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integration testing que ans imp only

Integration testing verifies the interaction between multiple software modules, with two main strategies: Top-down and Bottom-up. Top-down starts testing from high-level modules using stubs, while Bottom-up begins with low-level modules using drivers. In object-oriented programming, Cluster Testing is used to test groups of related classes, focusing on their interactions and state changes.

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2 views

integration testing que ans imp only

Integration testing verifies the interaction between multiple software modules, with two main strategies: Top-down and Bottom-up. Top-down starts testing from high-level modules using stubs, while Bottom-up begins with low-level modules using drivers. In object-oriented programming, Cluster Testing is used to test groups of related classes, focusing on their interactions and state changes.

Uploaded by

nikhilbadlani2325
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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✅ Q6. Explain Integration Testing Strategies (Top-down vs.

Bottom-up)

(Full 6-mark Answer | Based on Notes + Expanded with Examples)

✅ Introduction

Integration testing checks if multiple modules in a software system work together


correctly. After unit testing is done, modules are connected and tested for interface
correctness, data flow, and functional interaction.

To carry out this integration smoothly, different strategies can be followed. The two
most common are:

• Top-down integration

• Bottom-up integration

Each strategy defines the order in which modules are combined and tested, and what
kind of support code (like drivers or stubs) is needed.

🔹 1. Top-Down Integration Strategy

• In this approach, testing starts from the top-level or high-level modules in the
control hierarchy.

• These top modules are integrated and tested first.

• The lower-level modules (called by the higher modules) may not be ready yet,
so stubs are used to simulate them.

• As lower modules are developed, stubs are replaced with real components.

✅ Advantages:

• Main control logic is tested early.

• Testers can catch major design flaws at the top quickly.

• Good for interface-driven design.

⚠️ Disadvantages:

• Lower modules (which do actual processing) are tested late.

• Writing complex stubs can be time-consuming.


🔹 2. Bottom-Up Integration Strategy

• This strategy begins from the lowest-level modules (like utility or helper
modules).

• These modules are tested first, and then integrated upward toward higher-level
modules.

• Since higher modules may not be ready yet, drivers are created to call and test
the lower modules.

✅ Advantages:

• Useful when most of the development is bottom-heavy.

• Low-level logic is tested thoroughly and early.

• Drivers are usually easier to write than stubs.

⚠️ Disadvantages:

• The overall control flow of the application is tested late.

• Full system behavior can’t be tested until the top-level is integrated.

🧠 Comparison Table:

Feature Top-Down Bottom-Up

Start Point High-level modules Low-level modules

Support Code Used Stubs Drivers

Control Logic Tested Early Late

Processing Logic Late Early

Example Use Case UI-heavy applications Data-heavy backends

✅ Conclusion
Choosing between top-down and bottom-up strategies depends on the project design,
which parts are ready, and testing goals. Many teams use a hybrid (sandwich)
approach, combining both strategies for better coverage and flexibility.

✅ Q7. How is Integration Testing Done in OOP? What is Cluster Testing?

(Full 6-mark Answer | Notes + Explanation)

✅ Introduction

In object-oriented systems, integration testing becomes more complex due to features


like classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and message passing. Instead of simple
modules and functions, we now deal with interacting classes and objects.

Therefore, the traditional top-down and bottom-up strategies are replaced with a
special approach called Cluster Testing in object-oriented systems.

🔍 What is Cluster Testing?

• A cluster is a group of related and interacting classes.

• In object-oriented design, classes often rely on each other through:

o Message passing (calling each other's methods)

o Shared object references

o State transitions

• A class rarely works alone — so we group such classes into a cluster and test
them together.

✅ Example:

Imagine a ReportGenerator cluster that includes:

• ReportGenerator class

• ReportFormatter class

• DataFetcher class

• ExportManager class
These classes send messages to each other and depend on each other’s state — so
testing them as one group (cluster) is necessary.

🎯 Focus of Cluster Testing

• Testing how objects interact through method calls

• Checking state changes across different class instances

• Ensuring that message flow is correct

• Verifying that object dependencies work smoothly

• Covering inheritance and polymorphism behavior in the cluster

📚 How It Works (Steps):

1. Identify clusters from design documents (use-case diagrams, class diagrams,


etc.)

2. Write test drivers for each cluster that simulate real-world use

3. Create or mock any external classes not part of the current cluster

4. Focus on:

o Message passing correctness

o Shared object integrity

o Data flow and method interactions

🧠 Special Considerations:

• Objects maintain internal state, so it's important to test state changes over time.

• Inheritance means a subclass may behave differently — this must be tested.

• Polymorphism means the same method call may execute different code — this
must also be verified in testing.

✅ Conclusion
In OOP systems, integration testing is not just about combining modules but about
testing class interactions. Cluster testing is the best approach to handle this, as it treats
a group of related classes as one unit and tests their collaborative behavior in detail. It
ensures the reliability and correctness of object interactions in a real-world scenario.

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