is necessary to the nature and area of the lawyer’s practice
and responsibilities and whether the relevant technology is reasonably available to the
lawyer. In determining whether technology is reasonably available, consideration should
be given to factors including:
(a) The lawyer’s or law firm’s practice areas;
(b) The geographic locations of the lawyer’s or firm’s practice; and
(c) The requirements of clients.
[5] A lawyer should not undertake a matter without honestly feeling competent to handle
it, or being able to become competent without undue delay, risk or expense to the client.
The lawyer who proceeds on any other basis is not being honest with the client. This is an
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ethical consideration and is distinct from the standard of care that a tribunal would invoke
for purposes of determining negligence.
[6] A lawyer must recognize a task for which the lawyer lacks competence and the
disservice that would be done to the client by undertaking that task. If consulted about
such a task, the lawyer should:
(a) decline to act;
(b) obtain the client’s instructions to retain, consult or collaborate with a lawyer who
is competent for that task; or
(c) obtain the client’s consent for the lawyer to become competent without undue
delay, risk or expense to the client.
[7] A lawyer should also recognize that competence for a particular task may require
seeking advice from or collaborating with experts in scientific, accounting or other non-
legal fields, and, when it is appropriate, the lawyer should not hesitate to seek the
client’s instructions to consult experts.
[7A] When a lawyer considers whether to provide legal services under a limited scope
retainer the lawyer must carefully assess in each case whether, under the
circumstances, it is possible to render those services in a competent manner. An
agreement for such services does not exempt a lawyer from the duty to provide
competent representation. The lawyer should consider the legal knowledge, skill,
thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation. The lawyer
should ensure that the client is fully informed of the nature of the arrangement and
clearly understands the scope and limitation of the services. See also rule 3.2-1A.
[7B] In providing short-term summary legal services under Rules 3.4-2A – 3.4-2D, a
lawyer should disclose to the client the limited nature of the services provided and
determine whether any additional legal services beyond the short-term summary legal
services may be required or are advisable, and encourage the client to seek such further
assistance.
[8] A lawyer should clearly specify the facts, circumstances and assumptions on
which an opinion is based, particularly when the circumstances do not justify an
exhaustive investigation and the resultant expense to the client. However, unless the
client instructs otherwise, the lawyer should investigate the matter in sufficient detail to
be able to express an opinion rather than mere comments with many qualifications. A
lawyer should only express his or her legal opinion when it is genuinely held and is
provided to the standard of a competent lawyer.
[9] A lawyer should be wary of providing unreasonable or over-confident assurances
to the client, especially when the lawyer’s employment or retainer may depend upon
advising in a particular way.
[10] In addition to opinions on legal questions, a lawyer may be asked for or may be
expected to give advice on non-legal matters such as the business, economic, policy or
social complications involved in the question or the course the client should choose. In
many instances the lawyer’s experience will be such that the lawyer’s views on non-legal
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matters will be of real benefit to the client. The lawyer who expresses views on such
matters should, if necessary and to the extent necessary, point out any lack of
experience or other qualification in the particular field and should clearly distinguish legal
advice from other advice.
[11] In a multi-discipline practice, a lawyer must ensure that the client is made aware
that the legal advice from the lawyer may be supplemented by advice or services from a
non-lawyer. Advice or services from non-lawyer members of the firm unrelated to the
retainer for legal services must be provided independently of and outside the scope of
the legal services retainer and from a location separate from the premises of the multi-
discipline practice. The provision of non-legal advice or services unrelated to the legal
services retainer will also be subject to the constraints outlined in the rules/by-
laws/regulations governing multi-discipline practices.
[12] The requirement of conscientious, diligent and efficient service means that a
lawyer should make every effort to provide timely service to the client. If the lawyer can
reasonably foresee undue delay in providing advice or services, the client should be so
informed.
[13] The lawyer should refrain from conduct that may interfere with or compromise his or
her capacity or motivation to provide competent legal services to the client and be aware
of any factor or circumstance that may have that effect.
[14] A lawyer who is incompetent does the client a disservice, brings discredit to the
profession and may bring the administration of justice into disrepute. In addition to
damaging the lawyer’s own reputation and practice, incompetence may also injure the
lawyer’s partners and associates.
[15] Incompetence, Negligence and Mistakes - This rule does not require a standard of
perfection. An error or omission, even though it might be actionable for damages in
negligence or contract, will not necessarily constitute a failure to maintain the standard of
professional competence described by the rule. However, evidence of gross neglect in a
particular matter or a pattern of neglect or mistakes in different matters may be evidence
of such a failure, regardless of tort liability. While damages may be awarded for
negligence, incompetence can give rise to the additional sanction of disciplinary action.
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3.2 QUALITY OF SERVICE

Quality of Service

3.2-1 A lawyer has a duty to provide courteous, thorough and prompt service to clients. The
quality of service required of a lawyer is service that is competent, timely, conscientious,
diligent, efficient and civil.

Commentary
[1] This rule should be read and applied in conjunction with section 3.1 regarding
competence.
[2] A lawyer has a duty to provide a quality of service at least equal to that which
lawyers generally expect of a competent lawyer in a like situation. An ordinarily or
otherwise competent lawyer may still occasionally fail to provide an adequate quality of
service.
[3] A lawyer has a duty to communicate effectively with the client. What is effective
will vary depending on the nature of the retainer, the needs and sophistication of the
client and the need for the client to make fully informed decisions and provide
instructions.
[4] A lawyer should ensure that matters are attended to within a reasonable time
frame. If the lawyer can reasonably foresee undue delay in providing advice or services,
the lawyer has a duty to so inform the client, so that the client can make an informed
choice about his or her options, such as whether to retain new counsel.

Examples of expected practices

[5] The quality of service to a client may be measured by the extent to which a lawyer
maintains certain standards in practice. The following list, which is illustrative and not
exhaustive, provides key examples of expected practices in this area:
(a) keeping a client reasonably informed;
(b) answering reasonable requests from a client for information;
(c) responding to a client’s telephone calls;
(d) keeping appointments with a client, or providing a timely explanation or apology
when unable to keep such an appointment;
(e) taking appropriate steps to do something promised to a client, or informing or
explaining to the client when it is not possible to do so;
(f) ensuring, where appropriate, that all instructions are in writing or confirmed in
writing;
(g) answering, within a reasonable time, any communication that requires a reply;
(h) ensuring that work is done in a timely manner so that its value to the client is
maintained;
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(i) providing quality work and giving reasonable attention to the review of
documentation to avoid delay and unnecessary costs to correct errors or
omissions;
(j) maintaining office staff, facilities and equipment adequate to the lawyer’s
practice;
(k) informing a client of a proposal of settlement, and explaining the proposal
properly;
(l) providing a client with complete and accurate relevant information about a
matter;
(m) making a prompt and complete report when the work is finished or, if a final
report cannot be made, providing an interim report when one might reasonably
be expected;
(n) avoiding the use of intoxicants or drugs that interferes with or prejudices the
lawyer’s services to the client;
(o) being civil.
[6] A lawyer should meet deadlines, unless the lawyer is able to offer a reasonable
explanation and ensure that no prejudice to the client will result. Whether or not a
specific deadline applies, a lawyer should be prompt in handling a matter, responding to
communications and reporting developments to the client. In the absence of
developments, contact with the client should be maintained to the extent the client
reasonably expects.

Limited Scope Retainers

3.2-1A Before undertaking a limited scope retainer the lawyer must advise the client about the
nature, extent and scope of the services that the lawyer can provide and must confirm in writing
to the client as soon as practicable what services will be provided.

Commentary
[1] Reducing to writing the discussions and agreement with the client about the limited
scope retainer assists the lawyer and client in understanding the limitations of the
service to be provided and any risks of the retainer.
[2] A lawyer who is providing legal services under a limited scope retainer should be
careful to avoid acting in a way that suggests that the lawyer is providing full services to
the client.
[3] Where the limited services being provided include an appearance before a tribunal
a lawyer must be careful not to mislead the tribunal as to the scope of the retainer and
should consider whether disclosure of the limited nature of the retainer is required by the
rules of practice or the circumstances.
[4] A lawyer who is providing legal services under a limited scope retainer should
consider how communications from opposing counsel in a matter should be managed
(See rule 7.2-6A).
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[5] This rule does not apply to situations in which a lawyer is providing summary
advice, for example over a telephone hotline or as duty counsel, or to initial consultations
that may result in the client retaining the lawyer.

Honesty and Candour

3.2-2 When advising a client, a lawyer must be honest and candid and must inform the client
of all information known to the lawyer that may affect the interests of the client in the matter.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should disclose to the client all the circumstances of the lawyer’s
relations to the parties and interest in or connection with the matter, if any that might
influence whether the client selects or continues to retain the lawyer.
[2] A lawyer’s duty to a client who seeks legal advice is to give the client a competent
opinion based on a sufficient knowledge of the relevant facts, an adequate consideration
of the applicable law and the lawyer’s own experience and expertise. The advice must
be open and undisguised and must clearly disclose what the lawyer honestly thinks
about the merits and probable results.
[3] Occasionally, a lawyer must be firm with a client. Firmness, without rudeness, is
not a violation of the rule. In communicating with the client, the lawyer may disagree with
the client’s perspective, or may have concerns about the client’s position on a matter,
and may give advice that will not please the client. This may legitimately require firm and
animated discussion with the client.

Language Rights

3.2-2A A lawyer must, when appropriate, advise a client of the client’s language rights, including
the right to proceed in the official language of the client’s choice.

3.2-2B Where a client wishes to retain a lawyer for representation in the official language of the
client’s choice, the lawyer must not undertake the matter unless the lawyer is competent to
provide the required services in that language.

Commentary
[1] The lawyer should advise the client of the client’s language rights as soon as
possible.
[2] The choice of official language is that of the client not the lawyer. The lawyer
should be aware of relevant statutory and Constitutional law relating to language rights
including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s.19(1) and Part XVII of the
Criminal Code regarding language rights in courts under federal jurisdiction and in
criminal proceedings. The lawyer should also be aware that provincial or territorial
legislation may provide additional language rights, including in relation to aboriginal
languages.
 23

[3] When a lawyer considers whether to provide the required services in the official
language chosen by the client, the lawyer should carefully consider whether it is possible
to render those services in a competent manner as required by Rule 3.1-2 and related
Commentary.

When the Client is an Organization

3.2-3 Although a lawyer may receive instructions from an officer, employee, agent or
representative, when a lawyer is employed or retained by an organization, including a
corporation, the lawyer must act for the organization in exercising his or her duties and in
providing professional services.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer acting for an organization should keep in mind that the organization, as
such, is the client and that a corporate client has a legal personality distinct from its
shareholders, officers, directors and employees. While the organization or corporation
acts and gives instructions through its officers, directors, employees, members, agents
or representatives, the lawyer should ensure that it is the interests of the organization
that are served and protected. Further, given that an organization depends on persons
to give instructions, the lawyer should ensure that the person giving instructions for the
organization is acting within that person’s actual or ostensible authority.
[2] In addition to acting for the organization, a lawyer may also accept a joint retainer
and act for a person associated with the organization. For example, a lawyer may advise
an officer of an organization about liability insurance. In such cases the lawyer acting for
an organization should be alert to the prospects of conflicts of interests and should
comply with the rules about the avoidance of conflicts of interests (section 3.4).

Encouraging Compromise or Settlement

3.2-4 A lawyer must advise and encourage a client to compromise or settle a dispute
whenever it is possible to do so on a reasonable basis and must discourage the client from
commencing or continuing useless legal proceedings.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should consider the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) when
appropriate, inform the client of ADR options and, if so instructed, take steps to pursue
those options.

Threatening Criminal or Regulatory Proceedings

3.2-5 A lawyer must not, in an attempt to gain a benefit for a client, threaten, or advise a client
to threaten:
(a) to initiate or proceed with a criminal or quasi-criminal charge; or
 24

(b) to make a complaint to a regulatory authority.

Commentary
[1] It is an abuse of the court or regulatory authority’s process to threaten to make or
advance a complaint in order to secure the satisfaction of a private grievance. Even if a
client has a legitimate entitlement to be paid monies, threats to take criminal or quasi-
criminal action are not appropriate.
[2] It is not improper, however, to notify the appropriate authority of criminal or quasi-
criminal activities while also taking steps through the civil system. Nor is it improper for a
lawyer to request that another lawyer comply with an undertaking or trust condition or
other professional obligation or face being reported to the Society. The impropriety
stems from threatening to use, or actually using, criminal or quasi-criminal proceedings
to gain a civil advantage.

Inducement for Withdrawal of Criminal or Regulatory Proceedings

3.2-6 A lawyer must not:

(a) give or offer to give, or advise an accused or any other person to give or offer to give,
any valuable consideration to another person in exchange for influencing the Crown or
a regulatory authority’s conduct of a criminal or quasi-criminal charge or a complaint,
unless the lawyer obtains the consent of the Crown or the regulatory authority to enter
into such discussions;
(b) accept or offer to accept, or advise a person to accept or offer to accept, any valuable
consideration in exchange for influencing the Crown or a regulatory authority’s conduct
of a criminal or quasi-criminal charge or a complaint, unless the lawyer obtains the
consent of the Crown or regulatory authority to enter such discussions; or
(c) wrongfully influence any person to prevent the Crown or regulatory authority from
proceeding with charges or a complaint or to cause the Crown or regulatory authority to
withdraw the complaint or stay charges in a criminal or quasi-criminal proceeding.

Commentary
[1] “Regulatory authority” includes professional and other regulatory bodies.
[2] A lawyer for an accused or potential accused must never influence a complainant
or potential complainant not to communicate or cooperate with the Crown. However, this
rule does not prevent a lawyer for an accused or potential accused from communicating
with a complainant or potential complainant to obtain factual information, arrange for
restitution or an apology from an accused, or defend or settle any civil matters between
the accused and the complainant. When a proposed resolution involves valuable
consideration being exchanged in return for influencing the Crown or regulatory authority
not to proceed with a charge or to seek a reduced sentence or penalty, the lawyer for the
accused must obtain the consent of the Crown or regulatory authority prior to discussing
such proposal with the complainant or potential complainant. Similarly, lawyers advising
 25

a complainant or potential complainant with respect to any such negotiations can do so

only with the consent of the Crown or regulatory authority.
[3] A lawyer cannot provide an assurance that the settlement of a related civil matter
will result in the withdrawal of criminal or quasi-criminal charges, absent the consent of
the Crown or regulatory authority.
[4] When the complainant or potential complainant is unrepresented, the lawyer should
have regard to the rules respecting unrepresented persons and make it clear that the
lawyer is acting exclusively in the interests of the accused. If the complainant or potential
complainant is vulnerable, the lawyer should take care not to take unfair or improper
advantage of the circumstances. When communicating with an unrepresented
complainant or potential complainant, it is prudent to have a witness present.

Dishonesty, Fraud by Client or Others

3.2-7 A lawyer must never:

a) knowingly assist in or encourage any dishonesty, fraud, crime, or illegal conduct.

b) do or omit to do anything that the lawyer ought to know assists in or encourages any
dishonesty, fraud, crime, or illegal conduct by a client or others, or
c) instruct a client or others on how to violate the law and avoid punishment.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should be on guard against becoming the tool or dupe of an
unscrupulous client, or of others, whether or not associated with the unscrupulous client.
[2] A lawyer should be alert to and avoid unwittingly becoming involved with a client or
others engaged in criminal activities such as mortgage fraud or money laundering.
Vigilance is required because the means for these and other criminal activities may be
transactions for which lawyers commonly provide services such as: establishing,
purchasing or selling business entities; arranging financing for the purchase or sale or
operation of business entities; arranging financing for the purchase or sale of business
assets; and purchasing and selling real estate.
[3] If a lawyer has suspicions or doubts about whether he or she might be assisting a
client or others in dishonesty, fraud, crime or illegal conduct, the lawyer should make
reasonable inquiries to obtain information about the client or others and, in the case of
the client, about the subject matter and objectives of the retainer. These should include
verifying who are the legal or beneficial owners of property and business entities,
verifying who has the control of business entities, and clarifying the nature and purpose
of a complex or unusual transaction where the purpose is not clear. The lawyer should
make a record of the results of these inquiries.
[4] A bona fide test case is not necessarily precluded by this rule and, so long as no
injury to a person or violence is involved, a lawyer may properly advise and represent a
client who, in good faith and on reasonable grounds, desires to challenge or test a law
 26

and the test can most effectively be made by means of a technical breach giving rise to
a test case. In all situations, the lawyer should ensure that the client appreciates the
consequences of bringing a test case.

Dishonesty, Fraud when Client an Organization

3.2-8 A lawyer who is employed or retained by an organization to act in a matter in which the
lawyer knows that the organization has acted, is acting or intends to act dishonestly,
fraudulently, criminally, or illegally, must do the following, in addition to his or her obligations
under rule 3.2-7:
(a) advise the person from whom the lawyer takes instructions and the chief legal officer,
or both the chief legal officer and the chief executive officer, that the proposed conduct
is, was or would be dishonest, fraudulent, criminal, or illegal and should be stopped;
(b) if necessary because the person from whom the lawyer takes instructions, the chief
legal officer or the chief executive officer refuses to cause the proposed conduct to be
stopped, advise progressively the next highest persons or groups, including ultimately,
the board of directors, the board of trustees, or the appropriate committee of the board,
that the proposed conduct was, is or would be dishonest, fraudulent, criminal, or illegal
and should be stopped; and
(c) if the organization, despite the lawyer’s advice, continues with or intends to pursue the
proposed wrongful conduct, withdraw from acting in the matter in accordance with the
rules in section 3.7.

Commentary
[1] The past, present, or proposed misconduct of an organization may have harmful
and serious consequences, not only for the organization and its constituency, but also
for the public who rely on organizations to provide a variety of goods and services. In
particular, the misconduct of publicly traded commercial and financial corporations may
have serious consequences for the public at large. This rule addresses some of the
professional responsibilities of a lawyer acting for an organization, including a
corporation, when he or she learns that the organization has acted, is acting, or
proposes to act in a way that is dishonest, fraudulent, criminal or illegal. In addition to
these rules, the lawyer may need to consider, for example, the rules and commentary
about confidentiality (section 3.3).
[2] This rule speaks of conduct that is dishonest, fraudulent, criminal or illegal.
[3] Such conduct includes acts of omission. Indeed, often it is the omissions of an
organization, such as failing to make required disclosure or to correct inaccurate
disclosures that constitute the wrongful conduct to which these rules relate. Conduct
likely to result in substantial harm to the organization, as opposed to genuinely trivial
misconduct by an organization, invokes these rules.
 27

[4] In considering his or her responsibilities under this section, a lawyer should
consider whether it is feasible and appropriate to give any advice in writing.
[5] A lawyer acting for an organization who learns that the organization has acted, is
acting, or intends to act in a wrongful manner, may advise the chief executive officer and
must advise the chief legal officer of the misconduct. If the wrongful conduct is not
abandoned or stopped, the lawyer must report the matter “up the ladder” of responsibility
within the organization until the matter is dealt with appropriately. If the organization,
despite the lawyer’s advice, continues with the wrongful conduct, the lawyer must
withdraw from acting in the particular matter in accordance with Rule 3.7-1. In some but
not all cases, withdrawal means resigning from his or her position or relationship with the
organization and not simply withdrawing from acting in the particular matter.
[6] This rule recognizes that lawyers as the legal advisers to organizations are in a
central position to encourage organizations to comply with the law and to advise that it is
in the organization’s and the public’s interest that organizations do not violate the law.
Lawyers acting for organizations are often in a position to advise the executive officers of
the organization, not only about the technicalities of the law, but also about the public
relations and public policy concerns that motivated the government or regulator to enact
the law. Moreover, lawyers for organizations, particularly in-house counsel, may guide
organizations to act in ways that are legal, ethical, reputable and consistent with the
organization’s responsibilities to its constituents and to the public.

Clients with Diminished Capacity

3.2-9 When a client’s ability to make decisions is impaired because of minority or mental
disability, or for some other reason, the lawyer must, as far as reasonably possible, maintain a
normal lawyer and client relationship.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer and client relationship presupposes that the client has the requisite
mental ability to make decisions about his or her legal affairs and to give the lawyer
instructions. A client’s ability to make decisions depends on such factors as age,
intelligence, experience and mental and physical health and on the advice, guidance and
support of others. A client’s ability to make decisions may change, for better or worse,
over time. A client may be mentally capable of making some decisions but not others.
The key is whether the client has the ability to understand the information relative to the
decision that has to be made and is able to appreciate the reasonably foreseeable
consequences of the decision or lack of decision. Accordingly, when a client is, or comes
to be, under a disability that impairs his or her ability to make decisions, the lawyer will
have to assess whether the impairment is minor or whether it prevents the client from
giving instructions or entering into binding legal relationships.
[2] A lawyer who believes a person to be incapable of giving instructions should
decline to act. However, if a lawyer reasonably believes that the person has no other
agent or representative and a failure to act could result in imminent and irreparable
 28

harm, the lawyer may take action on behalf of the person lacking capacity only to the
extent necessary to protect the person until a legal representative can be appointed. A
lawyer undertaking to so act has the same duties under these rules to the person lacking
capacity as the lawyer would with any client.
[3] If a client’s incapacity is discovered or arises after the solicitor-client relationship is
established, the lawyer may need to take steps to have a lawfully authorized
representative, such as a litigation guardian, appointed or to obtain the assistance of the
Office of the Public Trustee to protect the interests of the client. Whether that should be
done depends on all relevant circumstances, including the importance and urgency of
any matter requiring instruction. In any event, the lawyer has an ethical obligation to
ensure that the client’s interests are not abandoned. Until the appointment of a legal
representative occurs, the lawyer should act to preserve and protect the client’s
interests.
[4] In some circumstances when there is a legal representative, the lawyer may
disagree with the legal representative’s assessment of what is in the best interests of the
client under a disability. So long as there is no lack of good faith or authority, the
judgment of the legal representative should prevail. If a lawyer becomes aware of
conduct or intended conduct of the legal representative that is clearly in bad faith or
outside that person’s authority, and contrary to the best interests of the client with
diminished capacity, the lawyer may act to protect those interests. This may require
reporting the misconduct to a person or institution such as a family member or the Public
Trustee.
[5] When a lawyer takes protective action on behalf of a person or client lacking in
capacity, the authority to disclose necessary confidential information may be implied in
some circumstances: See Commentary under Rule 3.3-1 (Confidentiality) for a
discussion of the relevant factors. If the court or other counsel becomes involved, the
lawyer should inform them of the nature of the lawyer’s relationship with the person
lacking capacity.
 29

3.3 CONFIDENTIALITY

Confidential Information

3.3-1 A lawyer at all times must hold in strict confidence all information concerning the
business and affairs of a client acquired in the course of the professional relationship and must
not divulge any such information unless:
(a) expressly or impliedly authorized by the client;
(b) required by law or a court to do so;
(c) required to deliver the information to the Law Society; or
(d) otherwise permitted by this rule.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer cannot render effective professional service to a client unless there is full
and unreserved communication between them. At the same time, the client must feel
completely secure and entitled to proceed on the basis that, without any express request
or stipulation on the client’s part, matters disclosed to or discussed with the lawyer will
be held in strict confidence.
[2] This rule must be distinguished from the evidentiary rule of lawyer and client
privilege, which is also a constitutionally protected right, concerning oral or documentary
communications passing between the client and the lawyer. The ethical rule is wider and
applies without regard to the nature or source of the information or the fact that others
may share the knowledge.
[3] A lawyer owes the duty of confidentiality to every client without exception and
whether or not the client is a continuing or casual client. The duty survives the
professional relationship and continues indefinitely after the lawyer has ceased to act for
the client, whether or not differences have arisen between them.
[4] A lawyer also owes a duty of confidentiality to anyone seeking advice or
assistance on a matter invoking a lawyer’s professional knowledge, although the lawyer
may not render an account or agree to represent that person. A solicitor and client
relationship is often established without formality. A lawyer should be cautious in
accepting confidential information on an informal or preliminary basis, since possession
of the information may prevent the lawyer from subsequently acting for another party in
the same or a related matter (see rule 3.4-1 Conflicts).
[5] Generally, unless the nature of the matter requires such disclosure, a lawyer
should not disclose having been:
(a) retained by a person about a particular matter; or
(b) consulted by a person about a particular matter, whether or not the lawyer-client
relationship has been established between them.
 30

[6] A lawyer should take care to avoid disclosure to one client of confidential
information concerning or received from another client and should decline employment
that might require such disclosure.
[7] Sole practitioners who practise in association with other lawyers in cost-sharing,
space-sharing or other arrangements should be mindful of the risk of advertent or
inadvertent disclosure of confidential information, even if the lawyers institute systems
and procedures that are designed to insulate their respective practices. The issue may
be heightened if a lawyer in the association represents a client on the other side of a
dispute with the client of another lawyer in the association. Apart from conflict of interest
issues such a situation may raise, the risk of such disclosure may depend on the extent
to which the lawyers’ practices are integrated, physically and administratively, in the
association.
[8] A lawyer should avoid indiscreet conversations and other communications, even
with the lawyer’s spouse or family, about a client’s affairs and should shun any gossip
about such things even though the client is not named or otherwise identified. Similarly,
a lawyer should not repeat any gossip or information about the client’s business or
affairs that is overheard or recounted to the lawyer. Apart altogether from ethical
considerations or questions of good taste, indiscreet shoptalk among lawyers, if
overheard by third parties able to identify the matter being discussed, could result in
prejudice to the client. Moreover, the respect of the listener for lawyers and the legal
profession will probably be lessened. Although the rule may not apply to facts that are
public knowledge, a lawyer should guard against participating in or commenting on
speculation concerning clients’ affairs or business.
[9] In some situations, the authority of the client to disclose may be inferred. For
example, in court proceedings some disclosure may be necessary in a pleading or other
court document. Also, it is implied that a lawyer may, unless the client directs otherwise,
disclose the client’s affairs to partners and associates in the law firm and, to the extent
necessary, to administrative staff and to others whose services are used by the lawyer.
But this implied authority to disclose places the lawyer under a duty to impress upon
associates, employees, students and other lawyers engaged under contract with the
lawyer or with the firm of the lawyer the importance of non disclosure (both during their
employment and afterwards) and requires the lawyer to take reasonable care to prevent
their disclosing or using any information that the lawyer is bound to keep in confidence.
[10] The client’s authority for the lawyer to disclose confidential information to the extent
necessary to protect the client’s interest may also be inferred in some situations where the
lawyer is taking action on behalf of the person lacking capacity to protect the person until a
legal representative can be appointed. In determining whether a lawyer may disclose such
information, the lawyer should consider all circumstances, including the reasonableness of
the lawyer’s belief the person lacks capacity, the potential harm that may come to the
client if no action is taken, and any instructions the client may have given the lawyer when
capable of giving instructions about the authority to disclose information. Similar
considerations apply to confidential information given to the lawyer by a person who lacks
the capacity to become a client but nevertheless requires protection.
 31

[11] A lawyer may have an obligation to disclose information under Rules 5.5-2, 5.5-3
and 5.6-3. If client information is involved in those situations, the lawyer should be
guided by the provisions of this rule.

Use of Confidential Information

3.3-2 A lawyer must not use or disclose a client’s or former client’s confidential information to
the disadvantage of the client or former client, or for the benefit of the lawyer or a third person
without the consent of the client or former client.

Commentary
[1] The fiduciary relationship between a lawyer and a client forbids the lawyer or a
third person from benefiting from the lawyer’s use of a client’s confidential information. If
a lawyer engages in literary works, such as a memoir or autobiography, the lawyer is
required to obtain the client’s or former client’s consent before disclosing confidential
information.

Future Harm / Public Safety Exception

3.3-3 A lawyer may disclose confidential information, but must not disclose more information
than is required, when the lawyer believes on reasonable grounds that there is an imminent risk
of death or serious bodily harm, and disclosure is necessary to prevent the death or harm.

Commentary
[1] Confidentiality and loyalty are fundamental to the relationship between a lawyer
and a client because legal advice cannot be given and justice cannot be done unless
clients have a large measure of freedom to discuss their affairs with their lawyers.
However, in some very exceptional situations identified in this rule, disclosure without
the client’s permission might be warranted because the lawyer is satisfied that truly
serious harm of the types identified is imminent and cannot otherwise be prevented.
These situations will be extremely rare.
[2] The Supreme Court of Canada has considered the meaning of the words “serious
bodily harm” in certain contexts, which may inform a lawyer in assessing whether
disclosure of confidential information is warranted. In Smith v. Jones, [1999] 1 S.C.R.
455 at paragraph 83, the Court observed that serious psychological harm may constitute
serious bodily harm if it substantially interferes with the health or well-being of the
individual.
[3] In assessing whether disclosure of confidential information is justified to prevent
death or serious bodily harm, a lawyer should consider a number of factors, including:
(a) the likelihood that the potential injury will occur and its imminence;
(b) the apparent absence of any other feasible way to prevent the potential injury;
and
 32

(c) the circumstances under which the lawyer acquired the information of the client’s
intent or prospective course of action.
[4] How and when disclosure should be made under this rule will depend upon the
circumstances. A lawyer who believes that disclosure may be warranted should contact
the local law society for ethical advice. When practicable and permitted, a judicial order
may be sought for disclosure.
[5] If confidential information is disclosed under rule 3.3-3, the lawyer should prepare
a written note as soon as possible, which should include:
(a) the date and time of the communication in which the disclosure is made;
(b) the grounds in support of the lawyer’s decision to communicate the information,
including the harm intended to be prevented, the identity of the person who
prompted communication of the information as well as the identity of the person
or group of persons exposed to the harm; and
(c) the content of the communication, the method of communication used and the
identity of the person to whom the communication was made.

3.3-4 If it is alleged that a lawyer or the lawyer’s associates or employees:

(a) have committed a criminal offence involving a client’s affairs;
(b) are civilly liable with respect to a matter involving a client’s affairs;
(c) have committed acts of professional negligence; or
(d) have engaged in acts of professional misconduct or conduct unbecoming a lawyer,

the lawyer may disclose confidential information in order to defend against the allegations, but
must not disclose more information than is required.

3.3-5 A lawyer may disclose confidential information in order to establish or collect the
lawyer’s fees, but must not disclose more information than is required.

3.3-6 A lawyer may disclose confidential information to another lawyer to secure legal or
ethical advice about the lawyer’s proposed conduct.

3.3-7 A lawyer may disclose confidential information to the extent reasonably necessary to
detect and resolve conflicts of interest arising from the lawyer’s change of employment or from
changes in the composition or ownership of a law firm, but only if the information disclosed does
not compromise the solicitor-client privilege or otherwise prejudice the client.
 33

Commentary
[1] As a matter related to clients’ interests in maintaining a relationship with counsel of
choice and protecting client confidences, lawyers in different firms may need to disclose
limited information to each other to detect and resolve conflicts of interest, such as when
a lawyer is considering an association with another firm, two or more firms are
considering a merger, or a lawyer is considering the purchase of a law practice.
[2] In these situations (see Rules 3.4-17 to 3.4-23 on Conflicts From Transfer
Between Law Firms), rule 3.3-7 permits lawyers and law firms to disclose limited
information. This type of disclosure would only be made once substantive discussions
regarding the new relationship have occurred.
[3] This exchange of information between the firms needs to be done in a manner
consistent with the transferring lawyer’s and new firm’s obligations to protect client
confidentiality and privileged information and avoid any prejudice to the client. It
ordinarily would include no more than the names of the persons and entities involved in
a matter. Depending on the circumstances, it may include a brief summary of the
general issues involved, and information about whether the representation has come to
an end.
[4] The disclosure should be made to as few lawyers at the new law firm as possible,
ideally to one lawyer of the new firm, such as a designated conflicts lawyer. The
information should always be disclosed only to the extent reasonably necessary to
detect and resolve conflicts of interest that might arise from the possible new
relationship.
[5] As the disclosure is made on the basis that it is solely for the use of checking
conflicts where lawyers are transferring between firms and for establishing screens, the
disclosure should be coupled with an undertaking by the new law firm to the former law
firm that it will:
(a) limit access to the disclosed information;
(b) not use the information for any purpose other than detecting and resolving
conflicts; and
(c) return, destroy, or store in a secure and confidential manner the information
provided once appropriate confidentiality screens are established.
[6] The client’s consent to disclosure of such information may be specifically addressed
in a retainer agreement between the lawyer and client. In some circumstances, however,
because of the nature of the retainer, the transferring lawyer and the new law firm may be
required to obtain the consent of clients to such disclosure or the disclosure of any further
information about the clients. This is especially the case where disclosure would
compromise solicitor-client privilege or otherwise prejudice the client (e.g., the fact that a
corporate client is seeking advice on a corporate takeover that has not been publicly
announced; that a person has consulted a lawyer about the possibility of divorce before
 34

the person's intentions are known to the person's spouse; or that a person has consulted a
lawyer about a criminal investigation that has not led to a public charge).
 35

3.4 CONFLICTS

Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest

3.4-1 A lawyer must not act or continue to act for a client where there is a conflict of interest,
except as permitted under this Code.

Commentary
[1] Lawyers have an ethical duty to avoid conflicts of interest. Some cases involving
conflicts of interest will fall within the scope of the bright line rule as articulated by the
Supreme Court of Canada. The bright line rule prohibits a lawyer or law firm from
representing one client whose legal interests are directly adverse to the immediate legal
interests of another client even if the matters are unrelated unless the clients consent.
However, the bright line rule cannot be used to support tactical abuses and will not apply
in the exceptional cases where it is unreasonable for the client to expect that the lawyer
or law firm will not act against it in unrelated matters. See also rule 3.4-2 and
commentary [6].
[2] In cases where the bright line rule is inapplicable, the lawyer or law firm will still be
prevented from acting if representation of the client would create a substantial risk that
the lawyer’s representation of the client would be materially and adversely affected by
the lawyer’s own interests or by the lawyer’s duties to another current client, a former
client, or a third person. The risk must be more than a mere possibility; there must be a
genuine, serious risk to the duty of loyalty or to client representation arising from the
retainer.
[3] This rule applies to a lawyer's representation of a client in all circumstances in
which the lawyer acts for, provides advice to or exercises judgment on behalf of a client.
Effective representation may be threatened where a lawyer is tempted to prefer other
interests over those of his or her own client: the lawyer's own interests, those of a
current client, a former client, or a third party.
[4] [deleted]

The Fiduciary Relationship, the Duty of Loyalty and Conflicting Interests

[5] The rule governing conflicts of interest is founded in the duty of loyalty which is
grounded in the law governing fiduciaries. The lawyer-client relationship is based on
trust. It is a fiduciary relationship and as such, the lawyer has a duty of loyalty to the
client. To maintain public confidence in the integrity of the legal profession and the
administration of justice, in which lawyers play a key role, it is essential that lawyers
respect the duty of loyalty. Arising from the duty of loyalty are other duties, such as a
duty to commit to the client’s cause, the duty of confidentiality, the duty of candour and
the duty to avoid conflicting interests.
 36

[6] A client must be assured of the lawyer’s undivided loyalty, free from any material
impairment of the lawyer and client relationship. The relationship may be irreparably
damaged where the lawyer’s representation of one client is directly adverse to another
client’s immediate legal interests. One client may legitimately fear that the lawyer will not
pursue the representation out of deference to the other client.

Other Duties Arising from the Duty of Loyalty

[7] The lawyer’s duty of confidentiality is owed to both current and former clients, with
the related duty not to attack the legal work done during a retainer or to undermine the
former client’s position on a matter that was central to the retainer.
[8] The lawyer’s duty of commitment to the client’s cause prevents the lawyer from
summarily and unexpectedly dropping a client to circumvent conflict of interest rules.
The client may legitimately feel betrayed if the lawyer ceases to act for the client to avoid
a conflict of interest.
[9] The duty of candour requires a lawyer or law firm to advise an existing client of all
matters relevant to the retainer.

Identifying Conflicts
[10] A lawyer should examine whether a conflict of interest exists not only from the
outset but throughout the duration of a retainer because new circumstances or
information may establish or reveal a conflict of interest. Factors for the lawyer’s
consideration in determining whether a conflict of interest exists include:
(a) the immediacy of the legal interests;
(b) whether the legal interests are directly adverse;
(c) whether the issue is substantive or procedural;
(d) the temporal relationship between the matters;
(e) the significance of the issue to the immediate and long-term interests of the
clients involved; and
(f) the clients' reasonable expectations in retaining the lawyer for the particular
matter or representation.

Examples of areas where conflicts of interest may occur

[11] Conflicts of interest can arise in many different circumstances. The following
examples are intended to provide illustrations of circumstances that may give rise to
conflicts of interest. The examples are not exhaustive.
(a) A lawyer acts as an advocate in one matter against a person when the lawyer
represents that person on some other matter.
(b) A lawyer provides legal advice on a series of commercial transactions to the
owner of a small business and at the same time provides legal advice to an
 37

employee of the business on an employment matter, thereby acting for clients

whose legal interests are directly adverse.
(c) A lawyer, an associate, a law partner or a family member has a personal financial
interest in a client’s affairs or in a matter in which the lawyer is requested to act
for a client, such as a partnership interest in some joint business venture with a
client.
i. A lawyer owning a small number of shares of a publicly traded corporation
would not necessarily have a conflict of interest in acting for the
corporation because the holding may have no adverse influence on the
lawyer’s judgment or loyalty to the client.
(d) A lawyer has a sexual or close personal relationship with a client.
i. Such a relationship may conflict with the lawyer’s duty to provide objective,
disinterested professional advice to the client. The relationship may
obscure whether certain information was acquired in the course of the
lawyer and client relationship and may jeopardize the client’s right to have
all information concerning his or her affairs held in strict confidence. The
relationship may in some circumstances permit exploitation of the client by
his or her lawyer. If the lawyer is a member of a firm and concludes that a
conflict exists, the conflict is not imputed to the lawyer’s firm, but would be
cured if another lawyer in the firm who is not involved in such a relationship
with the client handled the client’s work.
(e) A lawyer or his or her law firm acts for a public or private corporation and the
lawyer serves as a director of the corporation.
i. These two roles may result in a conflict of interest or other problems
because they may
A. affect the lawyer’s independent judgment and fiduciary obligations in
either or both roles,
B. obscure legal advice from business and practical advice,
C. jeopardize the protection of lawyer and client privilege, and
D. disqualify the lawyer or the law firm from acting for the organization.
(f) Sole practitioners who practise with other lawyers in cost-sharing or other
arrangements represent clients on opposite sides of a dispute.
i. The fact or the appearance of such a conflict may depend on the extent to
which the lawyers’ practices are integrated, physically and administratively,
in the association.

The Role of the Court and Law Societies

[12] These rules set out ethical standards to which all members of the profession must
adhere. The courts have a separate supervisory role over court proceedings. In that role,
 38

the courts apply fiduciary principles developed by the courts to govern lawyers’
relationships with their clients, to ensure the proper administration of justice. A breach of
the rules on conflicts of interest may lead to sanction by a law society even where a
court dealing with the case may decline to order disqualification as a remedy.

Consent

3.4-2 A lawyer must not represent a client in a matter when there is a conflict of interest unless
there is express or implied consent from all affected clients and the lawyer reasonably believes
that he or she is able to represent the client without having a material adverse effect upon the
representation of or loyalty to the client or another client.
(a) Express consent must be fully informed and voluntary after disclosure.
(b) Consent may be inferred and need not be in writing where all of the following
apply:
i. the client is a government, financial institution, publicly traded or similarly
substantial entity, or an entity with in-house counsel;
ii. the matters are unrelated;
iii. the lawyer has no relevant confidential information from one client that
might reasonably affect the other; and
iv. the client has commonly consented to lawyers acting for and against it in
unrelated matters.

Commentary
Disclosure and consent
[1] Disclosure is an essential requirement to obtaining a client’s consent and arises
from the duty of candour owed to the client. Where it is not possible to provide the client
with adequate disclosure because of the confidentiality of the information of another
client, the lawyer must decline to act.
[2] Disclosure means full and fair disclosure of all information relevant to a person’s
decision in sufficient time for the person to make a genuine and independent decision, and
the taking of reasonable steps to ensure understanding of the matters disclosed. The
lawyer therefore should inform the client of the relevant circumstances and the reasonably
foreseeable ways that the conflict of interest could adversely affect the client’s interests.
This would include the lawyer’s relations to the parties and any interest in or connection
with the matter.
[2A] While this rule does not require that a lawyer advise a client to obtain
independent legal advice about the conflict of interest, in some cases the lawyer should
recommend such advice. This is to ensure that the client’s consent is informed, genuine
and uncoerced, especially if the client is vulnerable or not sophisticated.
 39

[3] Following the required disclosure, the client can decide whether to give consent.
As important as it is to the client that the lawyer’s judgment and freedom of action on the
client’s behalf not be subject to other interests, duties or obligations, in practice this
factor may not always be decisive. Instead, it may be only one of several factors that the
client will weigh when deciding whether or not to give the consent referred to in the rule.
Other factors might include, for example, the availability of another lawyer of comparable
expertise and experience, the stage that the matter or proceeding has reached, the extra
cost, delay and inconvenience involved in engaging another lawyer, and the latter’s
unfamiliarity with the client and the client’s affairs.

Consent in Advance
[4] A lawyer may be able to request that a client consent in advance to conflicts that
might arise in the future. As the effectiveness of such consent is generally determined by
the extent to which the client reasonably understands the material risks that the consent
entails, the more comprehensive the explanation of the types of future representations
that might arise and the actual and reasonably foreseeable adverse consequences of
those representations, the greater the likelihood that the client will have the requisite
understanding. A general, open-ended consent will ordinarily be ineffective because it is
not reasonably likely that the client will have understood the material risks involved. If the
client is an experienced user of the legal services involved and is reasonably informed
regarding the risk that a conflict may arise, such consent is more likely to be effective,
particularly if, for example, the client is independently represented by other counsel in
giving consent and the consent is limited to future conflicts unrelated to the subject of the
representation.
[5] While not a pre-requisite to advance consent, in some circumstances it may be
advisable to recommend that the client obtain independent legal advice before deciding
whether to provide consent. Advance consent must be recorded, for example in a
retainer letter.

Implied consent
[6] In limited circumstances consent may be implied, rather than expressly granted. In
some cases it may be unreasonable for a client to claim that it expected that the loyalty
of the lawyer or law firm would be undivided and that the lawyer or law firm would refrain
from acting against the client in unrelated matters. In considering whether the client’s
expectation is reasonable, the nature of the relationship between the lawyer and client,
the terms of the retainer and the matters involved must be considered. Governments,
chartered banks and entities that might be considered sophisticated consumers of legal
services may accept that lawyers may act against them in unrelated matters where there
is no danger of misuse of confidential information. The more sophisticated the client is
as a consumer of legal services, the more likely it will be that an inference of consent
can be drawn. The mere nature of the client is not, however, a sufficient basis upon
which to assume implied consent; the matters must be unrelated, the lawyer must not
possess confidential information from one client that could affect the other client, and
 40

there must be a reasonable basis upon which to conclude that the client has commonly
accepted that lawyers may act against it in such circumstances.

Short-term Summary Legal Services

3.4-2A In rules 3.4-2B to 3.4-2D “Short-term summary legal services” means advice or
representation to a client under the auspices of a pro bono or not-for-profit legal services
provider with the expectation by the lawyer and the client that the lawyer will not provide
continuing legal services in the matter.

3.4-2B A lawyer may provide short-term summary legal services without taking steps to
determine whether there is a conflict of interest.

3.4-2C Except with consent of the clients as provided in rule 3.4-2, a lawyer must not provide, or
must cease providing short-term summary legal services to a client where the lawyer knows or
becomes aware that there is a conflict of interest.

3.4-2D A lawyer who provides short-term summary legal services must take reasonable
measures to ensure that no disclosure of the client's confidential information is made to another
lawyer in the lawyer’s firm.

Commentary
[1] Short-term summary legal service and duty counsel programs are usually offered
in circumstances in which it may be difficult to systematically screen for conflicts of
interest in a timely way, despite the best efforts and existing practices and procedures of
the not-for-profit legal services provider and the lawyers and law firms who provide these
services. Performing a full conflicts screening in circumstances in which the short-term
summary services described in these rules are being offered can be very challenging
given the timelines, volume and logistics of the setting in which the services are
provided.
[2] The limited nature of short-term summary legal services significantly reduces the
risk of conflicts of interest with other matters being handled by the lawyer’s firm.
Accordingly, the lawyer is disqualified from acting for a client receiving short-term
summary legal services only if the lawyer has actual knowledge of a conflict of interest
between the client receiving short-term summary legal services and an existing client of
the lawyer or an existing client of the pro bono or not-for-profit legal services provider or
between the lawyer and the client receiving short-term summary legal services.
[3] Confidential information obtained by a lawyer providing the services described in
Rules 3.4-2A-2D will not be imputed to the lawyers in the lawyer’s firm or to non-lawyer
partners or associates in a multi-discipline partnership. As such, these individuals may
continue to act for another client adverse in interest to the client who is obtaining or has
obtained short-term summary legal services, and may act in future for another client
 41

adverse in interest to the client who is obtaining or has obtained short-term summary
legal services.
[4] In the provision of short-term summary legal services, the lawyer’s knowledge
about possible conflicts of interest is based on the lawyer’s reasonable recollection and
information provided by the client in the ordinary course of consulting with the pro bono
or not-for-profit legal services provider to receive its services.

Dispute

3.4-3 Despite rule 3.4-2, a lawyer must not represent opposing parties in a dispute.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer representing a client who is a party in a dispute with another party or
parties must competently and diligently develop and argue the position of the client. In a
dispute, the parties’ immediate legal interests are clearly adverse. If the lawyer were
permitted to act for opposing parties in such circumstances even with consent, the
lawyer’s advice, judgment and loyalty to one client would be materially and adversely
affected by the same duties to the other client or clients. In short, the lawyer would find it
impossible to act without offending these rules.

Concurrent Representation with protection of confidential client information

3.4-4 Where there is no dispute among the clients about the matter that is the subject of the
proposed representation, two or more lawyers in a law firm may act for current clients with
competing interests and may treat information received from each client as confidential and not
disclose it to the other clients, provided that:
(a) disclosure of the risks of the lawyers so acting has been made to each client;
(b) the lawyer recommends each client receive independent legal advice, including on the
risks of concurrent representation;
(c) the clients each determine that it is in their best interests that the lawyers so act and
consent to the concurrent representation;
(d) each client is represented by a different lawyer in the firm;
(e) appropriate screening mechanisms are in place to protect confidential information; and
(f) all lawyers in the law firm withdraw from the representation of all clients in respect of the
matter if a dispute that cannot be resolved develops among the clients.

Commentary
[1] This rule provides guidance on concurrent representation, which is permitted in
limited circumstances. Concurrent representation is not contrary to the rule prohibiting
representation where there is a conflict of interest provided that the clients are fully
informed of the risks and understand that if a dispute arises among the clients that
 42

cannot be resolved the lawyers may have to withdraw, resulting in potential additional
costs.
[2] An example is a law firm acting for a number of sophisticated clients in a matter
such as competing bids in a corporate acquisition in which, although the clients’ interests
are divergent and may conflict, the clients are not in a dispute. Provided that each client
is represented by a different lawyer in the firm and there is no real risk that the firm will
not be able to properly represent the legal interests of each client, the firm may represent
both even though the subject matter of the retainers is the same. Whether or not a risk of
impairment of representation exists is a question of fact.
[3] The basis for the advice described in the rule from both the lawyers involved in the
concurrent representation and those giving the required independent legal advice is
whether concurrent representation is in the best interests of the clients. Even where all
clients consent, the lawyers should not accept a concurrent retainer if the matter is one
in which one of the clients is less sophisticated or more vulnerable than the other.
[4] In cases of concurrent representation lawyers should employ, as applicable, the
reasonable screening measures to ensure non-disclosure of confidential information
within the firm set out in the rule on conflicts from transfer between law firms (see Rule
3.4-20).

Joint Retainers

3.4-5 Before a lawyer acts in a matter or transaction for more than one client, the lawyer must
advise each of the clients that:
(a) the lawyer has been asked to act for both or all of them;
(b) no information received in connection with the matter from one client can be treated as
confidential so far as any of the others are concerned; and
(c) if a conflict develops that cannot be resolved, the lawyer cannot continue to act for both
or all of them and may have to withdraw completely.

Commentary
[1] Although this rule does not require that a lawyer advise clients to obtain
independent legal advice before the lawyer may accept a joint retainer, in some cases,
the lawyer should recommend such advice to ensure that the clients’ consent to the joint
retainer is informed, genuine and uncoerced. This is especially so when one of the
clients is less sophisticated or more vulnerable than the other.
[2] A lawyer who receives instructions from spouses or partners to prepare one or
more wills for them based on their shared understanding of what is to be in each will
should treat the matter as a joint retainer and comply with rule 3.4-5. Further, at the
outset of this joint retainer, the lawyer should advise the spouses or partners that, if
subsequently only one of them were to communicate new instructions, such as
instructions to change or revoke a will:
 43

(a) the subsequent communication would be treated as a request for a new retainer
and not as part of the joint retainer;
(b) in accordance with Rule 3.3-1, the lawyer would be obliged to hold the
subsequent communication in strict confidence and not disclose it to the other
spouse or partner; and
(c) the lawyer would have a duty to decline the new retainer, unless:
(i) the spouses or partners had annulled their marriage, divorced,
permanently ended their conjugal relationship or permanently ended
their close personal relationship, as the case may be;
(ii) the other spouse or partner had died; or
(iii) the other spouse or partner was informed of the subsequent
communication and agreed to the lawyer acting on the new
instructions.
[3] After advising the spouses or partners in the manner described above, the lawyer
should obtain their consent to act in accordance with rule 3.4-7.

3.4-6 If a lawyer has a continuing relationship with a client for whom the lawyer acts regularly,
before the lawyer accepts joint employment for that client and another client in a matter or
transaction, the lawyer must advise the other client of the continuing relationship and
recommend that the client obtain independent legal advice about the joint retainer.

3.4-7 When a lawyer has advised the clients as provided under rules 3.4-5 and 3.4-6 and the
parties are content that the lawyer act, the lawyer must obtain their consent.

Commentary
[1] Consent in writing, or a record of the consent in a separate written communication
to each client is required. Even if all the parties concerned consent, a lawyer should
avoid acting for more than one client when it is likely that a contentious issue will arise
between them or their interests, rights or obligations will diverge as the matter
progresses.

3.4-8 Except as provided by rule 3.4-9, if a contentious issue arises between clients who have
consented to a joint retainer,
(a) the lawyer must not advise them on the contentious issue and must:
(i) refer the clients to other lawyers; or
(ii) advise the clients of their option to settle the contentious issue by direct
negotiation in which the lawyer does not participate, provided:
A. no legal advice is required; and
B. the clients are sophisticated.
 44

(b) if the contentious issue is not resolved, the lawyer must withdraw from the joint
representation.

Commentary
[1] This rule does not prevent a lawyer from arbitrating or settling, or attempting to
arbitrate or settle a dispute between two or more clients or former clients who are not
under any legal disability and who wish to submit the dispute to the lawyer.
[2] If, after the clients have consented to a joint retainer, an issue contentious between
them or some of them arises, the lawyer is not necessarily precluded from advising them
on non-contentious matters.

3.4-9 Subject to this rule, if clients consent to a joint retainer and also agree that if a
contentious issue arises the lawyer may continue to advise one of them, the lawyer may advise
that client about the contentious matter and must refer the other or others to another lawyer.

Commentary
[1] This rule does not relieve the lawyer of the obligation when the contentious issue
arises to obtain the consent of the clients when there is or is likely to be a conflict of
interest, or if the representation on the contentious issue requires the lawyer to act
against one of the clients.
[2] When entering into a joint retainer, the lawyer should stipulate that, if a contentious
issue develops, the lawyer will be compelled to cease acting altogether unless, at the
time the contentious issue develops, all parties consent to the lawyer’s continuing to
represent one of them. Consent given before the fact may be ineffective since the party
granting the consent will not at that time be in possession of all relevant information.

Acting Against Former Clients

3.4-10 Unless the former client consents, a lawyer must not act against a former client in:
(a) the same matter,
(b) any related matter, or
(c) any other matter if the lawyer has relevant confidential information arising from the
representation of the former client that may prejudice that client.

Commentary
[1] This rule guards against the misuse of confidential information from a previous
retainer and ensures that a lawyer does not attack the legal work done during a previous
retainer, or undermine the client’s position on a matter that was central to a previous
retainer. It is not improper for a lawyer to act against a former client in a fresh and
 45

independent matter wholly unrelated to any work the lawyer has previously done for that
client if previously obtained confidential information is irrelevant to that matter.

3.4-11 When a lawyer has acted for a former client and obtained confidential information
relevant to a new matter, another lawyer (“the other lawyer”) in the lawyer’s firm may act in the
new matter against the former client if:
(a) the former client consents to the other lawyer acting; or
(b) the law firm has:
(i) taken reasonable measures to ensure that there will be no disclosure of the
former client’s confidential information by the lawyer to any other lawyer, any
other member or employee of the law firm, or any other person whose
services the lawyer or the law firm has retained in the new matter; and
(ii) advised the lawyer’s former client, if requested by the client, of the measures
taken.

Commentary
[1] The Commentary to rules 3.4-17 to 3.4-23 regarding conflicts from transfer
between law firms provide valuable guidance for the protection of confidential
information in the rare cases in which it is appropriate for another lawyer in the lawyer’s
firm to act against the former client.

Acting for Borrower and Lender

3.4-12 Subject to rule 3.4-14, a lawyer or two or more lawyers practising in partnership or
association must not act for or otherwise represent both lender and borrower in a mortgage or
loan transaction.

3.4-13 In rules 3.4-14 to 3.4-16, “lending client” means a client that is a bank, trust company,
insurance company, credit union or finance company that lends money in the ordinary course of
its business.

3.4-14 Provided there is compliance with this rule, and in particular rules 3.4-5 to 3.4-9, a
lawyer may act for or otherwise represent both lender and borrower in a mortgage or loan
transaction in any of the following situations:
(a) the lender is a lending client;
(b) the lender is selling real property to the borrower and the mortgage represents part of
the purchase price;
(c) the lawyer practises in a remote location where there are no other lawyers that either
party could conveniently retain for the mortgage or loan transaction; or
 46

(d) the lender and borrower are not at “arm’s length” as defined in the Income Tax Act
(Canada).

3.4-15 When a lawyer acts for both the borrower and the lender in a mortgage or loan
transaction, the lawyer must disclose to the borrower and the lender, in writing, before the
advance or release of the mortgage or loan funds, all material information that is relevant to the
transaction.

Commentary
[1] What is material is to be determined objectively. Material information would be
facts that would be perceived objectively as relevant by any reasonable lender or
borrower. An example is a price escalation or “flip”, where a property is re-transferred or
re-sold on the same day or within a short time period for a significantly higher price. The
duty to disclose arises even if the lender or the borrower does not ask for the specific
information.

3.4-16 If a lawyer is jointly retained by a client and a lending client in respect of a mortgage or
loan from the lending client to the other client, including any guarantee of that mortgage or loan,
the lending client’s consent is deemed to exist upon the lawyer’s receipt of written instructions
from the lending client to act and the lawyer is not required to:
(a) provide the advice described in rule 3.4-5 to the lending client before accepting the
retainer,
(b) provide the advice described in rule 3.4-6, or
(c) obtain the consent of the lending client as required by rule 3.4-7, including confirming
the lending client’s consent in writing, unless the lending client requires that its consent
be reduced to writing.

Commentary
[1] Rules 3.4-15 and 3.4-16 are intended to simplify the advice and consent process
between a lawyer and institutional lender clients. Such clients are generally
sophisticated. Their acknowledgement of the terms of and consent to the joint retainer is
usually confirmed in the documentation of the transaction (e.g., mortgage loan
instructions) and the consent is generally acknowledged by such clients when the lawyer
is requested to act.
[2] Rule 3.4-16 applies to all loans when a lawyer is acting jointly for both the lending
client and another client regardless of the purpose of the loan, including, without
restriction, mortgage loans, business loans and personal loans. It also applies where
there is a guarantee of such a loan.
 47

Conflicts from Transfer Between Law Firms

Application of Rule

3.4-17 In rules 3.4-17 to 3.4-23,

“matter” means a case, a transaction, or other client representation, but within such
representation does not include offering general “know-how” and, in the case of a
government lawyer, providing policy advice unless the advice relates to a particular client
representation.

3.4-18 Rules 3.4-17 to 3.4-23 apply when a lawyer transfers from one law firm (“former law
firm”) to another (“new law firm”), and either the transferring lawyer or the new law firm is aware
at the time of the transfer or later discovers that:
(a) It is reasonable to believe the transferring lawyer has confidential information relevant to
the new law firm’s matter for its client; or
(b)
i. the new law firm represents a client in a matter that is the same as or
related to a matter in which a former law firm represents or represented
its client (“former client”);
ii. the interests of those clients in that matter conflict; and
iii. the transferring lawyer actually possesses relevant information respecting
that matter.

Commentary
[1] The purpose of the rule is to deal with actual knowledge. Imputed knowledge does
not give rise to disqualification. As stated by the Supreme Court of Canada in Macdonald
Estate v. Martin, [1990] 3 SCR 1235, with respect to the partners or associates of a
lawyer who has relevant confidential information, the concept of imputed knowledge is
unrealistic in the era of the mega-firm. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the inference to be
drawn is that lawyers working together in the same firm will share confidences on the
matters on which they are working, such that actual knowledge may be presumed. That
presumption can be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence that shows that all
reasonable measures, as discussed in rule 3.4-20, have been taken to ensure that no
disclosure will occur by the transferring lawyer to the member or members of the firm
who are engaged against a former client.
[2] The duties imposed by this rule concerning confidential information should be
distinguished from the general ethical duty to hold in strict confidence all information
concerning the business and affairs of the client acquired in the course of the
professional relationship, which duty applies without regard to the nature or source of the
information or to the fact that others may share the knowledge.
 48

[3] Law firms with multiple offices — This rule treats as one “law firm” such entities as
the various legal services units of a government, a corporation with separate regional
legal departments and an interjurisdictional law firm.

3.4-19 Rules 3.4-20 to 3.4-22 do not apply to a lawyer employed by the federal, a provincial or
a territorial government who, after transferring from one department, ministry or agency to
another, continues to be employed by that government.

Commentary
[1] Government employees and in-house counsel — The definition of “law firm”
includes one or more lawyers practising in a government, a Crown corporation, any other
public body or a corporation. Thus, the rule applies to lawyers transferring to or from
government service and into or out of an in-house counsel position, but does not extend
to purely internal transfers in which, after transfer, the employer remains the same.

Law Firm Disqualification

3.4-20 If the transferring lawyer actually possesses confidential information relevant to a matter
respecting the former client that may prejudice the former client if disclosed to a member of the
new law firm, the new law firm must cease its representation of its client in that matter unless:
(a) the former client consents to the new law firm’s continued representation of its client; or
(b) the new law firm has:
(i) taken reasonable measures to ensure that there will be no disclosure of the
former client’s confidential information by the transferring lawyer to any
member of the new law firm; and
(ii) advised the lawyer’s former client, if requested by the client, of the measures
taken.

Commentary
[1] It is not possible to offer a set of “reasonable measures” that will be appropriate or
adequate in every case. Instead, the new law firm that seeks to implement reasonable
measures must exercise professional judgment in determining what steps must be taken
“to ensure that no disclosure will occur to any member of the new law firm of the former
client’s confidential information.” Such measures may include timely and properly
constructed confidentiality screens.
[2] For example, the various legal services units of a government, a corporation with
separate regional legal departments, an interjurisdictional law firm, or a legal aid program
may be able to demonstrate that, because of its institutional structure, reporting
relationships, function, nature of work, and geography, relatively fewer “measures” are
necessary to ensure the non-disclosure of client confidences. If it can be shown that,
because of factors such as the above, lawyers in separate units, offices or departments do
 49

not “work together” with other lawyers in other units, offices or departments, this will be
taken into account in the determination of what screening measures are “reasonable.”
[3] The guidelines that follow are intended as a checklist of relevant factors to be
considered. Adoption of only some of the guidelines may be adequate in some cases,
while adoption of them all may not be sufficient in others.

Guidelines: How to Screen/Measures to be taken

1. The screened lawyer should have no involvement in the new law firm’s
representation of its client in the matter.
2. The screened lawyer should not discuss the current matter or any information
relating to the representation of the former client (the two may be identical) with
anyone else in the new law firm.
3. No member of the new law firm should discuss the current matter or the previous
representation with the screened lawyer.
4. The firm should take steps to preclude the screened lawyer from having access to
any part of the file.
5. The new law firm should document the measures taken to screen the transferring
lawyer, the time when these measures were put in place (the sooner the better),
and should advise all affected lawyers and support staff of the measures taken.
6. These Guidelines apply with necessary modifications to situations in which non-
lawyer staff leave one law firm to work for another and a determination is made,
before hiring the individual, on whether any conflicts of interest will be created
and whether the potential new hire actually possesses relevant confidential
information.

How to Determine If a Conflict Exists Before Hiring a Potential Transferee

[4] When a law firm (“new law firm”) considers hiring a lawyer, or an articled law
student (“transferring lawyer”) from another law firm (“former law firm”), the transferring
lawyer and the new law firm need to determine, before the transfer, whether any conflicts
of interest will be created. Conflicts can arise with respect to clients of the law firm that
the transferring lawyer is leaving and with respect to clients of a firm in which the
transferring lawyer worked at some earlier time.
[5] After completing the interview process and before hiring the transferring lawyer,
the new law firm should determine whether any conflicts exist. In determining whether
the transferring lawyer actually possesses relevant confidential information, both the
transferring lawyer and the new law firm must be very careful, during any interview of a
potential transferring lawyer, or other recruitment process, to ensure that they do not
disclose client confidences. See Rule 3.3-7 which provides that a lawyer may disclose
confidential information to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to detect
and resolve conflicts of interest where lawyers transfer between firms.
 50

[6] A lawyer’s duty to the lawyer’s firm may also govern a lawyer’s conduct when
exploring an association with another firm and is beyond the scope of these Rules.

Transferring Lawyer Disqualification

3.4-21 Unless the former client consents, a transferring lawyer referred to in rule 3.4-20 must
not:
(a) participate in any manner in the new law firm’s representation of its client in the matter;
or
(b) disclose any confidential information respecting the former client except as permitted by
rule 3.3-7.

3.4-22 Unless the former client consents, members of the new law firm must not discuss the
new law firm’s representation of its client or the former law firm’s representation of the former
client in that matter with a transferring lawyer referred to in rule 3.4-20 except as permitted by
rule 3.3-7.

Lawyer Due-diligence for non-lawyer staff

3.4-23 A lawyer or a law firm must exercise due diligence in ensuring that each member and
employee of the law firm, and each other person whose services the lawyer or the law firm has
retained:
(a) complies with rules 3.4-17 to 3.4-23; and
(b) does not disclose confidential information:
i. of clients of the firm; or
ii. any other law firm in which the person has worked.

3.4-24 [deleted]

3.4-25 [deleted]

3.4-26 [deleted]
 51

Doing Business with a Client

Definitions

3.4-27 In rules 3.4-27 to 3.4-41,

“independent legal advice” means a retainer in which:

(a) the retained lawyer, who may be a lawyer employed as in-house counsel for the
client, has no conflicting interest with respect to the client’s transaction,
(b) the client’s transaction involves doing business with
i. another lawyer, or
ii. a corporation or other entity in which the other lawyer has an interest
other than a corporation or other entity whose securities are publicly
traded,
(c) the retained lawyer has advised the client that the client has the right to independent
legal representation,
(d) the client has expressly waived the right to independent legal representation and has
elected to receive no legal representation or legal representation from another
lawyer,
(e) the retained lawyer has explained the legal aspects of the transaction to the client,
who appeared to understand the advice given, and
(f) the retained lawyer informed the client of the availability of qualified advisers in other
fields who would be in a position to give an opinion to the client as to the desirability
or otherwise of a proposed investment from a business point of view;

“independent legal representation” means a retainer in which

(a) the retained lawyer, who may be a lawyer employed as in-house counsel for the client,
has no conflicting interest with respect to the client’s transaction, and
(b) the retained lawyer will act as the client’s lawyer in relation to the matter;

Commentary
[1] If a client elects to waive independent legal representation and to rely on
independent legal advice only, the retained lawyer has a responsibility that should not be
lightly assumed or perfunctorily discharged.

“lawyer” includes an associate or partner of the lawyer, related persons as defined by the
Income Tax Act (Canada), and a trust or estate in which the lawyer has a beneficial interest or
for which the lawyer acts as a trustee or in a similar capacity.
 52

“related persons” means related persons as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada).

Transactions with Clients

3.4-28 A lawyer must not enter into a transaction with a client unless the transaction with the
client is fair and reasonable to the client.

3.4-29 Subject to rules 3.4-30 to 3.4-36, where a transaction involves: lending or borrowing
money, buying or selling property or services having other than nominal value, giving or
acquiring ownership, security or other pecuniary interest in a company or other entity,
recommending an investment, or entering into a common business venture, a lawyer must, in
sequence,

(a) disclose the nature of any conflicting interest or how a conflict might develop later;
(b) consider whether the circumstances reasonably require that the client receive
independent legal advice with respect to the transaction; and
(c) obtain the client’s consent to the transaction after the client receives such disclosure
and legal advice.

3.4-30 Rule 3.4-29 does not apply where:

(a) a client intends to enter into a transaction with a corporation or other entity whose
securities are publicly traded in which the lawyer has an interest, or
(b) a lawyer borrows money from a client that is a bank, trust company, insurance
company, credit union or finance company that lends money in the ordinary course of
business.

Commentary
[1] The relationship between lawyer and client is a fiduciary one. The lawyer has a
duty to act in good faith. A lawyer should be able to demonstrate that the transaction with
the client is fair and reasonable to the client.
[2] In some circumstances, the lawyer may also be retained to provide legal services
for the transaction in which the lawyer and a client participate. A lawyer should not
uncritically accept a client’s decision to have the lawyer act. It should be borne in mind
that if the lawyer accepts the retainer the lawyer’s first duty will be to the client. If the
lawyer has any misgivings about being able to place the client’s interests first, the
retainer should be declined. This is because the lawyer cannot act in a transaction with a
client where there is a substantial risk that the lawyer’s loyalty to or representation of the
client would be materially and adversely affected by the lawyer’s own interest, unless the
client consents and the lawyer reasonably believes that he or she is able to act for the
client without having a material adverse effect on loyalty or the representation.
 53

[3] If the lawyer chooses not to disclose the conflicting interest or cannot disclose
without breaching confidence, the lawyer must decline the retainer.
[4] Generally, in disciplinary proceedings under this rule, the burden will rest upon the
lawyer to show good faith, that adequate disclosure was made in the matter, that
independent legal advice was received by the client, where required, and that the client’s
consent was obtained.

Documenting Independent Legal Advice

[5] A lawyer retained to give independent legal advice relating to a transaction should
document the independent legal advice by doing the following:
(a) provide the client with a written certificate that the client has received independent
legal advice,
(b) obtain the client’s signature on a copy of the certificate of independent legal
advice; and
(c) send the signed copy to the lawyer with whom the client proposes to transact
business.

Borrowing from Clients

3.4-31 A lawyer must not borrow money from a client unless

(a) the client is a lending institution, financial institution, insurance company, trust company
or any similar corporation whose business includes lending money to members of the
public; or
(b) the client is a related person as defined by the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the
lawyer:
i. discloses to the client the nature of the conflicting interest; and
ii. requires that the client receive independent legal advice or, where the
circumstances reasonably require, independent legal representation.
3.4-32 Subject to rule 3.4-31, if a corporation, syndicate or partnership in which either or both of
the lawyer and the lawyer’s spouse has a direct or indirect substantial interest borrows money
from a client, the lawyer must:
(a) disclose to the client the nature of the conflicting interest; and
(b) require that the client obtain independent legal representation.

Commentary
[1] Whether a person is considered a client within rules 3.4-31 and 3.4-32 when
lending money to a lawyer on that person’s own account or investing money in a security
in which the lawyer has an interest is determined having regard to all circumstances. If
the circumstances are such that the lender or investor might reasonably feel entitled to
 54

look to the lawyer for guidance and advice about the loan or investment, the lawyer is
bound by the same fiduciary obligation that attaches to a lawyer in dealings with a client.
[2] Given the definition of “lawyer” applicable to these Doing Business with a Client
rules, a lawyer's spouse or a corporation controlled by the lawyer would be prohibited
from borrowing money from a lawyer's unrelated client. Rule 3.4-32 addresses situations
where a conflicting interest may not be immediately apparent to a potential lender. As
such, in the transactions described in the rule, the lawyer must make disclosure and
require that the unrelated client from whom the entity in which the lawyer or the lawyer's
spouse has a direct or indirect substantial interest is borrowing has independent legal
representation.

Lending to Clients

3.4-33 A lawyer must not lend money to a client unless before making the loan, the lawyer
(a) discloses to the client the nature of the conflicting interest;
(b) requires that the client
i. receive independent legal representation, or
ii. if the client is a related person as defined by the Income Tax Act
(Canada), receive independent legal advice; and
(c) obtains the client’s consent.

Guarantees by a Lawyer

3.4-34 Except as provided by rule 3.4-35, a lawyer retained to act with respect to a transaction
in which a client is a borrower or a lender must not guarantee personally, or otherwise provide
security for, any indebtedness in respect of which a client is the borrower or lender.

3.4-35 A lawyer may give a personal guarantee in the following circumstances:

(a) the lender is a bank, trust company, insurance company, credit union or finance
company that lends money in the ordinary course of business, and the lender is
directly or indirectly providing funds solely for the lawyer, the lawyer’s spouse, parent
or child;
(b) the transaction is for the benefit of a non-profit or charitable institution, and the
lawyer provides a guarantee as a member or supporter of such institution, either
individually or together with other members or supporters of the institution; or
(c) the lawyer has entered into a business venture with a client and a lender requires
personal guarantees from all participants in the venture as a matter of course and:
i. the lawyer has complied with rules 3.4-28 to 3.4-36; and
ii. the lender and participants in the venture who are clients or former clients
of the lawyer have independent legal representation.
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Payment for Legal Services

3.4-36 When a client intends to pay for legal services by transferring to a lawyer a share,
participation or other interest in property or in an enterprise, other than a nonmaterial interest in a
publicly traded enterprise, the lawyer must recommend but need not require that the client receive
independent legal advice before accepting a retainer.

Commentary
[1] The remuneration paid to a lawyer by a client for the legal work undertaken by the
lawyer for the client does not give rise to a conflicting interest.

Gifts and Testamentary Instruments

3.4-37 A lawyer must not accept a gift that is more than nominal from a client unless the client
has received independent legal advice.

3.4-38 A lawyer must not include in a client’s will a clause directing the executor to retain the
lawyer’s services in the administration of the client’s estate.

3.4-39 Unless the client is a family member of the lawyer, a lawyer must not prepare or cause
to be prepared an instrument giving the lawyer a gift or benefit from the client, including a
testamentary gift.

Judicial Interim Release

3.4-40 A lawyer must not act as a surety for, deposit money or other valuable security for or act
in a supervisory capacity to an accused person for whom the lawyer acts.

3.4-41 A lawyer may act as a surety for, deposit money or other valuable security for or act in a
supervisory capacity to an accused who is in a family relationship with the lawyer when the
accused is represented by the lawyer’s partner or associate.
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3.5 PRESERVATION OF CLIENTS’ PROPERTY

Preservation of Clients’ Property

3.5-1 In this rule, “property” includes a client’s money, securities as defined in [provincial
legislation], original documents such as wills, title deeds, minute books, licences, certificates
and the like, and all other papers such as client’s correspondence, files, reports, invoices and
other such documents, as well as personal property including precious and semi-precious
metals, jewellery and the like.

3.5-2 A lawyer must:

(a) care for a client’s property as a careful and prudent owner would when dealing with like
property; and
(b) observe all relevant rules and law about the preservation of a client’s property entrusted
to a lawyer.

Commentary
[1] The duties concerning safekeeping, preserving, and accounting for clients’ monies
and other property are set out in the [rules/regulations/by-laws of the relevant Law
Society].
[2] These duties are closely related to those regarding confidential information. A lawyer
is responsible for maintaining the safety and confidentiality of the files of the client in the
possession of the lawyer and should take all reasonable steps to ensure the privacy and
safekeeping of a client’s confidential information. A lawyer should keep the client’s papers
and other property out of sight as well as out of reach of those not entitled to see them.
[3] Subject to any rights of lien, the lawyer should promptly return a client’s property to
the client on request or at the conclusion of the lawyer’s retainer.
[4] If the lawyer withdraws from representing a client, the lawyer is required to comply
with Rule 3.7-1 (Withdrawal from Representation).

Notification of Receipt of Property

3.5-3 A lawyer must promptly notify a client of the receipt of any money or other property of
the client, unless satisfied that the client is aware that they have come into the lawyer’s custody.

Identifying Clients’ Property

3.5-4 A lawyer must clearly label and identify clients’ property and place it in safekeeping
distinguishable from the lawyer’s own property.

3.5-5 A lawyer must maintain such records as necessary to identify clients’ property that is in
the lawyer’s custody.
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Accounting and Delivery

3.5-6 A lawyer must account promptly for clients’ property that is in the lawyer’s custody and
deliver it to the order of the client on request or, if appropriate, at the conclusion of the retainer.

3.5-7 If a lawyer is unsure of the proper person to receive a client’s property, the lawyer must
apply to a tribunal of competent jurisdiction for direction.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should be alert to the duty to claim on behalf of a client any privilege in
respect of property seized or attempted to be seized by an external authority or in
respect of third party claims made against the property. In this regard, the lawyer should
be familiar with the nature of the client’s common law privilege and with such relevant
constitutional and statutory provisions as those found in the Income Tax Act (Canada),
the Charter and the Criminal Code.
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3.6 FEES AND DISBURSEMENTS

Reasonable Fees and Disbursements

3.6-1 A lawyer must not charge or accept a fee or disbursement, including interest, unless it is
fair and reasonable and has been disclosed in a timely fashion.

Commentary
[1] What is a fair and reasonable fee depends on such factors as:
(a) the time and effort required and spent;
(b) the difficulty of the matter and the importance of the matter to the client;
(c) whether special skill or service has been required and provided;
(d) the results obtained;
(e) fees authorized by statute or regulation;
(f) special circumstances, such as the postponement of payment, uncertainty of
reward, or urgency;
(g) the likelihood, if made known to the client, that acceptance of the retainer will
result in the lawyer’s inability to accept other employment;
(h) any relevant agreement between the lawyer and the client;
(i) the experience and ability of the lawyer;
(j) any estimate or range of fees given by the lawyer; and
(k) the client’s prior consent to the fee.
[2] The fiduciary relationship between lawyer and client requires full disclosure in all
financial dealings between them and prohibits the acceptance by the lawyer of any
hidden fees. No fee, extra fees, reward, costs, commission, interest, rebate, agency or
forwarding allowance, or other compensation related to professional employment may be
taken by the lawyer from anyone other than the client without full disclosure to and the
consent of the client or, where the lawyer’s fees are being paid by someone other than
the client, such as a legal aid agency, a borrower, or a personal representative, without
the consent of such agency or other person.
[3] A lawyer should provide to the client in writing, before or within a reasonable time
after commencing a representation, as much information regarding fees and
disbursements, and interest, as is reasonable and practical in the circumstances,
including the basis on which fees will be determined.
[4] A lawyer should be ready to explain the basis of the fees and disbursement
charged to the client. This is particularly important concerning fee charges or
disbursements that the client might not reasonably be expected to anticipate. When
something unusual or unforeseen occurs that may substantially affect the amount of a
 59

fee or disbursement, the lawyer should give to the client an immediate explanation. A
lawyer should confirm with the client in writing the substance of all fee discussions that
occur as a matter progresses, and a lawyer may revise an initial estimate of fees and
disbursements.

Contingent Fees and Contingent Fee Agreements

3.6-2 Subject to rule 3.6-1, a lawyer may enter into a written agreement in accordance with
governing legislation that provides that the lawyer’s fee is contingent, in whole or in part, on the
outcome of the matter for which the lawyer’s services are to be provided.

Commentary
[1] In determining the appropriate percentage or other basis of a contingency fee, a
lawyer and client should consider a number of factors, including the likelihood of
success, the nature and complexity of the claim, the expense and risk of pursuing it, the
amount of the expected recovery and who is to receive an award of costs. The lawyer
and client may agree that, in addition to the fee payable under the agreement, any
amount arising as a result of an award of costs or costs obtained as a part of a
settlement is to be paid to the lawyer, which may require judicial approval under the
governing legislation. In such circumstances, a smaller percentage of the award than
would otherwise be agreed upon for the contingency fee, after considering all relevant
factors, will generally be appropriate. The test is whether the fee, in all of the
circumstances, is fair and reasonable.
[2] Although a lawyer is generally permitted to terminate the professional relationship
with a client and withdraw services if there is justifiable cause as set out in rule 3.7-1,
special circumstances apply when the retainer is pursuant to a contingency agreement.
In such circumstances, the lawyer has impliedly undertaken the risk of not being paid in
the event the suit is unsuccessful. Accordingly, a lawyer cannot withdraw from
representation for reasons other than those set out in rule 3.7-7 (Obligatory Withdrawal)
unless the written contingency contract specifically states that the lawyer has a right to
do so and sets out the circumstances under which this may occur.

Statement of Account

3.6-3 In a statement of an account delivered to a client, a lawyer must clearly and separately
detail the amounts charged as fees and disbursements.

Commentary
[1] The two main categories of charges on a statement of account are fees and
disbursements. A lawyer may charge as disbursements only those amounts that have
been paid or are required to be paid to a third party by the lawyer on a client’s behalf.
However, a subcategory entitled “Other Charges” may be included under the fees
heading if a lawyer wishes to separately itemize charges such as paralegal, word
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processing or computer costs that are not disbursements, provided that the client has
agreed, in writing, to such costs.
[2] Party-and-party costs received by a lawyer are the property of the client and
should therefore be accounted for to the client. While an agreement that the lawyer will
be entitled to costs is not uncommon, it does not affect the lawyer’s obligation to disclose
the costs to the client.

Joint Retainer

3.6-4 If a lawyer acts for two or more clients in the same matter, the lawyer must divide the
fees and disbursements equitably between them, unless there is an agreement by the clients
otherwise.

Division of Fees and Referral Fees

3.6-5 If there is consent from the client, fees for a matter may be divided between lawyers who
are not in the same firm, provided that the fees are divided in proportion to the work done and
the responsibilities assumed.

3.6-6 If a lawyer refers a matter to another lawyer because of the expertise and ability of the
other lawyer to handle the matter, and the referral was not made because of a conflict of
interest, the referring lawyer may accept, and the other lawyer may pay, a referral fee, provided
that:
(a) the fee is reasonable and does not increase the total amount of the fee charged to the
client; and
(b) the client is informed and consents.

3.6-7 A lawyer must not:

(a) directly or indirectly share, split, or divide his or her fees with any person who is not a
lawyer; or
(b) give any financial or other reward for the referral of clients or client matters to any
person who is not a lawyer.

Commentary
[1] This rule prohibits lawyers from entering into arrangements to compensate or
reward non-lawyers for the referral of clients. It does not prevent a lawyer from engaging
in promotional activities involving reasonable expenditures on promotional items or
activities that might result in the referral of clients generally by a non-lawyer. Accordingly,
this rule does not prohibit a lawyer from:
 61

(a) making an arrangement respecting the purchase and sale of a law practice
when the consideration payable includes a percentage of revenues generated
from the practice sold;
(b) entering into a lease under which a landlord directly or indirectly shares in the
fees or revenues generated by the law practice;
(c) paying an employee for services, other than for referring clients, based on the
revenue of the lawyer’s firm or practice; or
(d) occasionally entertaining potential referral sources by purchasing meals
providing tickets to, or attending at, sporting or other activities or sponsoring
client functions.

Exception for Multi-discipline Practices and Interjurisdictional Law Firms

3.6-8 Rule 3.6-7 does not apply to:

(a) multi-discipline practices of lawyer and non-lawyer partners if the partnership
agreement provides for the sharing of fees, cash flows or profits among the members
of the firm; and
(b) sharing of fees, cash flows or profits by lawyers who are members of an
interjurisdictional law firm.

Commentary
[1] An affiliation is different from a multi-disciplinary practice established in
accordance with the rules/regulations/by-laws under the governing legislation, an
interjurisdictional law firm, however structured. An affiliation is subject to rule 3.6-7. In
particular, an affiliated entity is not permitted to share in the lawyer’s revenues, cash
flows or profits, either directly or indirectly through excessive inter-firm charges, for
example, by charging inter-firm expenses above their fair market value.

Payment and Appropriation of Funds

3.6-9 If a lawyer and client agree that the lawyer will act only if the lawyer’s retainer is paid
in advance, the lawyer must confirm that agreement in writing with the client and specify a
payment date.

3.6-10 A lawyer must not appropriate any client funds held in trust or otherwise under the
lawyer’s control for or on account of fees, except as permitted by the governing legislation.
 62

Commentary
[1] The rule is not intended to be an exhaustive statement of the considerations that
apply to payment of a lawyer’s account from trust. The handling of trust money is generally
governed by the rules of the Law Society.
[2] Refusing to reimburse any portion of advance fees for work that has not been
carried out when the contract of professional services with the client has terminated is a
breach of the obligation to act with integrity.

3.6-11 If the amount of fees or disbursements charged by a lawyer is reduced on a review or

assessment, the lawyer must repay the monies to the client as soon as is practicable.

Prepaid Legal Services Plan

3.6-12 A lawyer who accepts a client referred by a prepaid legal services plan must advise
the client in writing of:
(a) the scope of work to be undertaken by the lawyer under the plan; and
(b) the extent to which a fee or disbursement will be payable by the client to the lawyer.
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3.7 WITHDRAWAL FROM REPRESENTATION

Withdrawal from Representation

3.7-1 A lawyer must not withdraw from representation of a client except for good cause and on
reasonable notice to the client.

Commentary
[1] Although the client has the right to terminate the lawyer-client relationship at will, a
lawyer does not enjoy the same freedom of action. Having undertaken the
representation of a client, the lawyer should complete the task as ably as possible unless
there is justifiable cause for terminating the relationship. It is inappropriate for a lawyer to
withdraw on capricious or arbitrary grounds.
[2] An essential element of reasonable notice is notification to the client, unless the
client cannot be located after reasonable efforts. No hard and fast rules can be laid down
as to what constitutes reasonable notice before withdrawal and how quickly a lawyer may
cease acting after notification will depend on all relevant circumstances. When the matter
is covered by statutory provisions or rules of court, these will govern. In other situations,
the governing principle is that the lawyer should protect the client's interests to the best of
the lawyer’s ability and should not desert the client at a critical stage of a matter or at a
time when withdrawal would put the client in a position of disadvantage or peril. As a
general rule, the client should be given sufficient time to retain and instruct replacement
counsel. Nor should withdrawal or an intention to withdraw be permitted to waste court
time or prevent other counsel from reallocating time or resources scheduled for the matter
in question (see rule 3.7-8 Manner of Withdrawal).
[3] Every effort should be made to ensure that withdrawal occurs at an appropriate
time in the proceedings in keeping with the lawyer’s obligations. The court, opposing
parties and others directly affected should also be notified of the withdrawal.
[4] [deleted]

Optional Withdrawal

3.7-2 If there has been a serious loss of confidence between the lawyer and the client, the
lawyer may withdraw.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer may have a justifiable cause for withdrawal in circumstances indicating a
loss of confidence, for example, if a lawyer is deceived by his client, the client refuses to
accept and act upon the lawyer’s advice on a significant point, a client is persistently
unreasonable or uncooperative in a material respect, or the lawyer is facing difficulty in
obtaining adequate instructions from the client. However, the lawyer should not use the
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threat of withdrawal as a device to force a hasty decision by the client on a difficult

question.

Non-payment of Fees

3.7-3 If, after reasonable notice, the client fails to provide a retainer or funds on account of
disbursements or fees, a lawyer may withdraw unless serious prejudice to the client would
result.

Commentary
[1] When the lawyer withdraws because the client has not paid the lawyer’s fee, the
lawyer should ensure that there is sufficient time for the client to obtain the services of
another lawyer and for that other lawyer to prepare adequately for trial.

Withdrawal from Criminal Proceedings

3.7-4 If a lawyer has agreed to act in a criminal case and the interval between a withdrawal
and the trial of the case is sufficient to enable the client to obtain another lawyer and to allow
such other lawyer adequate time for preparation, the lawyer who has agreed to act may
withdraw because the client has not paid the agreed fee or for other adequate cause provided
that the lawyer:
(a) notifies the client, in writing, that the lawyer is withdrawing because the fees have not
been paid or for other adequate cause;
(b) accounts to the client for any monies received on account of fees and disbursements;
(c) notifies Crown counsel in writing that the lawyer is no longer acting;
(d) in a case when the lawyer’s name appears on the records of the court as acting for the
accused, notifies the clerk or registrar of the appropriate court in writing that the lawyer
is no longer acting; and
(e) complies with the applicable rules of court.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer who has withdrawn because of conflict with the client should not indicate
in the notice addressed to the court or Crown counsel the cause of the conflict or make
reference to any matter that would violate the privilege that exists between lawyer and
client. The notice should merely state that the lawyer is no longer acting and has
withdrawn.

3.7-5 If a lawyer has agreed to act in a criminal case and the date set for trial is not such as to
enable the client to obtain another lawyer or to enable another lawyer to prepare adequately for
trial and an adjournment of the trial date cannot be obtained without adversely affecting the
 65

client’s interests, the lawyer who agreed to act must not withdraw because of non-payment of
fees.

3.7-6 If a lawyer is justified in withdrawing from a criminal case for reasons other than non-
payment of fees and there is not a sufficient interval between a notice to the client of the
lawyer’s intention to withdraw and the date on which the case is to be tried to enable the client
to obtain another lawyer and to enable such lawyer to prepare adequately for trial, the first
lawyer, unless instructed otherwise by the client, should attempt to have the trial date adjourned
and may withdraw from the case only with the permission of the court before which the case is
to be tried.

Commentary
[1] If circumstances arise that, in the opinion of the lawyer, require an application to
the court for leave to withdraw, the lawyer should promptly inform Crown counsel and
the court of the intention to apply for leave in order to avoid or minimize any
inconvenience to the court and witnesses.

Obligatory Withdrawal

3.7-7 A lawyer must withdraw if:

a) discharged by a client;
b) a client persists in instructing the lawyer to act contrary to professional ethics; or
c) the lawyer is not competent to continue to handle a matter.

Leaving a Law Firm

3.7-7A When a lawyer leaves a law firm, the lawyer and the law firm must:
a) ensure that clients who have current matters for which the departing lawyer has
conduct or substantial involvement are given reasonable notice that the lawyer is
departing and are advised of their options for retaining counsel; and;
b) take reasonable steps to obtain the instructions of each affected client as to who
they will retain.

Commentary
[1] When a lawyer leaves a firm to practise elsewhere, it may result in the termination
of the lawyer-client relationship between that lawyer and a client.
[2] The client’s interests are paramount. Clients must be free to decide whom to retain
as counsel without undue influence or pressure by the lawyer or the firm. The client
should be provided with sufficient information to make an informed decision about
 66

whether to continue with the departing lawyer, remain with the firm where that is
possible, or retain new counsel.
[3] The lawyer and the law firm should cooperate to ensure that the client receives the
necessary information on the available options. While it is preferable to prepare a joint
notification setting forth such information, factors to consider in determining who should
provide it to the client include the extent of the lawyer’s work for the client, the client’s
relationship with other lawyers in the law firm and access to client contact information. In
the absence of agreement, both the departing lawyer and the law firm should provide the
notification.
[4] If a client contacts a law firm to request a departed lawyer’s contact information,
the law firm should provide the professional contact information where reasonably
possible.
[5] Where a client chooses to remain with the departing lawyer, the instructions
referred to in the rule should include written authorizations for the transfer of files and
client property. In all cases, the situation should be managed in a way that minimizes the
expense and avoids prejudice to the client.
[6] In advance of providing notice to clients of their intended departure the lawyer
should provide such notice to the firm as is reasonable in the circumstances.
[7] When a client chooses to remain with the firm, the firm should consider whether it
is reasonable in the circumstances to charge the client for time expended by another
firm member to become familiar with the file.
[8] The principles outlined in this rule and commentary will apply to the dissolution of a
law firm. When a law firm is dissolved the lawyer-client relationship may end with one or
more of the lawyers involved in the retainer. The client should be notified of the
dissolution and provided with sufficient information to decide who to retain as counsel.
The lawyers who are no longer retained by the client should try to minimize expense and
avoid prejudice to the client.
[9] See also rules 3.7-8 to 3.7-10 and related commentary regarding enforcement of a
solicitor’s lien and the duties of former and successor counsel.
3.7-7B Rule 3.7-7A does not apply to a lawyer leaving (a) a government, a Crown corporation or
any other public body or (b) a corporation or other organization for which the lawyer is employed
as in house counsel.

Manner of Withdrawal

3.7-8 When a lawyer withdraws, the lawyer must try to minimize expense and avoid prejudice
to the client and must do all that can reasonably be done to facilitate the orderly transfer of the
matter to the successor lawyer.

3.7-9 On discharge or withdrawal, a lawyer must:

(a) notify the client in writing, stating:
 67

i. the fact that the lawyer has withdrawn;

ii. the reasons, if any, for the withdrawal; and
iii. in the case of litigation, that the client should expect that the hearing or trial
will proceed on the date scheduled and that the client should retain new
counsel promptly;

(b) subject to the lawyer’s right to a lien, deliver to or to the order of the client all papers
and property to which the client is entitled;
(c) subject to any applicable trust conditions, give the client all relevant information in
connection with the case or matter;
(d) account for all funds of the client then held or previously dealt with, including the
refunding of any remuneration not earned during the representation;
(e) promptly render an account for outstanding fees and disbursements;
(f) co-operate with the successor lawyer in the transfer of the file so as to minimize
expense and avoid prejudice to the client; and
(g) comply with the applicable rules of court.

Commentary
[1] If the lawyer who is discharged or withdraws is a member of a firm, the client
should be notified that the lawyer and the firm are no longer acting for the client.
[2] If the question of a right of lien for unpaid fees and disbursements arises on the
discharge or withdrawal of the lawyer, the lawyer should have due regard to the effect of
its enforcement on the client’s position. Generally speaking, a lawyer should not enforce
a lien if to do so would prejudice materially a client’s position in any uncompleted matter.
[3] The obligation to deliver papers and property is subject to a lawyer’s right of lien.
In the event of conflicting claims to such papers or property, the lawyer should make
every effort to have the claimants settle the dispute.
[4] Co-operation with the successor lawyer will normally include providing any
memoranda of fact and law that have been prepared by the lawyer in connection with the
matter, but confidential information not clearly related to the matter should not be
divulged without the written consent of the client.
[5] A lawyer who ceases to act for one or more clients should co-operate with the
successor lawyer or lawyers and should seek to avoid any unseemly rivalry, whether real
or apparent.
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Duty of Successor Lawyer

3.7-10 Before agreeing to represent a client, a successor lawyer must be satisfied that the
former lawyer has withdrawn or has been discharged by the client.

Commentary
[1] It is quite proper for the successor lawyer to urge the client to settle or take
reasonable steps towards settling or securing any outstanding account of the former
lawyer, especially if the latter withdrew for good cause or was capriciously discharged.
But, if a trial or hearing is in progress or imminent, or if the client would otherwise be
prejudiced, the existence of an outstanding account should not be allowed to interfere
with the successor lawyer acting for the client.
 69

CHAPTER 4 – MARKETING OF LEGAL SERVICES

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4.1 MAKING LEGAL SERVICES AVAILABLE

Making Legal Services Available

4.1-1 A lawyer must make legal services available to the public efficiently and conveniently
and, subject to rule 4.1-2, may offer legal services to a prospective client by any means.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer may assist in making legal services available by participating in the Legal
Aid Plan and lawyer referral services and by engaging in programs of public information,
education or advice concerning legal matters.
[2] As a matter of access to justice, it is in keeping with the best traditions of the legal
profession to provide services pro bono and to reduce or waive a fee when there is
hardship or poverty or the client or prospective client would otherwise be deprived of
adequate legal advice or representation. The Law Society encourages lawyers to
provide public interest legal services and to support organizations that provide services
to persons of limited means.
[3] A lawyer who knows or has reasonable grounds to believe that a client is entitled
to Legal Aid should advise the client of the right to apply for Legal Aid, unless the
circumstances indicate that the client has waived or does not need such assistance.
[4] Right to Decline Representation - A lawyer has a general right to decline a particular
representation (except when assigned as counsel by a tribunal), but it is a right to be
exercised prudently, particularly if the probable result would be to make it difficult for a
person to obtain legal advice or representation. Generally, a lawyer should not exercise
the right merely because a person seeking legal services or that person's cause is
unpopular or notorious, or because powerful interests or allegations of misconduct or
malfeasance are involved, or because of the lawyer's private opinion about the guilt of the
accused. A lawyer declining representation should assist in obtaining the services of
another lawyer qualified in the particular field and able to act. When a lawyer offers
assistance to a client or prospective client in finding another lawyer, the assistance should
be given willingly and, except where a referral fee is permitted by section 3.6-6, without
charge.

Restrictions

4.1-2 In offering legal services, a lawyer must not use means that:
(a) are false or misleading;
(b) amount to coercion, duress, or harassment;
(c) take advantage of a person who is vulnerable or who has suffered a traumatic
experience and has not yet recovered; or
 71

(d) otherwise bring the profession or the administration of justice into disrepute.

Commentary
[1] A person who is vulnerable or who has suffered a traumatic experience and has not
recovered may need the professional assistance of a lawyer, and this rule does not
prevent a lawyer from offering assistance to such a person. A lawyer is permitted to
provide assistance to a person if a close relative or personal friend of the person contacts
the lawyer for this purpose, and to offer assistance to a person with whom the lawyer has
a close family or professional relationship. The rule prohibits the lawyer from using
unconscionable, exploitive or other means that bring the profession or the administration of
justice into disrepute.
 72

4.2 MARKETING

Marketing of Professional Services

4.2-1 A lawyer may market professional services, provided that the marketing is:
(a) demonstrably true, accurate and verifiable;
(b) neither misleading, confusing or deceptive, nor likely to mislead, confuse or deceive;
(c) in the best interests of the public and consistent with a high standard of
professionalism.

Commentary
[1] Examples of marketing that may contravene this rule include:
(a) stating an amount of money that the lawyer has recovered for a client or referring
to the lawyer’s degree of success in past cases, unless such statement is
accompanied by a further statement that past results are not necessarily indicative of
future results and that the amount recovered and other litigation outcomes will vary
according to the facts in individual cases;
(b) suggesting qualitative superiority to other lawyers;
(c) raising expectations unjustifiably;
(d) suggesting or implying the lawyer is aggressive;
(e) disparaging or demeaning other persons, groups, organizations or institutions;
(f) taking advantage of a vulnerable person or group; and
(g) using testimonials or endorsements that contain emotional appeals.

Advertising of Fees

4.2-2 A lawyer may advertise fees charged for their services provided that:
(a) the advertising is reasonably precise as to the services offered for each fee quoted;
(b) the advertising states whether other amounts, such as disbursements and taxes, will be
charged in addition to the fee; and
(c) the lawyer strictly adheres to the advertised fee in every applicable case.
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4.3 ADVERTISING NATURE OF PRACTICE

4.3-1 A lawyer must not advertise that the lawyer is a specialist in a specified field unless the
lawyer has been so certified by the Society.

Commentary
[1] Lawyers’ advertisements may be designed to provide information to assist a
potential client to choose a lawyer who has the appropriate skills and knowledge for the
client’s particular legal matter.
[2] A lawyer who is not a certified specialist is not permitted to use any designation
from which a person might reasonably conclude that the lawyer is a certified specialist. A
claim that a lawyer is a specialist or expert, or specializes in an area of law, implies that
the lawyer has met some objective standard or criteria of expertise, presumably
established or recognized by a Law Society. In the absence of Law Society recognition
or a certification process, an assertion by a lawyer that the lawyer is a specialist or
expert is misleading and improper.
[3] If a firm practises in more than one jurisdiction, some of which certify or recognize
specialization, an advertisement by such a firm that makes reference to the status of a
firm member as a specialist or expert, in media circulated concurrently in [name of
jurisdiction] and the certifying jurisdiction, does not offend this rule if the certifying
authority or organization is identified.
[4] A lawyer may advertise areas of practice, including preferred areas of practice or a
restriction to a certain area of law. An advertisement may also include a description of
the lawyer’s or law firm’s proficiency or experience in an area of law. In all cases, the
representations made must be accurate (that is, demonstrably true) and must not be
misleading.
 74

CHAPTER 5 – RELATIONSHIP TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

 75

5.1 THE LAWYER AS ADVOCATE

Advocacy

5.1-1 When acting as an advocate, a lawyer must represent the client resolutely and
honourably within the limits of the law, while treating the tribunal with candour, fairness,
courtesy and respect.

Commentary
[1] Role in Adversarial Proceedings – In adversarial proceedings, the lawyer has a
duty to the client to raise fearlessly every issue, advance every argument and ask every
question, however distasteful, that the lawyer thinks will help the client’s case and to
endeavour to obtain for the client the benefit of every remedy and defence authorized by
law. The lawyer must discharge this duty by fair and honourable means, without illegality
and in a manner that is consistent with the lawyer’s duty to treat the tribunal with
candour, fairness, courtesy and respect and in a way that promotes the parties’ right to a
fair hearing in which justice can be done. Maintaining dignity, decorum and courtesy in
the courtroom is not an empty formality because, unless order is maintained, rights
cannot be protected.
[2] This rule applies to the lawyer as advocate, and therefore extends not only to court
proceedings but also to appearances and proceedings before boards, administrative
tribunals, arbitrators, mediators and others who resolve disputes, regardless of their
function or the informality of their procedures.
[3] The lawyer’s function as advocate is openly and necessarily partisan. Accordingly,
the lawyer is not obliged (except as required by law or under these rules and subject to
the duties of a prosecutor set out below) to assist an adversary or advance matters
harmful to the client’s case.
[4] In adversarial proceedings that will likely affect the health, welfare or security of a
child, a lawyer should advise the client to take into account the best interests of the child,
if this can be done without prejudicing the legitimate interests of the client.
[5] A lawyer should refrain from expressing the lawyer's personal opinions on the
merits of a client's case to a court or tribunal.
[6] When opposing interests are not represented, for example, in without notice or
uncontested matters or in other situations in which the full proof and argument inherent
in the adversarial system cannot be achieved, the lawyer must take particular care to be
accurate, candid and comprehensive in presenting the client’s case so as to ensure that
the tribunal is not misled.
[7] The lawyer should never waive or abandon the client’s legal rights, such as an
available defence under a statute of limitations, without the client’s informed consent.
 76

[8] In civil proceedings, a lawyer should avoid and discourage the client from resorting
to frivolous or vexatious objections, attempts to gain advantage from slips or oversights
not going to the merits or tactics that will merely delay or harass the other side. Such
practices can readily bring the administration of justice and the legal profession into
disrepute.
[9] Duty as Defence Counsel – When defending an accused person, a lawyer’s duty is
to protect the client as far as possible from being convicted, except by a tribunal of
competent jurisdiction and upon legal evidence sufficient to support a conviction for the
offence with which the client is charged. Accordingly, and notwithstanding the lawyer's
private opinion on credibility or the merits, a lawyer may properly rely on any evidence or
defences, including so-called technicalities, not known to be false or fraudulent.
[10] Admissions made by the accused to a lawyer may impose strict limitations on the
conduct of the defence, and the accused should be made aware of this. For example, if
the accused clearly admits to the lawyer the factual and mental elements necessary to
constitute the offence, the lawyer, if convinced that the admissions are true and
voluntary, may properly take objection to the jurisdiction of the court, the form of the
indictment or the admissibility or sufficiency of the evidence, but must not suggest that
some other person committed the offence or call any evidence that, by reason of the
admissions, the lawyer believes to be false. Nor may the lawyer set up an affirmative
case inconsistent with such admissions, for example, by calling evidence in support of
an alibi intended to show that the accused could not have done or, in fact, has not done
the act. Such admissions will also impose a limit on the extent to which the lawyer may
attack the evidence for the prosecution. The lawyer is entitled to test the evidence given
by each individual witness for the prosecution and argue that the evidence taken as a
whole is insufficient to amount to proof that the accused is guilty of the offence charged,
but the lawyer should go no further than that.

5.1-2 When acting as an advocate, a lawyer must not:

(a) abuse the process of the tribunal by instituting or prosecuting proceedings that,
although legal in themselves, are clearly motivated by malice on the part of the client
and are brought solely for the purpose of injuring the other party;
(b) knowingly assist or permit a client to do anything that the lawyer considers to be
dishonest or dishonourable;
(c) appear before a judicial officer when the lawyer, the lawyer’s associates or the client
have business or personal relationships with the officer that give rise to or might
reasonably appear to give rise to pressure, influence or inducement affecting the
impartiality of the officer, unless all parties consent and it is in the interests of justice;
(d) endeavour or allow anyone else to endeavour, directly or indirectly, to influence the
decision or action of a tribunal or any of its officials in any case or matter by any
means other than open persuasion as an advocate;
 77

(e) knowingly attempt to deceive a tribunal or influence the course of justice by offering
false evidence, misstating facts or law, presenting or relying upon a false or
deceptive affidavit, suppressing what ought to be disclosed or otherwise assisting in
any fraud, crime or illegal conduct;
(f) knowingly misstate the contents of a document, the testimony of a witness, the
substance of an argument or the provisions of a statute or like authority;
(g) knowingly assert as true a fact when its truth cannot reasonably be supported by the
evidence or as a matter of which notice may be taken by the tribunal;
(h) make suggestions to a witness recklessly or knowing them to be false;
(i) deliberately refrain from informing a tribunal of any binding authority that the lawyer
considers to be directly on point and that has not been mentioned by another party;
(j) improperly dissuade a witness from giving evidence or advise a witness to be
absent;
(k) knowingly permit a witness or party to be presented in a false or misleading way or to
impersonate another;
(l) knowingly misrepresent the client’s position in the litigation or the issues to be
determined in the litigation;
(m) needlessly abuse, hector or harass a witness;
(n) when representing a complainant or potential complainant, attempt to gain a benefit
for the complainant by threatening the laying of a criminal or quasi-criminal charge or
complaint to a regulatory authority or by offering to seek or to procure the withdrawal
of a criminal or quasi-criminal charge or complaint to a regulatory authority;
(o) needlessly inconvenience a witness; or
(p) appear before a court or tribunal while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.

Commentary
[1] In civil proceedings, a lawyer has a duty not to mislead the tribunal about the
position of the client in the adversarial process. Thus, a lawyer representing a party to
litigation who has made or is party to an agreement made before or during the trial by
which a plaintiff is guaranteed recovery by one or more parties, notwithstanding the
judgment of the court, should immediately reveal the existence and particulars of the
agreement to the court and to all parties to the proceedings.
[2] A lawyer representing an accused or potential accused may communicate with a
complainant or potential complainant, for example, to obtain factual information, to
arrange for restitution or an apology from the accused, or to defend or settle any civil
claims between the accused and the complainant. However, when the complainant or
potential complaint is vulnerable, the lawyer must take care not to take unfair or improper
advantage of the circumstances. If the complainant or potential complainant is
unrepresented, the lawyer should be governed by the rules about unrepresented
 78

persons and make it clear that the lawyer is acting exclusively in the interests of the
accused or potential accused. When communicating with an unrepresented complainant
or potential complainant, it is prudent to have a witness present.
[3] It is an abuse of the court’s process to threaten to bring an action or to offer to
seek withdrawal of a criminal charge in order to gain a benefit. See also Rules 3.2-5 and
3.2-6 and accompanying commentary.
[4] When examining a witness, a lawyer may pursue any hypothesis that is honestly
advanced on the strength of reasonable inference, experience or intuition.

Incriminating Physical Evidence

5.1-2A A lawyer must not counsel or participate in the concealment, destruction or alteration of
incriminating physical evidence or otherwise act so as to obstruct or attempt to obstruct the
course of justice.

Commentary
[1] In this rule, "evidence" does not depend upon admissibility before a tribunal or
upon the existence of criminal charges. It includes documents, electronic information,
objects or substances relevant to a crime, criminal investigation or a criminal
prosecution. It does not include documents or communications that are solicitor-client
privileged or that the lawyer reasonably believes are otherwise available to the
authorities.
[2] This rule does not apply where a lawyer is in possession of evidence tending to
establish the innocence of a client, such as evidence relevant to an alibi. However, a
lawyer must exercise prudent judgment in determining whether such evidence is wholly
exculpatory, and therefore falls outside of the application of this rule. For example, if the
evidence is both incriminating and exculpatory, improperly dealing with it may result in a
breach of the rule and also expose a lawyer to criminal charges.
[3] A lawyer is never required to take or keep possession of incriminating physical
evidence or to disclose its mere existence. Possession of illegal things could constitute
an offense. A lawyer in possession of incriminating physical evidence should carefully
consider his or her options. These options include, as soon as reasonably possible:
(a) delivering the evidence to law enforcement authorities or the prosecution, either
directly or anonymously;
(b) delivering the evidence to the tribunal in the relevant proceeding, which may
also include seeking the direction of the tribunal to facilitate access by the
prosecution or defence for testing or examination; or
(c) disclosing the existence of the evidence to the prosecution and, if necessary,
preparing to argue before a tribunal the appropriate uses, disposition or
admissibility of it.
 79

[4] A lawyer should balance the duty of loyalty and confidentiality owed to the client
with the duties owed to the administration of justice. When a lawyer discloses or delivers
incriminating physical evidence to law enforcement authorities or the prosecution, the
lawyer has a duty to protect client confidentiality, including the client’s identity, and to
preserve solicitor-client privilege. This may be accomplished by the lawyer retaining
independent counsel, who is not informed of the identity of the client and who is
instructed not to disclose the identity of the instructing lawyer, to disclose or deliver the
evidence. A lawyer cannot merely continue to keep possession of the incriminating
physical evidence.
[5] A lawyer has no obligation to assist the authorities in gathering physical evidence
of crime but cannot act or advise anyone to hinder an investigation or a prosecution. The
lawyer’s advice to a client that the client has the right to refuse to divulge the location of
physical evidence does not constitute hindering an investigation. A lawyer who becomes
aware of the existence of incriminating physical evidence or declines to take possession
of it must not counsel or participate in its concealment, destruction or alteration.
[6] A lawyer may determine that non-destructive testing, examination or copying of
documentary or electronic information is needed. A lawyer should ensure that there is no
concealment, destruction or any alteration of the evidence and should exercise caution
in this area. For example, opening or copying an electronic document may alter it. A
lawyer who has decided to copy, test or examine evidence before delivery or disclosure
should do so without delay.

Ex Parte Proceedings

5.1-2B In an ex parte proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform the
tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the
tribunal to make an informed decision.

Commentary
[1] Ex parte proceedings are exceptional. The obligation to inform the tribunal of all
material facts includes an obligation of full, fair and candid disclosure to the tribunal (see
also Rules 5.1-1, 5.1-2).
[2] The obligation to disclose all relevant information and evidence is subject to a
lawyer’s duty to maintain confidentiality and privilege (see Rule 3.3).
[3] Before initiating ex parte proceedings, a lawyer should ensure that the proceedings
are permitted by law and are justified in the circumstances. Where no prejudice would
occur, a lawyer should consider giving notice to the opposing party or their lawyer (when
they are represented), notwithstanding the ability to proceed ex parte.
 80

Single-Party Communications with a Tribunal

5.1-2C Except where authorized by law, and subject to rule 5.1-2B, a lawyer must not
communicate with a tribunal in the absence of the opposing party or their lawyer (when they are
represented) concerning any matter of substance, unless the opposing party or their lawyer has
been made aware of the content of the communication or has appropriate notice of the
communication.

Commentary
[1] It is improper for a lawyer to attempt to influence, discuss a matter with, or make
submissions to, a tribunal without the knowledge of the other party or the lawyer for the
other party (when they are represented). A lawyer should be particularly diligent to avoid
improper single-party communications when engaging with a tribunal by electronic
means, such as email correspondence.
[2] When a tribunal invites or requests a communication from a lawyer, the lawyer
should inform the other party or their lawyer. As a general rule, the other party or their
lawyer should be copied on communications to the tribunal or given advance notice of
the communication.
[3] This rule does not apply in the context of mediation or prohibit single-party
communication with a tribunal on routine administrative or procedural matters, such as
scheduling hearing dates or appearances. A lawyer should consider notifying the other
party or their lawyer of administrative communications with the tribunal. Routine
administrative communications should not include any submissions dealing with the
substance of the matter or its merits.
[4] When considering whether single-party communication with a tribunal is authorized
by law, a lawyer should review local rules, practice directives, and other relevant
authorities that may regulate such a communication.

Duty as Prosecutor

5.1-3 When acting as a prosecutor, a lawyer must act for the public and the administration of
justice resolutely and honourably within the limits of the law while treating the tribunal with
candour, fairness, courtesy and respect.

Commentary
[1] When engaged as a prosecutor, the lawyer’s primary duty is not to seek to convict
but to see that justice is done through a fair trial on the merits. The prosecutor exercises
a public function involving much discretion and power and must act fairly and
dispassionately. The prosecutor should not do anything that might prevent the accused
from being represented by counsel or communicating with counsel and, to the extent
required by law and accepted practice, should make timely disclosure to defence
 81

counsel or directly to an unrepresented accused of all relevant and known facts and
witnesses, whether tending to show guilt or innocence.

Disclosure of Error or Omission

5.1-4 A lawyer who has unknowingly done or failed to do something that, if done or omitted
knowingly, would have been in breach of this rule and who discovers it, must, subject to section
3.3 (Confidentiality), disclose the error or omission and do all that can reasonably be done in the
circumstances to rectify it.

Commentary
[1] If a client desires that a course be taken that would involve a breach of this rule,
the lawyer must refuse and do everything reasonably possible to prevent it. If that cannot
be done, the lawyer should, subject to rule 3.7-1 (Withdrawal from Representation),
withdraw or seek leave to do so.

Courtesy

5.1-5 A lawyer must be courteous and civil and act in good faith to the tribunal and all persons
with whom the lawyer has dealings.

Commentary
[1] Legal contempt of court and the professional obligation outlined here are not
identical, and a consistent pattern of rude, provocative or disruptive conduct by a lawyer,
even though unpunished as contempt, may constitute professional misconduct.

Undertakings

5.1-6 A lawyer must strictly and scrupulously fulfill any undertakings given and honour any
trust conditions accepted in the course of litigation.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should also be guided by the provisions of rule 7.2-11 (Undertakings and
Trust Conditions).

Agreement on Guilty Plea

5.1-7 Before a charge is laid or at any time after a charge is laid, a lawyer for an accused or
potential accused may discuss with the prosecutor the possible disposition of the case, unless
the client instructs otherwise.
5.1-8 A lawyer for an accused or potential accused may enter into an agreement with the
prosecutor about a guilty plea if, following investigation,
 82

(a) the lawyer advises his or her client about the prospects for an acquittal or finding of
guilt;
(b) the lawyer advises the client of the implications and possible consequences of a
guilty plea and particularly of the sentencing authority and discretion of the court,
including the fact that the court is not bound by any agreement about a guilty plea;
(c) the client voluntarily is prepared to admit the necessary factual and mental elements
of the offence charged; and
(d) the client voluntarily instructs the lawyer to enter into an agreement as to a guilty
plea.

Commentary
[1] The public interest in the proper administration of justice should not be sacrificed in
the interest of expediency.
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5.2 THE LAWYER AS WITNESS

Submission of Evidence

5.2-1 A lawyer who appears as advocate must not testify or submit his or her own affidavit
evidence before the tribunal unless permitted to do so by law, the tribunal, the rules of court or
the rules of procedure of the tribunal, or unless the matter is purely formal or uncontroverted.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer should not express personal opinions or beliefs or assert as a fact
anything that is properly subject to legal proof, cross-examination or challenge. The
lawyer should not, in effect, appear as an unsworn witness or put the lawyer’s own
credibility in issue. The lawyer who is a necessary witness should testify and entrust the
conduct of the case to another lawyer. There are no restrictions on the advocate’s right
to cross-examine another lawyer, however, and the lawyer who does appear as a
witness should not expect or receive special treatment because of professional status.

Appeals

5.2-2 A lawyer who is a witness in proceedings must not appear as advocate in any appeal
from the decision in those proceedings, unless the matter about which he or she testified is
purely formal or uncontroverted.

5.3 [deleted]
 84

5.4 COMMUNICATING WITH WITNESSES

5.4-1 A lawyer may seek information from any potential witness, provided that:

(a) before doing so, the lawyer discloses the lawyer’s interest in the matter;
(b) the lawyer does not encourage the witness to suppress evidence or to refrain from
providing information to other parties in the matter; and
(c) the lawyer observes Rules 7.2-6 to 7.2-8 on communicating with represented parties.

Commentary

[1] There is generally no property in a witness. To achieve the truth-seeking goal of

the justice system, any person having information relevant to a proceeding should be
free to impart it voluntarily and in the absence of improper influence. A lawyer should not
advise a potential witness to refrain from speaking to other parties except as provided in
this rule.

Expert witnesses
[2] Special considerations may apply when communicating with expert witnesses.
Depending on the area of practice and the jurisdiction, there may be legal or procedural
limitations on the permissible scope of a lawyer's contact with an expert witness,
including the application of litigation or solicitor-client privilege. This may include
notifying an opposing party's counsel prior to communicating with that party's expert
witness.

Conduct during Witness Preparation and Testimony

5.4-2 A lawyer must not influence a witness or potential witness to give evidence that is false,
misleading or evasive.

5.4-3 A lawyer involved in a proceeding must not obstruct an examination or cross-

examination in any manner.

Commentary
General Principles
[1] The ethical duty against improperly influencing a witness or a potential witness
applies at all stages of a proceeding, including while preparing a witness to give
evidence or to make a statement, and during testimony under oath or affirmation. The
role of an advocate is to assist the witness in bringing forth the evidence in a manner
that ensures fair and accurate comprehension by the tribunal and opposing parties.
 85

[2] A lawyer may prepare a witness, for discovery and for appearances before
tribunals, by discussing courtroom and questioning procedures and the issues in the
case, reviewing facts, refreshing memory, and by discussing admissions, choice of
words and demeanour. It is, however, improper to direct or encourage a witness to
misstate or misrepresent the facts or to give evidence that is intentionally evasive or
vague.

Communicating with Witnesses Under Oath or Affirmation

[3] During any witness testimony under oath or affirmation, a lawyer should not
engage in conduct designed to improperly influence the witness’ evidence.
[4] The ability of a lawyer to communicate with a witness at a specific stage of a
proceeding will be influenced by the practice, procedures or directions of the relevant
tribunal, and may be modified by agreement of counsel with the approval of the tribunal.
Lawyers should become familiar with the rules and practices of the relevant tribunal
governing communication with witnesses during examination-in-chief and cross-
examination, and prior to or during re-examination.
[5] A lawyer may communicate with a witness during examination-in-chief. However,
there may be local exceptions to this practice.
[6] It is generally accepted that a lawyer is not permitted to communicate with the
witness during cross-examination except with leave of the tribunal or with the agreement
of counsel. The opportunity to conduct a full-ranging and uninterrupted cross-
examination is fundamental to the adversarial system. It is counterbalanced by an
opposing advocate’s ability to ensure clarity of testimony through initial briefing, direct
examination and re-examination of that lawyer’s witnesses. There is therefore no
justification for obstruction of cross-examination by unreasonable interruptions, repeated
objections to proper questions, attempts to have the witness change or tailor evidence,
or other similar conduct while the examination is ongoing.
[7] A lawyer should seek approval from the tribunal before speaking with a witness
after cross-examination and before re-examination.

Discoveries and Other Examinations

[8] Rule 5.4 also applies to examinations under oath or affirmation that are not before
a tribunal including examinations for discovery, examinations on affidavits and
examinations in aid of execution. Lawyers should scrupulously avoid any attempts to
influence witness testimony, particularly as the tribunal is unable to directly monitor
compliance. This rule is not intended to prevent discussions or consultations that are
necessary to fulfil undertakings given during such examinations.
 86

5.5 RELATIONS WITH JURORS

Communications before Trial

5.5-1 When acting as an advocate before the trial of a case, a lawyer must not communicate
with or cause another to communicate with anyone that the lawyer knows to be a member of the
jury panel for that trial.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer may investigate a prospective juror to ascertain any basis for challenge,
provided that the lawyer does not directly or indirectly communicate with the prospective
juror or with any member of the prospective juror’s family. But a lawyer should not
conduct or cause another, by financial support or otherwise, to conduct a vexatious or
harassing investigation of either a member of the jury panel or a juror.

Disclosure of Information

5.5-2 Unless the judge and opposing counsel have previously been made aware of the
information, a lawyer acting as an advocate must disclose to them any information of which the
lawyer is aware that a juror or prospective juror:

(a) has or may have an interest, direct or indirect, in the outcome of the case;
(b) is acquainted with or connected in any manner with the presiding judge, any counsel
or any litigant; or
(c) is acquainted with or connected in any manner with any person who has appeared or
who is expected to appear as a witness.

5.5-3 A lawyer must promptly disclose to the court any information that the lawyer reasonably
believes discloses improper conduct by a member of a jury panel or by a juror.

Communication During Trial

5.5-4 Except as permitted by law, a lawyer acting as an advocate must not communicate with
or cause another to communicate with any member of the jury during a trial of a case.

5.5-5 A lawyer who is not connected with a case before the court must not communicate with or
cause another to communicate with any member of the jury about the case.

5.5-6 A lawyer must not have any discussion after trial with a member of the jury about its
deliberations.
 87

Commentary
[1] The restrictions on communications with a juror or potential juror should also apply
to communications with or investigations of members of his or her family.
 88

5.6 THE LAWYER AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

Encouraging Respect for the Administration of Justice

5.6-1 A lawyer must encourage public respect for and try to improve the administration of
justice.

Commentary
[1] The obligation outlined in the rule is not restricted to the lawyer’s professional
activities but is a general responsibility resulting from the lawyer’s position in the
community. A lawyer’s responsibilities are greater than those of a private citizen. A lawyer
should take care not to weaken or destroy public confidence in legal institutions or
authorities by irresponsible allegations. The lawyer in public life should be particularly
careful in this regard because the mere fact of being a lawyer will lend weight and
credibility to public statements. Yet, for the same reason, a lawyer should not hesitate to
speak out against an injustice.
[2] Admission to and continuance in the practice of law implies, on the part of a
lawyer, a basic commitment to the concept of equal justice for all within an open,
ordered and impartial system. However, judicial institutions will not function effectively
unless they command the respect of the public, and, because of changes in human
affairs and imperfections in human institutions, constant efforts must be made to improve
the administration of justice and thereby, to maintain public respect for it.
[3] Criticizing Tribunals - Proceedings and decisions of courts and tribunals are
properly subject to scrutiny and criticism by all members of the public, including lawyers,
but judges and members of tribunals are often prohibited by law or custom from
defending themselves. Their inability to do so imposes special responsibilities upon
lawyers. First, a lawyer should avoid criticism that is petty, intemperate or unsupported
by a bona fide belief in its real merit, since, in the eyes of the public, professional
knowledge lends weight to the lawyer’s judgments or criticism. Second, if a lawyer has
been involved in the proceedings, there is the risk that any criticism may be, or may
appear to be, partisan rather than objective. Third, when a tribunal is the object of unjust
criticism, a lawyer, as a participant in the administration of justice, is uniquely able to,
and should, support the tribunal, both because its members cannot defend themselves
and because, in doing so, the lawyer contributes to greater public understanding of, and
therefore respect for, the legal system.
[4] A lawyer, by training, opportunity and experience, is in a position to observe the
workings and discover the strengths and weaknesses of laws, legal institutions and
public authorities. A lawyer should, therefore, lead in seeking improvements in the legal
system, but any criticisms and proposals should be bona fide and reasoned.
 89

Seeking Legislative or Administrative Changes

5.6-2 A lawyer who seeks legislative or administrative changes must disclose the interest being
advanced, whether the lawyer’s interest, the client’s interest or the public interest.

Commentary
[1] The lawyer may advocate legislative or administrative changes on behalf of a
client although not personally agreeing with them, but the lawyer who purports to act in
the public interest should espouse only those changes that the lawyer conscientiously
believes to be in the public interest.

Security of Court Facilities

5.6-3 A lawyer who has reasonable grounds for believing that a dangerous situation is likely to
develop at a court facility must inform the persons having responsibility for security at the facility
and give particulars.

Commentary
[1] If possible, the lawyer should suggest solutions to the anticipated problem such as:
(a) further security, or
(b) reserving judgment.
[2] If possible, the lawyer should also notify other lawyers who are known to be
involved in proceedings at the court facility where the dangerous situation is likely to
develop. Beyond providing a warning of danger, this notice is desirable because it may
allow them to suggest security measures that do not interfere with an accused’s or a
party’s right to a fair trial.
[3] If client information is involved in those situations, the lawyer should be guided by
the provisions of section 3.3 (Confidentiality).
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5.7 LAWYERS AND MEDIATORS

Role of Mediator

5.7-1 A lawyer who acts as a mediator must, at the outset of the mediation, ensure that the
parties to it understand fully that:

(a) the lawyer is not acting as a lawyer for either party but, as mediator, is acting to
assist the parties to resolve the matters in issue; and

(b) although communications pertaining to and arising out of the mediation process may
be covered by some other common law privilege, they will not be covered by
solicitor-client privilege.

Commentary
[1] In acting as a mediator, generally a lawyer should not give legal advice,
as opposed to legal information, to the parties during the mediation process. This does
not preclude the mediator from giving direction on the consequences if the mediation
fails.
[2] Generally, neither the lawyer-mediator nor a partner or associate of the lawyer-
mediator should render legal representation or give legal advice to either party to the
mediation, bearing in mind the provisions of section 3.4 (Conflicts) and its commentaries
and the common law authorities.
[3] If the parties have not already done so, a lawyer-mediator generally should
suggest that they seek the advice of separate counsel before and during the mediation
process, and encourage them to do so.
[4] If, in the mediation process, the lawyer-mediator prepares a draft contract for the
consideration of the parties, the lawyer-mediator should expressly advise and encourage
them to seek separate independent legal representation concerning the draft contract.
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CHAPTER 6 – RELATIONSHIP TO STUDENTS, EMPLOYEES, AND

OTHERS
 92

6.1 SUPERVISION

Direct Supervision Required

6.1-1 A lawyer has complete professional responsibility for all business entrusted to him or her
and must directly supervise staff and assistants to whom the lawyer delegates particular tasks
and functions.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer may permit a non lawyer to act only under the supervision of a lawyer.
The extent of supervision will depend on the type of legal matter, including the degree of
standardization and repetitiveness of the matter, and the experience of the non lawyer
generally and with regard to the matter in question. The burden rests on the lawyer to
educate a non lawyer concerning the duties that the lawyer assigns to the non-lawyer
and then to supervise the manner in which such duties are carried out. A lawyer should
review the non lawyer’s work at sufficiently frequent intervals to enable the lawyer to
ensure its proper and timely completion.
[2] A lawyer who practises alone or operates a branch or part time office should
ensure that
(a) all matters requiring a lawyer’s professional skill and judgment are dealt with
by a lawyer qualified to do the work; and
(b) no unauthorized persons give legal advice, whether in the lawyer’s name or
otherwise.
[3] If a non-lawyer has received specialized training or education and is competent to
do independent work under the general supervision of a lawyer, a lawyer may delegate
work to the non-lawyer.
[4] A lawyer in private practice may permit a non lawyer to perform tasks delegated
and supervised by a lawyer, so long as the lawyer maintains a direct relationship with
the client. A lawyer in a community legal clinic funded by a provincial legal aid plan may
do so, so long as the lawyer maintains direct supervision of the client’s case in
accordance with the supervision requirements of the legal aid plan and assumes full
professional responsibility for the work.
[5] Subject to the provisions of any statute, rule or court practice in that regard, the
question of what the lawyer may delegate to a non lawyer generally turns on the
distinction between any special knowledge of the non lawyer and the professional and
legal judgment of the lawyer, which, in the public interest, must be exercised by the
lawyer whenever it is required.
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Application

6.1-2 In this rule, a non-lawyer does not include a student-at-law.

Delegation

6.1-3 A lawyer must not permit a non-lawyer to:

(a) accept cases on behalf of the lawyer, except that a non-lawyer may receive instructions
from established clients if the supervising lawyer approves before any work
commences;
(b) give legal advice;
(c) give or accept undertakings or accept trust conditions, except at the direction of and
under the supervision of a lawyer responsible for the legal matter, providing that, in any
communications, the fact that the person giving or accepting the undertaking or
accepting the trust condition is a non-lawyer is disclosed, the capacity of the person is
indicated and the lawyer who is responsible for the legal matter is identified;
(d) act finally without reference to the lawyer in matters involving professional legal
judgment;
(e) be held out as a lawyer;
(f) appear in court or actively participate in formal legal proceedings on behalf of a client
except as set forth above or except in a supporting role to the lawyer appearing in such
proceedings;
(g) be named in association with the lawyer in any pleading, written argument or other like
document submitted to a court;
(h) be remunerated on a sliding scale related to the earnings of the lawyer, unless the non-
lawyer is an employee of the lawyer;
(i) conduct negotiations with third parties, other than routine negotiations if the client
consents and the results of the negotiation are approved by the supervising lawyer
before action is taken;
(j) take instructions from clients, unless the supervising lawyer has directed the client to
the non-lawyer for that purpose and the instructions are relayed to the lawyer as soon
as reasonably possible;
(k) sign correspondence containing a legal opinion;
(l) sign correspondence, unless
(i) it is of a routine administrative nature,
(ii) the non-lawyer has been specifically directed to sign the correspondence by a
supervising lawyer,
(iii) the fact the person is a non-lawyer is disclosed, and
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(iv) the capacity in which the person signs the correspondence is indicated;
(m) forward to a client or third party any documents, other than routine, standard form
documents, except with the lawyer’s knowledge and direction;
(n) perform any of the duties that only lawyers may perform or do things that lawyers
themselves may not do; or
(o) issue statements of account.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer is responsible for any undertaking given or accepted and any trust
condition accepted by a non-lawyer acting under his or her supervision.
[2] A lawyer should ensure that the non-lawyer is identified as such when
communicating orally or in writing with clients, lawyers or public officials or with the
public generally, whether within or outside the offices of the law firm of employment.
[3] In real estate transactions using a system for the electronic submission or
registration of documents, a lawyer who approves the electronic registration of
documents by a non-lawyer is responsible for the content of any document that contains
the electronic signature of the non-lawyer.

Suspended or Disbarred Lawyers

6.1-4 Without the express approval of the lawyer’s governing body, a lawyer must not retain,
occupy office space with, use the services of, partner or associate with or employ in any
capacity having to do with the practice of law any person who, in any jurisdiction, has been
disbarred and struck off the Rolls, suspended, undertaken not to practise or who has been
involved in disciplinary action and been permitted to resign and has not been reinstated or
readmitted.

Electronic Registration of Documents

6.1-5 A lawyer who has personalized encrypted electronic access to any system for the
electronic submission or registration of documents must not
(a) permit others, including a non-lawyer employee, to use such access; or
(b) disclose his or her password or access phrase or number to others.

6.1-6 When a non-lawyer employed by a lawyer has a personalized encrypted electronic

access to any system for the electronic submission or registration of documents, the lawyer
must ensure that the non-lawyer does not
(a) permit others to use such access; or
(b) disclose his or her password or access phrase or number to others.
Commentary
 95

[1] The implementation of systems for the electronic registration of documents

imposes special responsibilities on lawyers and others using the system. The integrity
and security of the system is achieved, in part, by its maintaining a record of those using
the system for any transactions. Statements professing compliance with law without
registration of supporting documents may be made only by lawyers in good standing. It
is, therefore, important that lawyers should maintain and ensure the security and the
exclusively personal use of the personalized access code, diskettes, etc., used to
access the system and the personalized access pass phrase or number.
[2] In a real estate practice, when it is permissible for a lawyer to delegate
responsibilities to a non-lawyer who has such access, the lawyer should ensure that the
non-lawyer maintains and understands the importance of maintaining the security of the
system.
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6.2 STUDENTS

Recruitment and Engagement Procedures

6.2-1 A lawyer must observe any procedures of the Society about the recruitment and
engagement of articling or other students.

Duties of Principal

6.2-2 A lawyer acting as a principal to a student must provide the student with meaningful
training and exposure to and involvement in work that will provide the student with knowledge
and experience of the practical aspects of the law, together with an appreciation of the traditions
and ethics of the profession.

Commentary
[1] A principal or supervising lawyer is responsible for the actions of students acting
under his or her direction.

Duties of Articling Student

6.2-3 An articling student must act in good faith in fulfilling and discharging all the
commitments and obligations arising from the articling experience.
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6.3 DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT

Discrimination

6.3-1 A lawyer must not directly or indirectly discriminate against a colleague, employee, client
or any other person.

Commentary
[1] Lawyers are uniquely placed to advance the administration of justice, requiring
lawyers to commit to equal justice for all within an open and impartial system. Lawyers
are expected to respect the dignity and worth of all persons and to treat all persons fairly
and without discrimination. A lawyer has a special responsibility to respect and uphold
the principles and requirements of human rights and workplace health and safety laws in
force in Canada, its provinces and territories and, specifically, to honour the obligations
enumerated in such laws.
[2] In order to reflect and be responsive to the public they serve, a lawyer must refrain
from all forms of discrimination and harassment, which undermine confidence in the
legal profession and our legal system. A lawyer should foster a professional environment
that is respectful, accessible, and inclusive, and should strive to recognize their own
internal biases and take particular care to avoid engaging in practices that would
reinforce those biases, when offering services to the public and when organizing their
workplace.
[3] Indigenous peoples may experience unique challenges in relation to discrimination
and harassment as a result of the history of the colonization of Indigenous peoples in
Canada, ongoing repercussions of the colonial legacy, systemic factors, and implicit
biases. Lawyers should take particular care to avoid engaging in, allowing, or being
willfully blind to actions which constitute discrimination or any form of harassment
against Indigenous peoples.
[4] Lawyers should be aware that discrimination includes adverse effect and systemic
discrimination, which arise from organizational policies, practices and cultures that
create, perpetuate, or unintentionally result in unequal treatment of a person or persons.
Lawyers should consider the distinct needs and circumstances of their colleagues,
employees, and clients, and should be alert to unconscious biases that may inform these
relationships and that serve to perpetuate systemic discrimination and harassment.
Lawyers should guard against any express or implicit assumption that another person’s
views, skills, capabilities, and contributions are necessarily shaped or constrained by
their gender, race, Indigeneity, disability or other personal characteristic.
[5] Discrimination is a distinction, intentional or not, based on grounds related to actual
or perceived personal characteristics of an individual or group, which has the effect of
imposing burdens, obligations or disadvantages on the individual or group that are not
imposed on others, or which withhold or limit access to opportunities, benefits and
 98

advantages that are available to other members of society. Distinctions based on

personal characteristics attributed to an individual solely on the basis of association with
a group will typically constitute discrimination. Intersecting grounds of discrimination
require consideration of the unique oppressions that result from the interplay of two or
more protected grounds in a given context.
[6] The principles of human rights and workplace health and safety laws and related
case law apply to the interpretation of this Rule and to Rules 6.3-2 to 6.3-4. A lawyer has
a responsibility to stay apprised of developments in the law pertaining to discrimination
and harassment, as what constitutes discrimination, harassment, and protected grounds
continue to evolve over time and may vary by jurisdiction.
[7] Examples of behaviour that constitute discrimination include, but are not limited to:
(a) harassment (as described in more detail in the Commentary to Rules 6.3-2
and 6.3-3);
(b) refusing to employ or to continue to employ any person on the basis of any
personal characteristic protected by applicable law;
(c) refusing to provide legal services to any person on the basis of any personal
characteristic protected by applicable law;
(d) charging higher fees on the basis of any personal characteristic protected by
applicable law;
(e) assigning lesser work or paying an employee or staff member less on the
basis of any personal characteristic protected by applicable law;
(f) using derogatory racial, gendered, or religious language to describe a person
or group of persons;
(g) failing to provide reasonable accommodation to the point of undue hardship;
(h) applying policies regarding leave that are facially neutral (i.e. that apply to all
employees equally), but which have the effect of penalizing individuals who
take parental leave, in terms of seniority, promotion or partnership;
(i) providing training or mentoring opportunities in a manner which has the effect
of excluding any person from such opportunities on the basis of any personal
characteristic protected by applicable law;
(j) providing unequal opportunity for advancement by evaluating employees on
facially neutral criteria that fail to take into account differential needs and
needs requiring accommodation;
(k) comments, jokes or innuendos that cause humiliation, embarrassment or
offence, or that by their nature, and in their context, are clearly embarrassing,
humiliating or offensive;
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(l) instances when any of the above behaviour is directed toward someone
because of their association with a group or individual with certain personal
characteristics; or
(m) any other conduct which constitutes discrimination according to any
applicable law.
[8] It is not discrimination to establish or provide special programs, services or
activities which have the object of ameliorating conditions of disadvantage for individuals
or groups who are disadvantaged for reasons related to any characteristic protected by
applicable laws.
[9] Lawyers are reminded that the provisions of this Rule do not only apply to conduct
related to, or performed in, the lawyer’s office or in legal practice.

Harassment

6.3-2 A lawyer must not harass a colleague, employee, client or any other person.

Commentary
[1] Harassment includes an incident or a series of incidents involving physical, verbal
or non-verbal conduct (including electronic communications) that might reasonably be
expected to cause humiliation, offence or intimidation to the person who is subjected to
the conduct. The intent of the lawyer engaging in the conduct is not determinative. It is
harassment if the lawyer knew or ought to have known that the conduct would be
unwelcome or cause humiliation, offence or intimidation. Harassment may constitute or
be linked to discrimination.
[2] Examples of behaviour that constitute harassment include, but are not limited to:
(a) objectionable or offensive behaviour that is known or ought reasonably to be
known to be unwelcome, including comments and displays that demean,
belittle, intimidate or cause humiliation or embarrassment;
(b) behaviour that is degrading, threatening or abusive, whether physically,
mentally or emotionally;
(c) bullying;
(d) verbal abuse;
(e) abuse of authority where a lawyer uses the power inherent in their position to
endanger, undermine, intimidate, or threaten a person, or otherwise interfere
with another person’s career;
(f) comments, jokes or innuendos that are known or ought reasonably to be
known to cause humiliation, embarrassment or offence, or that by their nature,
and in their context, are clearly embarrassing, humiliating or offensive; or
(g) assigning work inequitably.
 100

[3] Bullying, including cyberbullying, is a form of harassment. It may involve physical,

verbal or non-verbal conduct. It is characterized by conduct that might reasonably be
expected to harm or damage the physical or psychological integrity of another person,
their reputation or their property. Bullying includes, but is not limited to:
(a) unfair or excessive criticism;
(b) ridicule;
(c) humiliation;
(d) exclusion or isolation;
(e) constantly changing or setting unrealistic work targets; or
(f) threats or intimidation.
[4] Lawyers are reminded that the provisions of this Rule do not only apply to conduct
related to, or performed in, the lawyer’s office or in legal practice.
.
Sexual Harassment

6.3-3 A lawyer must not sexually harass a colleague, employee, client or any other person.

Commentary
[1] Sexual harassment is an incident or series of incidents involving unsolicited or
unwelcome sexual advances or requests, or other unwelcome physical, verbal, or
nonverbal conduct (including electronic communications) of a sexual nature. Sexual
harassment can be directed at others based on their gender, gender identity, gender
expression, or sexual orientation. The intent of the lawyer engaging in the conduct is not
determinative. It is sexual harassment if the lawyer knew or ought to have known that
the conduct would be unwelcome. Sexual harassment may occur:
(a) when such conduct might reasonably be expected to cause insecurity,
discomfort, offence, or humiliation to the person who is subjected to the
conduct;
(b) when submission to such conduct is implicitly or explicitly made a condition for
the provision of professional services;
(c) when submission to such conduct is implicitly or explicitly made a condition of
employment;
(d) when submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as a basis for any
employment decision, including;
(i) Loss of opportunity;
(ii) The allocation of work;
(iii) Promotion or demotion;
 101

(iv) Remuneration or loss of remuneration;

(v) Job security; or
(vi) Benefits affecting the employee;
(e) when such conduct has the purpose or the effect of interfering with a person's
work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work
environment;
(f) when a position of power is used to import sexual requirements into the
workplace and negatively alter the working conditions of employees or
colleagues; or
(g) when a sexual solicitation or advance is made by a lawyer who is in a position
to confer any benefit on, or deny any benefit to, the recipient of the solicitation
or advance, if the lawyer making the solicitation or advance knows or ought
reasonably to know that it is unwelcome.

[2] Examples of behaviour that constitute sexual harassment include, but are not limited
to:
(a) displaying sexualized or other demeaning or derogatory images;
(b) sexually suggestive or intimidating comments, gestures or threats;
(c) comments, jokes that cause humiliation, embarrassment or offence, or which
by their nature, and in their context, are clearly embarrassing, humiliating or
offensive;
(d) innuendoes, leering or comments about a person’s dress or appearance;
(e) gender-based insults or sexist remarks;
(f) communications with sexual overtones;
(g) inquiries or comments about a person’s sex life;
(h) sexual flirtations, advances, propositions, invitations or requests;
(i) unsolicited or unwelcome physical contact or touching;
(j) sexual violence; or
(k) unwanted contact or attention, including after the end of a consensual
relationship.
[3] Lawyers should avoid condoning or being willfully blind to conduct in their
workplaces that constitutes sexual harassment.

[4] Lawyers are reminded that the provisions of this Rule do not only apply to conduct
related to, or performed in, the lawyer’s office or in legal practice.
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Reprisal

6.3-4 A lawyer must not engage or participate in reprisals against a colleague, employee, client
or any other person because that person has:
(a) inquired about their rights or the rights of others;
(b) made or contemplated making a complaint of discrimination, harassment or sexual
harassment;
(c) witnessed discrimination, harassment or sexual harassment; or
(d) assisted or contemplated assisting in any investigation or proceeding related to a
complaint of discrimination, harassment or sexual harassment.

Commentary
[1] The purpose of this Rule is to enable people to exercise their rights without fear of
reprisal. Conduct which is intended to retaliate against a person, or discourage a person
from exploring their rights, can constitute reprisal. Examples of such behaviour include,
but are not limited to:
(a) refusing to employ or to continue to employ any person;
(b) penalizing any person with respect to that person’s employment or changing,
in a punitive way, any term, condition or privilege of that person’s
employment;
(c) intimidating, retaliating against or coercing any person;
(d) imposing a pecuniary or any other penalty, loss or disadvantage on any
person;
(e) changing a person’s workload in a disadvantageous manner, or withdrawing
opportunities from them; or
(f) threatening to do any of the foregoing.
 103

CHAPTER 7 – RELATIONSHIP TO THE SOCIETY AND OTHER

LAWYERS
 104

7.1 RESPONSIBILITY TO THE SOCIETY AND THE PROFESSION GENERALLY

Communications from the Society

7.1-1 A lawyer must reply promptly and completely to any communication from the Society.

Meeting Financial Obligations

7.1-2 A lawyer must promptly meet financial obligations in relation to his or her practice,
including payment of the deductible under a professional liability insurance policy, when called
upon to do so.

Commentary
[1] In order to maintain the honour of the Bar, lawyers have a professional duty (quite
apart from any legal liability) to meet financial obligations incurred, assumed or
undertaken on behalf of clients, unless, before incurring such an obligation, the lawyer
clearly indicates in writing that the obligation is not to be a personal one.
[2] When a lawyer retains a consultant, expert or other professional, the lawyer should
clarify the terms of the retainer in writing, including specifying the fees, the nature of the
services to be provided and the person responsible for payment. If the lawyer is not
responsible for the payment of the fees, the lawyer should help in making satisfactory
arrangements for payment if it is reasonably possible to do so.
[3] If there is a change of lawyer, the lawyer who originally retained a consultant,
expert or other professional should advise him or her about the change and provide the
name, address, telephone number, fax number and email address of the new lawyer.

Duty to Report

7.1-3 Unless to do so would be unlawful or would involve a breach of solicitor-client privilege, a

lawyer must report to the Society:
(a) the misappropriation or misapplication of trust monies;
(b) the abandonment of a law practice;
(c) participation in criminal activity related to a lawyer’s practice;
(d) conduct that raises a substantial question as to another lawyer’s honesty,
trustworthiness, or competency as a lawyer;
(e) conduct that raises a substantial question about the lawyer’s capacity to provide
professional services; and
(f) any situation in which a lawyer’s clients are likely to be materially prejudiced.
 105

Commentary
[1] Unless a lawyer who departs from proper professional conduct or competence is
checked at an early stage, loss or damage to clients or others may ensue. Evidence of
minor breaches may, on investigation, disclose a more serious situation or may indicate
the commencement of a course of conduct that may lead to serious breaches in the
future. It is, therefore, proper (unless it is privileged or otherwise unlawful) for a lawyer to
report to the Society any instance involving a breach of these rules. If a lawyer is in any
doubt whether a report should be made, the lawyer should consider seeking the advice
of the Society directly or indirectly (e.g., through another lawyer). In all cases, the report
must be made without malice or ulterior motive.
[2] Nothing in this rule is meant to interfere with the lawyer-client relationship.
[3] Instances of conduct described in this rule can arise from a variety of stressors,
physical, mental or emotional conditions, disorders or addictions. Lawyers who face
such challenges should be encouraged by other lawyers to seek assistance as early as
possible.
[4] The Society supports professional support groups, such as the [Lawyers’
Assistance Program and the Risk and Practice Management Program], in their
commitment to the provision of confidential counselling. Therefore, lawyers providing
peer support for professional support groups will not be called by the Society or by any
investigation committee to testify at any conduct, capacity or competence hearing
without the consent of the lawyer from whom the information was received.
Notwithstanding the above, a lawyer counselling another lawyer has an ethical obligation
to report to the Society upon learning that the lawyer being assisted is engaging serious
misconduct or in criminal activity related to the lawyer’s practice or there is a substantial
risk that the lawyer may in the future engage in such conduct or activity. The Society
cannot countenance such conduct regardless of a lawyer’s attempts at rehabilitation.

Encouraging Client to Report Dishonest Conduct

7.1-4 A lawyer must encourage a client who has a claim or complaint against an apparently
dishonest lawyer to report the facts to the Society as soon as reasonably practicable.
 106

7.2 RESPONSIBILITY TO LAWYERS AND OTHERS

Courtesy and Good Faith

7.2-1 A lawyer must be courteous and civil and act in good faith with all persons with whom
the lawyer has dealings in the course of his or her practice.

Commentary
[1] The public interest demands that matters entrusted to a lawyer be dealt with
effectively and expeditiously, and fair and courteous dealing on the part of each lawyer
engaged in a matter will contribute materially to this end. The lawyer who behaves
otherwise does a disservice to the client, and neglect of the rule will impair the ability of
lawyers to perform their functions properly.
[2] Any ill feeling that may exist or be engendered between clients, particularly during
litigation, should never be allowed to influence lawyers in their conduct and demeanour
toward each other or the parties. The presence of personal animosity between lawyers
involved in a matter may cause their judgment to be clouded by emotional factors and
hinder the proper resolution of the matter. Personal remarks or personally abusive
tactics interfere with the orderly administration of justice and have no place in our legal
system.
[3] A lawyer should avoid ill-considered or uninformed criticism of the competence,
conduct, advice or charges of other lawyers, but should be prepared, when requested, to
advise and represent a client in a complaint involving another lawyer.
[4] A lawyer should agree to reasonable requests concerning trial dates,
adjournments, the waiver of procedural formalities and similar matters that do not
prejudice the rights of the client.

7.2-2 A lawyer must avoid sharp practice and must not take advantage of or act without fair
warning upon slips, irregularities or mistakes on the part of other lawyers not going to the merits
or involving the sacrifice of a client’s rights.

7.2-3 A lawyer must not use any device to record a conversation between the lawyer and a
client or another lawyer, even if lawful, without first informing the other person of the intention to
do so.

Communications

7.2-4 A lawyer must not, in the course of a professional practice, send correspondence or
otherwise communicate to a client, another lawyer or any other person in a manner that is
abusive, offensive, or otherwise inconsistent with the proper tone of a professional
communication from a lawyer.
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7.2-5 A lawyer must answer with reasonable promptness all professional letters and
communications from other lawyers that require an answer, and a lawyer must be punctual in
fulfilling all commitments.

7.2-6 Subject to rules 7.2-6A and 7.2-7, if a person is represented by a lawyer in respect of a
matter, another lawyer must not, except through or with the consent of the person’s lawyer:
(a) approach, communicate or deal with the person on the matter; or
(b) attempt to negotiate or compromise the matter directly with the person.

7.2-6A Where a person is represented by a lawyer under a limited scope retainer on a matter,
another lawyer may, without the consent of the lawyer providing the limited scope legal
services, approach, communicate or deal with the person directly on the matter unless the
lawyer has been given written notice of the nature of the legal services being provided under the
limited scope retainer and the approach, communication or dealing falls within the scope of that
retainer.

Commentary
[1] Where notice as described in rule 7.2-6A has been provided to a lawyer for an
opposing party, the opposing lawyer is required to communicate with the person’s
lawyer, but only to the extent of the limited representation as identified by the lawyer.
The opposing lawyer may communicate with the person on matters outside of the limited
scope retainer.

7.2-7 A lawyer who is not otherwise interested in a matter may give a second opinion to a
person who is represented by a lawyer with respect to that matter.

Commentary
[1] Rule 7.2-6 applies to communications with any person, whether or not a party to a
formal adjudicative proceeding, contract or negotiation, who is represented by a lawyer
concerning the matter to which the communication relates. A lawyer may communicate
with a represented person concerning matters outside the representation. This rule does
not prevent parties to a matter from communicating directly with each other.
[2] The prohibition on communications with a represented person applies only where
the lawyer knows that the person is represented in the matter to be discussed. This
means that the lawyer has actual knowledge of the fact of the representation, but actual
knowledge may be inferred from the circumstances. This inference may arise when
there is substantial reason to believe that the person with whom communication is
sought is represented in the matter to be discussed. Thus, a lawyer cannot evade the
requirement of obtaining the consent of the other lawyer by closing his or her eyes to the
obvious.
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[3] Rule 7.2-7 deals with circumstances in which a client may wish to obtain a second
opinion from another lawyer. While a lawyer should not hesitate to provide a second
opinion, the obligation to be competent and to render competent services requires that
the opinion be based on sufficient information. In the case of a second opinion, such
information may include facts that can be obtained only through consultation with the
first lawyer involved. The lawyer should advise the client accordingly and, if necessary,
consult the first lawyer unless the client instructs otherwise.

7.2-8 A lawyer retained to act on a matter involving a corporate or other organization

represented by a lawyer must not approach an officer or employee of the organization:
(a) who has the authority to bind the organization;
(b) who supervises, directs or regularly consults with the organization’s lawyer; or
(c) whose own interests are directly at stake in the representation,

in respect of that matter, unless the lawyer representing the organization consents or the
contact is otherwise authorized or required by law.

Commentary
[1] This rule applies to corporations and other organizations. “Other organizations”
include partnerships, limited partnerships, associations, unions, unincorporated groups,
government departments and agencies, tribunals, regulatory bodies and sole
proprietorships. This rule prohibits a lawyer representing another person or entity from
communicating about the matter in question with persons likely involved in the decision-
making process for a corporation or other organization. If an agent or employee of the
organization is represented in the matter by a lawyer, the consent of that lawyer to the
communication will be sufficient for purposes of this rule. A lawyer may communicate
with employees or agents concerning matters outside the representation.
[2] A lawyer representing a corporation or other organization may also be retained to
represent employees of the corporation or organization. In such circumstances, the
lawyer must comply with the requirements of section 3.4 (Conflicts), and particularly
rules 3.4-5 to 3.4-9. A lawyer must not represent that he or she acts for an employee of
a client, unless the requirements of section 3.4 have been complied with, and must not
be retained by an employee solely for the purpose of sheltering factual information from
another party.

7.2-9 When a lawyer deals on a client’s behalf with an unrepresented person, the lawyer must:
(a) urge the unrepresented person to obtain independent legal representation;
(b) take care to see that the unrepresented person is not proceeding under the
impression that his or her interests will be protected by the lawyer; and
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(c) make it clear to the unrepresented person that the lawyer is acting exclusively in
the interests of the client.

Commentary
[1] If an unrepresented person requests the lawyer to advise or act in the matter, the
lawyer should be governed by the considerations outlined in this rule about joint retainers.

Inadvertent Communications

7.2-10 A lawyer who receives a document relating to the representation of the lawyer's client
and knows or reasonably should know that the document was inadvertently sent must promptly
notify the sender.

Commentary
[1] Lawyers sometimes receive documents that were mistakenly sent or produced by
opposing parties or their lawyers. If a lawyer knows or reasonably should know that such
a document was sent inadvertently, then this rule requires the lawyer to notify the sender
promptly in order to permit that person to take protective measures. Whether the lawyer
is required to take additional steps, such as returning the original document, is a matter
of law beyond the scope of these rules, as is the question of whether the privileged
status of a document has been lost. Similarly, this rule does not address the legal duties
of a lawyer who receives a document that the lawyer knows or reasonably should know
may have been wrongfully obtained by the sending person. For purposes of this rule,
“document” includes email or other electronic modes of transmission subject to being
read or put into readable form.
[2] Some lawyers may choose to return a document unread, for example, when the
lawyer learns before receiving the document that it was inadvertently sent to the wrong
address. Unless a lawyer is required by applicable law to do so, the decision to
voluntarily return such a document is a matter of professional judgment ordinarily
reserved to the lawyer.

Undertakings and Trust Conditions

7.2-11 A lawyer must not give an undertaking that cannot be fulfilled and must fulfill every
undertaking given and honour every trust condition once accepted.

Commentary
[1] Undertakings should be written or confirmed in writing and should be absolutely
unambiguous in their terms. If a lawyer giving an undertaking does not intend to accept
personal responsibility, this should be stated clearly in the undertaking itself. In the
absence of such a statement, the person to whom the undertaking is given is entitled to
expect that the lawyer giving it will honour it personally. The use of such words as “on
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behalf of my client” or “on behalf of the vendor” does not relieve the lawyer giving the
undertaking of personal responsibility.
[2] Trust conditions should be clear, unambiguous and explicit and should state the
time within which the conditions must be met. Trust conditions should be imposed in
writing and communicated to the other party at the time the property is delivered. Trust
conditions should be accepted in writing and, once accepted, constitute an obligation on
the accepting lawyer that the lawyer must honour personally. The lawyer who delivers
property without any trust condition cannot retroactively impose trust conditions on the
use of that property by the other party.
[3] The lawyer should not impose or accept trust conditions that are unreasonable,
nor accept trust conditions that cannot be fulfilled personally. When a lawyer accepts
property subject to trust conditions, the lawyer must fully comply with such conditions,
even if the conditions subsequently appear unreasonable. It is improper for a lawyer to
ignore or breach a trust condition he or she has accepted on the basis that the condition
is not in accordance with the contractual obligations of the clients. It is also improper to
unilaterally impose cross conditions respecting one’s compliance with the original trust
conditions.
[4] If a lawyer is unable or unwilling to honour a trust condition imposed by someone
else, the subject of the trust condition should be immediately returned to the person
imposing the trust condition, unless its terms can be forthwith amended in writing on a
mutually agreeable basis.
[5] Trust conditions can be varied with the consent of the person imposing them. Any
variation should be confirmed in writing. Clients or others are not entitled to require a
variation of trust conditions without the consent of the lawyer who has imposed the
conditions and the lawyer who has accepted them.
[6] Any trust condition that is accepted is binding upon a lawyer, whether imposed by
another lawyer or by a lay person. A lawyer may seek to impose trust conditions upon a
non-lawyer, whether an individual or a corporation or other organization, but great
caution should be exercised in so doing since such conditions would be enforceable only
through the courts as a matter of contract law and not by reason of the ethical
obligations that exist between lawyers.
[7] A lawyer should treat money or property that, on a reasonable construction, is
subject to trust conditions or an undertaking in accordance with these rules.
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7.3 OUTSIDE INTERESTS AND THE PRACTICE OF LAW

Maintaining Professional Integrity and Judgment

7.3-1 A lawyer who engages in another profession, business or occupation concurrently with the
practice of law must not allow such outside interest to jeopardize the lawyer’s professional
integrity, independence or competence.

Commentary
[1] A lawyer must not carry on, manage or be involved in any outside interest in such
a way that makes it difficult to distinguish in which capacity the lawyer is acting in a
particular transaction, or that would give rise to a conflict of interest or duty to a client.
[2] When acting or dealing in respect of a transaction involving an outside interest, the
lawyer should be mindful of potential conflicts and the applicable standards referred to in
the conflicts rule and disclose any personal interest.

7.3-2 A lawyer must not allow involvement in an outside interest to impair the exercise of the
lawyer’s independent judgment on behalf of a client.

Commentary
[1] The term “outside interest” covers the widest possible range of activities and
includes activities that may overlap or be connected with the practice of law such as
engaging in the mortgage business, acting as a director of a client corporation or writing
on legal subjects, as well as activities not so connected, such as a career in business,
politics, broadcasting or the performing arts. In each case, the question of whether and
to what extent the lawyer may be permitted to engage in the outside interest will be
subject to any applicable law or rule of the Society.
[2] When the outside interest is not related to the legal services being performed for
clients, ethical considerations will usually not arise unless the lawyer’s conduct might bring
the lawyer or the profession into disrepute or impair the lawyer’s competence, such as if
the outside interest might occupy so much time that clients’ interests would suffer because
of inattention or lack of preparation.
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7.4 THE LAWYER IN PUBLIC OFFICE

Standard of Conduct

7.4-1 A lawyer who holds public office must, in the discharge of official duties, adhere to
standards of conduct as high as those required of a lawyer engaged in the practice of law.

Commentary
[1] The rule applies to a lawyer who is elected or appointed to a legislative or
administrative office at any level of government, regardless of whether the lawyer
attained the office because of professional qualifications. Because such a lawyer is in
the public eye, the legal profession can more readily be brought into disrepute by a
failure to observe its ethical standards.
[2] Generally, the Society is not concerned with the way in which a lawyer holding
public office carries out official responsibilities, but conduct in office that reflects
adversely upon the lawyer’s integrity or professional competence may be the subject of
disciplinary action.
[3] Lawyers holding public office are also subject to the provisions of section 3.4
(Conflicts) when they apply.
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7.5 PUBLIC APPEARANCES AND PUBLIC STATEMENTS

Communication with the Public

7.5-1 Provided that there is no infringement of the lawyer’s obligations to the client, the
profession, the courts, or the administration of justice, a lawyer may communicate information to
the media and may make public appearances and statements.

Commentary
[1] Lawyers in their public appearances and public statements should conduct
themselves in the same manner as they do with their clients, their fellow practitioners,
the courts, and tribunals. Dealings with the media are simply an extension of the
lawyer’s conduct in a professional capacity. The mere fact that a lawyer’s appearance is
outside of a courtroom, a tribunal or the lawyer’s office does not excuse conduct that
would otherwise be considered improper.
[2] A lawyer’s duty to the client demands that, before making a public statement
concerning the client's affairs, the lawyer must first be satisfied that any communication
is in the best interests of the client and within the scope of the retainer.
[3] Public communications about a client’s affairs should not be used for the purpose
of publicizing the lawyer and should be free from any suggestion that a lawyer’s real
purpose is self-promotion or self-aggrandizement.
[4] Given the variety of cases that can arise in the legal system, particularly in civil,
criminal and administrative proceedings, it is impossible to set down guidelines that would
anticipate every possible circumstance. Circumstances arise in which the lawyer should
have no contact with the media, but there are other cases in which the lawyer should
contact the media to properly serve the client.
[5] Lawyers are often involved in non-legal activities involving contact with the media
to publicize such matters as fund-raising, expansion of hospitals or universities,
programs of public institutions or political organizations. They sometimes act as
spokespersons for organizations that, in turn, represent particular racial, religious or
other special interest groups. This is a well-established and completely proper role for
lawyers to play in view of the obvious contribution that it makes to the community.
[6] Lawyers are often called upon to comment publicly on the effectiveness of existing
statutory or legal remedies or the effect of particular legislation or decided cases, or to
offer an opinion about cases that have been instituted or are about to be instituted. This,
too, is an important role the lawyer can play to assist the public in understanding legal
issues.
[7] Lawyers should be aware that, when they make a public appearance or give a
statement, they ordinarily have no control over any editing that may follow or the context
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in which the appearance or statement may be used or under what headline it may
appear.

Interference with Right to Fair Trial or Hearing

7.5-2 A lawyer must not communicate information to the media or make public statements about
a matter before a tribunal if the lawyer knows or ought to know that the information or statement
will have a substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing a party’s right to a fair trial or hearing.

Commentary
[1] Fair trials and hearings are fundamental to a free and democratic society. It is
important that the public, including the media, be informed about cases before courts
and tribunals. The administration of justice benefits from public scrutiny. It is also
important that a person’s, particularly an accused person’s, right to a fair trial or hearing
not be impaired by inappropriate public statements made before the case has
concluded.
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7.6 PREVENTING UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE

Preventing Unauthorized Practice

7.6-1 A lawyer must assist in preventing the unauthorized practice of law.

Commentary
[1] Statutory provisions against the practice of law by unauthorized persons are for
the protection of the public. Unauthorized persons may have technical or personal
ability, but they are immune from control, from regulation and, in the case of misconduct,
from discipline by the Society. Moreover, the client of a lawyer who is authorized to
practise has the protection and benefit of the lawyer-client privilege, the lawyer’s duty of
confidentiality, the professional standard of care that the law requires of lawyers, and the
authority that the courts exercise over them. Other safeguards include mandatory
professional liability insurance, the assessment of lawyers’ bills, regulation of the
handling of trust monies and the maintenance of compensation funds.
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7.7 RETIRED JUDGES RETURNING TO PRACTICE

7.7-1 A judge who returns to practice after retiring, resigning or being removed from the bench
must not, for a period of three years, unless the governing body approves on the basis of
exceptional circumstances, appear as a lawyer before the court of which the former judge was a
member or before any courts of inferior jurisdiction to that court or before any administrative board
or tribunal over which that court exercised an appellate or judicial review jurisdiction in any
province in which the judge exercised judicial functions.
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7.8 ERRORS AND OMISSIONS

Informing Client of Errors or Omissions

7.8-1 When, in connection with a matter for which a lawyer is responsible, a lawyer discovers
an error or omission that is or may be damaging to the client and that cannot be rectified readily,
the lawyer must:

(a) promptly inform the client of the error or omission without admitting legal liability;
(b) recommend that the client obtain independent legal advice concerning the matter,
including any rights the client may have arising from the error or omission; and
(c) advise the client of the possibility that, in the circumstances, the lawyer may no longer
be able to act for the client.

Commentary
[1] In addition to the obligations imposed by Rule 7.8-1, the lawyer has the contractual
obligation to report to the lawyer’s insurer. Rule 7.8-2 also imposes an ethical duty to
report to the insurer(s). Rule 7.8-1 does not relieve a lawyer from the duty to report to
the insurer or other indemnitor even if the lawyer attempts to rectify.

Notice of Claim

7.8-2 A lawyer must give prompt notice of any circumstance that may give rise to a claim to an
insurer or other indemnitor so that the client’s protection from that source will not be prejudiced.

Commentary
[1] Under the lawyer’s compulsory professional liability insurance policy, a lawyer is
contractually required to give written notice to the insurer immediately after the lawyer
becomes aware of any actual or alleged error or any circumstances that could give rise
to a claim. The duty to report is also an ethical duty which is imposed on the lawyer to
protect clients. The duty to report arises whether or not the lawyer considers the claim to
have merit.
[2] The introduction of compulsory insurance has imposed additional obligations upon
a lawyer, but these obligations must not impair the relationship and duties of the lawyer
to the client. A lawyer has an obligation to comply with the provisions of the policy of
insurance. The insurer’s rights must be preserved, and the lawyer, in informing the client
of an error or omission, should be careful not to prejudice any rights of indemnity that
either of them may have under an insurance, client’s protection or indemnity plan, or
otherwise. There may well be occasions when a lawyer believes that certain actions or a
failure to take action have made the lawyer liable for damages to the client when, in
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reality, no liability exists. Further, in every case, a careful assessment will have to be
made of the client’s damages arising from a lawyer’s negligence.

Co-operation

7.8-3 When a claim of professional negligence is made against a lawyer, he or she must assist
and co-operate with the insurer or other indemnitor to the extent necessary to enable the claim
to be dealt with promptly.

Responding to Client’s Claim

7.8-4 If a lawyer is not indemnified for a client’s errors and omissions claim or to the extent
that the indemnity may not fully cover the claim, the lawyer must expeditiously deal with the
claim and must not take unfair advantage that would defeat or impair the client’s claim.

7.8-5 If liability is clear and the insurer or other indemnitor is prepared to pay its portion of the
claim, a lawyer has a duty to pay the balance (see also Rule 7.1-2).