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The lab report details an experiment on the frequency response of a cascade BJT amplifier, highlighting the impact of different capacitors on gain across various frequencies. It includes a theoretical background, required equipment, procedures, data tables, and a graph illustrating the relationship between normalized gain and frequency. The results indicate that the amplifier achieves maximum gain in the mid-frequency range, while low and high frequencies result in significantly reduced gain.

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8 views5 pages

2 11.02.02 AM

The lab report details an experiment on the frequency response of a cascade BJT amplifier, highlighting the impact of different capacitors on gain across various frequencies. It includes a theoretical background, required equipment, procedures, data tables, and a graph illustrating the relationship between normalized gain and frequency. The results indicate that the amplifier achieves maximum gain in the mid-frequency range, while low and high frequencies result in significantly reduced gain.

Uploaded by

marmasunmoon9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heaven’s Light Is Our Guide

RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering


LAB REPORT

Course Title : Analog Electronic Circuits-II Sessional


Course No : ECE-2106
Name Of The : Studying Frequency of Cascade BJT Amplifier.
Experiment

Date Of Submission : 16-04-2025

Submitted By Submitted To
Name : Sanumong Marma Moloy Kumar Ghosh

Roll : 2210061 Lecturer


Department of ECE
Series : 22
RUET
Experiment No-02
Experiment Name: Studying Frequency of Cascade BJT Amplifier.
Theory: When frequency response of a transistor amplifier is analyzed, the circuit elements
present ion that circuit is selected first. Of all the passive elements, only inductor & capacitor are
frequency dependent as their effective reactance varies with frequency. In a transistor amplifier
circuit, the capacitors used are coupling capacitor, bypass capacitor. Due to some other properties,
there can be seen some other capacitance in the circuit. Some of them are: Parasitic capacitance,
wiring capacitance, Miller capacitance. While the coupling and bypass capacitance are in the
micro-Farad range, the other 3 are in pico-Farad range. As the capacitors/capacitances are
frequency dependent, they will give different values of effective reactance with varying
frequencies. The following chart shows an example of 2 capacitors’ reactance at different
frequencies.

Frequency (Hz) 1pF, Xc (W) 1uF, Xc (W)


1 1.59E+11 Range Of lesser 159155 Range of possibl
10 1.59E+10 concern ~Open 15915 effect
100 1.59E+09 circuit 1591.5
1000 1.59E+08 equivalent 159.15
10000 15915457 15.915 Range of lesser
100000 1591546 Range of 1.5915 concern ~Short
1E+06 159154.6 Possible effect 0.1592 circuit
1E+08 1591.546 0.0016 equivalent

Table 1: Reactance at different frequencies


As it can be seen that the micro-Farad capacitor has lesser concern in higher frequency and the
reverse happens for the pico-Farad range capacitor, the amplifier will give high gain in mid-range.
In lower and higher range, the amplifier will give very low gain. The reason is evident from the
chart.

Required Equipment:
• Transistor (BC 547, 2 pieces)
• Resistor (58k, 10k, 4.7k, 1.2k, 2 pieces each)
• Capacitor (10 μF, 3 pieces, 100 μF, 1 piece)
• DC voltage source (14.7 V)
• AC signal generator (1 piece)
• Breadboard
• Jumper wires
• Oscilloscope
Required Software:
• MatLab
• MS word

Circuit Diagram:

Circuit Diagram: Fig 1: Cascade Mu


Procedure:
• Connections were made exactly as the previous experiment.
• It was checked if the amplifier was working properly by checking the DC biasing.
• For different frequencies, the gains of the amplifier were calculated and recorder.
• Several data were taken to ensure more accurate result as per theory.
Data Table:
Sl. No. Frequency, First Second Total Total Normalized
Hz Stage Stage Gain, Gain, Gain, Avn =
Gain, Gain, Avc = Av Av/150
Av1 Av2 Av1*Av2
1 26 7.27 1.5 10.905 11.43 0.076
2 32.04 7.27 1.75 12.723 12.73 0.085
3 79.65 6.67 4.25 28.348 25.6 0.171
4 97.24 7.27 4.75 34.533 36.36 0.242
5 141.69 6.67 7.63 50.892 52.78 0.352
6 151.6 7.27 8 58.16 60 0.4
7 225.6 6.67 12.25 81.708 71.67 0.478
8 296.76 4.48 18.54 83.059 86.43 0.576
9 324.3 6.15 16.85 103.63 103.08 0.687
10 1493 4.47 36.56 163.42 150 1
11 1800 3.65 39.53 144.28 147.34 0.982

Graph:

Fig: Normalized Gain vs Frequency Graph


Normalized gain vs Frequency:

Calculation: Using the interp1 function in MATLAB, the cutoff frequency can be easily found.
Using the ginput() function, we can get the intersection where gain is 0.707. This way, the values
of the cutoff frequency are as:
Lower cutoff frequency = 850 Hz
Upper cutoff frequency = 101MHz

Result:
Maximum gain = 150
Lower cutoff frequency = 850 Hz
Upper cutoff frequency = 101MHz
In low and very high frequency, the gain is very low compared to mid-range of input signal
frequency.

Discussion: As discussed in the theory section, in low frequency, the coupling and bypass
capacitors come into effect as they have reasonable reactance while the parasitic & wiring
capacitance has reactance that are ignorable. In mid-range of frequency, both the capacitance has
reactance that has to be counted. And again, in very high frequency, parasitic, wiring capacitance
comes into effect and the coupling and bypass capacitance are ignored because of their effective
capacitance. If we plot the gain against the input frequency, we get a graph as above which
represents the frequency response of a transistor amplifier.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the amplifier gives high gain in mid-range of input signal frequency
as at that range while in very low and very high frequency, due the different capacitance’s
characteristics, the amplifier gives very low gain.

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