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Wireless Communications with Arduino and
the ESP32
Book 7 of the Arduino Short Reads Series

Gary Hallberg

North Border Tech Training

First Edition
Copyright © 2021 Gary Hallberg and North Border Tech Training
All reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book
review.
First Published, 2021
Contents
About the Arduino Short Reads Series ..................................................................................................... 5
Foreword.................................................................................................................................................... 6
Prerequisites for this Book ........................................................................................................................ 7
Download the Code ................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 1: Radio Frequency Communications with Arduino .................................................................. 9
Parts needed for this Chapter ........................................................................................................... 9
What is Radio? ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Data Transfer over Radio Waves .......................................................................................................... 11
Experiment 1: 4-Channel Wireless Control ........................................................................................ 14
Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 2: The Espressif Systems ESP32 ............................................................................................... 20
Parts needed for this Chapter .............................................................................................................. 20
An Introduction to the ESP32 ............................................................................................................. 20
Arduino or ESP32? .............................................................................................................................. 23
Experiment 2: Enabling the Arduino IDE for the ESP32 and Testing your Environment ................ 23
Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Chapter 3: Bluetooth Communications with the ESP32 ........................................................................ 29
Parts needed for this Chapter .............................................................................................................. 29
What is Bluetooth? .............................................................................................................................. 29
Bluetooth Profiles ................................................................................................................................ 30
The Dabble BTLE App ......................................................................................................................... 30
Experiment 3: Using Dabble to Control the Brightness of an LED .................................................... 33
The Accelerometer ............................................................................................................................... 35
Experiment 4: Smartphone Controlled RGB LED .............................................................................. 36
Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Chapter 4: Wi-Fi and the Internet .......................................................................................................... 47
Parts needed for this Chapter .............................................................................................................. 47
Wi-Fi .................................................................................................................................................... 47
The Internet Protocol .......................................................................................................................... 48
The Internet and the Web.................................................................................................................... 48
DHCP ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Experiment 5: Basic Wi-Fi Connectivity ............................................................................................. 49
A Little more about HTTP ................................................................................................................... 53
 Experiment 6: Building a Simple Web Server to Control an LED ...................................................... 53
Application Programming Interfaces .................................................................................................. 60
Experiment 7: API Access with the ESP32 .......................................................................................... 63
The 12864 0.96 Inch OLED Display Module ...................................................................................... 68
Experiment 8: Printing the Temperature to the 12864 OLED Display .............................................. 70
Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 76
Epilogue ................................................................................................................................................... 77
About the Author ..................................................................................................................................... 78
 About the Arduino Short Reads Series

The idea underpinning the Arduino short reads series is to provide a comprehensive, easy to follow
tutorial set and reference guide for anybody wanting to learn about Arduino and basic electronics.
Having a short reads series means that students and hobbyists can select key topics of interest in the
field with minimal outlay. The series aims to provide an easy introduction to all topics of interest and
expand on these topics to provide a broader and deeper understanding of that focus area. The books
are currently only available in Kindle format to provide a very inexpensive package backed up by video
content and interactive social media.
The series is aimed at youngsters and adults interested in getting into electronics and it takes a modern
approach, combining the use of the inexpensive software driven Arduino controller board, with a
multitude of sensors and discreet electronic components. The experiments in this series of books are
easy to follow, inexpensive to implement and compelling for all interested in STEM education. I hope
to inspire anybody looking for a future career in technology or to simply to have fun.
The first book of this series looks at the Arduino microcontroller and explains its operation and purpose.
Experiments look to show you how to set up the programming environment and drive LEDs as well as
read input from switches, thermistors and photocells. Book 1 will give you a solid foundation of how
some basic electronic components work and how to use them to make simple designs.
Book 8 in this Arduino Short Reads Series is still being written but the series focuses on the following:
• Book 1 – First Steps with Arduino (published)
• Book 2 – Working with Displays (published)
• Book 3 – Controlling Motors (published)
• Book 4 – Range Finding, Object Detection and Object Avoidance (published)
• Book 5 – Building a Simple Rover (published)
• Book 6 – Arduino Special Functions (published)
• Book 8 – The Arduino Leonardo

If you find this series of books useful then please leave your review and rating on
Amazon.
Follow North Border Tech Training on Facebook and Twitter for the latest news and
insights as to how this series will develop.
 Foreword

When we look at current trends in technology, we often come across the term “Internet of Things” or
IoT for short. IoT is a broad term that can be applied to the myriad of smart devices in home, education,
and industry. Arduino is an excellent IoT learning platform. However, we have not yet covered a
fundamental aspect of IoT and that is the ability for smart device to communicate with each other over
wireless networks and the Internet. It is this part of our journey with Arduino that we will explore in
this book. We will take time to understand some basic aspects of Electromagnetic Radiation and how
radio works. We will look at basic Radio Frequency communications and dig deeper into Bluetooth.
Finally, we will learn about WiFi and the Internet and how we can use Arduino and related devices to
create web enabled projects.
We will deviate away from the native Arduino platform to look at the ESP32. The ESP32 is an extremely
capable microcontroller with integrated Bluetooth and WiFi that is both low cost and compatible with
the Arduino IDE. We will be clear about the benefits of using this platform compared to the native
Arduino devices.
Some of the concepts presented here are complex, so I will generalize when needed. I will also keep the
Arduino control aspects of the Experiments simple so as not to detract from the communications
elements of the experiments. That said, I have no doubt the skills learnt here will allow you to develop
more engaging and useful projects. Without further delay let us get into the content.
 Prerequisites for this Book

This book assumes you have read Book 1 of the series (‘First Steps with Arduino’) or you already have
some experience of the Arduino platform, how to set up the IDE and undertake some basic Arduino
programming tasks. Basic functions such as ‘digitalRead’ and ‘digitalWrite’ are not covered here
but are explained in Book 1.
 Download the Code

You can download the Arduino Code for the experiments in this book from GitHub using the link below.

https://github.com/ghallberg-nbtt/congenial-robot
I recommend that you do this as I have removed some of the comments from the code in the book
listings to aid readability in print form. I strongly recommend that you comment your code heavily to
facilitate understanding and to become familiar with best engineering practice.
 Chapter 1: Radio Frequency Communications
with Arduino

In this chapter we will look at some basic radio communications within the Arduino Uno. You will be
familiar with key fobs that control car doors, doorbells, or devices remotely on a button press. These
are all radio devices that we can integrate into our Arduino projects. We start by learning a little about
what radio is.

Parts needed for this Chapter

• Arduino Uno or clone board
• Full or half size breadboard
• 4-channel 315MHz or 433MHz radio controller
• 4 x LEDs
• 4 x 220Ω resistors
• Jumper wires

What is Radio?
Radio waves are part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, and we can control these waves to transmit
voice and data. Electromagnetic waves are all around us. They form visible light, radiation, microwaves.
All these phenomena are the same thing but radiate at different frequencies and wavelengths. Figure 1-
1 is an image produced by NASA that illustrates the Electromagnetic Spectrum very well.
Figure 1-1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Image source: Courtesy of NASA
We can represent the type of Electromagnetic Radiation in terms of frequency and wavelength. You can
see from Figure 1-1 that light oscillates like a wave and takes a sinusoidal form. The wave become more
compacted at the high end where Gamma Waves exist compared to the low end where AM radio exists.
The frequency is represented by the number of oscillation repetitions in 1 second. The unit of
measurement being ‘Hertz’ or Cycles Per Second. Hertz is presented by the letters ‘Hz’.
The wavelength is a measure of the length of a single oscillation and is calculated using the speed of
light in free space. The speed of light is a constant and is about 300,000Km/s in the vacuum of space,
but is slower for other media such as glass. The formula for wavelength calculation is represented below.
𝐶
𝜆=
𝑓
‘λ’ represents wavelength, ‘C’ is the speed of light and ‘f’ represents frequency.
We often use wavelengths in electronics. When we want a specific color of LED the datasheet will specify
the wavelength of that component. A red LED typically has a wavelength of 630nm. Infrared LEDs used
in remotes or for transmitting data over a fiber optic cable may have wavelengths of 850nm or 1310nm.
Infrared is just outside the range that the human eye can detect. Human visible light has wavelengths
between 380nm and 750nm.
It is important to understand wavelength and frequency in the context of radio transmissions. You need
to be aware of what frequencies you are using and the devices around you are using. Radio spectrum is
largely controlled by in-country authorities. There are some frequencies allocated to bodies such as
police and emergency services, TV, and radio. There are parts of the spectrum that are set aside for
other uses such as WiFi and cellular communications. Although you can generally use these frequencies
for your own projects, there are still rules that need to be adhered to such a maximum transmit power.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are the licensing authority. The
authority in the EU is the Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR) and
Industry Canada (IC) for Canada. Generally, spectrum allocation across these authorities is consistent,
but there are some local differences, and you should check that any equipment you plan to use is
compliant with your local authority’s regulations.
The radio-controlled button unit used in this chapter operates at 433Mhz. This frequency is free to use
for this sort of application in Europe and the United States. But that same device may operate at
315MHz in the United States. It is not permitted to use 315Mhz in Europe. Therefore, you must ensure
you have the local variant that is legal to use in your area.

Data Transfer over Radio Waves

So how do we use radio waves to transfer voice or data information? A pure radio wave is sinusoidal. It
will be generally high in frequency and is called the carrier. We encode information into that wave by
modulating its amplitude or frequency. Modulation is the process of varying these aspects of the carrier
wave by a controlled amount. Receiving equipment can recover the information from the modulated
carrier wave.
Figure 1-2 shows an Amplitude Modulated (AM) radio wave.
Figure 1-2: An Amplitude Modulated Radio Wave
Image source: The author
In this example an audio wave is combined with a high frequency carrier. The amplitude of the carrier
is varied in proportion to the audio wave and can be covered by the receiver.
Figure 1-3 illustrates how the same audio frequency wave can be encoded into a Frequency Modulated
(FM) carrier.
Figure 1-3: A Frequency Modulated Radio Wave
Image source: The author
In this example, the carrier provides a reference frequency. The frequency of this carrier is varied by an
amount proportional to the audio signal to be carried. The receiver can detect the relative change in
frequency and so recover the signal.
How these signals are created by the transmitter and recovered by the receiver, is a complex and lengthy
subject. The subject is beyond the scope of this book where it is enough to make you aware of how
information is carried over radio.
The examples in Figures 1-2 and 1-3 show the principles of audio transmission. The digital radio fob
that we will use for the experiments in this chapter transmits digital information and uses Amplitude
Modulation. Basically, if you receive a signal at the expected frequency for a set amount of time it is
treated as a binary 1. If you do not receive a signal for a set amount of time it is treated as a logic 0.
Figure 1-4 illiterates this concept. You need some error checking information and addressing encoded
into the signal, but in simple terms, that is how it works.
Figure 1-4: A Digital Signal Encoded into a Radio Carrier Wave
Image source: The author

Experiment 1: 4-Channel Wireless Control

In this experiment we will use a basic 4-channel radio system to control 4 Arduino digital outputs. The
radio system used is common, and the generic nature of the device means it does not have a common
part number but is easy to obtain through online retailers. The system in pictured in Figure 1-5 and
operates in the 315MHz band in the Americas and 433MHz in Europe.
Figure 1-5: The 4-Channel Radio System
Image source: The Web (public domain)
In the experiment we will simply turn 4 LEDS on or off with each channel. You may want to consider
using a relay module to switch more powerful equipment, but if this is mains powered, then great care
must be taken, and ensure you have had appropriate training for your safety and the safety of others.
First build the breadboard layout as in Figure 1-6.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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Eaton, R. M.
Eakin, H. S. C.
Ennis, W. E.
Elkin, P. H.
Evans, F. J.
Everson, W. J.
Evans, E. A.
Ellis, W. M.
Everitt, W. G.
Everitt, W. W.
East, A. A.
Edwards, J. H. L.
Evans, D. F.
Eagle, W. E.
Emerson, H. D.
Evans, D. W.
Evans, W. G.
Ellsley, C. W.
Edgill, H. D.
Ewings, H.
Empson, C. W.
East, B. M.
Edney, H. E.
Edzley, E. E.
Edwards, L. M.
Elwell, C. M.
Elliott, G. H.
Evans, A. B.
Evans, E. J.
Evison, H.
Elkington, R. H. H.
Endacott, A. D.
Evans, R. B.
Edwards, H.
Emery, G. R.
Esden, H. A.
Everett, G. J.
Emler, H. J.
Eastop, F. A.
Edwards, L.
Ellor, H. E.
Elledge, W.
Ellor, J. F.
Eels, P.
Evershed, G. D.
Eagle, N.
Etheridge, E. A.
Ellingham, C.
Edwards, J.
Ellis, E.
Eve, R. M.
Evans, J. L.
Etheridge, J. E. E.
Eaton, C. T.
Earl, G. A.
Essery, E. C.
Evison, E. R.
Evans, E. G.
Eagles, L. G.
Ellicott, B. W.
Edge, H.
Ellerington, H.
Evans, W.
Eccles, L. D.
Eccleston, J.
Evans, T. E.
Elliston, A. J.
Eades, C. E.
Elliott, P. J.
Ellis, G. W.
East, A.
Ennis, J.
Everett, L. A.
Evans, P. G.
Ellis, J. G.
Earl, P. A.
Ellwood, W. E.
Edmonds, H. P.
Elliott, G.
Ellis, F.
Edge, H. W.
Evans, M. J.
Ellwood, H.
Edmonds, M. W.
Eads, J. R.
Ellum, S.
Edwards, J. H.
Ellingham, E. G.
Enright, A. W.
Edwards, B. C. L.
Eisele, G. S.
Edser, S. C.
English, C.
Every, W.
Edwards, L. P.
Ewell, H. L.
Edwards, T. E.
England, W. H.
Elkin, J. T.
Eggers, C. W.
Ellis, A.
Ellis, S. E. R.
Edey, E. G.
Evison, C. H.
Everad, D.
Everatt, W.
Easter, R.
Ellis, F. E.
Ediss, A. C.
Earl, C.
Empson, H. C.
Evans, J. L.
Edmonds, J.
Eickhoff, J. A.
Evans, E.
Ellis, E. D.
Evans, F.
Ensor, W. A.
Ede, E. E.
Elkington, C. J.
Embery, S. W.
Eaton, C. F.
Ellis, J. C.
Edwards, R. F. C.
Evans, A. D.
Emery, R. W. J.
Ennor, E. M.
Elvis, A. H.
Elliott, E. A.
Edwards, H. J.
Everitt, B.
Ecroyd, W. C.
Emary, W.
Edwards, T. B.
Emery, A. T.
Edwards, W. H.
Edwards, W. N.
Ellwood, C.
Edmonds, A. E.
Emery, R.
Ellis, A. E.
Ellis, G. B.
Ellery, J. W.
Evans, F. T.
Ebden, W.
Eyears, W. J.
Edgington, A.
Eagle, C. W.
Ellingham, F. H.
Ellis, A.
Ellis, A. J.
Evans, D.
Evans, I. J.
Edmondson, H. C.
Evans, D.
Evans, F. S.
Ellis, L. F.
Emmett, H. J. L.
English, P. W.
Ewins, T.
Ellery, J. J.
Edwards, W.
Ellis, H. E.
Evans, I. J.
Eames, W. H.
Edwards, A. C.
Eades, F. E. A.
Emery, E. G.
Eley, J. R. S.
Evan, S. E.
Ellis, B. L.
Emery, C. H.
Evans, B.
Emm, L. H.
Elliott, S. C.
Eaton, J. W.
Edwards, E.
Ednie, D.
Edgerton, A. W.
Entwistle, F.
Ember, E. W.
Evans, W. P.
Enock, E. J.
Elliston, G. E.
Ellis, J.
Ewbank, R. M. G.
Edwards, L.
Evans, F. S.
Evans, C. H.
Ellingham, G. H.
Evans, A. W.
Eager, H. H. P.
Evans, R. J.
Edwards, J. E.
Edwards, F. J.
Eversfield, A. D.
Edwards, H. C.
Evans, W. H.
Evans, E. J.
English, W. K.
Elliott, E. F.
Elliott, L. P.
Elsdon, H. C.
Edwards, J. H.
Eddicott, G.
Edwards, H. A.
Eckitt, R. C.
Elvy, A.
Evans, H. E.
Eason, W. H.
Edwards, G. F.
Edmonds, J. H.
Ewing, G. P.
Elliott, A. S.
Ede, F. J.
Ely, W.
Eyre, J.
Efford, F. S.
Evans, S.
Edwards, W. D.
Eels, J.
Eldridge, C.
Ellicott, W. J.
English, W. F.
Ellison, H.
Emery, C.
Ensoll, H.
Eyles, W. R.
Elgar, S. C.
Eeles, H.
Edwards, G.
Eeles, F. C.
Emmerson, G. F.
Evans, J.
Etheridge, E. J.
Eden, T. C.
Edwards, W. H.
Eaton, W. E.
England, E.
Exell, A. S.
Elliott, S. T. G.
Eland, G.
Evans, G.
Eager, G. L.

Flanagan, F. J.
Fletcher, O. C.
Fryer, C. W.
Fowler, J. G.
Fitzgerald, J. H.
Foster, H. J. B.
Foucard, N. A.
French, E. J.
French, R. H.
Fell, D.
Farrar, G. R.
Fussell, B.
Figgins, A. P.
Forster, F. D.
Feeley, J.
Franklin, R. H.
Foster, H.
Foster, R. S.
Falkingham, J. H.
Fudge, S.
Facon, W. S.
Fearon, C. J.
Farmer, E.
Fabb, A. G.
Fenton, G. W.
Fields, E. C.
Fergusson, W. G.
Fowler, G. E.
Fryer, C. W.
Fall, P. J.
Fereday, E. B.
Ficken, G. J.
Fitzgerald, J. H.
Fuller, W. E.
Fenton, W. H.
Flynn, B. C.
Fabian, C. B.
Faulkner, L.
Fearne, H. J.
Fletcher, E.
Fennell, L. J.
Fenton, C. L.
Fereday, L. H.
Firkins, H. P.
Ford, C.
Foster, H. K.
Frost, E. C.
Fraser, J. A.
Foreman, E. K.
Fright, S.
Fearnley, C.
Fowler, G. E.
Foot, G. B.
Freshwater, H. W.
Forward, H. A.
Funston, H. E.
Field, L. F.
Foster, E. J.
Foster, A. D.
Fowler, W. S.
Fairbairn, G.
Fewings, J. H.
Flynn, F. B.
Forrest, W. W.
Flook, T. E.
Fabb, B.
Fraser, W. S.
Flanagan, L.
Ffoulkes, W. H.
Flood, W. W. G.
Frampton, C.
Fear, W.
Fenson, E. H.
Franks, S. T.
Freeman, H.
Field, J. W.
Farindon, R.
Fisenden, C. H.
Featherstone, F. W.
Ferrier, W. J.
Findlow, A.
Ferry, F. N.
Farebrother, S. N.
Fogg, S. H.
Freeman, G.
Fuller, A. F.
Fisher, W. C. J.
French, E. J.
French, H. T.
Finlayson, W. J.
Folds, C. E.
Foster, H. L.
Field, H. H. W.
Finch, F. N.
French, W. H.
Farman, S. L.
Faulkner, A. L.
Fox, D.
Florant, A. C.
Figgins, H. F.
Funston, L. W.
Farley, W. E.
Fowler, S. D.
French, H. J.
Franklin, G. F.
Forth, H.
Finnis, S.
Faulkner, H. H.
Fifield, H.
Finigan, A. L.
Ferris, A. C.
Fear, W.
Facey, W. H.
Fowler, P. G. E.
Freemont, L. T.
Fisher, A.
Fitzsimmons, G. W.
Flatman, F. C.
Foster, S. W.
Freeston, G. B.
Fareweather, A. C.
Fuller, H. S.
Flewry, G. J.
Fea, C. A.
Fish, A. R.
Field, R.
Field, T.
Fisher, H. C.
Fothergill, W. H.
Fisher, A. S.
Fry, J. F. B.
Funnell, E. J.
Fisk, F. A.
Fish, F. H.
Farden, F. D.
Flight, E. H.
Franklin, F. H.
Fautley, C. C. T.
Franklin, C. L.
Freer, W. B.
Fenning, A. E.
Faulkner, F.
Findley, G. E. W.
Forster, H. W.
Fletcher, H. J.
Farrow, H. J.
Foster, B.
Fletcher, S.
Fossey, H. E.
Fox, F. W.
Fitchett, S.
Felton, C. A.
Freeman, L. G.
Fowlie, W.
Freemantle, G. S.
Fincham, D. I.