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12 Physics Notes Ch10 Wave Optics

The document provides quick revision notes for CBSE Class-12 Physics Chapter 10: Wave Optics, covering key concepts such as wave fronts, rays, Huygens' Principle, and the Doppler Effect. It explains the principles of refraction and reflection, the relationship between frequency and speed, and coherent versus incoherent addition of waves. Additionally, it highlights the significance of interference in wave behavior and the factors affecting resultant intensity.

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Jitendra Choudhary
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2 views

12 Physics Notes Ch10 Wave Optics

The document provides quick revision notes for CBSE Class-12 Physics Chapter 10: Wave Optics, covering key concepts such as wave fronts, rays, Huygens' Principle, and the Doppler Effect. It explains the principles of refraction and reflection, the relationship between frequency and speed, and coherent versus incoherent addition of waves. Additionally, it highlights the significance of interference in wave behavior and the factors affecting resultant intensity.

Uploaded by

Jitendra Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes

Chapter-10: Wave Optics

• Wave front:
It is the locus of points having the same phase of oscillation.
• Rays:
Rays are the lines perpendicular to the wave front, which show the direction of
propagation of energy.
• Time Taken:
The time taken for light to travel from one wave front to another is the same along any
ray.
• Huygens’ Principle:
a) According to Huygens’ Each point on the given wave front (called primary wave
front) acts as a fresh source of new disturbance, called secondary wavelet, which
travels in all directions with the velocity of light in the medium.
b) A surface touching these secondary wavelets, tangentially in the forward direction at
any instant gives the new wave front at that instant. This is called secondary wave
front,
• Principle of Huygens’ Construction:
a) It is based on the principle that every point of a wave front is a source of secondary
wave front.
b) The envelope of these wave fronts i.e., the surface tangent to all the secondary wave
front gives the new wave front.
• Snell’s law of refraction:
c1 Speed of light in first medium
1 µ2 = =
c2 Speed of light in second medium

• Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens’ Principle:


The law of reflection (i = r) and the Snell’s law of refraction
sin i v1 µ 2
= = = µ21
sin r v2 µ1
can be derived using the wave theory. (Here v1 and v2 are the speed of light in media 1
and 2 with refractive index µ1and µ 2 respectively).
• Relation between Frequency and Speed:
The frequency v remains the same as light travels from one medium to another. The
speed v of a wave is given by
λ
v=
T
Where λ is the wavelength of the wave and T (= 1 / v ) is the period of oscillation.

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• Doppler Effect:
It is the shift in frequency of light when there is a relative motion between the source
and the observer. The effect can be used to measure the speed of an approaching or
receding object.
• Change in Frequency:
For the source moving away from the observer v < v0 , and for the source moving
towards the observer v > v0 , . The change in frequency is
v
∆v = v − v0 = − v0
c
So, finally,
∆v v
=−
v0 c
• Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves:
a) Two sources are coherent if they have the same frequency and a stable phase
difference.
b) In this case, the total intensity I is not just the sum of individual intensities I1 and I2
due to the two sources but includes an interference term,
I = I1 + I 2 + 2k .E1.E2
Where E1 and E2 are the electric fields at a point due to the sources.
c) The interference term averaged over many cycles is zero if
i) The sources have different frequencies or
ii) The sources have the same frequency but no stable phase difference.
d) For such coherent sources,
I = I1 + I 2
e) According to the superposition principle when two or more wave motions traveling
through a medium superimpose one another, a new wave is formed in which
resultant displacements due to the individual waves at that instant.
f) The average of the total intensity will be
I = I1 + I 2 + 2 ( I )( I ) cos φ
1 2

Where φ is the inherent phase difference between the two superimposing waves.
g) The significance is that the intensity due to two sources of light is not equal to the
sum of intensities due to each of them.
h) The resultant intensity depends on the relative location of the point from the two
sources, since changing it changes the path difference as we go from one point to
another.
i) As a result, the resulting intensity will vary between maximum and minimum values,
determined by the maximum and minimum values of the cosine function. These will
be

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