Cognitive computing

Cognitive computing refers to technology platforms that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific
disciplines of artificial intelligence and signal processing. These platforms encompass machine learning,
reasoning, natural language processing, speech recognition and vision (object recognition), human–
computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation, among other technologies.[1][2]

Definition
At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either academia or
industry.[1][3][4]

In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that
mimics the functioning of the human brain[5][6][7][8][9] (2004). In this sense, cognitive computing is a new
type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/mind senses, reasons,
and responds to stimulus. Cognitive computing applications link data analysis and adaptive page displays
(AUI) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, cognitive computing hardware and
applications strive to be more affective and more influential by design.

The term "cognitive system" also applies to any artificial construct able to perform a cognitive process
where a cognitive process is the transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a new
level in the DIKW Pyramid.[10] While many cognitive systems employ techniques having their
origination in artificial intelligence research, cognitive systems, themselves, may not be artificially
intelligent. For example, a neural network trained to recognize cancer on an MRI scan may achieve a
higher success rate than a human doctor. This system is certainly a cognitive system but is not artificially
intelligent.

Cognitive systems may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real-time, or near real-time,[11] and may
draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and unstructured digital information,
as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).[12]

Cognitive analytics
Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize in the processing and analysis of
large, unstructured datasets.[13]

Applications
Education
Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy
driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the
 classroom is applied by essentially having an
assistant that is personalized for each individual
student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the
stress that teachers face while teaching students,
while also enhancing the student's learning
experience over all.[14] Teachers may not be able
to pay each and every student individual attention,
this being the place that cognitive computers fill
the gap. Some students may need a little more
help with a particular subject. For many students,
Human interaction between student and teacher
can cause anxiety and can be uncomfortable. With
the help of Cognitive Computer tutors, students
will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain
the confidence to learn and do well in the
classroom.[15] While a student is in class with their
personalized assistant, this assistant can develop Basic scheme of a cognitive system. With
various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to sensors, such as keyboards,
tailor and aid the student and their needs. touchscreens, cameras, microphones or
Healthcare temperature sensors, signals from the
Numerous tech companies are in the process of real world environment can be detected.
developing technology that involves cognitive For perception, these signals are
computing that can be used in the medical field. recognised by the cognition of the
The ability to classify and identify is one of the cognitive system and converted into
main goals of these cognitive devices.[16] This trait digital information. This information can
can be very helpful in the study of identifying be documented and is processed. The
carcinogens. This cognitive system that can detect result of deliberation can also be
would be able to assist the examiner in documented and is used to control and
interpreting countless numbers of documents in a execute an action in the real world
lesser amount of time than if they did not use environment with the help of actuators,
Cognitive Computer technology. This technology such as engines, loudspeakers, displays
can also evaluate information about the patient, or air conditioners for example.
looking through every medical record in depth,
searching for indications that can be the source of
their problems.
Commerce
Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems
to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving
efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection[17]
Human Cognitive Augmentation
In situations where humans are using or working collaboratively with cognitive systems,
called a human/cog ensemble, results achieved by the ensemble are superior to results
obtainable by the human working alone. Therefore, the human is cognitively
augmented.[18][19][20] In cases where the human/cog ensemble achieves results at, or
superior to, the level of a human expert then the ensemble has achieved synthetic
expertise.[21] In a human/cog ensemble, the "cog" is a cognitive system employing
virtually any kind of cognitive computing technology.

Other use cases

Speech recognition
Sentiment analysis
Face detection
Risk assessment
 Fraud detection
Behavioral recommendations

Industry work
Cognitive computing in conjunction with big data and algorithms that comprehend customer needs, can
be a major advantage in economic decision making.

The powers of cognitive computing and artificial intelligence hold the potential to affect almost every
task that humans are capable of performing. This can negatively affect employment for humans, as there
would be no such need for human labor anymore. It would also increase the inequality of wealth; the
people at the head of the cognitive computing industry would grow significantly richer, while workers
without ongoing, reliable employment would become less well off.[22]

The more industries start to use cognitive computing, the more difficult it will be for humans to
compete.[22] Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven robots
and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to
keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with artificial
intelligence/cognitive computing with has the potential to change the course of humankind.[23]

See also
Automation
Affective computing
Analytics
Artificial intelligence
Artificial neural network
Brain computer interface
Cognitive computer
Cognitive reasoning
Cognitive science
Enterprise cognitive system
Semantic Web
Social neuroscience
Synthetic intelligence
Usability
Neuromorphic engineering
AI accelerator

References
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Further reading
Russell, John (February 15, 2016). "Mapping Out a New Role for Cognitive Computing in
Science" (http://www.hpcwire.com/2016/02/25/25170/). HPCwire. Retrieved April 21, 2016.

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