Picture These

| On Saturdays they sat on the and

| 2 fries that theyd s: in ketchup.
C0)

BARRON'S
* SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this book.
 Picture These

THIRD EDITION

Philip Geer and Susan Geer

Illustrated by Bob Bourdeaux

BARRON'S
involved in the
*SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not
production of, and does not endorse, this product.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PHILIP GEER has taught English language and literature for many years and is the author of a
number of test preparation books, including 6 SAT Practice Tests, Essential Words for the GRE,
Wordfest! and GRE Verbal Workbook, all published by Barron’s. Students can contact Philip Geer
at [email protected] for guidance in their SAT writing preparation. :

SUSAN GEER is the director of Mentaurs Educational Consultants, which prepares students for
various tests of verbal and writing ability, including the SAT and the GRE. She has been helping
students to improve their verbal skills for over thirty years. Students can contact her at
[email protected].

© Copyright 2013, 2008, 2004 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

Illustrations © copyright 2013, 2008, 2004 by Barron’s Educational
Series, Inc.

All rights reserved.

No part of the book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means without the written permission of the copyright owner.

All inquiries should be addressed to:

Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
250 Wireless Boulevard
Hauppauge, New York 11788
www.barronseduc.com

ISBN: 978-1-4380-0228-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012942171

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

10987654321
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION / vii
300 High-Frequency SAT Words / vii
How the SUPER-MNEMONICS Method Works / vii
Study Plan / x
Have Fun As You Learn / x

UNIT 1 / 1
abstemious1 / abstract2 / abstruse3 / acclaim4 / accolade5
acknowledge 6 / acquiesce 7 / adulation 8 / adversary9 / adversity 10
advocate 11 / aesthetic 12
Quiz1 / 13

UNIT 2 / 15
affable 15 / affirmation 16 / aggregate 17 / alleviate 18 / aloof 19 / altruistic 20
ambiguous 21 / ambivalence 22 / amorphous 23 / analogous 24 / anarchist 25
animosity 26
Quiz 2 / 27

UNIT 3 / 29
anomaly 29 / antagonism 30 / antediluvian 31 / antidote 32 / antiquated 33
apathy 34 / appease 35 / apprehension 36 / arbitrary 37 / archaic 38 / ardent 39
arrogance 40
Quiz 3 / 41

UNIT 4 / 43
articulate 43 / artifact 44 / artisan 45 / ascendancy 46 / ascetic 47 / aspire 48
assiduous 49 / assuage 50 / astute 51 / attribute 52 / audacious 53 / austere 54
Quiz 4 / 55

UNIT 5 / 57
authoritarian 57 / autonomous 58 / avarice 59 / aversion 60 / beguile 61 / belie 62
benevolent 63 / benign 64 / bolster 65 / bombastic 66 / braggart 67 / cajole 68
Quiz5 / 69

UNIT 6 / 71
calculated 71 / candor 72 / capricious 73 / censure 74 / charlatan 75 / coalesce 76
colloquial 77 / compile 78 / complacency 79 / compliance 80 / composure 81
comprehensive 82
Quiz 6 / 83
UNIT 7 / 85
concede 85 / conciliatory 86 / concise 87 / conflagration 88 / confound 89
contend 90 / contentious 91 / conviction 92 / cordial 93 / corrode 94
criterion 95 / cryptic 96
Quiz 7 / 97 .

UNIT 8 / 99
culpable 99 / cursory 100 / debilitate 101 / decorum 102 / degradation 103
deplore 104 / depravity 105 / deprecate 106 / deride 107 / derivative 108
deterrent 109 / digression 110
Quiz 8 / 111

UNIT 9 / 113
diligence 113 / disclose 114 / discount 115 / discriminating 116 / disdain 117
disinclination 118 / dismiss 119 / disperse 120 / disputatious 121 / dissent 122
divergent 123 / document 124
Quiz 9 / 125

UNIT 10 / 127
dogmatic 127 / duplicity 128 / eclectic 129 / egotism 130 / elated 131 / elegy 132
elusive 133 / embellish 134 / emulate 135 / endorse 136 / enmity 137
ephemeral 138
Quiz 10 / 139

UNIT 11 / 141
equivocal 141 / erroneous 142 / eulogy 143 / evanescent 144 / exalt 145
execute 146 / exemplary 147 / exemplify 148 / exhaustive 149 / explicit 150
extol 151 / extricate 152
Quiz 11 / 153

UNIT 12 / 155
exuberance 155 / facilitate 156 / fallow 157 / falter 158 / fanaticism 159
fastidious 160 / feasible 161 / flagrant 162 / furtive 163 / garrulous 164
glacial 165 / glutton 166
Quiz 12 / 167

UNIT 13 / 169
gregarious 169 / guile 170 / gullible 171 / hamper 172 / hardy 173 / haughtiness 174
hedonist 175 / heresy 176 / hierarchy 177 / homogeneous 178 / hyperbole 179
hypocritical 180
Quiz 13 / 181

UNIT 14 / 183
iconoclastic 183 / ignominy 184 / illusory 185 / immutable 186 / impair 187
impeccable 188 / implement 189 / impudence 190 / inadvertent 191 / incite 192°
inclusive 193 / incongruous 194 .
Quiz 14 / 195
UNIT 15 / 197
inconsequential 197 / incorrigible 198 / indifferent 199 / induce 200 / ingenious 201
inherent 202 / innate 203 / innocuous 204 / innovation 205 / instigate 206
insularity 207 / integrity 208
Quiz 15 / 209

UNIT 16 / 211
intimidate 211 / intrepid 212 / ironic 213 / jocular 214 / lament 215 / lavish 216
linger 217 / listless 218 / lofty 219 / meander 220 / mercenary 221 / meticulous 222
Quiz 16 / 223

UNIT 17 / 225
miserly 225 / mitigate 226 / morose 227 / mosaic 228 / mundane 229
munificent 230 / nefarious 231 / nonchalance 232 / notoriety 233 / novelty 234
nurture 235 / obliterate 236
Quiz 17 / 237

UNIT 18 / 239
oblivion 239 / obscure 240 / obstinate 241 / ominous 242 / opportunist 243
opulence 244 / orator 245 / ornate 246 / pacifist 247 / parody 248 / partisan 249
paucity 250
Quiz 18 / 251

UNIT 19 / 253
penury 253 / peripheral 254 / perpetuate 255 / phenomena 256 / pithy 257
placate 258 / polemical 259 / ponderous 260 / pretentious 261 / prodigal 262
profusion 263 / proliferation 264
Quiz 19 / 265

UNIT 20 / 267
provincial 267 / quagmire 268 / querulous 269 / quiescence 270 / ramble 271
rancor 272 / rant 273 / rarefied 274 / ratify 275 / raucous 276 / ravenous 277
raze 278
Quiz 20 / 279

UNIT 21 / 281
recant 281 / recount 282 / rectify 283 / redundant 284 / relegate 285 / remorse 286
repel 287/ reprehensible 288 / repudiate 289 / rescind 290 / reserve 291
resigned 292
Quiz 21 / 293

UNIT 22 / 295
restraint 295 / reticence 296 / retract 297 / rhetorical 298 / rigor 299 / robust 300
sage 301 / sanction 302 / satirical 303 / saturate 304 / savory 305 / scanty 306
Quiz 22 / 307
UNIT 23 / 309
scrupulous 309 / scrutinize 310 / seclusion 311 / servile 312 / sluggish 313
somber 314 / soporific 315 / sporadic 316 / stagnant 317 / stolid 318 / strident 319
stupefied 320
Quiz 23 / 321 “

UNIT 24 / 323
subside 323 / superficial 324 / superfluous 325 / surfeit 326 / surreptitious 327
sycophant 328 / tantamount 329 / tenacity 330 / terrestrial 331 / threadbare 332
tirade 333 / torpor 334
Quiz 24 / 335

UNIT 25 / 337
trifling 337 / truncate 338 / turmoil 339 / undermine 340 / uniformity 341
unwarranted 342 / vaporize 343 / viable 344 / virtuoso 345 / virulent 346
whimsical 347 / zealot 348
Quiz 25 / 349

Answers / 351

Word List / 354

INTRODUCTION

When it comes to doing well on the SAT, one simple fact stands out: You
must have a good vocabulary. Unfortunately, many students don’t have a
good knowledge of the advanced words that appear on the SAT.

If you are one of these students, you've found the right book. Picture
These SAT Words! will teach you the words you need to know, quickly and
efficiently. And it will really teach you the words—not just acquaint you
with them, which is what most vocabulary books do. This is because it
uses a totally new method—SuPeR-MNEMONICS—that is guaranteed to fix
each word and its meaning permanently in your memory. After you've
learned the words in this book, you won't forget them. You'll have a solid
base of advanced, college-level vocabulary that you will be able to rely on
to get a great score on the SAT.

300 HIGH-FREQUENCY SAT WORDS

Every word in Picture These SAT Words! has been selected from the
Barron’s High-Frequency and Hot Prospects word lists, so you won't
waste precious time learning words that won’t show up on the SAT. All of
the 300 words appear regularly on the sentence completion section of the
test, in the reading passages, and as key words in the questions on the
reading passages. So you will learn only the most important words—the
ones you need to know to do well on the SAT.

HOW THE Super-MNEMONICS METHOD WORKS

A mnemonic is “a short rhyme, phrase, or other mental technique for
making information easier to memorize” (Encarta Dictionary). There are

vil
many different types of mnemonics. Schoolchildren are taught catchy
rhymes to remember dates, like that of Columbus’ discovery of America:

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two,

Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

Another type of mnemonic is the acronym—a word formed from the ini-
tial letters of a name. Acronyms are helpful in remembering lists. Science
students are taught to recall the order of the seven colors visible within
the spectrum of light by the acronym ROY G. BIV—Red, Orange, Yellow,
Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. ROY G. BIV is a simple mnemonic that
works for something straightforward.

To memorize SAT words, however, a different kind of mnemonic is

needed—a super-mnemonic—that will teach not only the SAT word
but also its meaning.

SUPER-MNEMONICS makes learning difficult words easy. It is fast, simple,

and efficient. If you don’t have much time left before the test, you need to
improve your vocabulary fast. It makes more sense to learn 300 words
well than to waste time trying to memorize long lists of words.

SUPER-MNEMONICS is a totally new method of vocabulary building. It

links the sound of each word to an unforgettable picture that illustrates
the meaning of the word. SUPER-MNEMONICS isa fast and effective way to
learn.

Three easy steps fix each SAT word and definition permanently in your
memory.

1. Let’s take the word heresy. Sound it out. Say, “hair uh see.”
Picture this:
2. Read the sound link

3. Look at the picture and its funny caption. An unforgettable pictorial

link is created in your memory between the word heresy and its mean-
ing. Whenever you sound out the word heresy, you'll connect it with its
sound link Hair-a-Sea and the picture will appear in oe mind, telling
you its meaning.
 (hair uh see) heresy

| opinion contrary
to popular belief
Picture this: ae nk
fa

In the little village of Hair-a-Sea

it’s heresy not to have hair.

Everyone in this little village by the sea has a long mane of hair, except for
one bald man. This bald man believes “It’s OK not to have hair.” He is being
chased out of Hair-a-Sea by the villagers because he has committed the
heresy of having an opinion contrary to theirs.
By following the three easy steps you'll learn each of the words in this
book. After a word is fixed in your memory, read the sentences that show
how it’s used. This will help you understand it better when it appears on
the SAT. To make certain that you've learned the words in each unit, be
sure to do the exercises after each unit. “Memory Check” makes sure that
you can relate the word to its meaning. “Showtime” is your chance to
show that you've learned the words and that you can use them in sen-
tences like the ones on the actual SAT.

The words in Picture These SAT Words! appear regularly not only on the
SAT but on other major tests, such as the GRE and GMAT. SupER-
Mnemonics makes the words unforgettable, so the 300 words you’ve
learned to get a good SAT score will also help you later on when you have
to take similar tests. Picture These SAT Words! is also an excellent book for
preparing for the PSAT, the ACT, the SSAT/ISEE, and the GED.

STUDY PLAN
How you use the book depends on how much time you have before the
test. If, for example, you only have a week to go before the test, you could
learn sixty words a day (five units) for five days. That’s all 300 words in
the book. And you'll still have your weekend free. If you have a month or
so, your pace can be more leisurely. You can do one unit a day. That’s only
twelve words a day. In twenty-five days you'll have memorized the mean-
ings of all 300 words in Picture These SAT Words!

HAVE FUN AS YOU LEARN

One more thing—Picture These SAT Words! is fun! You'll travel to strange
new worlds: Oblantis, a land attacked by obstinate alien invaders in
obscure times; Paw City, a town of “well-pawed” folks; and A Duel
Nation, where dueling is a national obsession. You'll meet a cast of fasci-
nating characters, like Bill Reese, the handsome company rep; dill gents,
pickled Southern gentlemen; satirical satyrs, ready to party; and the girl
with the vapor eyes (watch out or she’ll vaporize you!) So, youll have
plenty of fun as youre learning the SAT words. Start picturing these SAT
words now to build your vocabulary and get a great score on the SAT.
@

Have fun learning!

Philip Geer and Susan Geer

 (ab stee mee us) abstemious
eating and drinking in
moderation; restricted
to bare necessities
Picture this:
Ab’s steamy us UNIT 1

coy2)
It’s bread and water Cae
for this family
from now on!

Ab’s steamy with us when

he tells us to be abstemious.

@ After feasting on Thanksgiving Day, I became abstemious

for a few days, so I lost some of the weight I had put on.

ll Medical experts say that a fairly abstemious lifestyle is

advisable for good health.

Models often must be abstemious in order to avoid

gaining weight.
 abstract (ab strakt) :
not concrete; theoretical | ;

Picture this:
Ab’s tract*

Ab's grand tract of land

Te Ab, stop
daydreaming!
y ;
4

Ab’s tract is only abstract.

M@ Numbers are abstract, but they can be represented

by symbols.

@ The idea of infinity is an abstract concept that people have

difficulty imagining.

@ When discussing abstract ideas such as truth, justice, and

freedom in an essay, you should give concrete examples to
illustrate your argument. |

* A tract is an area of land.

 (ab stroos) abstruse
| difficult to
understand

Picture this:
Ab’s truce

Ab’s truce is too abstruse for the

ducks and their killer moose.

®@ Writers who are abstruse seldom are really popular.

™@Many people find higher mathematics to be an abstruse

subject.

™@ The astronomer Carl Sagan hada gift for making the

abstruse areas of his field understandable to the
layperson.
 acclaim EEA ;
applaud; announce
with great approval

Picture this:
a claim

| can't believe
ld @ hat a feat
Rnall ea die Yr pymeous .
countess’ hand as Old and ugly
in marriage! )} as him.

A remarkable
achievement!

: They acclaim him for staking

_ aclaim to her heart.
@ Thomas A. Edison was acclaimed around the world for his
many useful inventions.

lM Often it takes a talented new author many years to win the

acclaim of readers and critics.

@ The principal acclaimed the winner of the Best Student of

the Year award and then gave hima prize.
 Ela tiMETC accolade
award of merit

Picture this:
a coal aide

A coal aide receives an accolade.

@ A Pulitzer Prize is one of the highest accolades that a writer

can receive.

@ Some writers achieve great popularity but never win

accolades from literary critics.

@ Ms. Miller, this year’s Teacher of the Year, says she works
not for accolades but for the benefit of her students.
acknowledge Alar ii)
recognize;
admit

Picture this:
knowledge

len't three years in a row a bit much?

What a bookworm.
More like just a worm.

They always acknowledge her knowledge.

@ Acknowledging our shortcomings is the first step to

changing ourselves for the better.

@ Many writers acknowledge on a special dedication page the

help that they’ve received in writing a book.

@ The company acknowledged Mr. Smith’s many years of

service with a set of golf clubs.
 (ak wee es) acquiesce
agree without
protesting

Picture this:
Aqua S

“The Aqua S pool.

You will acquiesce to its purchase!”

@ Soldiers are expected to acquiesce to the orders of their

superior officers.

@ Reluctantly, Linda acquiesced to Jim’s wishes and went to

the football game with him; to her surprise, she enjoyed it.

Ml The company acquiesced to the union’s demands after

a twelve-week strike nearly bankrupted it.
 adulation CLs acTee
flattery;
admiration

Picture this:
a duel nation

In a duel nation duelers receive adulation.

lM Rock stars often receive widespread adulation for a short

period of time.

™@ On some college campuses there are movements to place

less stress on intercollegiate athletics so that good students
would receive as much adulation as good athletes.

@ After World War II, General Dwight D. Eisenhower received»

so much adulation for leading the Allies to victory that it
helped him be elected president of the United States.
 (ad vur suh ree) adve rSAalry

opponent

Picture this:
add verse® sari

_ An adversary who likes to add verse to her sari.

® Before committing her country to war, a wise leader

carefully sizes up the strength of the possible adversary.

—@ During World War II, Japan found that the United States
was a more powerful adversary than it had thought it
would be.

@ For many years, Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier were

regular adversaries in,the boxing ring, fighting for the
heavyweight championship of the world.

* Verse is poetry.
 adversity CCR e
poverty; misfortune

Picture this:
Adverse City

@ Some people believe that adversity improves the character,

making one a stronger and more understanding person.

@ During a war, civilians as well as soldiers usually experience

adversity,

@ The stoic philosophers of ancient Greece believed that

facing adversity calmly is a great virtue.
 (ad vuh kayt) advocate
| urge; plead for

Picture this:
ad vote Kate

Who votes Aye to this ad

for vegetable rights?
\
CARROTS IN
THE FIELD.
nMOT
IN THE POT!

= ni \
r YN ‘\
AWN)

al

am te alll
| UV

In an ad vote Kate advocates vegetable rights.

M@ The government of the United States advocates democracy

as the best political system for all countries.

™@ People who advocate increased immigration to Australia

argue that the country has enough resources to support far
more people than it does now.

M@ The advocates of a higher minimum wage supported their

case by saying that it is nearly impossible for a person to
survive on the present minimum wage.
 aesthetic PERINA GADD
pertaining to
art or beauty

Picture this:
S that tick

Oh beautiful S! That tick

tickles the aesthetic sense!

@ To be successful, an interior decorator needs to have a

well-developed aesthetic sense.

l@ A well-designed house combines practical and aesthetic

elements so that it is pleasing both to look at and to live in.

™@ Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that studies such

questions as what makes something beautiful.

12
Memory Check 1
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

acknowledge adversity abstract

1. knowledge __ 2. Adverse City __ 3. Ab’s tract __

accolade abstemious abstruse

4. acoalaide __ 5. Ab’ssteamyus ___—_ 6. Ab’struce __

acclaim adulation adversary

7.aclaim __ 8. aduel nation __ 9. add verse sari __

acquiesce aesthetic advocate

10. AquaS __ 11. Sthattick __ 12. ad vote Kate __

a. eating and drinking in moderation g. recognize; admit

b. agree without protesting h. not concrete
c. plead for i. pertaining to art or beauty
d. applaud; announce with great approval j. Opponent
e. award of merit k. misfortune
f. difficult to understand ]. flattery; admiration

Showtime 1
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

. Sally enjoys visiting museums to look at art, while Peter enjoys

going to see realistic art.
a. interesting b.abstract c.abstemious d. ancient e. strange

My sense is rather limited, so I wasn’t confident about expressing

my view of the new sculpture.
a.aesthetic b. adversity c.lovely d.general e. abstruse

. The students reforms in the student council that would give

them a greater voice in the running of the school, but the principal’s
reaction to their ideas has been only a vague statement.
a. advocated b. acquiesced c. acknowledged d. questioned e. hated
 4. John Glenn won nationwide for being the first American to
orbit the Earth.
a.justice b.adversity c.acclaim d.joy e. laughter

that you need to lose weight by becoming in what

you eat.
a. Acquiesce.....abstract
b. Admit.....abstruse
c. Require.....larger
d. Show.....regular
e. Acknowledge.....abstemious

. My overcame tremendous and defeated me in my best

sport, tennis.
a. friend.....acclaim
b. adversary.....adversity
c. accolade.....hardship
d. classmate.....admiration
e. enemy.....adulation

. The rock star was very happy after she won both the of her fans
and from music critics for her latest album.
a. acclaim.....criticism
b. adulation.....accolades
c. hatred.....adulation
d. accolades.....bitterness
e. attention.....weirdness

. Although math is a (an) and difficult subject for me, I

to my father’s order to study it every day.
a. simple.....acquiesced
b. abstract.....acclaimed
c. abstemious.....acknowledged
d. easy.....agreed
e. abstruse.....acquiesced

14
 (af uh bul) affable
easily approachable;
warmly friendly

Picture this:
Af a bull UNIT 2

Af, a bull so affable—his “bull mates”

: think him laughable.

ll Judges at beauty contests often choose one of the

contestants as the most affable.

™ People who work in sales are frequently affable individuals

who enjoy talking to many types of people.

™ The young teacher was so affable he became his students’

friend but lost their respect.

15
 affirmation Cla Ey aL
assertion; confirmation 2

Picture this:
a firm mate

There are going we

{ae
l
to be some big
changes aboard - L{44 ——, )
this veséel!

ak ‘
ur
EE )
mun
=F

Nii

A firm mate makes an affirmation.

@ Reciting the Pledge of Allegiance is an affirmation of our

loyalty to our country.

™@ Many religions require converts to make an affirmation of

belief in the teachings of their new religion.

@ Our principal, Mr. Delaney, asked each of us to make an

affirmation of our determination to make our best effort
in all our subjects.
 (ag rih git) aggregate
| total

Picture this:
a gray gate

ne
tn

Beyond a gray gate lies the

aggregate wealth of Gray’s estate.

™@ The Roman Empire was an aggregate of many states under

the Emperor.

@ The aggregate wealth of a country includes the assets of

individuals, companies, and other organizations.

M@ The aggregate strength of the various branches of the

U.S. armed services is immense.

7
 alleviate (uh lee vee ayt)
relieve;
make more bearable

Picture this:
a leaf he ate

A leaf he ate to alleviate his hunger.

™@ The United Nations is working to alleviate poverty in

the world.

@ Many people find that exercise is a good way to alleviate the

effects of stress.

@ To alleviate traffic congestion, cities such as London and

Singapore impose a fee on motorists driving into downtown .
areas during busy periods.
 (uh loof) aloof

apart;
reserved

Picture this:
a loofa

COT
y

@ Shy individuals usually like to remain aloof in large

gatherings of people.

Mi The new student was aloof for a few weeks, adjusting to

her new classmates.

™@ Some managers remain aloof from their workers, while

others prefer to be “one of the gang.”
 altruistic Cnty Ca e
unselfishly generous;
concerned for others

Picture this:
Al True his stick

f¥
e

Al True—his stick selects

those he’s altruistic to.

M@When one country gives aid to another country it is

generally for reasons that are not entirely altruistic.

M@ Many people are attracted to teaching for altruistic reasons

rather than financial ones.

lm A mother’s love is often cited as an example of altruism.

20
 (am big yoo us) ambiguous
unclear or doubtful
in meaning

Picture this:
am big you us

“Who should say ‘I am big’ You? Us?

It’s not ambiguous who is bigger!”

@ When writing an essay, try to avoid making ambiguous

statements.

@ The language used in advertising is often deliberately

ambiguous.

™@ Homonyms—words that sound the same but mean

different things—are sometimes ambiguous when used in
speech; pair/pare/pear is an example of this.

ak
 ambivalence ET Tar ed e
the state of having |
contradictory or
conflicting emotional
attitudes Picture this:
am Bev Valence

| really don’t like this one... However, on further

consideration ... And then agai . . the red one
does look .. . On the other handg

Bs
=
=
=
—
—
—
==
_
TOON
=
Wy uJ ‘il
YY, x SySPs
oS
NS
=

SYD
SS
Way S
\)
SA
——=

“I am Bev Valence and ambivalence is my motto.

@ Because he knew that teaching gives a steady income

whereas writing usually does not, it was with considerable
ambivalence that he gave up teaching to become a
freelance writer.

lM Joan was attracted to Ted, so she finally agreed to a date with

him; however, she did so with some ambivalence because of
his reputation for being self-centered.

@ Sal was ambivalent about whether to try out for the football
team or the soccer team because he enjoyed playing each
2 sport equally.
 (uh mor fus) amorphous
| formless; lacking
shape or definition

Picture this:
am Orphous

“I am Orphous, an amorphous |
mass of dust and gas.”

™@ This modern painting is amorphous; | can’t figure out what

it’s supposed to be.

™ The company’s plan to expand is at present amorphous, but

it should begin to take shape at a series of meetings
next month.

lM This essay is so amorphous that it isn’t possible to

determine its main argument.

aS
 analogous (uh nal uh gus)
comparable

Picture this:
Anna Low Gus

Anna dating Low Gus is analogous to

Sammy dating Skinny Russ.

@ The heart of an animal or person is analogous to a pump.

@ The struggle of species of animals for survival in nature

is analogous to the struggle of companies for survival in
the capitalist economic system.

M@ Businesspeople sometimes make an analogy between the

hardware of a computer and the “hardware” of a firm—that +
is, its physical assets, as opposed to its intellectual ones,
which are compared to the software used by a computer.

24
 (an ur kist) anarchist
a person who seeks to
overturn the established
government; an advocate
Picture this: of abolishing authority
Anna kissed

Anna kissed a brave young Czar who

saved her from an anarchist.

H@ Governments regard anarchists as dangerous because they

represent a threat to the existence of the state.

®@ Anarchists generally believe that governments infringe on

rights that human beings enjoy naturally.

™@ Mr. Jones, our principal, seems to regard any student who

argues for letting students have a voice in the running of the
school as an anarchist.

DS
 animosity (an uh mos
i tee)

bitter hostility; |
active hatred

Picture this:
Animal City

Animosity in Animal City.

™@ The once friendly competition between the two rivals for

Sue’s love has turned into animosity.

@ The boxers fighting for the heavyweight championship

showed their animosity when they shouted angrily at each
other at their pre-fight press conference.

@ Some people believe that international sports competitions *

increase animosity among nations, while others believe that
they promote friendship among nations.

26
Memory Check 2
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

aloof ambiguous aggregate

1. aloofa __ 2. ambigyouus __ 3. agray gate __

alleviate affable altruistic

4.aleafheate 5. Afabull _ 6. Al True stick __

anarchist animosity ambivalence

7. Annakissed __ 8. Animal City __ 9. am Bev Valence __

affirmation analogous amorphous

10. afirm mate _—: 111. AnnaLowGus __ 12. am Orphous __

a. unclear in meaning g. relieve

b. active hatred h. assertion; confirmation
c. total i. easily approachable; warmly friendly
d. unselfishly generous j. the state of having contradictory
e. apart; reserved emotional attitudes
f. comparable | k. formless; lacking shape
|. a person who seeks to overturn the
established government

Showtime 2
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. As club president, I expect everyone to make an of loyalty.

a.adulation b. affirmation c.aggregate d.accolade e. acclaim

. In economics class, we calculated the wealth of the students

in our class.
a. abstemious b.abstruse c. altruistic d.aesthetic e. aggregate

. The wheels of a car are to the legs of a person—both allow

movement.
a.aloof b.analogous c.abstract d. altruistic e. affable

ah
 . Sue’s toward Beth increased after she learned that her boyfriend
had been helping Beth with her history homework.
a. affirmation b.adulation c. adversity d.animosity e.acclaim

. My mother is so that she spends most of her spare time

the suffering of homeless people in our city.
a. sympathetic.....acclaiming
b. altruistic.....alleviating
c. affable.....acquiescing
d. abstruse.....acknowledging
e. aloof.....helping

. In contrast to Molly, who likes to remain , Sandra, who has

a (an) personality, is one of the most popular students in school.
a. aesthetic.....friendly
b. apart.....aggressive
c. alone.....magnetic
d. abstruse.....interesting
e. aloof.....affable

. The speaker’s argument was so that it caused only

among his audience.
a. altruistic.....animosity
b. ambiguous.....adulation
c. aloof.....adversity
d. amorphous.....ambivalence
e. aesthetic.....ambivalence

. The speech by the was not ; it demanded that all

government be completely abolished.
a. Official.....altruistic
b. adversary.....aloof
c. leader.....abstract
d. anarchist.....ambiguous
e. enemy.....amorphous

28
 (uh nom uh lee) anomaly

| irregularity

Picture this:
Ann O’Malley UNIT 3

Ann O’Malley, the only girl who lived in

the valley, was an anomaly.

@ An anomaly inaperson’s heartbeat should be investigated

by a physician.

™@ The Earth’s atmosphere causes anomalies in telescopic

observation of other planets.

™ Because Fred had always come to work on time, his boss

regarded it as an anomaly when he arrived an hour late
one day.

29
 antagonism Cl Cle Pane
actively expressed
hostility

Picture this:
ant tag on

Destroy all humans!

. ; \ & \ | . 4

| Antagonism from ants with tags on them.

@ Antagonism developed between the twins, Bill and John,

after they discovered that each of them had asked the same
girl to the dance.

lM According to psychologists, some antagonism between

siblings is natural as each child seeks parental affection
and approval.

@ Jason knew that he might antagonize his history teacher if

he criticized her teaching methods, but he decided that he
had no choice because he wasn’t learning much in the class.
30
 (an tih duh loo vee un) antediluvian

extremely old

Picture this:
Aunty dill luvin’

Aunty Lil, a dill luvin’ lady, reads tales

of antediluvian times.

™@ The origins of Egypt are lost in the mists of antediluvian

times.

Mi Young people today regard black and white TV as an

antediluvian form of technology.

@ “Mom, Tina said to her mother, “your ideas are so

antediluvian. Today, all the girls are getting tattoos.”

31
 antidote (an tih dote)
medicine to counteract a |
poison or disease;
something that relieves
a harmful effect | Picture this:
Aunty dotes

ee
PA inns

Aunty dotes on her goats that carry antidotes

to places remote.

lM Researchers are trying to find an antidote for the common

cold, but so far they have had only limited success.

@ Doctors often say that the best antidote for most human ills
is time.

l@ If you are bitten by a snake, you should try to note its

appearance so that the correct antidote can be prescribed ®

based on what species of snake bit you.

ay)
 PERL CTaTT antiquated
| old-fashioned;
obsolete

Picture this:
Aunty equated

Aunty equated Wes with her old flame Jess.

What an antiquated mind!

™ Most people regard the phonograph as an example of an

antiquated technology.

®@ Some famous writers prefer to use an antiquated typewriter

rather than a computer.

® Although they employed technology that would be

considered antiquated today, the engineers who designed
the Egyptian pyramids were able to cut and move stones
weighing thousands of tons each.

33
 apath (ap uh thee)

lack of interest or concern

Picture this:
a path he

iwhi
i hsl
i
e

ORY<<
ne
et

* i ih a)
<
AGL
MA i
LeAy”
iy
—
-

By a path he sat in apathy.

l@ Voter apathy in the United States is so great that in most

elections less than half of the eligible voters turn out to cast
their votes.

lM Apathy about social and political issues often occurs when

people feel that these issues do not directly concern them.

™@ After many years of trying without success to become

manager, Harry became apathetic about een: to get
ahead in his career.

34
 (uh peez) appease

| pacify or soothe;
relieve

Picture this:
o’ peas

GF
HA~
f
Wy)

KO
Ny hd
f
\\

Appeasing a pot 0’ peas.

@ To appease liberals in his party who were unhappy with his

conservative policies, the president appointed aliberal to the
Supreme Court.

Ml The candy bar that Sharon ate appeased her hunger.

@ In order to appease the angry voters, Congress voted to -

reduce taxes.

35
 apprehension [MR@aMimicgeii mm
fearful anticipation
of the future; dread

Picture this:
a pre-hen

This dance

a
A pre-hen, like a pre-teen, feels apprehension.

l@ Most people think about their own eventual death with

apprehension.

ll The students facing the SAT are full of apprehension because

their future depends on how well they perform on it.

@ Many people are filled with apprehension when they have

to speak before a large group of people.

36
 (ahr bih trer ee) arbitrary

randomly chosen

Picture this:
our bit rare

“Our bit’s rare,” they complain.

“It’s arbitrary who getsa rare bit!” shouts the chef.

Judges who make arbitrary rulings can be removed from

office.

™ Mr. Hughes chose students for the class debate in an

arbitrary manner; he selected every fifth person on the
class roster.

@ The decision to use the color green to mean “Go” is an

arbitrary one.

SMe
 archaic (ahr kay ik)
ancient;
out of date

Picture this:
Ark K—Ick!

Sick kangaroos on archaic Ark K—“Ick!”

is all they can say.

lm The typewriter is regarded by many people today as an

archaic form of technology.

@ The words thou and thee are examples of archaic English.

l@ Students often complain that they have trouble understanding

Shakespeare’s English because it is archaic.

38
 (ahr dent) ardent
| intense; passionate;
zealous

Picture this:
are dents

“Are dents on it?” asks the ardent racer. |

™ Ardent Democrats and Republicans usually vote for the

persons nominated by their parties.

m Even the most ardent supporters of freedom of speech

believe there must be some limitations on what people are
allowed to say.

W An ardent environmentalist, Senator Wood voted for the

bill even though it meant a loss of jobs for his state in the
mining industry.

39
 arrogance (ar uh guns)
pride;
haughtiness

Picture this:
Arrow Dance

SS
OAAwa

At the Arrow Dance arrows illustrate arrogance.

@ Although he is one of the richest people in America, Sam

tries to avoid giving an appearance of arrogance; he drives
a compact car and eats in fast-food restaurants.

™@People from rich countries visiting poor countries sometimes

display arrogance, believing themselves to be superior to the
local people.

ll Shy people are sometimes accused of arrogance because

they seem haughty and aloof.

40
Memory Check 3
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

anomaly arbitrary antidote

1. AnnO’Malley__—s-_ 2. our bit rare ___ 3. Aunty dotes __

ardent antediluvian antiquated

4. aredents __ 5. Aunty dill luvin’ __ 6. Aunty equated __

apathy archaic appease

7. apath he __ 8. Ark K—Ick! __ 9. O peas __

_ antagonism apprehension arrogance

10. ant tagon __ 11. apre-hen __ 12. Arrow Dance __

a. extremely old g. irregularity

b. dread h. old-fashioned; obsolete
c. lack of interest or concern i. ancient; out of date
d. medicine to counteract a poison or disease _—‘j. haughtiness
e. actively expressed hostility k. very enthusiastic
f. randomly chosen l. pacify or soothe

Showtime 3
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Modern editors of old books frequently change spelling to make

them easier to read.
a.ambiguous b.archaic c.amorphous d. abstract e. interesting

2. No one except the president’s most supporters agreed with his

new policy.
a.aloof b.affable c.archaic d.ardent e. altruistic

3. John learned when he was a child that a bully usually just makes
the bully demand even more.
a. alleviating b. knowing c. advocating d. judging e. appeasing

4l
 4. The president said that now that victory had been achieved the nation’s
greatest enemy was ;
a. ardent b.apathy c.archaic d.arbitrary e. apprehension

. The students in our school regard any teacher over forty years old
as ; however, Mr. Young is an because he acts like
he’s still twenty-five even though he’s forty-five.
a. abstemious.....exception
b. analogous.....oddity
c. antediluvian.....anomaly
d. antiquated.....aggregate
e. abstruse.....abnormality

athe against bacterial infections has become as a result

of the development of more advanced medicines.
a. apathy.....amorphous
b. antagonism.....ambiguous
c. animosity.....antediluvian
d. antidote.....antiquated
e. animosity.....analogous

. The prisoner awaited the judge’s sentence with because the

judge was well-known for imposing penalties.
a. arrogance.....archaic
b. apprehension.....affable
c. antagonism.....ardent
d. adversity.....abstemious
e. apprehension.....arbitrary

. The new employee’s and “know-it-all” attitude created

among the workers.
a. antagonism.....arrogance
b. apprehension.....animosity
c. apathy.....antagonism
d. arrogance.....antagonism
e. ambivalence.....affirmation

42
 ericulate
able to express oneself
clearly and effectively

Picture this:

) R, T, and Qlit the flame. Then articulate Q spoke.

lM To become an articulate writer, you must write regularly.

@ Improving your vocabulary can help you become more

articulate.

™@ Participating in debates is a good way to become more

articulate in expressing your ideas.

43
 artifact Ca)
object made
by human beings

Picture this:
art a fact

TM fi —~ GN
nes maw. WW een S fpyl
“ f? y

| “Art—a fact of life in all eras,” says Ann

with the artifact in her hands.

@ Our history class decided to make a time capsule, so we

gathered various artifacts from our everyday life, put them
in a steel box, and buried them in the schoolyard.

@ The pyramids of Egypt are the largest artifacts left by

ancient humans.

@ From artifacts left by the people of an ancient civilization °

scientists can build a picture of how they lived.

44
 Cura erat artisan
| manually skilled worker;
craftsman as opposed
to artist
Picture this:
art is sin

f, LN

y y l yj
inn

i)|
—S—

RY —a

AF
es
\\ i N

Ne

“Art is sin,” says the Puritan to the artisan.

™ Potters are artisans who can earn a good living by making

things that are both useful and attractive.

lH Even in this age of mass production, there is a demand for

goods, such as high-quality furniture, that can only be
produced by skilled artisans.

MH Artisans normally earn more money than laborers because

they have skills that are in greater demand.

45
 ascendancy (uh sen dun see)
controlling influence;
domination

Picture this:
Ascend Dance

EGYPTIAN HIGH FoiNT

Doing the Ascend Dance to ascendancy.

@ If one country gains ascendancy in a region of the world,

its neighbors often band together to try to prevent it from
gaining even more power and influence.

@ During the early part of the twentieth century, Nazism was

in ascendancy in Germany.

l™@ Over the past decade or so, China has been gaining
ascendancy among Asian nations.

46
 Ta ascetic
| person who leads alife
of self-denial; austere

| Picture this:
a set tick

Here sits an ascetic listening toa set tick.

™ The monk led an ascetic life, spending most of his time in

prayer and eating only as much as necessary to stay alive.

@ Some religions encourage their followers to practice

asceticism as a way to purify themselves.

™@ Some writers lead an ascetic existence when they work on

a book, living simply and spending nearly all of their time
writing.

47
 aspire (uh spyur)
seek to attain;
long for

Picture this:
a spire

They aspire to build a spire of straw and

wire for the man with the lyre.

lM Many people aspire to be successful novelists, but few

succeed.

@ When he was a high school student, Bill Clinton aspired

to be president.

@ Malaysia aspires to be a developed country by the

year 2020.

48
 (uh sij oo us) assiduous
earnest and persistent
in undertaking a task

Picture this:
acid chew us

Can the acid Yes, if we're not assiduous

h ? ages in keeping the tops
» on tight.

“Can the acid chew us?” “Yes, if we’re not

assiduous in keeping the tops on tight!”

™ Bruce is certainly no mathematical genius, but through

assiduous work he managed to get a 620 on the
SAT math test.

@ An assiduous student in high school, Louis lost a lot of

his interest in studying in college when he made friends
with a group of students whose only interest was partying.

= Most scientists say that assiduously observing and

experimenting is the best way to make a new discovery.

49
 assuage | (uh swayj)
ease or lessen;
satisfy; soothe

Picture this:
as Sue aged

As Sue aged, only a sage* could assuage her rage.

@ After the long and bitter fight for control of the company,
the new CEO felt that it was important to assuage the angry
feelings of all the parties involved.

@ The dying soldier’s pain was assuaged by the painkiller that

the nurse gave him.

@ There’s nothing better than cold, pure water to assuage :

your thirst. |
* A sage is a person venerated for possessing wisdom.

50
 (uh stoot) astute

| wise; shrewd

Picture this:
as toot

| To appear astute simply solve

a square root as you toot.

®@ An astute editor is able to correct a writer’s faulty English

without changing the meaning.

Astute investing by Mrs. Ogden allowed her to buy several

vacation homes for her family.

li Psychologists say that experiments show that females tend

to be more astute than males at judging the motives of
other people.

51
 attribute (Hg
explain; relate to a cause

Picture this:
a tribute

His music
is just OK
but his hair
has always

They attribute his fame to a tribute to his mane.

M@ America’s economic success can be attributed to a number

of factors, but one of these certainly is the hard work of
its people.

@ Small children often attribute to their teachers qualities that

are almost super-human.

@ John’s reputation for courage was attributed to his rescuing »

a child from a burning building.

52
 (aw day shus) audacious
| daring; bold

Picture this:
all day shush

All day he says “Shush” to audacious

climbers making a fuss.

@ His plan was an audacious one—to climb Mt. Everest solo.

™@ President Kennedy set one of the most audacious goals of

all time when he said that America should land a man on
the moon and return him safely to Earth before 1969.

@ Japan’s plan at the start of World War II was audacious—

strike at America quickly before it could build up its
military strength.

53
 austere (aw steer)
forbiddenly stern; severely |
simple and unornamented
Picture this:
Aussie tear

An Aussie sheds a tear: “It’s going to be an

austere year without my outback gear.”

M@ I enjoy the austere beauty of the Arizona desert.

@ Monasteries are austere places designed to encourage prayer

and reflection.

@ Schoolmasters in colonial America generally were austere

figures who inspired fear in their students.

54
- Memory Check 4
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

articulate ascendancy artisan

1, R,TFQlit __ 2. Ascend Dance __ 3. artissin __

austere assuage ascetic

4. Aussietear __ 5. as Sue aged __ 6. asettick _

artifact audacious astute

7. artafact 8. alldayshush __ 9. astoot __

aspire assiduous attribute

10. aspire __ 11. acidchewus __ 12. atribute __

a. soothe; satisfy g. object made by humans

b. domination h. long for
c. person who leads alife of self-denial i explain; relate to a cause
d. able to express oneself clearly j. severely simple and
e. wise; shrewd unornamented
f. craftsman k. daring; bold
|. persistent in undertaking a task

Showtime 4
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Throughout history, the rise of a country to a position of has

often led to overconfidence among its people.
a. arrogance b.ascendancy c. adulation
d. adversity e. apprehension

Z. 10 his feelings of guilt as a result of his participation in the

war, Henry returned after it ended to the country in which it had been
fought to do charity work.
a. acknowledge b. assuage c.advocate d.attribute e. acclaim

3. Early humans often magical powers to the forces of nature.

a. acquiesced b.articulated c.advocated d.attributed e. aspired
 4. The speaker won an award for the best speaker at the debate.
a. ascetic b.articulate c. austere d.ambiguous e. abstruse-

. The plan to establish a colony on Mars is an one, but through

the efforts of many scientists, engineers, and technicians it
might very possibly one day become areality.
a. abstruse.....abstemious
b. astute.....aesthetic
c. arbitrary.....altruistic
d. amorphous.....ambiguous
e. audacious.....assiduous

Always an observer of human nature, Karen to become

a novelist.
a. astute.....aspires
b. affable.....acknowledges
c. aloof.....admires
d. assiduous.....assuages
e. ardent.....acquiesces

The lived an life.

a. adversary.....abstract
b. anarchist.....audacious
c. ascetic.....austere
d. artisan.....aloof
e. aggregate.....abstemious

An made many years ago by Native American Was

found when workers dug up a road near my house.
a. antidote.....anarchists
b. artifact.....artisans
c. artisan.....artifacts
d. aggregate.....workers
e. adversary.....artists

56
 (uh thaw rihtair ee en) authoritarian
subordinating the individual
to the state; completely
dominating another’s will
Picture this:
Arthur Tarian UNIT 5

a eRe
—

i\
\ ARTHDR TARIAN
HH ARTHUR TARAN
SAAR TR =
_ Authoritarian Arthur Tarian tells Ian to tear up
other authors’ works.

@ Authoritarian governments restrict individual rights in

order to maintain rigid control over the people.

§ Children sometimes rebel against parents who are

authoritarian.

@ China is becoming less authoritarian, allowing individuals

more freedom.

Di
 autonomous (aw tah nuh mus)

self-governing |

Picture this:
aw Tono must

INDEPENDENT [es
SINCE 1946
i hat Wang ,

Sm i
Aw! Tono must rely on guano,
but at least it’s autonomous.

@ In the American system of government, states are not

autonomous; many powers are reserved to the central
government.

@ After the fall of the Soviet Union, many of its former

republics became autonomous nation-states.

@ With the issuance of the Declaration of Independence

in 1776, the United States asserted its right to be an
autonomous nation.

58
 (av uh rihs) avarice
| greediness for
wealth

SA aI OUS
\ AW

Seas ai q|
bsa epee

ehi

“Have a rice cracker; youre in luck—it’s only

ten bucks!” (What avarice!)

@ According to psychologists, many gamblers are motivated

not by avarice but by a need for excitement.

@ It was not avarice that motivated Joe to work hard to

become wealthy so much asa desire for financial security.

M@ Although Lou was not really an avaricious person, he did

find the idea of winning the twenty million dollar lottery
prize attractive. .

59
 aversion (uh vur zhen)
firm dislike

Picture this:
a version

ells
(tai
eo

He has an aversion to a version of baked sturgeon

cooked by his wife, a plastic surgeon.

l™@ | have an aversion to spicy food because it upsets my

stomach.

@ Sue has such an aversion to cigarette smoke that she can’t

stand being in a room in which even one person is smoking.

@ An aversion to spiders is found in people all over the world.

60
 LAL, beguile
| charms mislead
or delude

Picture this:
be guy ill

Be Guy well, or be Guyill, |

he must beguile the nurse from Brazil.

@ The conman beguiled my mother with a sob story about

how his child needed money for an operation.

@ Many British soldiers enlisted in the army in World War I

because they were beguiled by the idea of taking part in a
quick and glorious victory.

MA good magician uses a number of tricks to beguile his

audience into believing that what they’re seeing is real.

61
 contradict; give
a false impression

Picture this:
bee lie

O65
Kt
2

\ @ YW img
Hoh; Wepo
SS
Seito| IE
get
want
close
hr We> t

: Up SS N SS Oo You. ee

e/, [DS SS
The bee tells a lie that belies its nasty sting.

l@ The small size of the Australian funnel web spider belies

the deadliness of its venom.

@ His kind words were belied by his angry tone and

expression.

@ Ms. Johnson’s small size belies the ferocity with which

she can scold a student who doesn’t hand in an assignment zg

on time.

62
 (buh nev uh Iunt) benevolent
generous;
charitable

Picture this:
Ben never lent

Ben was a true gem.

7... one of the most
benevolent men
that ever lived.

PT Neet
SUS
‘Hk an

|
“UT
i}
} !

Wy } NA
| A
!
ani
if

Cait
,

“Benevolent? Ben never

lent anything to anyone.”

@ Children in America imagine Santa Claus as a benevolent

old man who dispenses gifts on Christmas.

@ America relies on private benevolent foundations to help

many people faced with financial and other difficulties.

mw “Mr. Zimmerman must have been in a benevolent mood

when he marked our history tests,” Joan said. “This is the
first time nobody failed.”

63
 benign (bih nine)
showing gentleness;
exerting a beneficial
influence; harmless
Picture this:
Bee 9

_ Bee 9 buzzes by benign roses in benign weather.

@ The king’s benign rule has made him popular with his
subjects.

™@ The senator supports the new policy because she believes it

will have benign consequences for the economy.

lM According to the computer expert, a trojan horse is a

malicious program that passes itself off as a benign
application.

64
 (bowl stur)

| support;
reinforce

Picture this:
bowl stir

ZAM
0 : it}
fi}

i
onUa
uf
IK
iI

In the bowl stir the batter

to bolster the boys’ morale!

@ Knowing alot of difficult words will bolster your

confidence when you take the SAT.

@ A good manager knows when to criticize an employee

and when to bolster his or her confidence with praise.

@ Britain and its allies were bolstered by the entry of the

United States into World War II in 1941. |

65
 bombastic ane,
pompous; using
inflated language

Picture this:
bomb’s tick

L will work diligently tirelessly,

unceasingly, for this Pretty soon
noble and worthy cause, we won't have to
a cause unrivaled in the listen to this bombast
' annals of this great...

aig ! ey
afl
. in WA

The aaa speaker doesn’t hear

the bomb’s tick.

@ Today, bombastic speeches are criticized for their pomposity,

but in the past many people enjoyed them as entertainment.

@ A bombastic piece of writing may impress some readers, but

others will surely conclude that its author is an insincere and
pretentious person.

™@ Be careful of putting all the SAT-type words you’ve learned z

into your essays; you might think they sound impressive,

but your teacher will probably say that your writing is
bombastic.
66
 (brag ert) braggart

| boaster

Picture this:
brag art

=My art is best. (vs 2) m Move over,

Sf A Nobody can beat Picasso.
lew | my work. Devas

e
YljI|
yfy]i]
Wy

Wy UE
C7)

The Brag Art Exhibition of braggart art.

lM Mandy’s mom turned into a bit of a braggart after her

daughter made the all-state soccer team.

Mi Braggarts are annoying—especially when their boasts turn

out to be correct!

@ Our basketball team has a braggart who says that no one

can outshoot her from either the field or the free throw line.

67
 cajole (kuh jo ul)
COax 2

Picture this:
Cajun Joel

Cajun Joel cajoles the frog into a roll |

and eats it whole.

M@ Most children are pretty good at cajoling their parents into

buying them toys.

Joe Sellers considered himself one of the company’s top

salespeople; he bragged that he could cajole an Alaskan
into buying an air conditioner in the winter.

lf We cajoled Dad into taking us to the Major League Baseball.

All-Star Game this year. .
7 Memory Check 5
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

avarice authoritarian braggart

. havearice _ 2. Arthur Tarian __ 3. bragart __

benevolent beguile bolster

. Benneverlent __ 5. be guyill __ 6. bowl stir __

benign aversion autonomous

pee9 & 8. aversion __ 9. aw Tono must __

belie bombastic cajole

. beelie 11. bomb’s tick __ 12. Cajun Joel __

. greediness for wealth g. charm; mislead or delude

.give a false impression h. dominating another’s will
. self-governing i. coax
.
using inflated language j. harmless
generous k. support
af firm dislike
oS
mo |. boaster

Showtime 5
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Jane was so by the “easy” monthly payment plan offered by

the car salesperson that she spent more money than she could afford
on her car.
a. belied b. appeased c.assuaged d.beguiled e. bolstered

. Our school’s top lineman Jim “Jumbo” Jones’ 300-pound frame

his impressive speed over forty yards.
a. cajoles b. acknowledges c. belies d.acclaims e. attributes

. The businessman was known for his ; he cared about nothing

except increasing his profits so he could become wealthy.
a.aversion b.arrogance c.apathy d.avarice e. ambivalence

69
 . The wealthy industrialist underwent a great change after seeing the
suffering of people in Africa and became ; he donated half
of his fortune to charities there.
a.affable b.abstemious c.autonomous d.benevolent e. bombastic

John hates going to the doctor, but his wife him to go to have a
mole that had changed color tested; thankfully, the test showed that it was

c. acclaimed.....antiquated
d. acknowledged.....bombastic
e. cajoled.....benign

often boast of their abilities in order to their

self-confidence.
a. Authoritarians.....alleviate
b. Braggarts.....bolster
c. Aggregates.....acknowledge
d. Anarchists.....appease
e. Ascetics.....belie

The government rejected the newspaper’s request to allow it

to be more in reporting the news.
a. autonomous.....audacious
b. astute.....aloof
c. authoritarian.....autonomous
d. antiquated.....altruistic
e. audacious.....arbitrary

- Most English teachers have an to the language sometimes

used by students to make their writing seem impressive.
a. antidote.....abstemious
b. antagonism.....astute
c. adulation.....ambiguous
d. aversion.....bombastic
e. arrogance.....abstract

70
 caleulated
deliberately
planned

Picture this?
calculate Ted UNIT 6

a *
aa

G Peas
:
“. : = -280-
rs

“T calculate Ted is late for calculus for no

>»
calculated reason. Just California dreamin’.

™@ Baseball managers sometimes take calculated risks, such as

calling for a double-steal.

lM The comedian’s performance appeared unrehearsed;

however, we found out later that every line was carefully
calculated to get a laugh from the audience.

™ I was disappointed to find out that Bill’s every move was

calculated to win our boss’s favor and make me look bad.

71
 candor (kan dur) |
frankness;
open honesty 2

Picture this:
can door

4
bY

Wal
\f

wt

oon (eres:
i bimn hh NT

“A can with a door? Honestly, J didn’t do it!”

he says with candor.

@ It’s unrealistic to expect people to speak with candor at

all times.

li It seems to be human nature to expect candor from others

when we speak to them but not to also expect it from
ourselves.

@ ‘Talk show hosts are good at getting guests to speak candidly .

about their lives.

72
 (kuh prish us) Capricious
unpredictable;
fickle

Picture this:

We can never predict

what they'll
be doing at ~
|)
’
ae
} ’
; f
three o'clock.
Kt / wh :
Gils fi! en i)Mili -
"| |
i |
WyC y H
|
i ny) cq
“~
XD &

See

Off the isle of Capri, capricious dolphins

play at three.

lM “The weather has been capricious recently,” Bill said, “so,

I think I'll skip the picnic I planned with my friends and
just order a pizza.”

Ml My cat is a capricious eater; every day she wants something

different to eat.

ll Science operates on the assumption that the laws of nature

are not capricious.

73
 censure (sen sher)
blame;
criticize

Picture this:
cent sore

A cent with a sore censured at

the Century Bank.

@ The U.S. Senate can vote to censure members whose

conduct is considered improper.

@ Professional bodies have the power to censure members

who violate their code of ethics.

M@ The State Department censures countries that allow

the human rights of their citizens to be violated.

74
 (char luh tun) charlatan
| a quack; pretender
to knowledge

Picture this:
Charlotte Tan

Charlotte Tan with a charlatan.

li Jack pretended to bea linguist with a vast knowledge of

foreign languages; however, he was exposed as a charlatan
when he couldn’t even tell us the meaning of au revoir.

W The history of medicine is filled with charlatans who

promised cures for incurable illnesses.

@ A charlatan sold me a watch worth $5 for $50.

Te
 coalesce ope Pe e
combine;
fuse

Picture this:
coal-less

The “coal-less” people of Coalsville

coalesce around the coal strike issue.

@ To work together successfully, military units must coalesce

to become a group of like-minded individuals.

li The United States began to coalesce as a nation during the

early nineteenth century as the experiences of many groups
were communicated around the country.

™@ Our business plan began to coalesce in our minds after .

several discussions.

76
 NOE Toa ere nrn colloquial
| pertaining to conversational
or common speech

Picture this:
call oak we all

BODACIOUS! i EXCELLENT
=a vy WESSON Et ‘ Vt io
NEATO! “ROSA

Hii r me I
hi

|\ |
i

ay;
Sy \ |

— =! ak

ow )
ann re
At
Hh A
y

@ q
When we hear the call to the oak
we all speak in colloquial terms. —

® Colloquial speech helps the members of a group of people

to identify themselves as different from others.

Mi Colloquial words and expressions should not be used in

formal English.

@ “OK” is an American colloquial expression that is used

around the world.

77
 compile (kum pile)

gone PUBLISHING CO.

“Come, pile up your files and compile

The Styles of the Nile!”

lM Newspapers compile information from many sources in

order to give readers a wide view of what is happening
in the world.

l™@ After every season, the batting average and other statistics
for every player in Major League Baseball are compiled.

@ A good prosecutor compiles evidence steadily until a

convincing case is made of the defendant's guilt.

78
 (kum play sen see) complacency
| self-satisfaction;
smugness

Picture this:
come place cents he

ECC
B Zp os

P remy

“Come, place cents on Clancy. He is

set to win, he says with complacency.

lH Complacency among employees is a problem sometimes

faced by managers of successful companies.

lM Some experts believe that Japanese industry became

complacent after its great success in the 1980s.

@ Health workers urged parents to guard against complacency

and make sure that their children are immunized against
measles and other infectious diseases.

7)
 compliance (kum ply-uns)
readiness to yield; |
conformity

Picture this:
come ply ants

ire
ewdZK

“Come, ply ants with honey to gain their

compliance with our plan.” ,

@ Unless you'd like to spend some time in jail, compliance

with the regulations of the Internal Revenue Service is
advisable.

@ General Rogers did not expect every soldier to support his

every command enthusiastically; however, he did expect
their compliance.

@ The president called Senator Balky to try to get her

compliance on the crucial vote.

80
 (kum poh zher) composure
mental
calmness

Picture this:
calm pose sure

“With only a rose can I keep a calm pose?

Sure, I can keep my composure!”

@ While executing a double axel, the figure skater fell and

became upset for a while; however, he soon regained his
composure and completed his routine successfully.

@ A platoon leader must have composure under enemy fire

so he can make the correct decisions.

® With two minutes to go on a section of the SAT, John

realized he had filled in the ovals out of order; he kept his
composure, however, and corrected his mistake before the
time was up.
81
 comprehensive (Raima Ee
thorough;
inclusive

Picture this:
come pre-hens if

we

mY WW
i " iit,
SS
YY

C7)
LL
<4 Dy
CN ae ie Z

wo
CON
wi iN
rf 1

\ i) Hk: | Se Z X
ot \ Tie)
p i} p>

WpSs
(\)
i)\ Ky
A
fay
X\
( ST
3)NY
ER WX yy AW

“Come, pre-hens, if you can. Join our

comprehensive study of pre-hen behavior.”

@ The new U.S. president ordered a comprehensive review

of the armed forces.

lM A good dictionary must have a comprehensive list of the

words used in a language.

li Every ten years a comprehensive census is conducted by

the U.S. government.

82
Memory Check 6
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

calculated complacency censure

1. calculate Ted __ 2. come place 3. centsore __
centshe __

comprehensive charlatan composure

4. come pre-hensif ____ 5. CharlotteTan ____ 6. calm pose sure __

compile candor colloquial

7. come pile __ 8. candoor __ 9. calloakweall __

capricious coalesce compliance

10. Capri __ 11. coal-less __ 12. come ply ants __

a. blame g. combine
b. deliberately planned h. mental calmness
c. readiness to yield i. pertaining to common speech
d. unpredictable j. self-satisfaction
e. gather; accumulate k. frankness
f. pretender to knowledge |. thorough

Showtime 6
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

i. Don’t make a (an) decision when choosing a college to attend;

you might regret it.
a. calculated b.astute c.capricious d.benevolent e. ardent

. When visiting another country with its customs is advisable.

a.complacency b.apathy c. antagonism
d. animosity e. compliance

. Although Jim had been wrongly charged with the murder, he kept his
and calmly explained that he had been in New York on the day
that the crime was committed in Dallas.
~ a.candor b.compliance c. composure
d. complacency e. ascendancy
83
 . The difference in opinion between the two sides on this issue is so great
that a (an) solution seems highly unlikely.
a.comprehensive b. bombastic c. amorphous
d. colloquial e. capricious ;

. We decided to sue the because he had made a (an)

and systematic effort to deceive our company into believing he was
a qualified lawyer.
a. braggart.....bombastic
b. charlatan.....calculated
c. adversary.....capricious
d. anarchist.....amorphous
e. ascetic.....altruistic

. The English teacher asked the class to a list of

expressions used by teenagers today.
a. compile.....colloquial
b. coalesce.....comprehensive
c. acknowledge.....colloquial
d. censure.....capricious
e. collect.....comprehensive

. After the public’s initial about the growing problem, support

began to around a plan to take action to solve it.
a. apprehension.....bolster
b. compliance.....acquiesce
c. candor.....compile
d. ambivalence.....articulate
e. complacency.....coalesce

The government official was for lack of in his testimony

before Congress.
a. compiled.....compliance
b. censured.....honesty
c. acclaimed.....candor
d. acknowledged.....compliance
e. advocated.....adversity

84
 (kun seed) concede
admit;
yield

Picture this:
cons’ seed UNIT 7

Too bad! I need feed!

7a
im
Th

( yp

“T concede that it’s cons’ seed, but I need feed ps

@ Our tennis team conceded the match after it was discovered

that one of our players had not been academically eligible
to play.

@ I concede that I don’t know much about the history

of music.

™@ Jim conceded that Bob had made some good points during
the debate but refused to admit that Bob had made a better
overall argument.

85
 conciliatory
overcoming hostility
or distrust

Picture this:
con’s silly story

This is all a mistake. | just

wanted to see what it was
like to be a prison guard. BN)

The con’s silly story—a conciliatory gesture.

l@ After her argument with her boyfriend, Jane made a

conciliatory gesture and bought him a CD by his favorite
band.

lM The “good-cop, bad cop” routine allows one person to

be harsh and rigid with another party while the other is
conciliatory.

@ After Senator Smith won the bitterly fought election for

governor, she decided to be conciliatory toward her defeated
opponent and offered him a job in her cabinet.
86
 COTM eD concise
| brief and
compact

Picture this:
cons’ ice

I'll have a large iced tea

with lots of extra ice, please

Dm
ma
=

mr

CE
[USED
apiaddaddgs

a
INA
A message concise—cons’ ice,

Hi Judge Judy is famous for demanding a concise summary

of the events in cases that she hears.

® Lincoln’s
7, «
Gettysburg Address” is a model of concise
writing.

@ “Will you marry me?” asked Walter. “Yes” was Sally’s

concise answer. .

87
 conf] ag ration (kon fluh gray shun)

great fire

Picture this:
| con flag ration

That was the

biggest fire
we ever
Only one flag started.
per cell!

A con flag ration after the

prison flag conflagration.

M@ During World War II, Allied bombing of Tokyo caused a

conflagration in that city.

@ The retreating army started a conflagration in order to

destroy supplies that could be used by the advancing forces.

@ Firefighters in large cities with many high-rise buildings

must be careful not to allow a small fire to spread quickly *
and become a conflagration.

88
 Cae re confound
confuse;
puzzle

Picture this:
con found

os °
XXX DRX
OOAKAYKUT
XXX RXR AXAKLKROo
DAKAR
KOR
KKK(XN RII)
YX) OO

“What the con found confounds him.

@ Until Louis Pasteur discovered germs, the origin of many

diseases confounded scientists.

@ The American watching a cricket match in Britain was

confounded by the complex rules of the game.

—@ Many statements that students make in their essays are

confounding to teachers: because they are poorly written.

89
 contend (kun tend)
assert |
earnestly

Picture this:
con tends

He'll come back.

They always do.

PAROLE OFFICE
Yj)
}

Nfi)yf7)|
cy

r ft
a i Hit | a
i

| |

He contends that a con tends to return.

®@ In our next debate, our team must contend that “Science has
done more harm than good.” ;

@ A good lawyer must be able to contend convincingly that

her client is innocent even if she feels sure that he is guilty.

@ People known as “flat-earthers” contend that the Earth is

flat rather than round as most people believe. ,

90
 (kun ten shus) contentious
quarrelsome;
Causing quarrels

Picture this:
content shush

7,
We don’t approve You might think it’s just
of people giving fine, but we don’t want ero
Sq children so much our children eating = \_
> attention! candy and junk food!
a

AXht

Chin

“The kids are content. Shush!

Don’t be so contentious!”

lM I suggest that we avoid discussing contentious subjects such

as religion and politics until we get to know one another
better.

lM To help unify the party after the hard-fought election

campaign, the president asked that contentious issues not
be discussed for three months.

@ Jean seems to be a naturally contentious person; I said the

weather seems fine today and she replied that it wasn’t true
because there were some clouds in the sky.
91
 conviction (kun vik shun)
strongly held belief;
judgment that someone
is guilty of a crime ;
Picture this:
convict shun

: moms
ST Ry)

OF sa
eel

“It is my conviction that every

convict should shun guns.”

™@ During a debate you should speak with conviction to help

persuade the judges of the correctness of your argument.

l@ For a democracy to remain strong and healthy, people must

voice their convictions freely.

@ I admire a person with strong convictions even if I don’t

happen to share the same views. :

92
 lay cordial
| gracious;
heartfelt

Picture this:
cord jill

“Pye cut the cord, Jill!”

(Relations are no longer cordial.)

Despite being separated, Bill and Laura still have cordial

relations with one another.

®@ The principal gave the new teachers a cordial welcome at

the teacher orientation.

® Diplomats work hard to maintain cordial relations with

their colleagues from other countries so that disputes can
be discussed in a friendly atmosphere.

93
 corrode (kuh road)
destroy by chemical
action; deteriorate

Picture this:
car rode

aioe )
hoy »\
eee
ies iY

In the old car she rode until it corroded.

@ Water pipes in many cities built early in the last century are
beginning to corrode,

@ People who live near the ocean often complain that the
salty air corrodes parts of their houses, such as metal
window fixtures.

l@ If the chassis of your car starts to corrode, you should have *

it repaired before it becomes worse.

94
 CURT criterion
standard used
in judging

Picture this:
cry tear on

“You didn’t meet the criterion for the team?

Come, cry a tear on my shoulder.’
®@ One criterion of a good vocabulary-building book is that
words are reinforced in the student’s mind.

@ Many universities include the ability to write clear and

correct English as one of their admissions criteria.

® Studies show that the most important criterion students

use in judging the effectiveness of a teacher is his or her
knowledge of the subject.

95
 cryptic Camis,
mysterious;
hidden; secret

Picture this:
crypt tick

jl iT
ii
HM | | i
R C IT pia
hy my i vt

Y A ||)
) SEZ 2

Wi
s
eS

i r e
y
jstM
M
Zz

LEnAY trex
|LEIS

ZS
ate

TICK
TICK i TICK
TICK
Tick” Tek
Yyjply Yi

YUE”

A cryptic crypt tick.

@ The only reply Mrs. Thomas got from her daughter Jessica
when she asked her where she had been was a cryptic “Out”

@ Sharon got her essay back and was surprised to see that her
teacher had written only a cryptic comment: “Hmm.”

@ The historian believed that he had found a cryptic message

buried in the old text. 2

96
Memory Check 7
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

corrode confound contentious

1. carrode __ 2. confound __ 3. content shush __

concise contend conviction

4. cons’ice __ 5. contends __ 6. convict shun __

conciliatory cordial concede

7. cons silly story __ 8. cord Jill 9. cons’seed __

_ conflagration criterion cryptic

10. conflagration __—»s-_- 11. crytearon ___ 12. crypttick __

a. assert earnestly g. quarrelsome; causing quarrels

b. gracious; heartfelt h. confuse; puzzle
c. deteriorate i. overcoming hostility
d. strongly held belief j. great fire
e. brief and compact k. admit
f. standard used in judging |. hidden; secret

Showtime 7
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

i. When you write a resume to apply for a job you should make it
so that your prospective employer can get a quick idea of your
background.
a.comprehensive b. cordial c.cryptic d.contentious e. concise

. The designers of the SAT that the test is a fair measure of

a student’s academic ability; however, some critics disagree with
this view.
a.confound b.cajole c.concede d.contend e. compile

. Despite the , the fireman rescued the family from their burning
home.
a.conflagration b.candor c. complacency
d. conviction e. charlatan
97
 4. The caller left only a message on my answering machine—
“Tm finished.” .
a. conciliatory b. colloquial c.cordial d.comprehensive e. cryptic

After his many years of staunch opposition to the proposal, Mr. Willis
the voters when, in a (an) move, he agreed to seriously
reconsider it.
a. appeased.....ambiguous
b. beguiled.....affable
c. confounded.....conciliatory
d. acknowledged.....contentious
e. censured.....benevolent

. An important that airlines must use in hiring a person as part

of their cabin crew is that he or she must be
a. conviction.....affable
b. affirmation.....assiduous
c. accolade.....benevolent
d. criterion.....cordial
e. artifact.....conciliatory

. After their many bitter disputes about the issue dividing their
nations, trust between the two leaders began to
a. conciliatory.....compile
b. contentious.....corrode
c. concise.....concede
d. ambiguous.....confound
e. comprehensive.....contend

. Although Peter has a (an) that people should have freedom of

speech, he that there must at times be limitations placed on
that freedom.
a. aversion.....contends
b. affirmation.....acknowledges
c. conviction.....concedes
d. belief.....acquiesces
e. doubt.....advocates

98
 (kul puh bul) culpable
| deserving
blame

Picture this:
cool pebble UNIT 8

K/

Sue’s cool pebble is missing,

and Beth is culpable.

™@ The police investigation narrowed down the list of suspects

to three people, one of whom was considered most likely to
be culpable.

li Suspects cannot be held unless there is reasonable evidence

that they are culpable.

@ The principal found Jim culpable of cheating on the exam

and suspended him from school for a week.

Bo)
 Cursory (Cqims maa,

done with haste and

little attention to detail

Picture this:
curse sorry

“Did I curse? Sorry —a cursory apology.

ee)

@ Many pilots make afinal cursory inspection of their aircraft

shortly before takeoff.

l@ A cursory analysis of the problem revealed a possible

cause; however, a more thorough analysis would be needed
to determine whether or not the actual cause had been
identified.

lM An experienced editor can tell from a cursory reading of

a manuscript whether or not the writer is using correct
English.
100
 (dih bill ih tayt) debilitate
| weaken;
enfeeble

Picture this:
da bill it ate

I've always had You ate

a weak stomach da bill!
for a goat.

Da bill it ate debilitates the billy goat.

™@ During very hot weather it’s important to drink plenty

of water so as not to become debilitated as a result of
dehydration.

Hl Diseases debilitate many people in Africa who don't have

adequate nutrition and lack access to modern medicine.

li Injuries sustained in automobile accidents debilitate thousands

of people in the United States each year.

101
 decorum (dih kor um)

orderliness and good

taste in manners

Picture this:
décor* room

{
TID
VOC

“Such refined décor. The room is lovely.”

(A show of decorum as she enters the room.)

™@The senior prom gave the usually rowdy Jack a chance to

show us that he could behave with decorum.

M@ Expecting decorum in a kindergarten class is unrealistic,

@ Students in the junior high cafeteria behaved with

decorum until a food fight that soon involved every
student broke out.

* Décor refers to the style of decoration of a room,

102
 (deg ruh day shun) degradation
| humiliation;
degeneration

Picture this:
“D” grade date shun

What a date!
How humiliating. Yeah, "D" for Dire!
I'd give it a "D"
or sure.

Degradation from a “D” grade date—shun it!

i The deliberate degradation of prisoners of war is prohibited

under the Geneva Convention.

m Some teachers use degradation to punish unruly students.

@ The satellite was placed in such a low Earth orbit that the
orbit degraded after only two days, and the satellite fell
to Earth.

103
 deplore (dih plor) |
regret;
disapprove of

Picture this:
deep lore*

MYTHOLOGY ND FOLKLORE

“I deplore deep lore,” says the shallow bore.

@ Many people deplore the showing of extreme violence on

television.

™@ The president said that he deplored the loss of life in the

battle but granted that such losses were unavoidable.

™@My grandfather deplores the increasing commercialization

of major sports such as football and baseball.

* Lore refers to the legends or beliefs of a people.

104
 (dih prahv ih tee) depravity
| extreme corruption;
wickedness

Picture this:
deep rabbit he

Tim 7~
creel = —

—
— -

Deep i in the rabbit warren,1,he tells them

a tale ofdepravity.

—™ War often brings out the most extreme forms of depravity

in human beings, such as the use of torture.

@ Many people believe that without civilization humanity

would sink into depravity.

®@ The citizens’ committee on censorship decided that no

form of depravity should be portrayed in the newspaper.

105
 deprecate (dep rih kayt)
express disapproval
of; belittle

Picture this:
Dep-Wreck 8

adcP Aleta geat

worst fish : olaa-la el[o| aarae) ;
| ever tasted! To eee aa
Ta aa
8

oN ae
ea x It 2

SS
I've had fresher-tasting :
fish in frozen if
fish sticks! \ Mu.

Near Dep-Wreck 8, they deprecate

the “Catch of the Day.”

@ Linda enjoyed her creative writing class because her teacher

never deprecated the stories she wrote, but instead always
praised what was good about them.

@ Bob Dylan’s singing was deprecated by many people;

nevertheless, he became one of the most famous singers
in the history of popular music.

WM After the principal deprecated the new teacher in front

of her class, the students lost their respect for her.

106
 (dih ride) deride
| ridicule;
make fun of

Picture this:
Deer Ride

Yeah, Bird
The Deer Ride and Bear
is awesome, rides are
but the other bogus!
rides are
totally lame.

| i Mt HK
mm
a, 3

They deride all rides except for the Deer Ride.

m@ Attempts to use radio waves for long-range communication

were derided by early twentieth-century physicists as
impossible.

m Every time Larry tried to diet, his friends derided his effort
to lose weight as futile.

@ Some people deride the study of art as a waste of time.

107
 derivative CRs are
unoriginal; derived
from another source

Picture this:
dear river

“Dear river, from you all creeks are derivative!”

@ Few works of art are truly original; nearly all are derivative
in that they use the ideas and styles of earlier works.

@ American Impressionism is a derivative style; American

artists adapted European Impressionism to create a new
style.

@ Critics agree that the new novel is merely derivative,

offering nothing new in either style or content.

108
 Cine deterrent
something that
discourages

Picture this:
debt her rent

Never mind,
you can have
free rent
until you
get back
on your feet.

As a deterrent to debt, her rent

is waived for a while.

™@ The library’s policy of allowing students to take out only

one book at a time is a deterrent to reading.

@ The government imposes a high tax on cigarettes as a

deterrent to smoking.

lM The United States maintains a powerful military force

as a deterrent to aggression by other countries.

109
 digression (digresh un)
wandering away
from the subject

Picture this:
tigress shun

INN
Lie

Py
Pi /)
| i| /

When you make a safari digression,

there’s a tigress you should shun.

@ Some students in history class think Mr. Romano’s digressions

are a waste of time, but I enjoy them because I learn
interesting facts that aren’t in the textbook.

@ Avoid digressions when you write an essay; teachers expect

your writing to be focused and free of irrelevant information.

lM The judge instructed the witness to stop digressing and stick +

to the main events in her account of the crime.

110
Memory Check 8
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

deprecate culpable debilitate

1. Dep-Wreck8 __ 2. cool pebble __ 3. dabillitate

deplore degradation deride

4. deeplore __ 5. “D” grade dateshun __ 6. DeerRide __

decorum derivative digression

7. decorroom __ 8. dearriver __ 9. tigressshun __

cursory depravity deterrent

10. cursesorry ___—- 11. deeprabbithe __ 12. debtherrent _

a. regret; disapprove of g. hastily done

b. humiliation; degeneration h. good taste in manners
c. wickedness i. unoriginal
d. weaken j. belittle
e. deserving blame k. something that discourages
f. make fun of |. wandering away from the subject

Showtime 8
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Every member of the aircrew felt after the 18-hour flight from
New York to Tokyo.
a.amorphous b. debilitated c.deprecated d.derivative e. derided

. Evena inspection of my tools showed that they had rusted as

a result of being left in the rain for a week.
a.culpable b.cursory c.calculated d.comprehensive e. derivative

. Nearly all people agree that the worst forms of should be illegal.
a.complacency b.digression c.arrogance d.depravity e.decorum

111
 . Dr. Johnson, my writing instructor, says that my work is too and
that I should try to be more original.
a. derivative b.cursory c.contentious d. concise e. cryptic

. Slavery results in the of human beings and in modern times has

been and banned by every country in the world.
a. compliance.....censured
b. antagonism.....articulated
c. decorum.....conceded
d. animosity.....advocated
e. degradation.....deplored

. The teacher said that every student in the class would be considered |
if anyone failed to act with when the officials from
the department of education visited.
a. guilty.....animosity
b. accountable.....antagonism
c. culpable.....decorum
d. autonomous.....compliance
e. contentious.....composure

My history teacher my research paper because its lengthy

made it difficult for her to follow its main argument.
a. derided.....conflagrations
b. deprecated.....digressions
c. corroded.....artifacts
d. deplored.....ascetics
e. debilitated.....digressions

. The use of nuclear missiles as a against aggression by other

countries is by many people as a policy that will lead to the
destruction of the entire human race.
a. deterrent.....derided
b. derivative.....deplored
c. digression.....conceded
d. compliance.....deprecated
e. decorum.....derided

bi
 (dihl uh juns) diligence Pe)

steadiness of effort;
persistent hard work

Picture this:
dill gents UNIT 9

Remember, every pickle

in a jar of Dill Gents
must be perfectly

if C
See iy =

Dill gents are pickled with diligence.

@ Learning a foreign language requires diligence on the part

of a student.

™@ Diligence is only one of the requirements for success;

another is the application of intelligence.

® Work diligently in all your subjects so that you can reach

your full potential.

113
 disclose APES
reveal |

Picture this:
disc close

UFO =
We Hy Why Ueyy WY) YH YU Uy i
WY ZsYi
General, can you tell us a
how the disc can open
or close if it has
nothing that looks
like a door or
window in it?

dg
1A \\\\
\\ @ Set ee No, I'm sorry,
4 that information
A
Wier
\—~> is classified.

“How does the disc close? I cannot

disclose that information.”

™@ For tax purposes, the government requires that anyone

earning an income disclose its source.

@ A journalist can sometimes obtain information from a

person if the journalist agrees not to disclose the source
of that information.

@ Aunt Becky has never disclosed the name of the man she
was going to be married to thirty years ago but who died
in a car crash just before the wedding.

114
 CCW Ottis discount
| disregard;
dismiss

Picture this:
disc count

fi ae

PYAAR24 eo asares
DISK THROWING
eos n oo
; Ar O

discounted 7
throw.
It went

oth
ee/

He inst discount the throw in the disc count.

@ Until someone saw him having dinner with a woman in

a restaurant, the students discounted the rumor that
the school’s oldest bachelor, Mr. Leonard, was going to
be married.

Mi The report discounted the story he was told because it

contradicted all the other information he had about the
situation. .

lH People who work for intelligence services such as the

CIA must learn what information they should discount
and which they should analyze carefully.
 discriminating (dih skrim uh nay ting)

able to see
differences

Picture this:
disc criminal

i] WU:i

PhO

A disc criminal with discriminating taste.

l@ A discriminating reader, Ms. Hansen chooses books that

have been highly praised by respected reviewers.

lM Lucy’s parents want her to become more discriminating in

her choice of boyfriends.

@ Gail has discriminating taste in chocolate; she can tell with

one bite if a piece of chocolate is high quality. z

116
 (dis dayne) disdain

| scorn

Picture this:
dis Dane

Dis Dane scorns all other dogs.

Ca aset
J ed oy

Pie iat

Dis Dane has disdain for the Collie,

the Pug, and the Dalmatian.

@ The soldier was treated with disdain by his comrades

because he fled the battle after the first shot was fired.

@ Dishonest individuals are regarded with disdain by most

people.

@ In summarizing what the convicted man had done, the

judge made no attempt to hide her disdain for a person
who would abandon his:own children.

117
 disinclination (Qari Ty,
a lack of inclination;
reluctance

Picture this:
dis incline nation

In dis incline nation, folks have

a disinclination to walk uphill.

@ Mr. Tanner’s son Ike told his father that he had a disinclination
to spend a beautiful Saturday afternoon mowing the lawn.
His father’s reply was “That’s fine, as long as you understand
that I will then have a disinclination to pay your allowance
this week.”

@ Arthur, a slightly built young man, has a disinclination to

participate in sports involving physical contact. ;

M@| have a disinclination to help you because you didn’t help

me when I was having difficulties.
118
 (dis mis) dismiss
put away from
consideration; reject

Picture this:
dis miss

I assume your
chocolates are Swiss.
I won't tolerate Dis, Miss,
any other kind. is all Swiss.
——— We don't
serve any
other kind.

Dis Miss will dismiss chocolates

that aren’t Swiss.

Ml My boss asked me for suggestions to improve efficiency but

then dismissed my ideas as ridiculous.

™@ Before you dismiss a new idea as impractical, consider

it carefully.

@ The company director dismissed reports that he was

planning to resign, saying there was no basis in fact for
such speculation.

119
 disperse Chae ee
scatter

Picture this:
dis purse

iA
ae e
=
J

The contents of dis purse are dispersed. |

lM Tear gas was used to disperse the large crowd of angry

protesters that had gathered outside the government offices.

@ Biologists believe that every organism is born with the urge

to disperse its genes as widely as possible.

@ At the sound of the bell signaling the end of the final period
of the final day of the school year, the students of Thomas 3

Jefferson High School dispersed almost instantaneously.

120
 (dis pyuh tay shush) d isputatiou S
| argumentative;
fond of arguing

Picture this:
dispute 8 just

g
Dispute 8—just
another dispute
on double date

aera

Dispute 8. Just another dispute

between disputatious dates.

@ Mary seems naturally disputatious; she takes an extreme

position on every issue.

@ Phil has hardly a disputatious bone in his body; he'll agree

with practically everything you say.

—™ The disputatious customer disagreed with everything that

she was told by the manager.

121
 dissent ARTS
disagree

Picture this:
dis scent

Dis scent makes him dissent.

@ No one dissented, so the motion was passed unanimously.

M@ Courage is often required for a person to dissent from the

opinion of the majority.

™@Justice Smith wrote the dissenting opinion for the minority.

122
 (dih vur junt) divergent
varying; going in
different directions
from the same point
Picture this:
Di verge gent

CLEOPATRA y
a Sy |

Dion the verge of going with

a gent on a divergent path.

@ Sandra and Peter took divergent approaches to solving the

equation, but both arrived at the correct answer.

lM Paul and Sylvester were good friends in high school, but

their lives took divergent paths after high school: Paul
enlisted in the Navy and sails around the world, while
Sylvester has settled down in our hometown.

@ It’s often more interesting to listen to a discussion between

experts with divergent views than to a discussion in which
similar views are expressed.
123
 document CE eT a e
provide written
evidence

Picture this:
Doc U meant

This man was stabbed | always document

in a fight, and we think euch cases. | don't know
he came to you hy there's nothin
S=_, for treatment. ao wine File.

Doc U meant to document the case.

M@ The job of a biographer is made easier if the subject has

documented his or her life.

@ The historical society has started a project to document

the history of our town.

@ Dad likes to document our summer vacation trips by

recording highlights with his video camera.

124
Memory Check 9
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

diligence disclose disdain

1. dillgents __ 2. disc close __ 3. disDane __

disputatious divergent document

4. dispute8 just __—s—so<5. Di verge gent ___ 6. DocU meant __

discount disinclination disperse

7. disc count __ 8. disincline nation ____ 9. dis purse __

dismiss discriminating dissent

10. dis Miss __ 11. disc criminal __ 12. disscent __

a. able to see differences g. reveal

b. scatter h. lack of inclination
c. persistent hard work i. put away from consideration
d. disagree j. varying
e. provide written evidence k. argumentative
f. scorn |. disregard; dismiss

Showtime 9
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Jim’s girlfriend would like him to become more in his taste

in clothes.
a. discriminating b. arbitrary c. derivative d.astute e. colloquial

. The young writer worked to create a style that would not be

labeled as in any way based on those of other writers.
a. divergently b. disputatiously c. cordially
d. diligently e. ambivalently

. In Herman Melville’s nineteenth-century short story “Bartleby, The

Scrivener,’ Bartleby is a scrivener (a professional copyist) who seems
to have a to work; when asked to begin work, his reply is,
“I would prefer not to.”
a. diligence b.decorum c.disinclination d. digression e. dissent
125
 Most scientists the possibility of faster-than-light travel on the
grounds that it would violate the laws of nature.
a. disclose b.disdain c.document d. disperse e. dismiss

The two leaders of the uprising against the government returned to

their headquarters by routes after the police ordered the
protesters to
a. disputatious.....dismiss
b. divergent.....disperse
c. discriminating.....discount
d. derivative.....deplore
e. divergent.....disclose

We the incredible information that Jim had given us because

he refused to its source.
a. deprecated.....discount
b. deplored.....articulate
c. compiled.....attribute
d. discounted.....disclose
e. censured.....concede

The research paper was regarded with by scholars because its

author had not carefully each step of his research.
a. diligence.....disdained
b. degradation.....disclosed
c. disdain.....documented
d. depravity.....dismissed
e. disinclination.....documented

Justice Smith is the most judge on the appeals court; he

more rulings than any other judge.
a. divergent.....documents
b. disputatious.....dissents from
c. discriminating.....discloses
d. derivative.....discounts
e. discriminating.....disdains

126
 (dawg mat ik)

opinionated; arbitrary

Picture this:

We ticks are the superior species,

60 get ready for an all-out
attack when fido gets back!

= , ,

vie ithMIke
TA i Re mi
Ni (i
iy! aM ) by)
\ oF a i shiyi4,
AAANG hi ay a
ly
W ys \\!!
Wily YP VI ays,
y |
ny ys

| Dogmatic views from a dog mat tick.

@ A good book reviewer is flexible and not dogmatic in his or

her views about what makes a book worthwhile.

™@ A good scientist can’t be dogmatic in evaluating evidence.

lH One goal of education is to make people less dogmatic and

more open to different viewpoints.

127
 duplicity Cn a e
deliberate deceptiveness

Picture this:
do please city

“We've got everything

you need for business
and recreation.
You name it, we've
got it.

Nowhereesville
is booming?”
Throckmorton P-
i TI Duplicity-MAYOF
POPULATION OR ie» wr an
|
J
slp NY/\
” ) ws
\ ( ‘a+Le
;
w) '/%
: WW

“Do please come to our lovely city,”

says Mayor Duplicity.

@ Joan has such a reputation for duplicity that we don’t

believe her even when what she says sounds as though
it may be true.

lM The thief used duplicity to gain entry into the bank:

He posed as a telephone repairman.

li The spy was a mole; she used duplicity to gain the trust ;
of members of the intelligence service of the foreign
government in order to infiltrate it.

128
 ERY eary eclectic
composed of elements
drawn from diverse sources

Picture this:
electric

aab Xe
CK

An eclectic collection at Electric Connection.

®@ Lionel has an eclectic collection of model trains from all

over the world.

@ The works of the writer Isaac Asimov demonstrate that he

had remarkably eclectic interests; they cover practically
every subject imaginable, from Shakespeare to nuclear
physics.

M@ Dr. McAllister owns an eclectic collection of art from every

continent.

129
 egotism (Cn ea)
excessive self-importance;
conceit

Picture this:
E goat is him

Can you help us a cer eee

c > am a much too
get the picnic G AQ important
a ay ‘2B individual
to help
with such
minor
chores.

The main concern of E goat is himself.

What egotism!

lm A good definition of growing up is losing your egotism and

becoming more concerned about the needs of other people.

lm It could be hard to avoid egotism if you get straight As, have

the lead in the school play, received a perfect score on the
SAT, and have been selected for the all-state basketball team.

M@ Some people are so egotistical that they hardly listen to 2

what other people say, preferring instead to talk almost

constantly. ;

130
 (ee lay ted) elated
overjoyed;
in high spirits

Picture this:
| eel ate Ted

T
cms
W)
- SS
Elated swimmers swam as the eel ate Ted.

™@ The new author was elated to see her first book in print.

@ I was elated when my son phoned me to say that his wife

had delivered a healthy baby girl.

™@ The members of our debating team were elated when they

won the state high school debating championship.

131
 elegy (el uh jee)
poem or song | ;
expressing grief

Picture this:
a ledge he

Our dear friend Franz met

his fate below
this ledge.
He tried to 2
climb where
no one has
climbed
ec

On a ledge, he delivers an elegy.

lM Deeply saddened by the death of his young son, the poet

Ben Johnson wrote an elegy to him.

@ PB. Shelley’s poem “Adonais” is an elegy mourning the

death of John Keats at the age of twenty-five.

lM One of the great elegies in American literature is oe

Whitman’s “When Lilacs in the Dooryard Bloonrd,’:
moving poem for President Abraham Lincoln.

ao
 (ih loo ziv) elusive
hard to grasp; tending
to evade capture

Picture this:
a loose sieve*

“Hey you sieve, get back here!

AOcH There’s gold in this here river!”

LLMMEED
eK kd
eR WA Yip

Kk

A loose sieve being elusive.

@ My brother, an enthusiastic surfer, goes out to the ocean

with his board every weekend in search of the elusive
“perfect wave.”

Bi Evidence for the existence of life outside of Earth has

proved elusive.

i “Alley Cat” Al is an elusive fellow; first he escaped from

police custody, then he eluded a statewide manhunt.

* A sieve is a utensil with a meshed bottom. It is used to separate coarse

from fine loose matter.
133
 embellish foniber ish)
adorn; ornament; |
add fictitious detail

Picture this:
Em bell

VOTE FOR THE DISH

ED THE BEST

Em’s bell is embellished with relish.

@ Sarah embellished her living room with vases she had

collected in her travels all over the world.

™@ According to a recent survey, nearly half of all job applicants

admit to embellishing their qualifications.

@ A journalist should not embellish a story to make it more

interesting to the reader. :

134
 Canc ETT) emulate
imitate; strive to
equal or excel

Picture this:
Em you're late

“Em, you're late! Must you emulate girls

who make their dates wait?”

@ In Aesop’s fable “The Tortoise and the Hare,” the reader is

asked to emulate the tortoise; the lesson is, “Slow and steady
wins the race.”

™ Jim’s mother wanted her son to emulate his father Jumbo

Jim in all but one area—his tendency to overeat.

m After Sharon finishes her medical training, she plans to

emulate her father and become a general practitioner in
a rural area.

135
 endorse Pte eee
approve;
support

Picture this:
end horse

“That end horse looks good. I'll endorse it”

@ Senator Cash was endorsed by all the major newspapers.

@ After the principal endorsed the student council’s plans for

the graduation ceremony, our committee was able to go
ahead with our planning for the event.

@ The English department examined the available SAT

preparation books carefully; then they endorsed several :
they felt to be of sound educational value.

136
 (en mih tee) enmity

| ill will;
hatred

Picture this:
N mitt he

Why are you wearing that

stupid N mitt?!
mS

wis toe
\uihyy Mwy’ He ety
ali ran
a

The N mitt he wears causes enmity.

@ A feud within a family sometimes causes greater enmity

than one between people who aren’t related.

i The U.S. Civil War caused great enmity between North and
South that persists in some forms to this day.

lH No enmity exists between the two rivals for the middleweight

boxing championship, but each boxer does have a healthy
respect for the skills of the other.

aS
 eohemeral Gna ee
short-lived;
fleeting

Picture this:
a fem mural

| can explain it.

You see, it’s
ephemeral art.

welts
\be3
r 4
ate Linn ‘ ~
Pe

a dy 4y,) “
Ty TS.
‘\ ee;
‘ =

A fem mural that’s ephemeral.

lM Most of the writing that appears in newspapers is

ephemeral.

@ In comparison to the billions of years that the universe has

existed, the life of each living thing seems ephemeral.

™@ Much slang is ephemeral, but some words—such as

phony—become part of standard English.

138
Memory Check 10
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

dogmatic egotism elated

1. dog mat tick __ 2. Egoatishim __ 3. eelate Ted __

elegy elusive embellish

4. aledgehe __ 5. aloosesieve __ 6. Embell __

emulate endorse enmity

7. Emyourelate __ 8. endhorse __ 9. Nmitthe __

_ ephemeral eclectic duplicity

10.afemmural __—_—sili. electric __ 12. do please city __

a. ill will; hatred g. short-lived; fleeting

b. hard to grasp h. overjoyed; in high spirits
c. imitate i. approve; support
d. poem or song expressing grief j. composed of elements
e. excessive self-importance; conceit drawn from diverse sources
f. adorn; ornament k. opinionated; arbitrary
|. deliberate deceptiveness

Showtime 10
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Some people are in their views and refuse to consider the

opinions of others.
a.articulate b. eclectic c.disputatious d.dogmatic e. ephemeral

. One judge on the appeals court disagreed with the majority opinion
because she believed that the police had used to obtain a
confession.
a. duplicity b. aversion c. diligence d.egotism e. ascendancy

. Most religions teach that we should turn our attention from the
to the eternal.
a.elegy b.ephemeral c eclectic d. divergent e. enmity

139
4. John’s interests are , ranging from art to electronics.
a. ascetic
b. autonomous
c. eclectic
d. antediluvian
e. ephemeral

a grew between the directors of the rival companies after one

of them a plan to take over the other company.
a. Enmity.....beguiled
b. Egotism.....endorsed
c. Enmity.....endorsed
d. Antagonism.....appeased
e. Apprehension.....deplored

6. After his good friend died, the poet wrote a (an) to her;
although the poem her accomplishments alittle, it gave
a generally accurate picture of her life.
a. elegy.....embellished
b. accolade.....belied
c. artifact.....embellished
d. poem.....censured
e. elegy.....endorsed

7. The scientist was when he found the evidence he

had been seeking for ten years to confirm the truth of his theory.
a. elusive.....comprehensive
b. cursory.....elusive
c. conciliatory.....comprehensive
d. elated.....elusive
e. elated.....capricious

8. Although he has many traits that can be admired and even

his is not one of them.
a. debilitated.....complacency
b. emulated.....diligence
c. emulated.....egotism
d. acknowledged.....decorum
e. censured.....duplicity

140
 Gece equivocal
unclear in meaning;
intentionally misleading

Picture this:
equally vocal UNIT 11

Can you tell us

clearly and yo"
definitely e
where you o 3
stand on cae
this issue? of
=
=

SUaziai9
We

ASny
"9

The equivocal candidates are equally vocal.

M@ Debaters normally can’t take an equivocal position if they

want to win; they must take a definite position either for or
against the motion proposed.

lM The judge demanded that the witness give a definite “yes” or

“no” answer, but received only an equivocal “maybe.”

® Politicians sometimes give equivocal responses to questions

in order to avoid having their position on an issue “pinned
down.”

141
 erroneous C0

mistaken

Picture this:
Ear Roni us

—pxsthy
- me i j !4 LL
FO, 1SALE v Hi
oe
Ci

“It says we sell Ear Roni? Us? That’s erroneous!”

lM Just because something is on the World Wide Web doesn’t

mean it’s true; there’s a lot of erroneous information put on
the Web.

@ The belief that the distribution of wealth in America is fairly

equal is erroneous; a recent study showed that the wealth of
the richest 1 percent of the population is equal to that of the
poorest 40 percent of the population.

@ If your assumptions are erroneous, your conclusion will be

incorrect, no matter how logical your reasoning is.
142
 (yoo luh jee) eulogy

expression
of praise

Picture this:
Yule Log* G

Mr. Claus is the nicest,

kindest person
in the world.
SU
‘ \ Swe
ASU LY.
HEL, tj
WGti,

\
\

i pm
inc

By the hearth with the glowing Yule Log G

he delivers a glowing eulogy.

@ At the funeral of her beloved grandmother, Donna read a

eulogy she had written to her.

ll Jim gave what might well be the shortest eulogy in history

at his friend’s funeral: “He was a pretty cool dude.”

™ This biography of Abraham Lincoln isn’t merely a eulogy to

him, it examines his weaknesses as well as the qualities that
made hima great president.

* A yule log is a large log of wood that is traditionally burned in the

fireplace at Christmas.
143
 evanescent (ev uh nes unt)
fleeting;
vanishing

Picture this:
even a scent

& J °.

SO
VLIW ANA Aad e049ac Sy

INIIS3NOA
4u29g
sjsvj
2uo
puoras

Even a scent of Evanescent

drives men crazy for a second.

@ Thoughts are often evanescent, coming into the mind for an

instant and then vanishing as quickly as they came.

lM Tim joined a monastery because he believes that worldly

happiness is evanescent, while spiritual happiness is eternal.

@ The artist is trying to capture the evanescent play of sunlight

on the surface of the lake.

144
 (ig zawlt) exalt

| raise in rank or
dignity; praise

Picture this:
X Salt

r|

HSS os
—

i -—F
(esEy
SS
ff

X Salt is exalted to Superior Salt Status.

@ The combat hero was exalted in his hometown when he

returned home from the war.

M@ Having been made Bishop at the age of forty, Father Watson

believed he would one day reach the exalted position
of Cardinal.

M When the College of Cardinals selects a Pope, he is exalted

above all other Roman Catholics.

145
 execute (ek sih kyoot)
put into effect; |
carry out

Picture this:
X, a cute

X, a cute letter from Texas, poised

to execute a triple flip.

® Coach Harris has drilled our football team so that we can

execute every play with precision.

One of the things that makes chess an interesting game is

that you have to try to execute your own plan of attack
while defending against your opponent’s attack.

l® Soldiers in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta were :

trained from boyhood to execute the plans of the leaders
without question.

146
 Ce re exemplary
| serving as a model;
outstanding

Picture this:
exempt Larry

ff
AAy \.

oni <] Yorn 1p

i ee
Hh Sa
Ns
ripe

“Let’s exempt ace from exams since

| he’s got exemplary grades.”

@ Although I don’t agree with the book’s argument, I admit

that it’s written in an exemplary manner.

@ The town council voted to recognize Ms. Miller’s thirty

years of exemplary service as town clerk with a special
ceremony.

lH My English teacher said that my essay was exemplary and

that he would read it to the class to illustrate the qualities
of a good essay.

147
 exemplif (ig zem pluh fy) ~
serve as an example of |

Picture this:
example if |

you've got to
—— get your act
together. Girls take
one look at you
and they are ae
out of here.

“You mean itwould be a good example i

I exemplify the ‘perfect guy’?”

l@ In the eyes of many people, the astronauts exemplify the

spirit of adventure.

lM President Theodore Roosevelt exemplifies for many

Americans the rugged, independent man of action.

l™@ For many people, the spirit of the 1960s was exemplified
at the Woodstock music festival in 1969.

148
 (ig zaw stiv) exhaustive
| thorough;
comprehensive

| Picture this:
exhaust Steve

Cen i
| i }
M in
m n ii )N
m: mhniti\
ii

Mi

“Our exhaustive battery of tests

| does not exhaust Steve.”

The Congressional committee completed its exhaustive

three-month investigation into the financial crisis but
failed to find any evidence of incompetence on the part
of the banks.

@ After an exhaustive review of his old tax records, Stan

found a small error that he had made.

™@ An exhaustive search through my collection of reference

books failed to locate the source of the quotation.

149
 explicit (ik splis it) |
totally clear; 2

definite

Picture this:
X, please sit

X, please sit. | want

to talk to you about
your triple flip
that flopped.

()CHEERLEADING a My
\ COACH CS }| | Fe \

“X, please sit”—an explicit request.

@ Tim’s parents left for a weekend at Aunt Beth’s, leaving him

with explicit instructions: “No parties in the house. Period.”

@ The Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution is the first

explicit statement of human rights in history.

@ The explicit meaning of the poem is clear, but its deeper,

implied meaning is much more difficult to understand. :

150
 (ik stol) exto|

| praise;
glorify

Picture this:
X stole

“X stole the chocolate X’s from X Mart

| and we extol him?”

lM My brother extols the virtues of camping under an open sky

in a sleeping bag; I, on the other hand, prefer sleeping in a
rainproof tent.

M@ Marcia extols the joys of living in a big city, but Peter

prefers life in a small town.

— A lot of people extol the pleasures of reading detective

fiction, but I prefer historical fiction.

151
 extricate (Cagle)
free;
disentangle

Picture this:
extra Kate

“Extra! Extra! Kate’s extricated!”

M@ Many countries are reluctant to commit troops in foreign

conflicts because it is often difficult to extricate them.

@ The salesman buttonholed the potential customer and gave

her his long sales pitch; the poor woman couldn’t extricate
herself from the conversation without being rude.

M@ The expression “Put his foot in his mouth” is often used ®

when a person has said something embarrassing or insulting

and is going to have trouble extricating himself:gracefully
from the awkward situation.
be?
Memory Check 11
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

equivocal erroneous eulogy

1. equally vocal __ 2. Ear Ronius __ 3. YuleLogG __

evanescent exalt execute

4. evenascent __ 5. XSalt 6. X,acute

exemplary exemplify exhaustive

7. exempt Larry __ 8. exampleifI __ 9. exhaust Steve __

explicit extol extricate

10. X, please sit __ 11. Xstole __ 12. extra Kate __

a. fleeting; vanishing g. expression of praise

b. mistaken h. raise in rank or dignity
c. put into effect; carry out i. serve as an example of
d. intentionally misleading j. totally clear; definite
e. serving as a model; outstanding k. thorough; comprehensive
f. disentangle l. praise

Showtime 11
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

i. It is to believe that life on Earth will last forever.

a.exemplary b. equivocal c.erroneous d. explicit e. evanescent

. The physicists found studying the subatomic particle difficult

because it was
a. explicit b.erroneous c. exhaustive d.evanescent e. elated

. Once a country is involved in the affairs of another country, it often

finds that itself is not easy.
a. exemplifying b. executing c. bolstering
d. extricating e. extolling

153
 Sal’s boss him in his letter of recommendation as a model
employee always willing to work hard and do everything he could
to ensure the success of projects in which he was involved.
a. extolled b.extricated c. executed d.dismissed~ e. disdained-

. Ted is a (an) debater; he never takes a (an) position

and states his case clearly and persuasively.
a. explicit.....contentious
b. evanescent.....equivocal
c. exemplary.....exhaustive
d. bombastic.....erroneous
e. exemplary.....equivocal

For the ancient Greeks, the gods were often figures,

the best qualities of human beings.
a. explicit.....executing
b. exalted.....exemplifying
c. exalted.....deploring
d. erroneous.....exemplifying
e. capricious.....alleviating

If a coach wants his team to plays properly, he must make his

instructions
a. execute.....explicit
b. advocate.....concise
c. exalt.....exemplary
d. acclaim.....exhaustive
e. exemplify.....explicit

. Jim delivered a (an) to his mother that was so that

it lasted for over an hour.
a. eulogy.....evanescent
b. affirmation.....aloof
c. antidote.....bombastic
d. eulogy.....exhaustive
e. degradation.....comprehensive
 (ig zoo bur uns) exuberance
joyful enthusiasm;
overflowing abundance

Picture this:

OTT
Yj
Wy

YW

| “X, you bear ants!” he says with exuberance.

@ Pat could hardly contain her exuberance after she saw her
score on the SAT; it meant she would be accepted at the
college she always wanted to attend.

@ When Ted finally got the chance to play in a college football

game after spending three years as backup quarterback, he
played with so much exuberance that he inspired his team
to a come-from-behind victory. |

™ The book reviewer hailed the new novel as “celebrating the

vitality, exuberance, and optimism of the American people.”
155
 facilitate CALLE
help bring about; |
make less difficult

Picture this:
Fast-Ill it ate

Fast-IIl it ate to facilitate the illness experiment.

™@ To facilitate the investigation into its hiring practices,

the company made its personnel records available to
government officials.

li The governor’s order that nonessential vehicles stay off

the roads facilitated the movement of relief supplies
into the flooded area.

lM The dictator refused to facilitate UN eae of his

country’s nuclear weapons.

156
 (fal oh) fal low

plowed but not

sowed; uncultivated

Picture this:
fowl low

q f ath
ned
if
Ml(
ain
bat
ain
A
PMA
)i if
a)
IK
tya
|
i A)
wi
ct
| DM
hy

Sa eS
=
A

Fowl fly low over a fallow field.

@ The field has lain fallow for so many years that people are
beginning to wonder if its owner is planning to sell it to
property developers.

@ On the first day of class, Professor Williams looked out at

the faces of the freshmen in his literature class, and thought,
“The minds of these students are like fallow fields waiting
for me to plant in them the seeds of knowledge.”

W@ Mr. Jones decided to let ten acres of his farmland lie fallow
this year.
157
 falter (fawl tur) )
hesitate

Picture this:
fault her

DT | |
Ct
Mer

“T really can’t fault her if she happens to falter”

l™ The speaker faltered when he came to the part of his speech

in which he told his memories of his beloved wife who had
died recently.

@ Our attack faltered soon after the enemy opened up on us

with heavy artillery.

™@ People with faith in human progress believe that although =

progress may falter at times, in the long run life will
improve.

158
 meen ie ae rae fanaticism
excessive enthusiasm;
extreme devotion to a
belief or cause
Picture this:
fanatic is Em

STUDYING for SAT

WILE,

[Th |Y
e SATStory
Mon i 1
if
BARRONS SAT [Lk
iin :—CidiC
|VOCABULARY
SAT §f
ry Ad Le YY

Simon's Saga for the SAT

What a fanatic is Em!

Her fanaticism knows no bounds.

™ Moderates believe that fanaticism is dangerous because it

divides people into opposing, often hostile, groups.

™@ Miranda’s fanaticism in imitating the dress of her favorite

pop singer is beginning to worry her parents.

™@ Uncle Jim is a fanatical follower of the Chicago Cubs

baseball team; he attends nearly every game, even away
games.

Hg
 fastidious (ACT Co e
difficult to please; |
very careful

Picture this:
fast hideous

}6 SS
SSS

A fastidious dresser about to come

to a fast, hideous end.

™@ The fastidious editor spent an hour considering the

placement of a single comma.

lM John is a very unusual teenager—he’s fastidious in keeping

his room neat.

lM A fastidious housekeeper, Doris vacuums the living room

carpet daily.

160
 (fee zuh bul) feasible

| practical

Picture this:
fees a bull

You can pay the fees

to my assistant.
Sa Pay fees to a bull?
But how?

hdo
‘Tt’s not feasible to pay fees to a bull.

lM The outlawing of alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition

period proved not to be feasible, and thus the Twenty-First
Amendment to the Constitution was approved, repealing the
Eighteenth Amendment that had banned such beverages.

™@ The proposal to colonize Mars is not feasible because it

does not include realistic plans for ensuring that the people
who settle there would be able to survive in the event
supplies from Earth were disrupted.

lM The plan to guarantee every person a minimum yearly

income of $30,000 is not politically feasible. 2
 flagrant (flay grunt)
conspicuously wicked;
blatant; outrageous

Picture this:
flag rant

My country is
the greates Sue ir
coma in
the world!
x

Flagrant hostility at a flag rant.

™@ The mayor’s abuse of power became so flagrant that the

town council decided to remove him from office.

@ Ina flagrant violation of the school dress code, Sally wore

a halter-top to school yesterday.

l™ Because the motorist’s offense was flagrant, the traffic

policeman had no choice but to issue a summons to him.

162
 Git furtive
sneaky;
secretive

Picture this:
fir tiff

Bh rk *
OK, now that we're in the fir
grove where no one can hear ;
us, let’s have a tiff! OK. | think you are
really self-centered!

— Yeah? Well
I think you're
too demanding,
60 how's that?!

f A fir tiff is a furtive affair.

@ During the SAT test last week, I saw a student take a furtive
glance at an electronic dictionary he had apparently snuck
into the test center.

W The man’s furtive behavior in the department store attracted

the attention of the security guards, who suspected that he
was planning to shoplift.

™@The children crept furtively down the stairs on Christmas

Eve, hoping to see their presents and perhaps even catch a
glimpse of Santa Claus.
163
 garrulous (gar uh lus)
talkative;
wordy

Picture this:
Gar rule us

CES | |

oe “Gar, rule us,’ yells the garrulous populace.

M@ The psychologist is good at encouraging reserved individuals

to open up and talk about their problems; sometimes, in
fact, they become so garrulous that she has trouble getting
a word in herself.

lM The normally garrulous actress was speechless when it was

announced that she had won the Academy Award for best
actress.

@ | ran into an old friend who is so garrulous thatI missed

my dentist appointment listening to her updates on what
our mutual friends have been doing.
 (glay shul) glacial

very slowly; like a glacier;

extremely cold

Picture this:
gull lay shell

S ;
OLLI
TMG”
Ya tit dée

Can a gull lay a shell ona glacial shore?

HI Negotiations on the issue are proceeding at such a glacial

pace that there is little hope for a settlement in the
foreseeable future.

M@ Arctic explorers must endure glacial temperatures.

lH Uncle Toby completes one college credit every five years;

at this glacial pace he’ll have a degree by the time Pma
grandfather.

165
 elutton (0a
someone who eats and
drinks excessively

Picture this:
glut ton

A glutton eats a glut of tuna weighing a ton.

lm Every Sunday, Steve’s Diner hasa full house of gluttons for

the all-you-can-eat buffet.

™@ Fast-food restaurants allow gluttons to satisfy their desire

for food almost instantaneously.

™@ My girlfriend could be described as a glutton for shopping

because she spends most of her weekends at the mall.

166
‘Memory Check 12
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

furtive glacial exuberance

1. fir tiff 2. gulllay shell __ 3. X,you bear ants __

facilitate fallow falter

4. Fast-Illitate _ 5. fowllow __ 6. faulther __

fanaticism fastidious feasible

7. fanaticisEm ___ 8. fasthideous __ 9. feesabull __

flagrant garrulous glutton

10. flagrant __ 11. Garruleus __ 12. glutton __

a. practical g. difficult to please

b. blatant; outrageous h. plowed but not sowed
c. joyful enthusiasm i hesitate
d. help bring about j. secretive
e. extreme devotion to a cause k. talkative
f. extremely cold; very slow 1. someone who eats and drinks
excessively

Showtime 12
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Ms. Hansen is about keeping the materials in her classroom

organized.
a. feasible b. flagrant c. fastidious d.dogmatic e. altruistic

. I bought a new house with a big vegetable garden; however, it will

have to lie for a while because I don’t have time for gardening
right now.
a.fallow b.antiquated c.abstemious d. fastidious -e. feasible

. Although none of his books had been praised by critics, Robert never
in his efforts to become a respected author.
4. facilitated b. conceded c.dissented d.censured e. faltered

167
 The normally quiet student suddenly became when the teacher
asked him to talk about his favorite subject, fly-fishing.
a.evanescent b.hardy c. gullible d.concise e. garrulous

. He plays the guitar with considerable ; unfortunately, however,

he makes mistakes that ruin his performance.
a. composure.....feasible
b. exuberance.....flagrant
c. conviction.....exemplary
d. aversion.....flagrant
e. fanaticism.....fastidious

In order to a compromise on the issue, the president urged

each side to restrain their
a. document.....egotism
b. facilitate.....fanaticism
c. endorse.....fanaticism
d. facilitate.....ambivalence
e. extricate.....exuberance

. Because of the cold in the area, rescue workers decided that

a mission to rescue survivors from the plane that had crash-landed
in Antarctica would not be
a. comprehensive.....fastidious
b. antediluvian.....extolled

. The sneaked into the kitchen when the other guests at the
party weren't looking, opened the refrigerator door, and ate
an entire chocolate cake.
a. egotist.....haughtily
b. fanatic.....cryptically
c. charlatan.....furtively
d. glutton.....furtively
e. braggart.....complacently

168
 gregarious
| sociable

Picture this:

\ ) sahil
im My

Greg Arius and his gregarious ways.

@ Although human beings seem to bea generally gregarious

species, some individuals prefer solitude.

@ Some studies suggest that girls tend to be more gregarious

than boys.

®@ Oliver is generally gregarious, but sometimes he enjoys

taking some time to be alone and reflect on things.

169
 ePuile Ca
deceit; wiliness; |
cunning

Picture this:
guy ill

“That guy? Ill? No, he’s just

using guile to get us to give.”

@ Unable to convince the company to hire him, Jim resorted to

guile and added jobs he had never had to his resume.

i | suspected that the used car salesman was using guile when
he assured me that the car I was looking at had only been
driven by an old lady to church on Sundays.

@ Does a soap opera exist that doesn’t have as one of the main
characters a scheming woman who uses guile to get what
she wants?

170
 easily
gullible
deceived

Picture this:
gull-a-bull

ha lL

\ IK
\)
MAK US Nj
ih \\
A AI
HN
|M
MH} i

y) WW)

“If you believe in the gull-a-bull,

you must be gullible!”

lM The new teacher was so gullible that she fell for one of the
oldest excuses in the book: “Sorry, ma’am, I can’t hand in
my homework on time because my dog chewed it up.”

™ The saying, “Never give a sucker an even break,” means that

one should not hesitate to take advantage of someone who
is gullible.

M@ John is definitely gullible: He believes the e-mail message

he received saying that he was the lucky winner ofa villa
in France is genuine.
171
 hamper (ham pur)
obstruct; make
more difficult

Picture this:

Kids, no one’s moving But you promised

we couid go
until all these clothes canoeing
are washed. this morning!

i)
ii

A dirty hamper in the camper will

hamper their holiday plans.

Mi My attempts to lose weight are hampered by the fact that

my wife is an excellent cook.

li Mandy’s performance on the math test was hampered

because her attention was focused on the handsome new
student sitting next to her.

l@ Coast Guard vessels trying to reach the sinking ocean liner

were hampered by high seas in the area. .

172
 (har dee) | hardy

| strong; sturdy

Picture this:
hard D

“Gee, this is a hard D to crack—talk about hardy!”

@ The first European settlers in America had to be hardy to

survive the harsh winters.

®@ A football running back must be hardy enough to take

repeated poundings from opposing defenders.

@ Health care workers are concerned about hardy strains of

bacteria that are evolving a resistance to antibiotics.

173
 haughtiness Ca Cen
pride;
arrogance

Picture this: |
haw, teen S

my
| AA)
ii|
|

“Haw, haw, haw—teen S has such haughtiness!”

@ The headwaiter in the fancy French restaurant is so haughty

you would think that he was not a waiter but America’s
leading French cook.

™@ Tired of the haughtiness of their overbearing boss, the

employees decided to complain about her to the CEO of
the company.

@ People generally expect royalty to behave with considerable *

haughtiness.

174
 ener hedonist
one who believes that
pleasure is the sole aim
in life
Picture this:
heed Don is

ja
SSS

arHi iia *S TA
==
“Take heed. Don is a hedonist! >»

M@ As a young man, Charles was a hedonist, but as he grew

older he became more interested in spiritual matters.

®@ “Eat, drink, and be merry” is a pretty good summary of

a hedonist’s philosophy.

® Saint Augustine abandoned the hedonistic pursuits of his

youth to pursue the spiritual life.

175
 heres (hair uh. see)

opinion contrary
to popular belief

Picture this:
Hair-a-Sea

In the little village of Hair-a-Sea,

it’s heresy not to have hair.

@ The view that organized sports are a waste of time probably

would be regarded as heresy by a majority of Americans.

@ A Ford buyer his entire life, Dad said he felt like he was
committing heresy when he bought a Toyota last year.

@ The research suggesting that students who study at home

with proper supervision perform better academically than
students who attend school was regarded as heresy by the
teachers union.

176
 (hi uh rar key)

arrangement by
rank or standing

Picture this:
higher ark he

Ss Nay
Vir LD
SUN nK

oe Ahi sher arkhe built in the hierarchy of arks.

Hi Some people believe that life is organized as a hierarchy,

with plants at the bottom, animals in the middle, and
human beings at the top.

@ As Sally advanced in her career, moving steadily up the

company hierarchy, she found that many of her colleagues
envied her success.

@ Every country has a social hierarchy based on the status

possessed by each individual.

Lee
 homogeneous composed of
identical parts

Picture this:
Home O genius

4 (
pe

“O, youre a Home O genius! I just love

your homogeneous O Homes.”

@ A world with a homogeneous population would be a pretty

boring place.

lM Homogeneous grouping of students has the advantage

for teachers that it allows them to tailor their lessons for
different ability groups.

® In its early history, the United States was a relatively

homogenous society, but as immigrants arrived from
many parts of the world, the population grew more varied.

178
 (hipur buh lee) hyperbole
exaggeration;
overstatement

Picture this:
hyper bowl

TE Stop P being gs hyper!

hyper!
RASS
INL
©)
O.
You'll smash yourself
to smithereens!
Don't use
hyperbole
e

Pio ee ee

Using hyperbole on a hyper bowl. —

@ “I agree with you when you say that I’m very pretty,” Julie
said to her boyfriend. “However, I think youre using a bit of
hyperbole when you say I’m the prettiest girl in the world”

H@ Writers sometimes use hyperbole to create “larger-than-life”

characters.

@ Advertisements often use hyperbole to persuade people to

buy products: “This revolutionary new product will change
your life forever.”

179
 hypocritical | (hip uh krit.th kul .

pretending to be
virtuous; deceiving

Picture this:
hippo critical

| detest those
who don’t do all they can
to save the environment.

A hippo who is critical being REE

@ Paula believes that her parents are being hypocritical in saying

that stealing is wrong in view of the fact that they take a
towel from every hotel they stay in when they go on vacation.

l@ The bumper sticker on the vehicle in front of me telling

people to “Save the environment!” could be regarded as
hypocritical, considering that it’s on a gas-guzzling SUV
spewing out a lot of pollutants that harm the environment. ,

@ Doris thought that her mother was being hypocritical in

saying that she shouldn’t be married at the age of nineteen,
i. considering that her mother was married at seventeen.
 Memory Check 13
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

hedonist hierarchy hyperbole

1. heed Donis __ 2. higherarkhe __ 3. hyper bowl __

hypocritical gregarious guile

4. hippo critical __ 5. Greg Arius __ 6. guyill

gullible hamper hardy

7. gull-a-bull ___ 8. hamper __ 9. hardD __

haughtiness heresy homogeneous

10. haw,teenS ___——11. Hair-a-Sea __ 12. Home O genius __

a. person primarily seeking pleasure g. composed of identical parts

b. obstruct h. easily deceived
c. deceit; cunning i. strong; sturdy
d. sociable j. pride; arrogance
e. arrangement by rank k. opinion contrary to popular belief
f. pretending to be virtuous |. exaggeration

Showtime 13
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Jill is and enjoyed meeting all sorts of people at the party.

a.aloof b.garrulous c. furtive d. gullible e. gregarious

2. If the membership of Congress is , it will not accurately

reflect the varied makeup of our country.
a. homogeneous b. colloquial c. ascetic d.abstract e. gregarious

3. New presidents coming to power in Washington often use

in outlining what their administration will achieve.
a.heresy b.hierarchy c.eulogy d.hyperbole e. disinclination

181
4. Capitalists consider it to suggest that property be owned
by no one but rather be shared equally by all members of the-
community.
a. gregarious b. haughty c.heresy d.hyperbole e. hardy

. That customer is really ; the salesman just used a bit of

in the sales pitch, and she bought the product without
asking any questions.
a. hardy.....duplicity
b. furtive.....haughtiness
c. gullible.....guile
d. contentious.....candor
e. garrulous....guile

. Being the only person enough to run the marathon in less

than two hours has made Bill
a. exhaustive.....gullible

c. haughty.....hardy
d. discriminating.....elated
e. glacial.....aloof

. At least Mr. Robertson isn’t a (an) —he admits that he’s

a who lives for eating and sailing his yacht.
a. hedonist.....hypocrite
b. adversary.....glutton
c. charlatan.....braggart
d. artisan.....hypocrite
e. hypocrite.....hedonist

. The terrorists planned to murder twelve officials at the top of the

government ; however, they were in their attempt
to carry out their plans by security officers who grew suspicious and
moved the officials to a more secure location.
a. complacency......faltered
b. hierarchyca hampered
c. ascendancy.....extolled
d. anomaly.....hampered :
e. hierarchy.....facilitated

182
 CLE Poa iconoclastic
attacking cherished
traditions

Picture this: UNIT 14

Ike Kono’s class

Tests are stupid.

They should be abolished.
I say abolish
schools entirely.
Get rid of
Thanksgiving.

Iconoclastic students in Ike Kono’s class.

@ During the 1960s, many iconoclastic young people

questioned the accepted beliefs and values of the time.

M@ The young art critic established her reputation by writing

iconoclastic articles ridiculing the conservative views of
other critics.

®@ Some iconoclasts in the field of education believe that the

present education system should be replaced with a new one
designed to meet the needs of modern society.

183
 isnomin (ig nuh min ee)
deep disgrace;
shame or dishonor

Picture this:
a gnome* Minnie

I'm small, but I’m certainly

not ashamed of it.

A gnome, Minnie, suffers no ignominy.

@ Coach told us that there is no ignominy in defeat—even the

71-7 rout our team suffered—as long as we made our best
effort for the entire game.

® Because of his steadily mounting debt, the storeowner faced

the ignominy of bankruptcy.

lM The young lieutenant’s life came to anignominious end ,

when he was executed for selling military secrets to a
foreign power.
* A gnome is a mythological dwarflike being that lives under the earth
184 guarding treasures.
 (th loo suh ree) illusory
| deceptive;
not real

Picture this:
a Lew sorry

I'm really sorry that | followed

this illusory dream of running for governor.
Why didn’t | listen to everyone who told
me | didn’t stand a chance?

“WALLY WINNER 8,279,291

LFWSORRY 201,227
aRertyohyao TO
Mr ee
TA veeee
PN

A Lew, SOrry for having followed

an illusory dream.

@ After a hard week at work coping with reality, Janet loves to

pick up a huge fantasy novel and escape into an illusory
land of fairies, elves, and goblins.

@ In his daydreams, Harry lived in an illusory world in which

he was a rich and dashing man about town.

@ After watching Josh try for twenty years to become a rock

star, his friends tried to persuade him that his dream was
illusory and that he should look for a regular job.

185
 immutable ACER Te
unchangeable

Picture this:
a mute table

ai
q
SY
2 i i)
ae, RAT “
“a

An immutable fact:
There’s no talking at a mute table.

@ Most religions teach immutable values for their followers

to live by.

M@ Science operates on the assumption that there exist laws of

nature that are immutable.

™@ According to the Theory of Evolution, each species of living

thing is not immutably fixed in its nature, but rather in a q

continual process of change as it adapts to its environment.

186
 (im pare) impair

| injure; hurt

Picture this:
imp* pair

The imp pair impair her social life.

@ Gwen’s hearing is impaired as a result of an ear infection

she had when she was a child.

® Although the computer printer will work with the inferior

ink cartridge, its ability to produce high-quality printouts
will be impaired.

l™@ The movement of the throwing arm of our team’s starting

quarterback has been impaired asa result of the injury he
sustained in last week’s game.

* An imp is a child that causes mischief.

187
 impeccable (Ea at
faultless; having
no flaws

Picture this:
imp peck a bull

Hello, little imp. How do you do?

It's a beautiful morning, wouldn’t you say?
Would you care for
a cup of tea?

Let me give you

a little peck.

Non
* Ss\?

An imp tries to pecka bull

with impeccable manners.

@ Although the work of the research group was impeccable,

they were unable to identify the source of the problem.

@ My fourth grade teacher insisted on impeccable penmanship

from every student.

li The actress made sure she was dressed impeccably for the
Academy Awards ceremonies because she knew that reporters
would be out in full force, observing every detail of her
appearance.

188
 Cima aie implement

| put into effect

Picture this:
imp lament

They implement a curfew to an imp lament.

@ After the school board implemented the new policy

requiring every student to write one long essay per week,
the teachers protested, saying that it would be impossible
for them to mark so many essays.

li To give the workers time to adapt, the manager decided to

implement his new production program in stages.

Ml The executive branch of the U.S. government is responsible

for implementing laws passed by the legislative branch.

189
 impudence (im pyuh duns)

offensive boldness

Picture this:
imp you dance

“Imp, you dance? Your impudence

must be punished!’

M@ The famous surgeon became angry with the young doctor

for having the impudence to question his judgment in
the case.

@ The dictator punished his adviser for his impudence in

suggesting that more power should be given to the people.

@ The teacher ignored the impudent comment, knowing that ,

responding to it would just give the student who made it the
attention he was seeking.

190
 mC RTD inadvertent
unintentional; as a result
of oversight; careless

Picture this:
in advert tent

=
== ES LF “F
It’s been scientifically proven—
GF LF Si;
advertisements have no effect =
at all on people. They’re a complete
waste of money.

. \ v

|i vf]
Yj x

x ( N

Ut WZ
iyI “

PN Ty heat
mp
COVUTIBITTPTOLG PN a

LA et had
In “advert tent #2” an ad man makes
an inadvertent comment.

M@ The newspaper layout person apologized to me after it was

discovered that, through an inadvertent error, she had
omitted my photograph from my column on English.

@ Sam assured Bob that although his remark could be seen

as insulting, it had been inadvertent.

™@ The traffic policeman didn’t accept my excuse that I had

inadvertently pressed the accelerator instead of the brake
pedal and gave me a ticket for speeding.

191
 incite (in site)
arouse to
action

Picture this:
in sight

Ds i}!
W/ '

“We have in sight the guy who’s

trying to incite a riot.”

@ Inciting a riot is a criminal offense because it endangers

public safety.

@ The seaman was court-martialed for inciting mutiny on

board the ship.

lM The rebels captured a government television station and

used it to make broadcasts inciting revolution.

192
 (in kloo siv) inclusive
tending to
include all

Picture this:
in clues if

ig
\ ,
Wa \ NY
Y

Look in clues if you seek inclusive evidence.

Mi Each of the two major American political parties tries to be

inclusive, appealing to as many types of people as possible.

lM Some people like to live in a “gated” community, separate

from the larger community; I, however, prefer to live in a
place that is more inclusive.

@ The United Nations strives to be an inclusive organization

so that all nations are represented.

193
 incongruous CNT ee)
not fitting; |
absurd

Picture this:
in Congress

VY

=—

||
——"
—4
—

ive
——=
——

Incongruous behavior in Congress.

®@ That house built in the design of a ski lodge looks

incongruous out here in the desert.

li It seems incongruous that those beautiful paintings are

exhibited in a shoddy, filthy gallery.

®@ The rattan furniture that looked so good in my house in

Florida looks incongruous in my new house in Minnesota. ,

194
Memory Check 14
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

impair inadvertent incongruous

1. imp pair __ 2. inadverttent __ 3. inCongress __

impudence incite impeccable

4.imp youdance __ 5. insight __ 6. imp peckabull __

iconoclastic ignominy illusory

7. Ike Kono’s class __ 8. agnome Minnie __ 9. aLew SOrry __

immutable implement inclusive

10.amutetable __ =: 111. implament __ 12. incluesif __

a. injure g. deep disgrace; shame or dishonor

b. unintentional h. attacking cherished traditions
c. deceptive; not real i. put into effect
d. unchangeable j. arouse to action
e. having no flaws k. tending to include all
f. offensive boldness l. not fitting

Showtime 14
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. The speaker’s fiery speech the crowd to violence.

a.endorsed b.deplored c.aspired d.incited e. impaired

2. The teacher’s views on education were condemned by

the conservative members of the school board.
a.ambiguous b. iconoclastic c. archaic
d.amorphous _e. hypocritical

3. Charlie decided to dress casually for the formal dinner; he regretted

his decision later, however, because his appearance made
him feel uncomfortable all night.
a.illusory b.incongruous c. impeccable
d. iconoclastic e. inadvertent

195
 . Our high school tennis team suffered the of losing an
exhibition match to a junior high school team.
a.impudence b.hyperbole c.heresy d.haughtiness e. ignominy

The view that there exist truths is regarded as

by many modern philosophers.
a. ephemeral.....analogous
b. capricious......iconoclastic
c. dogmatic.....conciliatory
d. concise.....hypocritical
e. immutable.....illusory

. The company has a (an) record in the hiring of people

from minority groups; it’s one of the most firms in the
country in its hiring practices.
a. iconoclastic.....hypocritical
b. illusory.....evanescent
c. discriminating.....immutable
d. incongruous.....inadvertent
e. impeccable.....inclusive

. My car’s ability to stop quickly in an emergency was because

I inflated the tires to the incorrect pressure.
a. incited.....hypocritically
b. flagrant.....incongruously
c. implemented....stupidly
d. illusory.....disputatiously
e. impaired.....inadvertently

. Tired of the of her class, Ms. Harris a strict

new system of punishing disrespectful students.
a. impudence.....implemented
b. ignominy.....documented
c. egotism.....incited
d. exuberance.....criticized
e. impudence.....impaired

196
 (in kon sih kwen shul) inconsequential

insignificant;
unimportant

Picture this:
in con sequence shall UNIT 15

Can we go
in con sequence?

<1 —
ie
i
“It’s inconsequential how we go, but in con
sequence shall we go if you insist!”

lM “The spelling errors in my essay are inconsequential

because they don’t affect the meaning,” Susie said to her
English teacher.

™@ Driving home from the supermarket I was involved in

an accident; fortunately, however, the damage was
inconsequential—just a minor dent in the rear bumper.

™@ Richard believes so strongly that the U.S. national debt

should be eliminated that he donated $1,000 to the Treasury
Department; it had an inconsequential effect on the debt,
but it made him feel a little better. 197
 incorrigible Care aT
not correctable

Picture this:
encourage a bull

You really must slim down, you Know.

Just think how much more attractive you'll be
after you lose 100 pounds. You'll be
the Bull of the Ball!
» \)
es
X

"\
}

Nu
S

‘ \
e+ ~ oi ‘fs
y ™ wp
Y Nei i, ) Y»_ JMU),
. ia 2sWY tip Yd
o q|
fo ee 4 y
Ke OLS
: eo as

Trying to encourage a bull to cease

his incorrigible ways.

@ Betty is an incorrigible flirt—she’s already chatted with

every guy at the party, and it’s only nine o'clock.

lM Nigel is an incorrigible optimist: He’s flunked out of school

and lost his job, and his girlfriend has dumped him; despite
this, however, he’s always cheerful and keeps saying that
things will get better soon.

l@ The prisoner’s behavior had become incorrigible; since he

refused to obey all instructions, the warden ordered that
he be placed in solitary confinement.
198
 Tre indifferent
unmoved; unconcerned
by; mediocre

Picture this:
in different

D Land is so far away... sop rR ea

alel aLel
6Co MW arlar iat ener ty
about them? a AlorY-ae 40] ie

People in different lands being

indifferent to each other.

@ Bill is the kind of person who is indifferent to his

surroundings; he doesn’t seem to notice whether he’s
walking in a beautiful forest or the ugliest section of the city.

™ Tired of his son’s indifferent attitude toward schoolwork,

Mr. Kilmer threatened to make him stay home all weekend
to catch up with his assignments.

@ The usually excellent actor gave an indifferent performance

in the new play.

199
 induce (in doos)
persuade;
bring about

Picture this:
in deuce

Carved in the deuce was a noose

to induce fear in Bruce.

lM When he was eight years old, nothing could induce Bruce

to go near a girl; however, now that he’s nineteen, he can’t
stay away from them.

@ Oliver used many strategies to induce Gail to marry him,

including sending hera present every day.

@ A total vegetarian all his life, nothing could induce Jason

to eat a piece of meat.

200
 (in jeen yus) ingenious
clever;
resourceful

Picture this:
in genius

In genius we find ingenious ideas.

& How often do we stop to consider the thousands of

ingenious ideas that were the origin of the complex
devices—televisions, cars, computers—that we use in
our everyday lives?

— What an ingenious device! It helps you to find your car keys

no matter where you've put them.

lM This new detective novel has such an ingenious plot that it

was voted best novel of the year by the detective fiction club.

201
 (iim Elim

firmly established
by nature or habit

Picture this:
in her aunt

Aunty, stop planting

and come eat lunch
ee Lik Just a bit more
; planting to do, dear.

In her aunt is an inherent need to plant.

@ Although Walter’s inherent tendencies seem to be toward

the arts, his father wants him to study science in college.

@ According to the United Nations’ Universal Declaration

of Human Rights, every human being possesses inherent
political, economic, and other rights.

@ The inherent instability of this airplane’s design makes 3

it unsafe.
 CEs innate
| inborn

Picture this:
in Nate

T SSS===-—T
——
||
JOOHI2

“In Nate we see innate ability that’s not being used.”

lM Some people think that selfishness is innate in human beings.

lM Intelligence tests are designed to measure a person’s innate

ability.

™@ Psychologists believe that some personality traits, such

as introversion and extroversion, are to a significant
degree innate.

203
 InNnoOCcUOUS (an ec e
harmless; unlikely to |
provoke strong emotion

Picture this:
in a queue* us

Taek). od ae
ac non-poisonous.
4

In a queue with us were several innocuous snakes.

@ King, my family’s German Shepherd, looks ferocious, but

I assure you that he’s actually innocuous,

@ Don's illness seemed innocuous at first, but steadily became

worse until his life was in danger.

l@ The fumes might appear innocuous—they smell pleasant

enough—however, prolonged exposure to them will almost .
certainly harm your health.

* A queue is a line of people waiting their turn for something.

204
 (in uh vay shun) innovation
change; introduction
of something new

Picture this:
inn ovation

innovative
that it has a
skating rink
on its roof.

Se Wea
a)

A real inn ovation for this inn’s innovation.

li The space shuttle was an innovation in space flight; however,

some experts now believe that a return to older types of
spacecraft is advisable because of the problems the shuttle
has had.

M@ One of the great recent innovations in communications

is e-mail.

lH Ms. Chambliss won this year’s teacher-of-the-year award

for her innovative and effective approaches to conducting
lessons.
205
 instigate Cc.
provoke;
Start; urge

Picture this:
inn’s Tea Gate

Darjeeling is best!
Earl Grey is the
Each table Jasmine!e only good Ni
tea! |

gets served 2a
only one type
of tea. You
have to decide
which type
you want.

The waiter at the inn’s Tea Gate

instigates a tea debate.

@ The revolutionary instigated rebellion among the people by

spreading rumors that the king was planning to confiscate
all private property.

@ The principal will eventually find out who instigated the

fight, so you might as well confess that it was you.

@ Security officials are searching for a group that it believes to

3
be instigating the overthrow of the government.

206
 (in suh inch tee) insularit
narrow-mindedness;
isolation

Picture this:
Inn Sue-Larry Tea

Sue and Larry live in insularity

drinking Inn Sue-Larry Tea.

®@ The insularity of China during much of its history

caused many people in that country to be suspicious
of foreigners.

™@ These native people live an insular existence in their remote

mountain village.

l™@ Europeans sometimes accuse Americans of insularity; they

say Americans tend to regard events occurring beyond the
borders of their country as having little relevance to them.

207
 integrit
CO)
(ie Cd Le
uprightness;
wholeness

Picture this:
in tea gritty

Bs
ia oo FZ a

NY XXX |

“In...tea... gritty stuff.

She has no integrity!”

@ The community expects schoolteachers to be individuals of

integrity whom young people can respect.

@ Amber is a person of integrity; she could have kept the

$10,000 in the wallet that she found and no one would have
been the wiser; instead, she returned the wallet and the
money to their rightful owner.

l@The bank clerk was believed to be a person of integrity—

until it was discovered that she had withdrawn $300,000
from a customer’s account and left town in the night.
208
Memory Check 15
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

innocuous innovation inherent

.inaqueueus __ 2. innovation _—§«—s-. 3. inheraunt __

induce indifferent insularity

.indeuce __ 5. indifferent —-_—-6.~Inn Sue-Larry Tea __

innate integrity inconsequential

.in Nate __ 8. inteagritty _ 9. incon sequence
shall ___

incorrigible ingenious instigate

10. encourageabull ___— 11. ingenius __ 12. inn’s Tea Gate __

a. clever g. inborn ©
b. harmless h. not correctable
c. unconcerned by i. persuade; bring about
d. introduction of something new j. unimportant
e. firmly established by nature or habit k. uprightness; wholeness
f. provoke; start l. narrow-mindedness

Showtime 15
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. The principal decided to introduce strict rules to control the

students who refuse to behave themselves in class.
a. incorrigible b.innocuous c. inconsequential
d impaired e. indifferent

. Have you ever had the experience of having a remark that seemed
at the time it was made later taking on great importance
for you?
a. incongruous b. inconsequential c. indifferent
d. inadvertent e. inherent

The plan’s weaknesses meant that it would not be able to

achieve its intended objectives.
a. innocuous . b. inconsequential c.inherent d. insular e. indifferent
209
 4. There is some biological evidence that musical ability is to some extent

a. ingenious
b. innate :
c. integrity
d. inadvertent
e. incongruous

The scientist’s research led to discoveries that later helped

engineers produce in several fields.
a. ingenious.....anomalies
b. indifferent.....insularity
c. inherent.....innovations
d. impeccable.....conflagrations
e. ingenious.....innovations

Nothing could the people of Little Creek to give up their

small town and adopt the attitudes of city people.
a. incite.....integrity
b. confound.....fanaticism
c. induce.....insularity
d. advocate.....depravity
e. instigate.....insularity

The police identified a man who appeared , but whom

they believed was young people to commit crimes.
a. furtive.....inciting
b. innocuou......instigating
c. ingenious.....inducing
d. inherent.....instigating
e. impeccable.....acclaiming

. The lawyer’s professional demanded that he defend his

client to the best of his ability even though the man’s fate was a matter
about which he was
a. innovation.....innocuous
b. insularity.....indifferent
c. diligence.....equivocal
d. egotism.....benevolent
e. integrity.....indifferent
210
 (in tim ih dayt) Inti midate
frighten; coerce or
inhibit by threats

Picture this:

An intimate date tends to intimidate her.

® Don't let the difficult vocabulary on the SAT intimidate

you; if you study systematically, you can learn most of the
words likely to appear on it.

™ The president deployed the Seventh Fleet to intimidate the

potentially aggressive nation.

M When the Maori warriors of New Zealand do a war dance

called the haka, they intimidate their enemies.

211
 intrepid (in trep id)
fearless

Picture this:
in trip heed*

< tes

MI
i

LD
H\
NIth" ssa 7
sl

Even the most intrepid explorer should,

in his trip, heed warnings.

@ An intrepid investor, Mr. Wilcox regularly puts a large part

of his savings into high-risk stocks.

l@ Only a few intrepid climbers have dared to scale the sheer

wall of Mt. Doom.

lM Mary is intrepid in pursuing her dream of becoming a

published writer; despite having received hundreds of
rejections, she submits a new story every week.

* To heed is to pay careful attention to something.

212
 (eye ron ik) Ironic
| unexpected and contrary
in outcome

Picture this:
Iron Nick

iPgge o
Conab le i n
o
PS
Veefe
ca

“T's ironic that Iron Nick was flattened

by a load of barbells.”

@ It was an ironic twist of fate for the greatest swimmer in

Olympic history—drowning in a swimming pool.

@ Isn’t it ironic that it was the worst student in the English

class who later became a distinguished novelist?

i It’s ironic that Betty, a tireless campaigner against drunk

driving, was killed in a car crash caused by a drunk driver.

213
 jocular (jok yuh tur)
said or done
in jest

Picture this:
jock caller

Are you girls all coming ag ntewesg/(6g

to our Jock House say rock, eae ee
pesaear ee
Rock tonight? Pe

Wy) WH) Z (46 /

/, ANA |& j
Isn't he
a scream?

Ve S

A jock caller says something jocular.

M@ The young diplomat closed his tribute to the outgoing

ambassador with what he intended to be a jocular remark
about the ambassador’s love of food; the ambassador,
however, saw it as an insult.

@ Tim’s continual jocular comments were starting to annoy

Sue: “Can't you ever be serious?” she asked.
:
@ We were surprised to see our usually serious math teacher
in a jocular mood, cracking jokes a-mile-a-minute.

214
 (luh ment) lament

grieve; express
SOrrow

Picture this:
Lamb meant

Professor Lamb meant to lament

the death of his favorite lamb in Kent.

lM “Kids today aren’t as serious as we were in our day” is a

lament that has been expressed by the older generation
about the younger generation through the ages.

@ There’s little point in lamenting the end of summer

vacation—the first day of school will come around
regardless.

i In his old age, Dave lamented the lost opportunities of his

youth.

215
 lavish (lav ish) |
extravagant; |
wasteful 2

Picture this:
laugh fish

“a Hee ah
m Mk ™ What do you think
a) Aa 4O i Ai of the laugh fish?
(ia)
Au) TN al( Re yj i) | \i dj
UTR
iD 1i

ub
v

Laugh fish serenade them at alavish feast.

l@ When my company makes a million dollars, I'll invite all

my employees to a lavish dinner to celebrate.

@ The young couple regret their lavish spending on their

honeymoon trip; now they don’t have enough money for
a down payment on the house they want to buy.

@ The salesman entertained his clients lavishly, hoping to

close the big deal with them. | |

216
 (ling gur) linger
| loiter or dawdle;
continue or persist

Picture this:
Lynn Gere

| (Ze - ;
"2 2
; , “Lynn Gere loves tolinger he

™ Most of the guests left the party at midnight, but Robin and
Gwen lingered into morning, talking about their different
philosophies of life.

@ After the funeral, the old woman lingered a while at her

husband’s grave, recalling their long life together.

@ The last cold I had lingered for so long I thought that I’d
have it for the rest of my life.

217
 listless ARTE |
lacking in spirit
or energy

Picture this:
list-less

Lisa is listless because she’s “list-less.”

@ Our football team was listless in the first half and fell
behind 28 to 7, but in the second half they came back to life
and mounted a comeback.

ll We were surprised by the band’s listless performance until

we learned that it had been touring for three months
straight and its members were exhausted.

M@ It’s such a hot day that everyone is listless, just sitting

around the house eating ice cream and drinking soda.

218
 (lawf tee) lofty

very high

Picture this:
loft he

In a loft he lived—in a lofty mountain hideaway.

@ The United States now occupies the lofty position of the

most powerful country in the world.

®@ As a child, Clarence had the lofty ambition of becoming

governor of our state; however, when he grew up he had
to be content with a seat on the town council.

i Lofty ideals are of little use unless they are put into practice.

219
 meander (CEE,
wind or turn
in its course

Picture this:
me and her

“You'll be seeing a lot of me and her

as we meander round the mountain.”

@ Highway 61 meanders for hundreds of miles through the

rolling farmland of Dylan County.

l@ Black Muddy River meanders through the valley down

toward the sea.

@ Professor Barzun’s lectures are remarkable; they meander

through all the areas of history, shedding light on each 2
of them.

220
 (mur suh ner ee) mercenary

interested in
money or gain

Picture this:
myrrh scenery

ean fs mercenary Moor stops to admire

oe _the myrrh scenery.
@ The investor’s motive in building a resort in the poor
country isn’t entirely mercenary; he believes that a resort
will bring employment that will help the local people.

lM Responding to critics who complained that he seemed to

write for mercenary rather than artistic motives, the writer
replied, “Even writers have to eat and pay the mortgage.”

Hi Although offers of free services on the World Wide Web

often are attractive, there is often a mercenary motive
behind them: If you sign up fora free service, you're more
likely to later sign up for a service that you have to pay for. re
 meticulous (mih tik yuh luss)
painstaking; |
excessively careful

Picture this:
met tickle us

(i
“MunaliWye

N
—==

nents C va es , ¥ ae Gp

MT
“Her behavior was far from meticulous.
Whenever we met, she would tickle us!”

@ The novelist planned the plot of her novel in meticulous

detail.

@ Mr. Tan’s lawn is meticulous; he spends two hours every

weekend working on it.

@ Herb’s meticulous preparation for the SAT was rewarded

with a perfect score.

222
Memory Check 16
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

intimidate intrepid ironic

1. intimate date ____ 2. intripheed __ 3. Iron Nick __

jocular lament lavish

4. jock caller __ 5. Lamb meant __ 6. laugh fish __

linger listless lofty

7. Lynn Gere __ 8. list-less __ 9. lofthe __

meander mercenary meticulous

10.meandher __—i11. myrrhscenery __——:12. mettickleus __

a. resulting in an unexpected, contrary outcome _ g. loiter; persist

b. lacking in spirit or energy h. said or done in jest
c. frighten; coerce or inhibit by threats i. wind or turn in its course
d. grieve; express sorrow j. very high
e. wasteful k. fearless
f. interested in money or gain |. painstaking

Showtime 16
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Not many students at the test site after the SAT was finished;
everyone wanted to get back home and relax.
a.intimidated b.meandered c. lingered d.extricated e. aspired

¢ At’s that the author of the recently published book about

how to lose weight didn’t succeed in losing weight herself.
a. indifferent b.ingenious c.innocuous d. incorrigible e. ironic

. The teachers in the town were accused of being when they

asked the school board for a raise.
a.mercenary b.meticulous c.lofty d.lavish e. ironic

223
 4. A (an) investigation by the police uncovered a clever,
well-hidden scheme to defraud retirees out of their life savings.
a.mercenary b. listless c.meticulous d.ironic e. jocular

. Joe was so by the immensity of his task—learning

3,500 words for the SAT—that he became and couldn’t
concentrate on learning the words.
a. intimidated.....jocular
b. instigated.....ambivalent
c. elated.....indifferent
d. impaired.....fastidious
e. intimidated.....listless

. Marsha is in her pursuit of her goal of becoming

the first woman president of the United States; she has overcome every
obstacle in her way so far and will be nominated by her party for the
office next year.
a. assiduous.....inherent
b. incorrigible.....lofty
c. lofty.....intrepid
d. intrepid.....lofty
e. ironic.....exemplary

. The two friends through the streets of the city, talking

and the fact that they had not done anything to prepare
for the SAT test they were taking the next morning.
a. dispersed.....acclaiming
b. meandered.....lamenting
c. beguiled.....lamenting
d. coalesced.....acknowledging
e. lingered.....deploring

. Heather apologized to her friend Wendy for insulting her,

but knew that she still harbored resentment and that it would be a
long time before they would return to their banter.
a. ironically.....innocuous
b. listlessly.....jocular
c. intrepidly.... lofty
d. erroneously.....garrulous
e. lavishly.....jocular
224
 (my zur lee) miserly

| stingy

Picture this: UNIT 17

miser Lee

Miser Lee—a miserly old goat.

™ Most of the year Dad is miserly when it comes to letting us

buy luxuries, but at Christmas he drops the Scrooge routine
and lets us buy pretty much whatever we want.

@ Our football coach, Mr. Edwards, is miserly in handing

out praise; after we beat the top-ranked team in the state
58 to 0, he just said, “That was a pretty good game, boys.”

@ Considered the most miserly boss in town, Mr. King

surprised us when he gave us all a 20 percent raise.

225
 miti p ate (mit ih gayt)
moderate
in intensity

Picture this:
mitt a gate

hie
OS\RY \
\ \\

They drop his mitt by a gate to mitigate his anger.

@ The government provided food subsidies to mitigate

the effects of the depression on the poor.

M@ Most medicines that can be bought over-the-counter only

mitigate the effects of an ailment; they don’t cure the
ailment itself.

M The judge decided that because of the mitigating

circumstances of the case he would not impose the
most severe sentence possible.
 (muh rohs) MOrose
ill-humored;
sad; gloomy

Picture this:
more rose

Why did Oliver

break up with me?
On why?

Morose Mary needs more rose.

®@ Diagnosed with terminal cancer, Ruth refused to become

morose; instead, she resolved to live the rest of her life to
the fullest.

Mi The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates believed that a

person shouldn’t become morose, even when facing his or
her own death.

™@Some people become morose after someone close to

them dies.

227
 mosaic (moh zay ik)
picture made of colorful |
small inlaid tiles;
something that resembles
a mosaic Picture this:
most say ick

uy

LS

E «6
Most say “ick” when they see Moe’s icky mosaic.

@ In the Roman Empire, floors were decorated with mosaics

made up of marble slabs of various colors.

@ The detective pieced together the clues at the scene of the

crime until they formed a mosaic that gave him a clear
picture of how all the events led to the crime.

@ The church of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, is famous

+
for its beautiful gold mosaics.

228
 (mun dayn) mundane
worldly as opposed to
spiritual; everyday;
concerned with the
Picture this: commonplace
Monday

al
ast fal tet ai
ei
AEE
Beer
ie
| v)al

imit
i | mn
((

A mundane Monday.

®@ Professor Pascal has little time for the mundane business of

running her laboratory; she leaves that to her assistant so
that she can concentrate on research.

™@ The English teacher asked his students to record not the

mundane details of their lives but rather their observations
and reflections.

@ A talented writer can make even a mundane topic like

brushing your teeth or mowing the lawn interesting.

229
 munificent (myoo nif ih sunt)
very generous

Picture this:
Moon if | sent

Z See |
The moon needs life.
TA Mode OMe e-t ieee ele
atmosphere, like 7 atmosphere. . .
Earth, | too would
meal a3
vi with life.

“Moon, if I sent you an atmosphere

it would be a munificent act.”

@ The munificent businessman donated five million dollars

to the school building fund.

M@ Andrew Carnegie, a rich and munificent nineteenth-century

industrialist, established over 2,800 public libraries in the
United States.

@ The poor farmer is remarkably munificent; although he 2

can hardly afford to feed his own family, he never turns

away a stranger in need of a meal.

230
 CT Tata) ae nefarious
very wicked

Picture this:
Neff ferry us

Attention! We have just learned

that a nefarious bomber is on board.
This ferry is closed. ay >.

ot
iy} Wi i

su) 'R\
=| =]

ill ip : Pi iC
) Soy
iy ri

“He can’t have the Neff ferry us over—

there’s a nefarious bomber on board!”

™@ The terrorists’ nefarious plan to bomb the elementary

school was uncovered through alert police work.

@ The actor, famous for his portrayals of nefarious characters,

longed to play the “good guy” for a change.

@ The hackers’ nefarious plan was to break into computers

in banks around the country and make them crash, causing
chaos in the economy.

DS
 nonchalance GUaae TEL
indifference; casual
lack of concern

Picture this:
non shell lance*

“Shell lance or non shell lance?” he asks

with nonchalance.

@ After being nearly “beaned” by an inside fastball, Luke got

up, dusted himself off, and with complete nonchalance,
delivered the game-winning hit on the next pitch.

@ Dad acted nonchalant about his promotion to vice-

president of the company, but we all knew that he was
actually very excited about it.

@ An appearance of nonchalance is required for anyone who

wants to be considered “cool.”

* A lance is an implement used as a spear for killing fish.

D520
 notoriety
| ill fame (being known
widely and unfavorably)

Picture this:
Noto Riot he

Jill
pO a ARKET

|For his partinthe Noto Riot, he

oe ;
Oe Oi instant notoriety.

™ The student gained notoriety on campus for cheating on

her final exams.

@ Our football team’s left defensive end has gained notoriety

around the conference for his dirty play.

Mi The writer received notoriety in the literary world when

it was discovered that he had copied most of the ideas
for his best-selling book from a long-forgotten work by
another author.

239
 novelty Card)
something new;
newness

Picture this:
Novel Tea

It’s a special infusion of orange pekoe, bergamot,

creativity, Darjeeling, and literary sensibility.
People are coming in and drinking my tea
and churning out novels like crazy.

Novel Tea is a novelty that sparks creativity.

@ When automobiles were introduced in the nineteenth

century, they were considered a novelty, but they soon
became considered a normal, necessary part of life by
most people.

@ The novelty of college life wore off after a few months,

and Alice settled into a routine of going to her classes and
then the library to study and do research.

@ After receiving Ds and Fs on his English essays allyear,

it was a novelty for Larry to receive a B.
234
 (nur chur) nurture
nourish; educate;
foster

Picture this:
near shore

On the near shore they nurture narcissi.

M In most American families, the mother has the primary

responsibility for nurturing the children.

™@ My mathematics teacher nurtures mathematical talent in

students by giving them encouragement and guidance.

lH The newspaper editor carefully nurtured the talent of her

writers, helping them to steadily become better at
their craft.

23D
 obliterate (uh blit uh rayt)
destroy completely |

Picture this:
Ob Letter Eight

'Wehave destroyed the

sisas SH oCrat F

l™@ Rising sea levels threaten to obliterate many of the island

nations of the world.

@ The meteor was obliterated when it collided with the Moon.

@ After her divorce, Tammy obliterated everything she had

that reminded her of her ex-husband.

236
Memory Check 17
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

novelty obliterate miserly

1. Novel Tea __ 2. ObLetter Eight _ 3. miserLee __

mitigate morose mosaic

4, mittagate __ 3. more rose __ 6. most sayick __

mundane munificent nefarious

7. Monday __ 8. MoonifIsent —s—s-:9._- Neff ferryus __

nonchalance nurture notoriety

10. non shelllance __— 11. nearshore __ 12. Noto Riothe __

a. nourish; educate g. everyday

b. very wicked h. destroy completely
c. very generous i. moderate in intensity
d. stingy j. something new
e. ill fame k. casual lack of concern
f. ill-humored 1. picture made of colorful tiles

Showtime 17
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

i. In order to the negative effects of the recession on the

population, Congress passed a law increasing unemployment benefits.
a.intimidate b. obliterate c.nurture d. mitigate e. instigate

. American society is sometimes compared to a made up

of people of nearly every culture and race on Earth.
a.mercenary b.mosaic c.nonchalance d. novelty e. notoriety

. The mechanic gained in the town when a newspaper

featured him in a report about mechanics who cheat customers
on car repairs.
a.novelty b.lament c.nonchalance d. notoriety e. integrity
23s.
 4, The dictator ordered all records of previous democratic rule in the
country be
a. mitigated b.lamented c.meandered d.nurtured e. obliterated

5. The writer became so after his manuscript was rejected that

he had trouble attending to the tasks of everyday life.
a. debilitated.....1nnocuous
b. meticulous.....morose
c. miserly.....nefarious
d. listless..... mercenary
e. morose.....mundane

6. The teachers in our town were accused by some people of being

; the teachers, in turn, said that the school board was
being considering that plenty of funds were available and
that they were only asking for enough of a pay raise to cover the
increase in the cost of living.
a. Mercenary.....miserly
b. miserly..... mercenary
c. nefarious..... mercenary
d. morose.....meticulous
e. meticulous.....miserly

FeAl investigation by the police uncovered a

scheme to defraud retirees out of their life savings.
a. miserly..... mercenary
b. meticulous.....nefarious
c. mundane.....novel
d. munificent.....miserly
e. nefarious..... mercenary

The with which the computer tycoon wrote

out a check for two million dollars for the disaster relief fund was
astonishing.
a. Mosaic.....nefarious
b. munificence.....miserly
c. nonchalance.....munificent
d. notoriety....altruistic
e. munificence.....mercenary

238
 (uh bliv ee un) oblivion

obscurity;
forgetfulness

Picture this:

How long did

Ob live?

. Ob lived an eon before Oblantis fell into oblivion.

™ The scholar’s careful research discovered a long-lost

manuscript by William Shakespeare, thus rescuing it
from oblivion.

i Very few writers are remembered past their own generation;

most fall into oblivion, completely forgotten by both
readers and critics.

lH Some people believe that after a person dies there is oblivion.

239
 obscure | (ob skyur) |
indistinct; not |
easily understood

Picture this:
Ob’s Cure

You mean Ob had found a cure

for the human condition?

Yes, dear, but

AO Miard inatotn A
it was lost
when Oblantis
fell into oblivion.
Ob’s Cure lost in obscure times.

lM The obscure writer wrote twenty books before finally

capturing the attention of the reading public.

@ The meaning of this poem is so obscure that even the best

critics disagree about it.

@ The poet made a reference to an obscure fourteenth-century

artist that only an art historian would be familiar with. 2

240
 (bist nie obstinate
| stubborn; hard to
control or treat

Picture this:
Ob stun eight

You guys were so obstinate,

| had to use level 10
to knock you out.

How many aliens did Ob stun?

Eight, exactly eight obstinate aliens.

@ Tim is obstinate about one thing: He refuses to go out with

his friends until he’s completed all of his homework.

@ My car is obstinate; it refused to start, even though I had

tuned the engine a week earlier.

M@ The obstinate toddler clung to her mother, wailing and

refusing to get on the bus and go to nursery school.

241
 ominous (om uh-nus)
threatening |

Picture this:
O’ Minus

Tan WON
ay
ne iWn mi ri
ay/

iNi) , f
oH i
tA RAE Raat
mil
uN
van Ht

os

“Beware O’ Minus” reads the ominous message.

lM It was an ominous sign when the two countries broke off

diplomatic relations and mobilized their military forces.

@ The defendant became worried as the jury filed back into

the courtroom after their deliberations, all with ominous
grim expressions on their faces.

@ The economic indicators are ominous—a falling stock x

market, high unemployment, and zero growth.

242
 (op ur too nist) Opportunist
| one who sacrifices
principles for gain
Picture this:
by taking advantage of
a port Tunis circumstances

sxe Ua U

i)
Se
a a
r lt
y ee, a

y) Seep ‘A y)
| CRED CAD y
At a port near Tunis, an opportunist waits.

@ During wartime, opportunists often profit from shortages

of important materials, stockpiling them and later selling
them at high prices.

@ After the town’s water supply became contaminated,

opportunists began selling bottled water at triple the
regular price.

lM The lawyer is an opportunist; she approaches people

injured in car accidents and asks them if they'd like her
help in suing other parties involved.
243
 opulence (Te e
extreme wealth;
luxuriousness; abundance

Picture this:
opal* lance**

“an opal lance? Such opulence in this palace!”

@ Even though he’s rich, the billionaire lives simply with none
of the opulence usually associated with great wealth.

@ Harry decided to show off his opulence by buying a private

jet and expensive works of art.

@ In this city, you can walk in a few minutes fromastreet

lined with opulent houses to a street with nothing but 2

run-down tenements.

* Opal is a shining, sparkling gemstone.

*™ A lance is a spearlike weapon with a long shaft and a sharp metal head.
244
 (awr uh tur) orator

| public speaker

Picture this:
Oar rater

) NW

it
r
t
by ul
a fe
r
CIR
cs
\

!| —S \

“The oar rater thinks he’s an orator!”

@ Although she was not a particularly good orator, people

listened closely to Ruth’s talk because she spoke about her
difficult experiences with complete honesty.

@ In the age of television, a politician needs fewer of the skills

of the traditional orator and more of those of a popular
television personality.

@ The orator held the crowd spellbound with her fascinating

speech and exciting way of speaking.

245
 excessively or
elaborately decorated

Picture this:
oar Nate

Be 4 2h Ya]
| The oar Nate made was very ornate.

@ Taste in art today tends to prefer straightforward, unadorned

design to design that is ornate.

lM Modern readers tend to prefer writing that is simple and

direct to writing that is ornate,

We marveled at the ornately carved chair created by the

master furniture maker.

246
 (pass uh fist) pacifist
one opposed to
force; antimilitarist

Picture this:
Pass afist

Come on, you pacifist!

See this fist?
Let's fight!

A pacifist must passa fist.

@ A group of pacifists protested peacefully against the war.

@ Pacifists in Hitler’s Germany could do little to prevent that

country’s conquest of many of its European neighbors.

BH One of the best-known pacifist churches is the Society of

Friends, also called the Quakers.

247
 jNarod (par uh dee) -
humorous imitation;
spoof; takeoff

Picture this:
pair ready

Wy y
Zi s
YyW

“Is the pair ready for their parody?”

l@ Our English teacher asked us to write a parody of a scene

from Julius Caesar.

lM The book The Hitch-hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas

Adams can be read as a parody of science fiction novels.

l@ The governor took the parody done of one of his press

conferences in surprisingly good humor considering how 2

foolish it made him appear.

248
 (Lat partisan
one-sided; prejudiced;
committed to a party

Picture this:
party sin

I'm totally on the side

TO SENATORS of that party! The
OF BOTH PARTIES other party hasn't had
a good idea in years!
ONLY OBJECTIVE | | say vote them out!
| DISCUSSIONS \

STg
\
NN
1)
= HINA YIN
fii
MANS ZB
HHT
HY INS

wy

Party sin #1: Inviting a partisan to your party.

@ Although all the new appointees to the state supreme court

belonged to his own political party, the governor claimed
that partisan politics played no part in his selection process.

@ The moderator tried hard to not be partisan during the

debate, but several times it was obvious that he favored
the candidate of one party over that of the other party.

@ The president addressed the nation, asking people to put

aside partisan differences and work together.

249
 paucity (paw sih tee)

scarcity |

Picture this:
Paw City

~leg
—= = SS
L—SSS=>

[LO esie?i
pey)renryi)
CITY CAFE) |W iy
)
)
CUfi

In Paw City, there’s no paucity of people with paws.

®@ According to the law of supply and demand, if the demand

for a particular good remains the same, a paucity of the
good will cause its price to increase.

lM Despite having a paucity of natural resources, Singapore has

become one of the wealthiest countries in the world.

@ In some cities, such as New York and San Francisco, there is 2

a paucity of eligible men for women to marry.

250
Memory Check 18
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

oblivion ominous ornate

1. Obliveeon __ 2. O’Minus __ 3. oar Nate __

opulence parody opportunist

4. opallance __ 5. pairready __ 6. aport Tunis __

paucity obscure pacifist

7. Paw City __ 8. Ob’s Cure __ 9. passafist __

obstinate orator partisan

10. Obstuneight __—s—i11. oarrater __ 12. partysin __

a. excessively decorated g. one who sacrifices principles for gain

b. extreme wealth by taking advantage of circumstances
c. stubborn h. indistinct; not easily understood
d. scarcity i. prejudiced
e. obscurity; forgetfulness j. public speaker
f. humorous imitation k. person opposed to force
|. threatening

Showtime 18
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Some people seem to have musical ability.

a.partisan b.ominous c.innate d. obstinate e. ornate

2. The poem is so that scholars can’t agree on what it means.

a.morose b.mundane c. partisan d.ominous_ e. obscure

3. Our English teacher reminded us that our writing style shouldn't be

; rather, it should be clear and straightforward.
a.partisan b. miserly c.ominous d. ornate e. obstinate
a

251
 . The governor is in her refusal to sign the bill unless more
evidence is given to show that it will benefit everyone in the state.
a.ominous b.obscure c. partisan d.ornate e. obstinate

. There is no of millionaires in Monte Carlo; the

of the houses there is amazing.
a. paucity.....pacifist
b. parody.....oblivion
c. partisan.....parody
d. paucity...opulence
e. partisan.....paucity

The carefully his relationship with all whom

he meets, gaining their trust so that later he can take advantage of
any opportunity to cheat them.
a. orator.....laments
b. opportunist.....nurtures
c. pacifist.....lavishes
d. parody.....obliterates
e. opportunist.....parodies

. It was a (an) for the film class to watch a funny

after they had watched so many films that took themselves so seriously.
a. novelty...parody
b. parody.....novelty
Cc. opportunist.....parody
d. paucity.....oblivion
e. novelty.....pacifist

. The was a (an) ; She argued that the only way

that lasting peace could be achieved was through governments
renouncing the use of war to achieve their objectives.
a. pacifist.....opportunist
b. orator.....pacifist
c. parody.....partisan
d. orator.....novelty
e. Mercenary.....pacifist

252
 (pen yuh ree) o9enur

severe poverty;
stinginess

Picture this: UNIT 19

pen Yuri

Here’s a little
something ean
for you, Yuri. . £8

In the pen, Yuri lived in penury.

@ The expense of the long legal battle will reduce both sides to
penury unless they arrive at a settlement soon.

™@ During the Great Depression of the early twentieth century,

some millionaires lost so much money that they had to live
in penury.

™ Though he had been reduced to penury by the bankruptcy

of his business, Mr. Ford remained confident that he would
soon recover and be wealthy again.

253
 peripheral (pub rif ur ul)
outer;
marginal

Picture this:
pear for all

“There’s a pear for all on the peripheral pear trees!” |

@ A good manager must be able to decide which tasks must

be done very soon and which ones can be put off to later
because they’re peripheral.

l@ Because the negotiator believed that it was important to

build trust between the parties in the dispute, she encouraged
them to settle peripheral issues before moving on to more
important issues.

@ Scientists must focus on the essential aspects of what they’re

studying, excluding anything that is peripheral.
254
 (pur pech oo ayt) perpetu ate
| make something last;
preserve from extinction

Picture this:
purr pet you ate

Hey, did you

S
hear about how
My dad ate my dad ate our
our purr pet, purr pet?
PISSING
you know.
RN
CSS

SSS

by
Niyary (
YW | } '

“They perpetuate that crazy tale

about the purr pet you ate.”

lM The untrue rumor was perpetuated by people who heard it

and then passed it on because it sounded so amazing.

M@ The neighborhood bully did everything he could to

perpetuate the myth that no one could beat him in afight.

lM Many types of animals are becoming so few in number that

there’s a danger that they will not be able to perpetuate
their species. ‘

2S
 phenomena Gat
observable facts; subjects
of scientific investigation

Picture this:
fin omen—ahhh!

Now it’s a rare fin omen! «~~~

Sp OP nth This all means we're going
»£ “ to have a great catch

@ Scientists must keep accurate records of the phenomena

they study.

lM Physicists study the phenomena of nature in order to

discover their underlying laws.

l@ Scientists use instruments such as telescopes and microscopes

to extend the range of human senses so that they can study °
phenomena in nature more comprehensively.

256
 (pith ee) pithy
concise; meaningful;
substantial; meaty

Picture this:
pit he

Outsmarted by a
\ |) pithosaurus!

M@ The eighteenth-century writer Samuel Johnson is famous

for his pithy remarks, such as “No man but a blockhead
ever wrote, except for money.”

lM In this age of the politics of the “sound bite”—a short

statement that can be played on television for a very short
period of time—it is important for a candidate to be able
to come up with pithy statements that express his or her
views in a few words.

™@ Try putting a pithy quotation from a well-known person in

your essay to capture your reader’s interest. Oy,
 placate (play kayt)
pacify; |
lessen the anger of

Picture this:
play Cate

Have mercy
on us
rich people.

In the play, Cate must placate an angry mob.

@ To placate the angry customer, the store manager gave her

a $100 gift voucher.

lM After Bob’s father threatened to take away the keys to his car
if he didn’t study for the SAT, Bob placated him by studying
for an hour.

lM Nigel could see that placating his boss was not going to 3

be easy; she hadaright to be angry with him for his

carelessness in forgetting to call their most important client.

258
 (TM na CD polemical
aggressive in verbal
attack; relating to
argument or controversy
Picture this:
polar Mick call

This is ANO7607-Polar Mick calling. | want

POLA to denounce—no, condemn-the disgusting,
RMICKANO ridiculous policies of our leaders!
Furthermore, | totally disagree
with what all you guys have
been saying!

A polemical polar Mick call.

™@ Rather than reasonably discussing issues of concern to

voters, the speakers in the forum gave polemical speeches
attacking the views of their opponents.

™@ Senator Smith had been told that the debate would be

a reasonable discussion of the issue, but her opponent —
launched into a polemical speech denouncing her position.

lM The candidate for office closed the debate with these

words: “I had hoped this would bea fair evaluation ofthe
political situation, but instead my opponent has used it as
an opportunity for polemical attacks on me.” a
 ponderous (pon dur us)
weighty;
unwieldy

Picture this:
pond her Russ

Upon careful consideration, however. . .

| think you will find the implications
of our imminent nuptial relationship
satisfactory... unless of course...

At the pond, her Russ makes a ponderous proposal.

§ To take his mind off ponderous matters of state for a while,

the president went to see a movie.

lM The amateur comedian was so ponderous in his delivery

that by the time he got to the punch line of his story he had
lost the attention of most of his audience.

@ The students soon became bored with the guest speaker's) . *

ponderous delivery of her speech.

260
 (prih ten shus) pretentious
| pompous; making
unjustified claims;
outwardly extravagant
Picture this:
pretend shush

“Pretend we're not here—shush!” _

_ The Smiths avoid pretentious people.

Mi I feel so pretentious wearing this $3,000 suit; I’m used to

wearing apair of jeans and a T-shirt all day.

™@ By nature reserved and modest, Jill has no interest in a

pretentious wedding with hundreds of guests.

Ml We were amazed to see Bob, who has always been such a

modest guy, acting in such a pretentious way; he’s strutting
down the street like he owns the whole town.

261
 prodigal (prod ih gul)
wasteful; reckless
with money

Picture this:
prod a gull

Get off, gull, this

is my private
beach now. we
~~

A prodigal prince tries to prod a gull

to leave his private beach.

@ Mr. Larsen was so fed up with his children’s prodigal

spending that he cut their allowances in half.

lM The congressman criticized what he called the government's

prodigal spending and vowed to work for large cuts in
the budget.

@ Bart’s credit card encouraged his prodigal spending, which °

has gotten him deeply into debt.
 profuston
| overabundance; excess

Picture this:
pro fusion

iN

“A profusion of nuclear fusion plants!”

“Yeah, they’re really pro fusion around here.”

™@ There has been a profusion of new car models this year.

M@ There is such a profusion of food at this party that I can't

possibly try all the dishes.

lM The profusion of life on Earth is so great that scientists have

been able to study only a small fraction of it in depth.

263
 proliferation (pruh lif uh ray shun)

rapid growth; spread |

Picture this:
pro lift her ration

She's lost ZO pounds already.

| think the pro will lift
her ration of two
packets a day.

Will the pro lift her ration since there’s

been no fat proliferation?

l™@ Treaties between the United States and other countries have
helped to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

@ In the 1990s, there was a proliferation of cafes selling

specialty coffees.

@ The proliferation of weeds on my front lawn leaves me with

a clear choice: Spend Sunday afternoon pulling weeds or
ignore them and watch a football game on TV.

264
Memory Check 19
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

penury phenomena ponderous

1. pen Yuri __ 2. finomen—ahhh! 3. pond her Russ __

placate proliferation profusion

4. play Cate __ 5. prolifther ration ___ 6. profusion __

pithy pretentious perpetuate

7. pithe __ 8. pretend shush __ 9. purr pet youate __

prodigal peripheral polemical

10. prodagull __——11. pearforall __ 12. polar Mick call __

a. pacify g. outer; marginal

b. rapid growth h. concise; meaningful
c. wasteful i. aggressive in verbal attack
d. overabundance j. make something last
€. pompous k. weighty
f. observable facts | |. poverty

Showtime 19
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

“This family had better stop spending so much money,” Mrs. Marks said,
“or pretty soon we'll all be reduced to
a.phenomena b. profusion c.penury d. proliferation e. paucity

2. Critics so much praise on Lucy’s first novel that she began to

think she was the next Jane Austen or Willa Cather.
a.lavished b. perpetuated c.placated d.incited e. nurtured

3. It was announced that the senator’s speech was going to be an objective

assessment of the situation; instead, it turned out to be a (an)
attack on her opponents.
a.polemical b. prodigal c. peripheral d. pretentious e. obstinate

265
4. Scientists are just beginning to explore the remarkable of life
that exists in the oceans of the world.
a.paucity b. parody c.nonchalance d. profusion e. oblivion

re of flies this summer is one of the that is being

studied by scientists at the university.
a. profusion.....partisans
b. proliferation.....phenomena
c. penury..... phenomena
d. proliferation.....laments
e. paucity.....opportunists

. The president of the company believes in the talent of

promising young employees by giving them assignments that are
not merely but also vital to the company’s success.
a. perpetuating.....polemical
b. mitigating.....pretentious
c. nurturing.....peripheral
d. placating.....peripheral
e. perpetuating.....pithy

. After his death, the writer’s family worked hard to his

memory in the mind of the public so that his works wouldn’t fall
into
a. perpetuate.....parody
b. lavish.....oblivion
c. nurture.....paucity
d. perpetuate.....oblivion
e. placate.....profusion

. The after-dinner speaker is liked by audiences for her

comments about well-known people; they also appreciate the fact
that she doesn’t make long, speeches.
a. pithy.....prodigal
b. peripheral.....munificent
c. pithy.....ponderous
d. ponderous.....polemical ,
e. mercenary.....pretentious

266
 provincia
| limited in outlook;
unsophisticated
Picture this:
province shall UNIT 20

“This province shall remain provincial.”

™ National newspapers generally avoid taking a provincial

approach to reporting the news.

™ Coming from abig city, Bob found some of the attitudes of

students from small towns at his university to be provincial.

lM Although she mixed well with the sophisticates in the city, at

heart Holly was still a provincial small-town person.
a

267
 quagmire (kwag mire)
soft wet boggy land;
complex or dangerous
situation from which it is
difficult to free oneself | Picture this:
quack Myer

That hair potion

you sold me
doesn’t work! I'dRommeeme
regain
my youth!
You quack, Myer!

They chase quack Myer into a quagmire.

lM The expedition faced a choice: Go the long way around the

vast swamp and lose precious time or go through it and risk
having their vehicles get stuck in a quagmire.

@ The defense lawyer introduced so much evidence that the

trial became bogged down in a quagmire of irrelevant
information.

@ Military leaders feel that involvement in a foreign country

could lead the country into a quagmire. .

268
 (eerie) querulous
complaining;
fretful

Picture this:
queer rule us

Dad, why can’t we This chop

Johnny, you got go to Spain for vacation is undercooked,
only 99% on your this year? We always as usual,
assignment. do such boring things. Mildred.
That's disgraceful. 7
I expect 100%.

Be 4
=

Years ago our Grandpa gave a queer rule to us: :

“Be querulous!”

@ The querulous tourist spent most of his time in Europe

complaining that Europe wasn’t like home.

M@ Sophie must be naturally querulous; she’s been complaining

throughout our entire class trip to Washington, D.C.

™@ After six hours of nonstop driving, Ms. Chambers’ six kids

are becoming querulous,
 quiescence (kwee es uns)
state of being at rest; |
temporary inactivity
Picture this:
Qwee Essence

Qwee Essence brings quiescence.

Mi The cease-fire brought a welcome period of quiescence in

the long-running civil war.

@ Many astronomers believe that the universe will one day

contract into a tiny point and reach quiescence.

@ The volcano is quiescent now, but when it erupts the village

surrounding it will be destroyed. z

270
 Ca ramble
wander aimlessly; talk
or write in a discursive,
aimless way
Picture this:
Ram Bull

Quite a fine day

isn’t it, Ram Bull? geez
Got time for &

Ram Bull likes to ramble ’round town.

@ The biographer encouraged her subject to ramble on about

his childhood, hoping to discover details that would help
give an accurate picture of his early life.

Mi The teacher’s comment on Stan’s essay was as follows:

“This long essay rambles too much. It needs to be better
organized. It can’t wander aimlessly from topic to topic.”

™@ The governor’s confused, rambling explanation did little to

help his critics understand why he vetoed the bill that he
had continually promised to support during the campaign.
271
 rancor (Ura Ce
bitterness; |
hatred

Picture this:
rank core

That's ridiculous, Xircon! Nonsense, Xirla!

The data clearly establish You're wrong, as usual.
that the core of this planet The core definitely
ranks high in xylithium ranks highest in pure
in ite heaviest state! xanthium!

They rank the core with rancor.

M@ Psychologists say that people taken hostage sometimes feel

not rancor toward their captors but sympathy.

@ As a professional soldier, Colonel Gunn bore no personal

rancor toward his foe; for him, the enemy was purely a force
to be destroyed.

@ The husband and wife agreed that they should get a divorce .
and that the process should be done without rancor.

272
 (rant) rant
speak in an angry or
excited manner; rave
Picture this:
Ra ant

' RAH RAH, Ra!

|
IMP
| Oh great Ra!
Giver of Life!
| RAH RAH, Ra!

,|

i|S
||:
If hp

“By Ra, that ant can rant!”

@ The principal ranted for an hour at the assembly about the

poor behavior of the students.

@ In London’s Hyde Park, there’s a place at which people

regularly make speeches ranting against the ills of the
world.

@ It’s one thing to rant against social injustice; however, it’s

quite another to actually do something to correct it.

273
 rarefied MPa ie)
lofty; made
less dense

Picture this:
rare if I’d

“Back then it wasn’t rare if ’'d have

rarefied discussions with them.”

@ Many world records were set in track and field at the

Mexico City Olympics in 1968 as a result of the rarefied
atmosphere.

li The members of the mountain climbing expedition

experienced difficulty in breathing when they reached the
rarefied atmosphere near the top of the mountain.

lM The college freshman listened closely to the rarefied

discussion between the two distinguished philosophers,
but gave up trying to understand it after a while because it
was so abstract.
274
 (rat uh fie) ratify
approve formally;
confirm; verify

Picture this:
rat if|

TREATY
Between Rats and Humans
Rats Granted:
7. Limited Rights of
Citizenship
2. Right to Life
RATS:
F Give up any plan
to eat, act as if
@ = eating, think
y: about eating
actually eat any
food associated
O with@aumas

/\PRESIDENT

“Pll be a rat if I ratify this treaty.”

@ The president’s appointment of Judge Jones was ratified by

the Senate after several days of debate.

@ The Constitutional amendment was approved by Congress;

however, in order to become part of the Constitution it still
must be ratified by three-quarters of the state legislatures.

Mi The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty with Albania after a

short debate.

De
 FauCOUS (raw kus)
harsh and shrill; disorderly
and boisterous

Picture this:
raw Cuz

These steaks Raw again,

<i... are really
Hi raweCus! Cuz* They're still
:
raw, Cuz!

——

aa
eawa \\Jp
eZ

_A raucous cry—‘“The steaks are raw, Cuz! 1?

li The inexperienced speaker had no idea how to quiet the

raucous crowd so that she could begin her speech.

@ The raucous cries of the crows were becoming so annoying

to the writer hard at work on his book that he began to eye
the shotgun sitting in his gun case.

@ The raucous crowd at the Super Bowl made it difficult for

the players to hear their quarterback calling out signals.

276
 (rav uh nus) raVenous

extremely hungry

Picture this:
raven us

Sir, Madam, we usually have

three entrees to choose
from, but the only choice
y today is baked raven.
eat y

“Then I guess it’s baked raven.

Us folks are ravenous!”

@ After her one-week diet of nothing but vegetables, fruit,

and rice Kim was ravenous.

™@ After receiving a taste of fame when she appeared on

national television, the young actress became ravenous
for even greater fame.

W@ Please start the barbecue—I’m ravenous.

Dike
 destroy |
completely

Picture this:
rays

Hot rays raze the city.

@ The hotel was razed so that an office building could be

built on the site.

@ Returning after fifty years to the town he grew up in, Jim

saw that the houses on his old street had been razed and
a shopping center had been built on the site.

@ Much of San Francisco was razed in the great fire of 1906.

278
Memory Check 20
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

rarefied rancor querulous

l.rareifd __ 2. rank core __ 3. queerruleus __

provincial quiescence rant

4. province shall __ 5. Qwee Essence __ 6. Raant __

ramble ratify ravenous

7. Ram Bull __ 8. ratifI 9. ravenus __

raucus raze quagmire

10. raw Cuz __ 11. rays __ 12. quack Myer __

a. speak excitedly g. temporary inactivity

b. lofty h. destroy completely
c. limited in outlook i. boggy land
d. wander aimlessly j. bitterness
e. harsh and shrill k. approve formally
f. complaining |. extremely hungry

Showtime 20
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Critics sometimes accuse artists or writers who experiment with new

styles of being
a.raucous b. provincial c.querulous d.ravenous e. pretentious

. The emperor made regular visits to towns of his land so

that he would know what was happening everywhere, not just in the
big cities.
a.rarefied b. pretentious c.querulous d. provincial e. ornate

Lhe between the union and the company is still strong

even though the strike ended six months ago.
a.rancor b.phenomena c.:quagmire d.rant e. quiescence

279
 . Heavy rain turned the football field into such a (an) that
neither team could make much progress on offense.
a. profusion
b. proliferation
c. rancor
d. oblivion
e. quagmire

. Still waiting for the meal to be served at 11:00 P.M., all the guests at the
dinner party were becoming , and some were becoming

a. provincial.....querulous
b. polemical.....peripheral
c. ravenous.....querulous
d. quiescent.....raucous
e. ravenous.....rarefied

. In his speech, the environmentalist against the

use of the Earth’s natural resources.
a. ranted.....prodigal
b. rambled.....pretentious
c. razed.....prodigal
d. ratified.....raucous
e. ranted.....peripheral

. After giving a long speech the senator finally came to his

conclusion: The treaty should be
a. rarefied.....ranted
b. ravenous.....ratified
c. ponderous.....rarefied
d. rambling.....ratified
e. querulous.....razed

During the bitter dispute, there came a moment of , and

then the debate broke out again, more than ever.
a. quiescence.....raucous
b. rancor.....rarefied
c. profusion.....raucous
d. opulence.....querulous
e. nonchalance.....partisan
280
 (rih kant) recant

retract a previous
statement;
openly confess error
Picture this:
Rick can’t UNIT 21

Sorry. It's the truth.

Yes, Rick, You guys are fat.
Take it back. “ecant!
A

i
Honest Rick can’t recant his words.

@ After the witness recanted her testimony, the judge

dismissed all charges against the accused.

@ Under pressure from her superiors, the government official

recanted her statement criticizing her department's
handling of the crisis.

™ The leader of the political party demanded that one of the

members recant the position that she had expressed on
the issue or be expelled from the party.

281
 recount (rih kount)

narrate or tell;
count over again

Picture this: |
Rick count

We chose Rick to do
the recount because
he's so honest.

aS

TN
We
i
i
i
{
iH

Recounting how Rick was picked to count

the votes in the recount.

l@ Beth's grandfather loves to recount tales of his boyhood

adventures.

lM The judge asked the witness to recount everything that had

happened on the day that the crime was committed.

lM The autobiography recounted every important event in the

senator’s long and distinguished career.

282
 (rek tuh fi) rectify
| set right; correct

Picture this:
wrecked if |

i.
: ca
.
—G
>
ei
a. m

WY ib } Wy

“Pll be wrecked ifI don’t rectify

my neighbor’s behavior.”

® Please rectify this error in your calculation before submitting

the proposal to the boss.

@ The error in the newspaper article was rectified by a note in

the next day’s edition apologizing for the mistake and giving
the correct information.

® After a disappointing season with three wins and ten losses

the football coach vowed to rectify whatever was wrong
with the team.

283
 redundant iar ir
unnecessary; repetitious;
excessively wordy

Picture this:
redone dent

That's what the customer

asked for—He told me to
"Redo the dent!”

mM B

“Isn't a redone dent alittle redundant?”

™@ Legal terms such as “cease and desist” and “null and void”
might appear redundant to the layperson.

l@ Is the word “free” in the phrase “free gift” redundant since

a gift is free by definition?

l™@ Engineers normally design spacecraft with redundant

systems so that if the primary one fails the secondary one 2

can take over. .

284
 neta) relegate
| banish to an inferior
position; delegate; assign

Picture this:
relic eight

There hasn't been much interest

in Relic Eight lately. Put it
in the rear display.

) &
ni
sovn 8

Tmo UImyi
Hi)iy
“oe
i
ii
Hf i.

, They relegate relic eight to the rear.

M@ Although she skated almost perfectly in the free-style

portion of the competition, Susie’s weak performance in
the earlier part of the competition relegated her to fifth
place in the overall standings.

™@ After years of dedicated service to her country, the retired

senator found it difficult being relegated to the position
of advisor.

@ The newly elected congressman was relegated to the lowest

position on the House committee.
285
 remorse (rih mawrs)

guilt;
bitter regret

Picture this:
rim horse

If only | hadn’t become afraid

and reared up, throwing Jim,
he’d still be alive.

A rim horse feeling remorse.

@ Many people find it easier to forgive someone for doing

wrong if the person shows remorse.

® Jim felt remorse for the rest of his life as a result of one
moment of stupidity in his youth when he drove his car
recklessly and hit a child on a bicycle, causing serious injury
to the child.

@ The soldier told himself that he was only doing his duty
when he killed people in the war and so shouldn’t feel
guilty; however, he still felt some remorse.
286
 (rih pel) repel
| drive away;
disgust

Picture this:
reap hell

Marcus! A letter for

the ey from Caesar!

“Repel the Goths or reap Te

@ Joan’s arrogant manner, rather than repelling men, as one

would suspect, seems to attract them.

™@ The first duty of the military is to repel an enemy invasion.

™@ The manufacturer claims that this ointment repels

mosquitoes, but all it does for me is make my skin oily;
the mosquitoes are biting me just as much as ever.

287
 reprehensible (ee TTD
deserving
blame

Picture this:
rep pre-hens Sibyl

PRE-HEN CONVENTION

ANIMWy)
aiAil, 4 i@ ;
peel * a YAR ‘il
oat
y whet Pag
ey

ZS

The rep for pre-hens, Sibyl,

denounces reprehensible behavior.

@ The president condemned the terrorist attack as a cowardly,

reprehensible act.

@ The United Nations Security Council unanimously

condemned as reprehensible the country’s threat to
invade its neighbor.

lm Human beings seem to be capable of, at one extreme, :

completely reprehensible acts and, at the other extreme,
the most incredible acts of kindness and self-sacrifice.

288
 (rih pyoo dee ayt) repud late
| reject strongly as wrong;
reject the authority of

Picture this:
rep you'd date

That’s Bill Reese ---and | would certainly

—a great | wouldn't mind “ever ask my date to pay
company rep! dating him. the bill. That would
be gross.

| im f

! i)!
Hl \

Reese—he’s the kind of rep you'd date—

he repudiates gross behavior.

@ After his deep religious experience, James repudiated his

past life of pleasure-seeking and dedicated himself to
working to help others.

™@ After he was freed from prison, Lou repudiated his past life
of crime and vowed never to associate with gangsters again.

lM The recovering alcoholic repudiated the excessive drinking

she had done in the past and vowed never to drink again.

289
 rescind Cea) |
cancel |

Picture this:
Reese sent

oa

Regarding that earlier

memo about everybody
being expected to work
on Christmas AY sos.
Just kidding.

Reese sent his team a memo to

rescind his previous one.

@ The state supreme court rescinded the results of the election

as a result of major irregularities in the vote counting.

@ The president of the company told his counterpart in the

other firm that his offer to buy out its electronics division
would be rescinded if not accepted by Friday at 5:00 pM.

l@ The movement to rescind the new taxes quickly gained ,

momentum after most politicians came out in support of it.

290
 Cie Tics, Feserve
self-restraint in
expression

Picture this:
Reese serve

(eo
WA, 4
Vf TO THE HONORABLE MR. Yf
/ am writing to
Yj express some degree of
Vi oe in you and |
Yj attending the compan
Ye Christmas party Bh,Hee
a Please notify me
within 2 days j
serve as Riri
re
Respectfully,
Y/fYj)
Me Jones

2
yy } Md ED WIZZ ZZZZEZEZZED)

yif) |
yy

I,Vig/
y ij}
i) d / yf

yy}
} Yi Vy

Yi Wy Hy Yi
ML if YY Y/ G2
ZZ;

by

With reserve, she asks Reese to serve

as her date for the Christmas party.

® William has an air of reserve that even his best friends

seldom try to break through.

™ The rock singer has a reserve that many of his fans find
appealing.

™@ Unlike many movie stars, who are often outgoing and

talkative, Ms. Starlet is shy and reserved.

29
 resigned Giana
accepting one’s fate; |
unresisting
Picture this:
Reese signed

Oh boy, the boss

is going to kill me!
But there’s nothing
| can do about it.

Resigned to his fate, Reese signed in late.

@ Having no qualifications beyond a sixth-grade education,

John was resigned toa lifetime of dull, menial jobs.

@ Having just turned 97, Mr. James knew that he had lived a
long life and was resigned to the fact that it would end soon.

@ The veteran astronaut is resigned to the fact that he will be

too old to be part of an expedition to Mars.

292
Memory Check 21
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

recant repel repudiate

1. Rick can’t __ 2. reaphell __ 3. rep youd date __

relegate reprehensible rectify

4. reliceight __ 5. rep pre-hens Sibyl __ 6. wreckedifI __

rescind redundant resigned

7. Reesesent __ 8. redonedent __ 9. Reese signed __

recount remorse reserve

10. Rick count __ 11. rimhorse __ 12. Reese serve __

a. drive away g. narrate

b. correct h. guilt
c. deserving blame i. self-restraint in expression
d. cancel j. retract a previous statement
e. accepting one’s fate k. banish to an inferior position
f. unnecessary |. reject strongly as wrong

Showtime 21
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. The atmosphere at which modern jet liners cruise makes it

necessary that the passenger cabin be pressurized.
a. rarefied b. quiescent c.reprehensible d.redundant e. reserved

pm Lhe crowd became so unruly that the police had to be called

in to restore order.
a.resigned b.raucous c.ravenous d.redundant e. reserved

. Surrounded by enemy forces and outgunned, the lieutenant

himself to the fact that he would have to surrender or see his
men killed.
a.rambled b.resigned c.recounted d. relegated e. ratified

293
 . The college its scholarship offer to Ted after he pdraitied
cheating on his final exam in high school.
a.recanted b.recounted c.rescinded d.relegated e. repudiated

. In the book the history of our town, my grandfather, who

was its main founder, is to a secondary role.
a. recanting.....repelled
b. recounting.....relegated
€, rectitying.....repelled
d. rescinding.....rectified
e. repelling.....relegated

. The soldier felt no for killing enemy soldiers in the process

of the invading army.
a. reserve.....repudiating
b. rancor.....repelling
c. remorse.....repelling
d. quiescence.....recanting
e. reserve....recounting

. Unable to the problem with their main computer, the

astronauts switched to a system that allowed them to
continue their mission.
a. rectify.....redundant
b. repel.....rarefied
c. recount.....resigned
d. relegate.....reprehensible
e. repudiate.....redundant

. The general the reporter’s suggestion that his forces

had the civilian area of the enemy’s city intentionally and
vowed that those responsible would be brought to justice.
a. repelled.....recanted
b. rescinded.....ranted
c. repudiated.....razed
d. recanted.....repelled
e. rectified.....razed

294
 (rih strayned) restraint
| moderation or self-control;
controlling force; restriction
Picture this: UNIT 22
Reese trained

Sorry, we can’t have a date

this week. |’m in training,

When Reese trained for the company race,

he used restraint in dating.

@ The famous writer exercised restraint when the critic told

him to his face that his latest book was the worst book he
had ever read; he simply walked away.

Mi The judge ordered the police to use restraint in taking the

elderly demonstrators into custody.

™@ The dictator showed no restraint in squashing the rebellion;

she ordered anyone who had participated to be executed.

295
 reticence (a a ee
uncommunicativeness;
reserve; inclination
to silence
Picture this:
Rhet a sense

She feels from Rhet a sense of reticence.

@ Because she was concerned about his extreme reticence in

class, Samuel’s fourth-grade teacher called his parents to ask
them if he was also uncommunicative at home.

li It was no time for reticence; someone had to speak out

against the injustice.

@ A career in the CIA had made Frank reticent about :

discussing anything even remotely connected to national
security.

296
 (rih trakt) retract
| withdraw;
take back

Picture this:
Rhet tracked

| must take back what | said

to the lees do need a fortune teller.
All

» i

iif
i

Rhet tracked through the woods

to retract his words.

Hi The two companies agreed to retract damaging comments

that each had made about the products of the other.

@ In the heat of the campaign debate, the candidate made

accusations against her opponent that she later retracted
and apologized for.

@ The inventor retracted her claim that she had invented the
new device completely on her own.

2o7
 rhetorical (ihawe thekal
pertaining to effective |
communication; insincere
in language; characterized
by overly elaborate, | Picture this:
pompous language | Rhet oracle

What is the meaning of life?...I’'m glad you asked

me that..In my great wisdom, | have delved into thie
complicated matter and reached a conclusion...
..- that may be correct under certain
Ex, _ However, it must be bornes
=_ that there are many
consider, and so weq
you to keep in mind//
distinct possibilit
d, if not error,

Rhet questions the oracle and

receives a rhetorical response.

M@ This line from the Bible uses the rhetorical device of

repetition of the same word: “Vanity of vanities, saith the
preacher, vanity of vanity; all is vanity.”

@ Rhetorical techniques can be used to make your writing

more effective.

l™ The speech consisted mainly of empty rhetoric rather than +

meaningful ideas.

298
 Crate) rigor
severity;
strictness

Picture this:
rig Gore

Make fast the rigging,

me hearties!

The rig is checked by Captain Gore with rigor.

™@ In the early years of ocean exploration, many people did not

survive the rigors of long voyages on the sea.

™ Hal’s French teacher suggested that he apply the same rigor

he brought to memorizing football statistics to memorizing
conjugations of irregular French verbs.

™@Modern science has brought a new rigor to the study of

nature.

299
 robust (row bust)
vigorous; |
strong

Picture this:
row bust

“Row, row, row your bust gently down the stream,”

sings the robust rower.

l@ The general warned the enemy commander that any attack

would be met immediately with a robust counterattack.

@ A heavyweight boxer must be robust enough to withstand

the extremely hard punches of his opponents.

™@ Before the United States entered World War II, the American
Army General George Patton said that America would win 2

the war because its soldiers were more robust than those
of the enemy.

300
 Cady sage
person celebrated
for wisdom

Picture this:
sage

Great sage, tell us, Parsley? No way.

which herb should we Only sage will
put in the pot make you wise.
to bring us wisdom?
Is it parsley?

This sage swears by sage.

M@ Although she didn’t consider herself a sage, Janice’s friends

always sought her advice when they encountered a problem
in their lives.

l& The teachings of the ancient Chinese sage Confucius are still
greatly respected today.

li I was surprised to hear such sage words from such a young

person. ‘

301
 Sanction (sangk shun)
approve;
ratify

Picture this:
sank shun

N Accra
Cry
yy™

f‘ oe
|!
Ii
,\
\\\ ii
i
ty| | it
4h YY Wi

“I cannot sanction this route.

It’s where scores of ships sank. Shun it!”

™@ The World Cup soccer tournament is sanctioned by the

sport’s governing body, FIFA.

™ The governor sanctioned the plan to make the administration

of the criminal justice system more efficient.

@ “Cowboy” short-wave stations operating without government

sanction jam the airwaves during the evening, making it 2

difficult for listeners to hear legitimate stations.

302
 Cian Satirical
| mocking; characterized
by sarcastic wit to attack
Picture this: CPR SeHOy
satyr Rick call

Say something satirical! Yeah, like“Don't

you guys think
satyrs matter?”

Satyr Rick calls the Park people

to make a satirical comment!

M@ Although the students did not intend their satirical skit to

be insulting to anyone, most of the audience thought it
tasteless and offensive.

@ Satirical writing generally makes fun of a fault in society or

in human nature, often with the intention of bringing such
faults to people’s attention.

™@ Television programs such as Saturday Night Live feature

satirical comedy that pokes fun at modern society.

303
 saturate Ceram ey 7)
soak
thoroughly

Picture this:
sat shore ate

On Saturdays they sat on the shore and

ate fries that they'd saturated in ketchup.

@ The heavy rain before the football game saturated the turf,
making it difficult for players to execute plays properly.

@ J left the sprinkler on overnight by mistake; now the ground

is so saturated that I can’t lie on a blanket on the grass to
catch some rays.

@ It’s so humid that when I go jogging my shirt becomes .

saturated very quickly.

304
 (say vuh ree) Savory

| tasty; pleasing,
attractive, or agreeable

Picture this:
save Orry

Orry loves savory stuff. Save

Ih the apple pie and other desserts

{- (= ey
Yip
ah man | : we aM
=|-
| We “3 i1 Gig
i
i
eeSX eae
at
ah
ff iV

UM | \
mt
HI A)
98

==
= oN
BO
=== == sree
Tena

heTS=—=
on ibe
ee
Zz

“Save Orry all the savory stuff”

@ A table full of savory snacks! There goes my diet!

lM The big time gangster hired an advertising consultant to

help give the mob a more savory public image.

™ There were so many savory desserts at the buffet that Wayne

had trouble choosing which one to try first.

305
 scant (skan tee)
meager; |
insufficient

Picture this:
scan tea

Tea Police scan tea party

teens for scanty outfits.

M@ With supplies becoming scanty, the commander decided to

halt the advance and concentrate on obtaining food, water,
and other necessities.

@ The country’s scanty reserves of oil make it dependent on

importing oil from other countries.

l@ The content of Barbara’s history essay was so scanty that

she received a D on it.

306
Memory Check 22
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

restraint robust rhetorical

1. Reese trained __ 2. rowbust __ 3. Rhetoracle __

rigor reticence sanction

4. rigGore __ 5. Rhetasense __ 6. sank shun __

retract saturate scanty

7. Rhet tracked __ 8. satshoreate __ 9. scantea __

satirical sage savory

10. satyr Rickcall __ ‘11. sage __ 12. save Orry __

a. insincere in language g. take back

b. inclination to silence h. a wise person
c. strong i. self-control
d. soak thoroughly j. strictness
e. meager k. tasty; pleasing
f. approve 1. mocking

Showtime 22
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. The astronomer his claim that he had discovered a new

planet in the solar system after he realized that he had made an error
in his observation.
a.tecounted b. rectified c.sanctioned d. retracted e. ratified

. The witness the confession that he had made to the police

after his arrest, saying that he had been upset when he made it.
a. sanctioned b. relegated c.ratified d. repelled e. recanted

. The student found that behind her teacher’s was a highly

emotional man.
a.reserve b. opulence c.rigor d.remorse e. rancor

307
 4. The bikini is a bathing suit named after a coral reef in the
Pacific Ocean where an atom bomb was tested in 1946.
a. rhetorical b.scanty c. satirical d.robust e. redundant

The doctor suggested to her patient that he should exercise

and avoid his favorite foods in order to lose weight.
a. reticence.....saturated
b. quiescence.....scanty
c. restraint.....savory
d. rigor.....savory
e. remorse.....reprehensible

si he expressed his views with because he

believed that truth is something difficult for even a wise person
to know.
a pacifist.....reserve
b. opportunist.....restraint
c. orator.....rigor
d. partisan.....remorse
e. sage.....reticence

The king found the skit about his rule and

ordered everyone involved with it to be jailed.
a. satirical.....reprehensible
b. rhetorical....reprehensible
c. robust.....provincial
d. satirical.....savory
e. rhetorical.....redundant

The United Nations Security Council a. _ military

action by the major powers to prevent the small country from being
conquered by its large, aggressive neighbor.
a. sanctioned.....robust
b. saturated.....raucous
c. retracted.....scanty
d. ratified.....redundant
e. ratified.....scanty :

308
 Cer ScD scrupulous
conscientious;
extremely thorough

Picture this: UNIT 23

screw pull us

ae a UY

YA 4 i
wae a | wif “ TY
eS
, (gtgMmT) TL)
y|
If i

“Can this screw pull us through?

We must make a scrupulous check!”

@ Ralph’s scrupulous preparation for the English test resulted

in his receiving a grade of A.

ll The groundskeeper at the baseball stadium is scrupulous

about maintaining the infield grass but doesn’t bother much
about the outfield grass.

@ Coach Ford’s preparation of our team for the championship

game against State was scrupulous; he made sure that every
detail was perfectly planned.

309
 scrutinize Cities)
examine closely |
and critically

Picture this:
screw tin eyes

!
leme rm

Trainees screw tin eyes on the doors while

the boss scrutinizes their technique.

@ Mandy scrutinized her sister’s appearance and then said,

“I pronounce you ready to go to the dance. You look great.”

™@ During the interrogation the detective scrutinized the

suspect's face for an indication that he was not telling |
the truth about his involvement in the crime.

M@ The computer programmer scrutinized the program that 8

she had written to see if there were any errors in it,

310
 GL ATA seclusion
isolation;
solitude

Picture this:
sick illusion

They say that the old hermit who lives

there believes he’s the last
human on earth.

He lives in seclusion with his sick illusion.

@ The hermit lives in seclusion in a cabin in the mountains.

™ Some writers can do their work with others around, but

others prefer quiet and seclusion.

™@ The scholar went into seclusion so that she could

concentrate on finishing her history of mathematics.

Stl
 servile (Crm a1)
slavish;
submissive

Picture this:
serve vial

AY : (2x Jbl

Sir Vile tells his servile slave to serve

the vial of poison to his guest.

@ People who are used to being nice are sometimes so servile

that they are unable to say “No” to an unreasonable request.

l@ After half the workers in the plant had been laid off, Sally
noticed that some employees were becoming servile in their
relationship with the plant manager.

@ Servants in Victorian England were generally expected to be *

servile toward their employers.

312
 | (slug ish) sluggish
slow; lazy;
lacking energy

Picture this:
slug

Come on, slug, get a move on!

I'm a busy bee, you know.

S
—
ERELY
oly

“A BUING

A sluggish slug pulls Bee’s luggage.

@ The first three laps of the 5,000-meter event was run at

a sluggish pace, but on the fourth lap the state champion
suddenly picked up the pace.

lM Because economic growth has been sluggish, Congress

voted to reduce taxes to try to stimulate spending.

Mi My car was sluggish until I cleaned the carburetor; now it

accelerates like a car in a drag race.

313
 somber (som bur)
gloomy; depressing;
dark; drab

Picture this:
some brrr

“That’s some brrr you have there,”

he says to the somber bird.

@ The somber mood in the room when I returned told me

that something terrible had happened.

@ The atmosphere was somber in party headquarters as news

of the landslide defeat came in.

@ The president looked somber as he announced that war had

broken out between our nation and another nation. J

314
 (sop uhrifik) soporific
| sleep-causing;
marked by sleepiness

Picture this:
Soap Horrific

He used to fall asleep

in the bath until he tried
“Soap Horrific.”

Soap Horrific. Soap that’s not soporific.

@ Terri finds nothing more soporific than listening to classical

music; she’s usually asleep before the end of the first
movement of a symphony.

lM If you have trouble getting to sleep, try reading a long,

boring, soporific book.

@Alot of guys find “chick flicks” soporific because there's

too much talk and not enough action.

aUS
 sporadic (spuh rad ik)
occurring
irregularly

Picture this:
spore addict

What is that man doing?

He's waiting for spores
to come by, so he
can catch them.

Sim, mee,
2
RX SS} we gE Aw Al|\\ |
] mw Wt! f
ne E

The spore addict waits for sporadic spores.

@ The advancing army met sporadic enemy resistance, but it

used heavy artillery barrages to destroy these few units that
were still putting up a fight.

l@ Although there have only been sporadic outbreaks of flu

this winter, government health officials are monitoring the
situation carefully.

@ The military announced that they had taken complete

control of the enemy city; however, sporadic gunfire could
still be heard in some areas.
316
 Coates stagnant
| motionless;
stale; dull

Picture this:
Stag ’n’ Ant

XXX)
XXX? cull
| ROH
es
KKK
MI

“URI
Stagnant business at the Stag ’n’ Ant.

™ During the long drought all that was left of Lake Weir was
stagnant water one foot deep.

™ The government reported that economic growth had been

stagnant during the last quarter of the year and that
measures were therefore being considered to stimulate
the economy.

lM Fewer people have beer investing in the stock market

recently because it’s been stagnant the last few months.

o07
 stol id (stol id) |

showing little emotion

Picture this:
stole lid

a
eee NW yy
WDSw Z,\ cs

Yl WILL.
Lijlligendy
yy ———— En

the chef remains stolid.

M@Awaiting sentencing, the convicted man could get no hint of

his fate from the stolid expression on the judge’s face.

@ Behind the banker’s stolid, conservative appearance is a man

whose hobby is parachuting from airplanes and who uses
weekends for nonstop partying.

@ The commander, remaining stolid despite the heavy ’

causalities his unit had suffered in the assault, ordered a
fresh attack.

318
 REE. strident
| loud and harsh;
insistent

Picture this:
S.S. Trident

The S.S. Trident lets out a strident Wall,

M™ Demands by shareholders for the removal of the chairman

of the company from his position became more strident
after it was learned that he had covered up the company’s
large losses.

lM Despite strident protests from environmentalists, the plan

to build a dam in the conservation area was approved by
the government.

™@ Calls from the alumni for the head football coach to resign
grew more strident after the team finished with a record
of two wins and eleven losses. 6
 stupefied (stoo puh fide)
made numb;
stunned; amazed

Picture this:
stoop if I’d

a a NE AN

“Td always sit on the stoop if ’'d been stupefied

by a wild ride with the guys from McBride.”

@ After a barrage of punches had left the boxer stupefied, the

referee stepped in and stopped the fight.

lM The soldiers were stupefied by the ferocious artillery barrage

their unit came under.

@ We stood stupefied, watching the gigantic UFO descend.

320
Memory Check 23
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

sporadic somber seclusion

1. sporeaddict __ 2. somebrrr __ 3. sickillusion __

servile stolid stupefied

4. serve vial __ 5. stolelid __ 6. stoopif?d __

soporific scrutinize strident

7. Soap Horrific __ 8. screwtineyes __ 9. S.S. Trident __

stagnant scrupulous sluggish

10. Stag’n Ant ___—_—‘i11. screwpullus __ 12. slug __

a. motionless g. sleep-causing
b. examine closely h. occurring irregularly
c. stunned i. slow
d. solitude j. loud and harsh
e. gloomy k. extremely thorough
f. slavish I. showing little emotion

Showtime 23
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Tammy says that most of the books she uses to prepare for the SAT
are so that she can’t stay awake for long enough to learn
much from them.
a. scrupulous b.sporadic c.stupefied d.strident e. soporific

. Although Tammy’s parents are worried because their daughter will

receive her SAT results very soon, they remain , trying
to control their feelings.
a. scrupulous b. stolid c.somber d.servile e. sluggish

. Tammy’s parents didn’t expect her to be in following their

instructions to prepare thoroughly for the SAT, but they did expect
her to make a reasonably good effort.
a.somber b.scrupulous c.soporific d. sporadic e. strident
321
4. Tammy had a look on her face after she spent an entire
weekend trying to memorize all 3,500 words on the Barron’s SAT word list.
a. strident b.stagnant c.stupefied d.sporadic e. scrupulous

. Tammy’s parents thought it unlikely that she had studied the SAT
preparation books they had bought for her ; they had seen
her make a effort to study but were worried that this
preparation wouldn't be enough to help her get a good score.
a. somberly.....strident

e. satirically.....sporadic

. Tammy says that SAT critical reading questions dealing with

techniques are the most difficult because intellectual is
required to answer them correctly.
a. satirical.....reticence
b. rhetorical.....rigor
c. stolid.....seclusion
d. redundant.....profusion
e. satirical.....quiescence

. After Tammy received her SAT results, she went into her room to
them in
a. scrutinize.....seclusion
b. sanction.....saturate
c. retract.....seclusion
d. rectify.....reticence
e. scrutinize.....profusion

. Tammy’s parents were as they waited for her to tell them

how she had done on the SAT; although they had been
in their insistence that she study hard for the test, they were afraid
that she had not done enough preparation.
a. sombet.....strident
b. servile.....sporadic :
c. sluggish.....scrupulous
d. stolid.....stagnant
e. stupefied.....raucous
322
 (sub side)

settle down; descend;

grow quiet

Picture this: UNIT 24

sub side

° — -
—=>_— a)

@ After the argument, Jean’s anger subsided, and she

apologized to her friend for having been rude.

Mi The excitement in our school about winning the state

football championship has finally subsided three months
after the victory.

@ After the floodwaters subsided, the farmer surveyed the

damage the flood had caused to his crops.

323
 superficial a
Cay at)
concerned only with
the obvious; shallow;
near the surface j
Picture this:
super facial

Our Superfacial clears

Wow, not even one all superficial ones.
blemish left!

ff} () Wf
\
rA\

A super facial will clear all superficial blemishes.

@ Because his injury was only superficial, our quarterback was

able to return to the game after receiving some treatment.

@ My English teacher expects us to analyze in depth the poems

we studied; he gives little credit for a superficial analysis.

@ Only very talented novelists have the ability to give readers

more than a superficial picture of the characters in their 2

books.

324
 (soo pur floo us) superfluous
unnecessary; excessive;
overabundant

Picture this:
Super Flu us

t >
Ui, Le WT MW
WyY) Tf LM UM Way
WM, MA.
VWME)
UT LE
Ne
WI MIS
I
TM)
UY

SS

—_S\\ yj
FR
y
( ii
1 Ni
ve = Sy Ye Zo
a VW
— by Vl

“The Super Flu left us with

superfluous tissues.”

@ When writing your answer on a test, you should avoid

superfluous comments and just stick to the important
points.

@ This film has already received hundreds of glowing reviews;

any more would be superfluous.

@ This dessert is made of chocolate ice cream, chocolate

mousse, chocolate fudge, and chocolate chips; would some
chocolate topping be superfluous?

325
 surfeit CTD
indulge to excess
in anything

Picture this:
Surf It

Gosh, I’m=e
stuffed!
~A—*~ _ Take it away.
| can’t eat anymore,

At Waikiki’s Surf It, they are

surfeited with Surf ’n’ Turf.

M@ Between Christmas Day and New Year’s Day every year,

television viewers are surfeited with college football bowl
games.

M@ Tom’s appetite for computer games was surfeited after he

played them practically nonstop over the summer vacation.

™ There has been a surfeit of movies this year with a female

superhero in the leading role.

326
 (sur up tish us) surreptitious
done in a secret
way; hidden

Picture this:
Sir Repetitious

| must be surreptitious.
| must be surreptitious.
| must be surreptitious.
| must be surreptitious.
| must be <==
i | must be Pe

Sir Repetitious in a surreptitious operation.

We have to be surreptitious in preparing Dad’s surprise

party so he doesn’t become suspicious of what we’re doing.

Ml The movie star made a surreptitious exit through the back

door of the studio to avoid reporters.

M@ The intelligence officer surreptitiously monitored the

enemy naval operation from his hidden observation post.

327
 sycophant rae rays
self-seeker who tries to | ;
gain favor by flattering
important people;
bootlicker Picture this:
sick of aunt

| think you’re the most handsome, bravest and

smartest prince in history.
Of course you still need
my advice, so | want you
to raise my spending
money
to one
million
a year...

Sick of his aunt—a slick sycophant—

he booted her out of his castle.

@ Val is a shameless sycophants; she is constantly telling her

boss that his ideas are the best ideas that anyone has ever
had and that he should be the president of the company.

M@ Hoping to get the best mark in the class, the sycophant

flattered his teacher at every opportunity.

lf Fed up with all the sycophants around him always agreeing

with everything he said, the CEO screamed at them, “Stop
saying ‘Yes’ to everything I say!” “Yes,” they all replied in
unison.
328
 (tan tuh mount) tantamount
equivalent in
effect or value

Picture this:
Tant a mount

PRETTY CLOSE)

a ALPACA
S Li = | 10 |no <=(HTS
o

Dp
wns

Using Tant as a mount to ascend El Pico in Peru is

tantamount to saying alpacas’ rights are few!

@ In Mr. Rogers’ math class, any remark that suggests the

slightest bit of disrespect for the wonders of mathematics is
regarded as tantamount to saying that studying the subject
is a waste of time.

@ The political party that Mr. Stevens belongs to is so

dominant in this county that winning its nomination for
an office is tantamount to winning the office itself.

™@ The harsh threat that the government made to the leaders of

the neighboring country is tantamount to a declaration
of war. i
 tenacity (tuh nas th tee) |

firmness;
persistence

Picture this:
ten a city

With great tenacity, the spacecraft

continue their attack, ten to a city.

li If you have enough tenacity, you can learn all 300 vocabulary
words in this book.

@ Carol demonstrated remarkable tenacity in achieving her

goal of receiving a perfect score on the SAT; she studied for
an hour every day for a year, never allowing herself to be
distracted.

M@ Thomas Edison showed incredible tenacity in his invention

of the lightbulb; he tried thousands of substances in the
filament before finding one that worked properly.
330
 (tuh res tree ul) terrestrial]

| related to the earth;

pertaining to the land
Picture this:
Terrace tree all

These guys seem

to have the same Yeah, but our burgers
tastes as we do... are better
pizza, cheeseburgers, than theirs.

To the Terrace tree, all terrestrials

are taken for tasting.

@ Astronomers using terrestrial optical telescopes to observe

the heavens often complain that light from man-made
sources is making it increasingly difficult for them to see
very faint objects clearly.

@ Terrestrial tracking stations around the world observe the

course of probes sent from Earth to explore the solar system.

@ Some people believe that: money spent on the space program

should instead be spent to solve terrestrial problems.

331
 th readbare (thred bare)
worn through till
the threads show;
shabby and poor
Picture this:
Thread Bear

WB

Thread Bear takes orders

from threadbare customers.

® Jack’s wife tells him that wearing threadbare suits to work

makes him look poor; Jack’s reply is, “I will be poor if I have
to keep buying new suits.”

li Since my favorite sweater has become threadbare, I'll have

to buy a new one.

™@ Amber is really good at sewing; she took a threadbare :

dress she got in the second-hand store and made it look
practically new.

332
 CET) tirade
extended scolding;
long angry speech
denouncing something
Picture this:
tie raid

Why on earth did you

sneak in here and
steal a tie?
It’s unbelievable.
Mark my words,
young man,
QUELLE you will be
punished for
this!
These ties are
like gold to me.
| can’t believe...

A tirade at the tie raid.

lM Fed up with his wife’s spending on clothes, Mr. Banks began

a tirade against modern fashion and the stupidity of people
conforming to it.

™@ The magazine editorial is basically a tirade by the retiring

publisher against the declining quality of reporting in
newspapers and magazines.

® After Simon failed French, his father launched into a tirade

about how he had a son who was too lazy to study and
would never succeed like his father had.
333
 torpor (tore pur)
physical or mental
inactivity; sluggishness;
dormancy
Picture this:
tour pour

ijwu
if
Mf
Way
if
(fA
My“iy

During the tour when it started to pour,

they fell into a deep torpor.

lM In the spring, the snake began to recover from its winter

torpor and went in search of a good breakfast.

My physics teacher asked the class to shake itself out of its

mental torpor and really think about the problem.

@ The hot, humid weather has induced in everyone a torpor

that makes it difficult to do much of anything at all. :

334
Memory Check 24
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

sycophant superfluous threadbare

1. sick of aunt __ 2. SuperFluus _ 3. ThreadBear _

tantamount subside tenacity

4. Tantamount __ 5. subside __ 6. tenacity __

surfeit surreptitious tirade

7. SurfIt 8. Sir Repetitious __—- 99. ~tieraid ___

terrestrial superficial torpor

10. Terracetreeall __ 11. superfacial _ (12. tourpour __

a. sluggishness g. equal in effect

b. shallow h. worn through
c. indulge to excess i. related to the earth
d. bootlicker j. unnecessary
e. settle down k. persistence
f. extended scolding |. done in a secret way

Showtime 24
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. When you go camping, don’t drink water from streams

because there could be harmful bacteria or other organisms in them.
a. superficial b. threadbare c. stagnant
d. terrestrial e. superfluous

. In writing your college admissions essays, avoid including

words that don’t add anything to your story and message.
a. surreptitious b. superfluous c. threadbare
d. strident e. tantamount

. Jim’s date for the formal was horrified when he showed up at her
house wearing a suit that looked like it had been handed
down to him by his grandfather.
a. superficial b.servile c.superfluous d. threadbare e. savory
335
4. In the spring, hibernating bears come out of their winter
and start hunting for food.
a.tenacity b.surfeit c.torpor d.tirade e. reticence

. The class is well-known for doing anything he can to butter

up teachers; he doesn’t even bother to flatter them
a. sycophant.....superfluously
b. terrestrial.....superficially
c. sage.....sporadically
d. rancor.....surreptitiously
e. sycophant.....surreptitiously

. Tammy’s mother bought a of SAT preparation books for

her daughter, most of which now sit in a big pile on the floor, unused
because Tammy thinks their explanations are too to be
of much help.
a. surfeit.....superficial
b. torpor.....threadbare
c. seclusion.....superfluous
d. quagmire.....superficial
e. tirade.....tantamount

. After Tammy admitted that she hadn’t studied her SAT prep books
for two weeks, her father launched into a , saying that she had
better start studying or he wouldn't help pay for her to go to college;
Tammy waited, hoping that her father’s anger would
a. sycophant.....subside
b. surfeit.....scrutinize
c. tirade.....subside
d. torpor.....retract
e. sage.....relegate

. Dave's progress in preparing for the SAT has been because

he lacks the to stick to a regular plan of study.
a. sporadic.....tenacity
b. superficial.....seclusion
c. superfluous.....tenacity
d. surreptitious.....reticence
e. sluggish.....tenacity

336
 omy) trifling
trivial;
unimportant

Picture this:

Oh, please,
can we try
"Try Fling’?

frat)
<
Se
CS
—
eA Se

Try Fling is too trifling for the Frisbee Champ.

™@ The poet was unconcerned with what he considered the

trifling fact that his readership consisted of only his wife,
her brother, and three friends.

@ One thousand dollars may bea trifling sum to a millionaire,

but to a poor family it’s enough money to buya lot of
necessities such as food and clothing. |

li Beth refused her friend’s offer to pay back the $3 she had
borrowed for parking, saying it was just a trifling amount
of money.
337
 truncate COTE CTY
shorten; cut ,
the top off

Picture this:
trunk Kate

The tree they did truncate—

so, by the trunk Kate wept.

@ When his English teacher handed out the 1,000-page novel

for the class to start reading, Larry piped up, “Can’t we read
the truncated version instead?”

M@ My pleasant conversation with an old friend was truncated

by an important telephone call.

® Network television officials decided to truncate the broadcast

of the football game because it had gone on way past the
time scheduled for it and would interfere with the broadcast
of a feature movie.

338
 (Caml turmoil
great commotion
and confusion

Picture this:
term oil

Burn this throughout

the term as an aid
to concentration.

He burns the term oil, ignoring the turmoil outside. |

M Adolescence is often regarded as a time of emotional turmoil.

@ There was turmoil in the political party after its most

influential and respected member announced that he was
quitting the party and joining the opposing party.

™ Turmoil ensued when a bomb was found under aseat at

the rock concert.

339
 undermine Cua ae
weaken; sap |

Picture this:
under mine

6TH GRADE

| em
fn
. eee
ee
LL
r’

x
“They put the cockroach under mine
to undermine my entry!”

@ Rod’s efforts to improve his vocabulary were undermined

by his refusal to reinforce his learning by reading some good
books and magazines.

l™@ It’s very important that a teacher’s authority over his or her
class not be undermined.

lM The prosecutor’s case was undermined when the star

witness admitted that she may have been mistaken in her
identification of the accused.

340
 GMM maim meey) un ifo rm ity

| sameness

Picture this:
uniform at tea

They wear the uniform at tea

to promote uniformity.

@ The pollster found a great uniformity of views on the

central issues confronting the nation; on less important
issues, however, there was a great diversity of views.

i The editor of the encyclopedia tries to maintain a uniformity

of style from article to article so that the reader will be able
to focus on the information itself rather than on how it’s
presented.

Ml The company doesn’t expect uniformity in dress, but it

does expect employees to dress appropriately and not wear
outlandish outfits to work. 34]
 unwarranted (un war un tid)
unjustified; groundless; ;
undeserved

Picture this:
a warrant Ted

| know | copied my biology

lab as Slee S:but
this is ridiculous.
This is cool.
Ken and Bill
make great

i |i
ea mee

“A warrant?” Ted asked. “That’s unwarranted.”

@ In seeking answers to questions about nature, a scientist

must be careful not to make unwarranted assumptions.

@ Jason was apologetic after it turned out that his accusation

was unwarranted.

@ The assumption that any tall person can be a good as

player is unwarranted.

342
 CEVA Tate vaporize
turn into
vapor

Picture this:
vapor eyes

= gSaal
rhee ‘

ANNA
He
Hh {|aK}

The girl with vapor eyes will vaporize you!

®@ Military planners are working on a space-based weapon

that would be able to vaporize entire cities with a burst of
high energy.

lM After taking measurements of the Sun’s high-energy radiation,

the space probe plunged toward the Sun’s surface and was
vaporized.

@ At the end of the science fiction movie, the hero fired a

gigantic ray gun at the hostile aliens, vaporizing them.

343
 viable (vi uh bul)
practical or workable;
capable of maintaining life

Picture this:
Vye a bull

(A)
at Come on and ride one, Vye!
ty 7%
Bi i

5 | (S
P oat )
> hse
i I'm afraid | can’t.

It’s just not viable. Vye is not able to ride a bull.

™@ Education experts recommended that the school reduce

average class size from thirty to twenty, but the school board
said it was not economically viable.

@ Engineers are working to create a viable alternative to

petroleum-driven cars that would cause less pollution.

@ NASA decided that the plan to establish a colony on Neptune

is not a viable one given the nation’s existing level of
technology.

344
 _ (vur choo oh so) Virtuoso
highly skilled
artist

Picture this:
virtue oh so

This virtuoso has a virtue oh so rare—

he spreads cheer far and near.

™ Jimi Hendrix was a guitar virtuoso who developed a new

style of playing that still influences musicians today.

™@ The actor gave a virtuoso one-man performance: One

moment he was an interesting Hamlet, the other a totally
believable King Lear.

® Our school’s all-state forward turned in a virtuoso

performance last night, scoring thirty-two points, dishing
out eight assists, pulling down twelve rebounds, and forcing
six turnovers.
345
 virulent Tae CT a e
extremely poisonous;
hostile; bitter

Picture this:
Vye roo* lent

She misses her

kangaroo.
She lent
it to a guy
named Guy,
and it
caught a
really bad
virus and

Poor Vye. The roo she lent Guy got

a virulent virus and died.

@ The virulent computer virus spread very rapidly around the

world through the World Wide Web.

@ A particularly virulent strain of flu is spreading rapidly

around the world.

@ Researchers working with virulent microorganisms are

required to take many precautions so that the microorganisms P
don’t get out of the laboratory and infect people or animals.

* Roo is informal Australian for kangaroo.

346
 (hwim zih kul) | whimsical
unpredictable;
fanciful

Picture this:
whim* sickle

On a whim he took upasickle

to create whimsical shapes.

@ The movie The Wizard of Oz displays a whimsical sense

of humor that appeals to both children and adults.

Ml When he was feeling whimsical, the science fiction writer

Isaac Asimov enjoyed writing limericks—short, humorous,
often nonsensical verse.

@ Sabrina was in one of her whimsical moods: “Let’s do

something different today,” she said to her boyfriend. “Let's
act out a scene from Rémeo and Juliet in Mr. Harrison’s
physics class.”
* A whim is a capricious desire. 347
 zealot (zel ut)
fanatic; person who
shows excessive zeal

Picture this:
Z lot

A Z lot zealot admiring his Zs.

®@ In his book The True Believer, Eric Hoffer argued that

political zealots are often motivated by a need to
compensate for a feeling of personal inadequacy.

® Senator Smith is a zealot when it comes to the issue of

conservation; she supports far more measures to protect
the environment than anyone else in Congress.

™@ Uncle Rick could be regarded as a zealot when it comes

to supporting his political party; he has voted for all the
candidates of his party in every election since 1975.
348
Memory Check 25
Match each word and its link to the corresponding definition.

undermine vaporize virulent

1. under mine __ 2. vaporeyes __ 3. Vyeroolent __

viable trifling uniformity

4, Vyeabuli __ 5. Try Fling __ 6. uniform attea __

turmoil truncate virtuoso

7.termoil __ 8. trunk Kate __ 9. virtueohso __

unwarranted whimsical zealot

10. awarrant Ted _——‘111. whimsickle _—s-_—«-‘112. Ziot __

a. shorten g. sameness
b. weaken h. turn into vapor
c. fanatic i. highly skilled artist
d. unjustified j. unimportant
e. highly poisonous k. fanciful
f. practical ]. commotion

Showtime 25
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the word or set of words
that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. in the layout of a newspaper makes it easy for readers to

locate the type of article they want to read in each issue.
a. Seclusion b.Virtuoso c. Uniformity d. Tenacity e. Penury

. Beth is sucha when it comes to supporting her favorite

political candidate that she gave up her job to work full time as a
volunteer in his campaign.
a. zealot b.virtuoso c.turmoil d.sycophant e. sage

. The editor of the 1,000-page novel decided to it because she

felt that a 700-page book would be more popular with readers.
a. vaporize b.undermine c,subside d.truncate e. scrutinize

349
 . The prime minister regarded the statement by the president of the
neighboring country that “Any necessary measures would be taken”
as to a declaration of war.
a. virulent b.tantamount c. unwarranted d. trifling e. viable -

. My English teacher is always reminding the class not to make

assumptions in our essays and to make sure that any ideas that we
suggest for improving society are
a. whimsical.....superficial
b. trifling.....superfluous
c. unwarranted.....viable
d. viable.....undermined
e. virulent.....unwarranted

. The success of our group project was by the fact that

we could never agree on anything, so there was always
in the group.
a. undermined.....turmoil
b. vaporized.....uniformity
c. truncated.....tirades
d. stupefied.....restraint
e. scrutinized.....virtuosos

- Military planners believe that space-based weapons can be developed

that will be able to almost instantly ___ targets.
a. truncate.....viable
b. repel.....unwarranted
c. undermine.....whimsical
d. subside.....trifling
e. vaporize.....terrestrial

. Although she was a violin , Alice did make two

mistakes in her recital.
a. zealot.....trifling
b. sycophant.....unwarranted
c. zealot.....superfluous
d. virtuoso.....trifling :
e. hedonist..... whimsical

350
ANSWERS

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352
Quiz 21 Quiz 24
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Quiz 23
MEMORY CHECK
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WORD LIST

abstemious AB’S STEAMY US authoritarian ARTHUR TARIAN

abstract AB’S TRACT autonomous AW TONO MUST
abstruse AB’S TRUCE avarice HAVEARICE ~*
acclaim A CLAIM aversion A VERSION
accolade A COAL AIDE beguile BE GUY ILL
acknowledge KNOWLEDGE belie BEE LIE
acquiesce AQUA S benevolent BEN NEVER LENT
adulation A DUEL NATION benign BEE 9
adversary ADD VERSE SARI bolster BOWL STIR
adversity ADVERSE CITY bombastic BOMB’S TICK
advocate AD VOTE KATE braggart BRAG ART
aesthetic S THAT TICK cajole CAJUN JOEL
affable AF A BULL calculated CALCULATE TED
affirmation A FIRM MATE candor CAN DOOR
aggregate A GRAY GATE capricious CAPRI
alleviate A LEAP HE ATE censure CENT SORE
aloof A LOOFA charlatan CHARLOTTE TAN
altruistic AL TRUE HIS STICK coalesce COAL-LESS
ambiguous AM BIG YOU US colloquial CALL OAK WE ALL
ambivalence AM BEV VALENCE compile COME PILE
amorphous AM ORPHOUS complacency COME PLACE CENTS
analogous ANNA LOW GUS HE
anarchist ANNA KISSED compliance COME PLY ANTS
animosity ANIMAL CITY composure CALM POSE SURE
anomaly ANN O’MALLEY comprehensive COME PRE-HENS
antagonism ANT TAG ON concede CONS’ SEED
antediluvian AUNTY DILL LUVIN’ conciliatory CON’S SILLY STORY
antidote AUNTY DOTES concise CONS’ ICE
antiquated AUNTY EQUATED conflagration CON FLAG RATION
apathy A PATH HE confound CON FOUND
appease O’ PEAS contend CON TENDS
apprehension A PRE-HEN contentious CONTENT SHUSH
arbitrary OUR BIT RARE conviction CONVICT SHUN
archaic ARK K—ICK! cordial CORD JILL
ardent ARE DENTS corrode CAR RODE
arrogance ARROW DANCE criterion CRY TEAR ON
articulate Ryd; Gy LE cryptic CRYPT TICK
artifact ART A FACT culpable COOL PEBBLE
artisan ART IS SIN cursory CURSE SORRY
ascendancy ASCEND DANCE debilitate DA BILL IT ATE
ascetic A SET TICK decorum DECOR ROOM
aspire A SPIRE degradation “D” GRADE DATE SHUN
assiduous ACID CHEW US deplore DEEP LORE
assuage AS SUE AGED depravity DEEP RABBIT HE
astute AS TOOT deprecate DEP-WRECK 8
attribute A TRIBUTE deride DEER RIDE :
audacious ALL DAY SHUSH derivative . DEAR RIVER
austere AUSSIE TEAR deterrent DEBT HER RENT
354
digression TIGRESS SHUN hamper HAMPER
diligence DILL GENTS hardy HARD D
disclose DISC CLOSE haughtiness HAW TEEN S
discount DISC COUNT hedonist HEED DON IS
discriminating DISC CRIMINAL heresy HAIR-A-SEA
disdain DIS DANE hierarchy HIGHER ARK HE
disinclination DIS INCLINE NATION homogeneous HOME O GENIUS
dismiss DIS MISS hyperbole HYPER BOWL
disperse DIS PURSE hypocritical HIPPO CRITICAL
disputatious DISPUTE 8 JUST iconoclastic IKE KONO’S CLASS
dissent DIS SCENT ignominy A GNOME MINNIE
divergent DI VERGE GENT illusory A LEW SORRY
document DOC U MEANT immutable A MUTE TABLE
dogmatic DOG MAT TICK impair IMP PAIR
duplicity DO PLEASE CITY impeccable IMP PECK A BULL
eclectic ELECTRIC implement IMP LAMENT
egotism E GOAT IS HIM impudence IMP YOU DANCE
elated EEL:ATE TED inadvertent IN ADVERT TENT
élegy A. LEDGE HE incite IN SIGHT
elusive A LOOSE SIEVE inclusive IN CLUES IF
embellish EM BELL incongruous IN CONGRESS
emulate EM YOU'RE LATE inconsequential IN CON SEQUENCE
endorse END HORSE SHALL
enmity N MITT HE incorrigible ENCOURAGE A BULL
ephemeral A FEM MURAL indifferent IN DIFFERENT
equivocal EQUALLY VOCAL induce IN DUECE
erroneous EAR RONI US ingenious IN GENIUS
eulogy YULE LOG G inherent IN HER AUNT
evanescent EVEN A SCENT innate IN NATE
exalt X SALT innocuous IN A QUEUE US
execute X, A CUTE innovation INN OVATION
exemplary EXEMPT LARRY instigate INN’S TEA GATE
exemplify EXAMPLE IF I insularity INN SUE-LARRY TEA
exhaustive EXHAUST STEVE integrity IN TEA GRITTY
explicit XK,-PLEASE SIT intimidate INTIMATE DATE
extol X STOLE intrepid IN TRIP HEED
extricate EXTRA KATE ironic TRON NICK
exuberance X, YOU BEAR ANTS jocular JOCK CALLER
facilitate FAST-ILL IT ATE lament LAMB MEANT
fallow FOWL LOW lavish LAUGH FISH
falter FAULT HER linger LYNN GERE
fanaticism FANATIC IS EM listless LIST-LESS
fastidious FAST HIDEOUS lofty LOFT HE
feasible FEES A BULL meander ME AND HER
flagrant FLAG RANT mercenary MYRRH SCENERY
furtive FIR TIFF meticulous MET TICKLE US
garrulous GAR RULE US miserly MISER LEE
glacial GULIE LAY SHELL mitigate MITT A GATE
glutton GLUT TON morose MORE ROSE
gregarious GREG ARIUS mosaic MOST SAY ICK
guile GUY ILL mundane MONDAY
gullible GULL-A-BULL munificent MOON IF 1 SENT
355
nefarious NEFF FERRY US rescind REESE SENT
nonchalance NON SHELL LANCE reserve REESE SERVE
notoriety NOTO RIOT HE resigned REESE SIGNED
novelty NOVEL TEA restraint REESE TRAINED
nurture NEAR SHORE reticence RHET A SENSE
obliterate OB LETTER EIGHT retract RHET TRACKED
oblivion OB LIVE EON rhetorical RHET ORACLE
obscure OB’S CURE rigor RIG GORE
obstinate OB STUN EIGHT robust ROW BUST
ominous O’ MINUS sage SAGE
opportunist A PORT TUNIS sanction SANK SHUN
opulence OPAL LANCE satirical SATYR RICK CALL
orator OAR RATER saturate SAT SHORE ATE
ornate OAR NATE savory SAVE ORRY
pacifist PASS A FIST scanty SCAN TEA
parody PAIR READY scrupulous SCREW PULL US
partisan PARTY SIN scrutinize SCREW TIN EYES
paucity PAW CITY seclusion SICK ILLUSION
penury PEN YURI servile SERVE VIAL
peripheral PEAR FOR ALL sluggish SLUG
perpetuate PURR PET YOU ATE somber SOME BRRR
phenomena FIN OMEN—AHHH! soporific SOAP HORRIFIC
pithy PIT HE sporadic SPORE ADDICT
placate PLAY CATE stagnant STAG ‘N’ ANT
polemical POLAR MICK CALL stolid STOLE LID
ponderous POND HER RUSS strident S.S. TRIDENT
pretentious PRETEND SHUSH stupefied STOOP IF ’D
prodigal PROD A GULL subside SUB SIDE
profusion PRO FUSION superficial SUPER FACIAL
proliferation PRO LIFT HER RATION superfluous SUPER FLU US
provincial PROVINCE SHALL surfeit SURE IT
quagmire QUACK MYER surreptitious SIR REPETITIOUS
querulous QUEER RULE US sycophant SICK OF AUNT
quiescence QWEE ESSENCE tantamount TANT A MOUNT
ramble RAM BULL tenacity TEN A CITY
rancor RANK CORE terrestrial TERRACE TREE ALL
rant RA ANT threadbare THREAD BEAR
rarefied RARE IF PD tirade TIE RAID
ratify RAT IF I torpor TOUR POUR
raucous RAW CUZ trifling TRY FLING
ravenous RAVEN US truncate TRUNK KATE
raze RAYS turmoil TERM OIL
recant RICK CAN’T undermine UNDER MINE
recount RICK COUNT uniformity UNIFORM AT TEA
rectify WRECKED IF I unwarranted A WARRANT TED
redundant REDONE DENT vaporize VAPOR EYES
relegate RELIC EIGHT viable VYE A BULL
remorse RIM HORSE virtuoso VIRTUE OH SO
repel REAP HELL virulent VYE ROO LENT
reprehensible REP PRE-HENS SIBYL whimsical WHIM SICKLE *
repudiate REP YOU’D DATE zealot Z LOT

356
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