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1 The Electroencephalogram - A Brief Background 1

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Rachel Berry
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68 views3 pages

1 The Electroencephalogram - A Brief Background 1

Uploaded by

Rachel Berry
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1 The Electroencephalogram A Brief Background


1.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 The Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 The EEG - Electrical Activity Measured on the Scalp
1.2.1 EEG Rhythms and Waveforms . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Categorization of EEG Activities . . . . . . . .
1.3 Recording Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 EEG Signal Processing


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2.1 Modeling the EEG Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 Deterministic Versus Stochastic Signal Properties . . . 19
2.1.2 Stochastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.3 Linear, Stochastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Artifacts in the EEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Artifact Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.2 Artifact Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.3 Artifact Reduction Using Linear Filtering . . . . . . . 36
2.2.4 Artifact Cancellation Using Linearly Combined Reference Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.5 Adaptive Artifact Cancellation Using Linearly Combined Reference Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.6 Artifact Cancellation Using Filtered Reference Signals 44
2.3 Nonparametric Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 Fourier-based Power Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.2 Spectral Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 Model-based Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4.1 The Autocorrelation/Covariance Methods . . . . . . . 64
2.4.2 The Modified Covariance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.3 Burgs Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4.4 Performance and Design Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 73
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CONTENTS

2.5
2.6

2.4.5 Spectral Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


2.4.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spectral Analysis of Slowly Varying Signals . . . . . . . . .
EEG Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 Spectral Error Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 Spectral Error Measure - The Whitening Approach.
2.6.3 Segmentation Performance and Beyond . . . . . . .

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3 Evoked Potentials
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3.1 Evoked Potential Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1.1 Auditory Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1.2 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.3 Visual Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.4 Evoked Potentials and Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.2 Noise Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.3 Noise Reduction by Ensemble Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.1 Averaging of Homogeneous Ensembles . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.2 Ensemble Averaging Interpreted as Linear Filtering . 117
3.3.3 Exponential Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.4 Averaging of Inhomogeneous Ensembles . . . . . . . . 122
3.3.5 Spike Artifacts and Robust Averaging . . . . . . . . . 135
3.3.6 The Effect of Latency Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.3.7 Estimation of Latency Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.3.8 Weighting of Averaged Responses Using Ensemble Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.4 Noise Reduction by Linear Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.4.1 Time-Invariant A Posteriori Filtering . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.4.2 Limitations with Time-invariant, A Posteriori Filtering165
3.5 Single-Sweep Analysis Using Basis Functions . . . . . . . . . 166
3.5.1 Orthonormal Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.5.2 Sets of Basis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.5.3 Karhunen-Loeve Expansion Optimal Basis Functions 176
3.5.4 Interpretation as Linear, Time-Variant Filtering . . . 181
3.6 Adaptive Analysis Using Basis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.6.1 The Instantaneous LMS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 185
3.6.2 The Block LMS algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4 The Electrocardiogram
A Brief Background
203
4.1 Electrical Activity of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.2 Lead Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.3 Waveforms, Rhythms and Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

CONTENTS
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5 ECG Signal Processing


5.1 ECG Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Baseline Wander . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Power line interference (50/60 Hz) . . . .
5.1.3 Muscle-noise Filtering . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 QRS Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Signal and Noise (likely to be earlier) . .
5.2.2 QRS Detection as an Estimation Problem
5.2.3 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Decision Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Evaluation of Performance . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 Multichannel Recordings . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 P- and T Wave Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 QRS Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Heart Rate Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5.1 Data acquisition and preprocessing . . . .
5.5.2 Time domain indices . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5.3 Representations of the heart rhythm . . .
5.5.4 Spectrum analysis of the heart rhythm . .
5.5.5 Analysis of RR intervals or heart rate? . .
5.5.6 Spectral analysis of heart rate variability
5.5.7 Extrasystoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Late Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4.4
4.5

4.3.1 The PQRST Complex . . . . . .


4.3.2 Sinus Rhythm and Arrhythmias
4.3.3 Noise and Artefacts . . . . . . .
Recording Techniques . . . . . . . . . .
Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . .

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A Review of Important Concepts


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A.1 Matrix Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
A.2 Discrete-time Stochastic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
B Software Utilities
305
B.1 Functions for read/write of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
B.2 The iBrowser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
C Glossary and abbreviations

315

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