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REIMAGINING COMMUNICATION:
MEDIATION

Reimagining Communication: Mediation explores information and media technologies

across a variety of contemporary platforms, uses, content variations, audiences, and
professional roles.
A diverse body of contributions in this unique interdisciplinary resource offers
perspectives on digital games, social media, photography, and more. The volume is
organized to reflect a pedagogical approach of carefully laddered and sequenced
topics, which supports experiential, project-based learning in addition to a course’s
traditional writing requirements. As the field of Communication Studies has been
continuously growing and reaching new horizons, this volume synthesizes the com­
plex relationship of communication to media technologies and its forms in
a uniquely accessible and engaging way.
This is an essential introductory text for advanced undergraduate and graduate
students and scholars of communication, broadcast media, and interactive technolo­
gies, with an interdisciplinary focus and an emphasis on the integration of new
technologies.

Michael Filimowicz, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in the School of Interactive

Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University. His research is in the area of
computer mediated communication, with a focus on new media poetics
applied in the development of new immersive audiovisual displays for simula­
tions, exhibition, games, and telepresence as well as research creation.

Veronika Tzankova is a PhD candidate in the School of Interactive Arts and

Technology, Simon Fraser University and a Communications Instructor at
Columbia College – both in Vancouver, Canada. Her background is in
human–computer interaction and communication. Sport shapes the essence of
her research which explores the potential of interactive technologies to
enhance bodily awareness in high-risk sports activities.
REIMAGINING
COMMUNICATION:
MEDIATION

Edited by Michael Filimowicz and Veronika

Tzankova
First published 2020
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Michael Filimowicz and Veronika
Tzankova; individual chapters, the contributors.
The right of Michael Filimowicz and Veronika Tzankova to be identified as
the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Filimowicz, Michael, editor. | Tzankova, Veronika, editor.
Title: Reimagining communication : mediation / edited by Michael
Filimowicz and Veronika Tzankova.
Other titles: Mediation
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Summary: “Reimagining Communication: Mediation explores information
and media technologies across a variety of contemporary platforms, uses,
content variations, audiences, and professional roles”– Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019051300 (print) | LCCN 2019051301 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781138498907 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138498914 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781351015431 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351015424 (adobe pdf) |
ISBN 9781351015417 (epub) | ISBN 9781351015400 (mobi)
Subjects: LCSH: Communication and technology. | Communication–
Technological innovations. | Digital media.
Classification: LCC P96.T42 R45 2020 (print) |
LCC P96.T42 (ebook) | DDC 302.23–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019051300
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019051301

ISBN: 978-1-138-49890-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-49891-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-01543-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo
by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK
CONTENTS

Series Introduction viii

Introduction xvii

1 Media Archaeology and Mediation: The Magic Lantern as an

Object of Theoretical Reflection 1
Francisco Javier Frutos-Esteban and Carmen López-San Segundo

2 Intangible Photography 22
Grant Rivers and Chris Ingraham

3 Cinema Studies 40
Sean Maher

4 Video: Aesthetics/Agonism/Anti-Dialectics 55
Timothy Barker

5 Uneasy Intimacies: Acoustic Space and Machines of Presence 70

Adam Hulbert

6 Ante-Narrative and the Animated Time Image 88

Hotessa Laurence
vi Contents

7 The Medium of Comics; or the Art of Co-Presence 103

Neal Curtis

8 Visualizing the News: Conceptual Foundations and Emerging

Technology 122
Russell Chun

9 Facilitating Communicative Environments: An Exploration of

Game Modalities as Facilitators of Prosocial Change 141
Jessica Wendorf Muhamad, Karen Schrier and Laura-Kate Huse

10 Augmented Reality 163

Aarón Rodríguez Serrano, Marta Martín Núñez and Shaila García
Catalán

11 Social Media 177

Tanner Mirrlees

12 The Rise of Consumer Generated Content and Its

Transformative Effect on Advertising 193
Naim Çınar

13 Music in Streams: Communicating Music in the Streaming

Paradigm 210
Anja Nylund Hagen

14 Digital Copyright 225

Steve Collins and Sherman Young

15 Reimagining Copies in Digital Networks 239

Margie Borschke

16 Questioning Algorithms and Agency: Facial Biometrics in

Algorithmic Contexts 252
Michele Willson

17 Digital Privacy and Interdisciplinarity: Tendencies, Problems,

and Possibilities 267
Thomas N. Cooke
 Contents vii

18 Reimagining Communication with Conversational User

Interfaces: Anthropomorphic Design and Conversational User
Experience 287
Sergio Sayago and Josep Blat

19 Brain–Computer Interface 303

David J. Gunkel

List of Contributors 321

Index 328
SERIES INTRODUCTION

In an age of information overflow, the word “communication” seems to have

reached a buzz-status. From persuasive communication, to the importance of
good communication, to communication skills for bridging gaps, the term and
domain of “communication” has become increasingly obscure and even con­
fusing. We see this confusion reflected in students on introductory communi­
cation courses. Their initial understanding of communication often tends to
focus on linguistic exchanges between individuals, not accounting for the wide
range of personal, social, and contextual dynamics that influence not only the
transfer of information, but also the complex processes of meaning-making at
individual and collective levels. Where initial conceptualizations of communi­
cation have focused on information-transfers between senders and receivers,
contemporary scholarship seems to apply a much broader, and to an extent,
a pragmatically-informed approach looking not only at how communication
practices work, but also how these shape the ways in which we make sense of
the reality that surrounds us.
Partially due to the wide range of perspectives and approaches, the field of
communication studies still lacks distinctive disciplinary boundaries. When we
think of traditional academic fields—such as biology, sociology, philosophy,
and mathematics, for example—we know with some degree of certainty what
the object of study is. When it comes to the field of communication however,
we realize that establishing a definitive scholastic focus is not easy, if not
impossible. This is to an extent related to the challenges associated with
answering a fundamental, and seemingly simple question: “What is communi­
cation?” As an all-encompassing answer to this question we should be able to
account for all of the situations, exchanges, contexts, interpretations, channels
and any possible mix of these, we can see that this can easily become
 Series Introduction ix

a hopeless task. In an attempt to resolve this complexity, scholars have empha­

sized different sides of communication processes which have influenced the
development of a multiplicity of material, functional, and experiential defin­
itions. Most definitions revolve around one of the following categorical char­
acteristics of communication: (1) transfer of information, (2) symbolic culture,
and (3) a ritual which facilitates the inherent social essence of humanity (see
Carey, 2009). These varying types of exegesis pose fundamental challenges in
defining and delimiting the concept and disciplinary boundaries of communi­
cation. Within such expanding views, the purpose of the Reimagining Commu­
nication series is to capture the existing and prospective trends and perspectives
on and within communications studies as a whole. To systematize our
approach, we have provided a specific theme for each of our volumes: Mean­
ing, Experience, Action, and Mediation. Each of these volumes extends on the
existing notions and scholarship within the field of communication, in order
to capture—as much as possible—the main contexts, communication tech­
nologies, institutions, and social practices.
These volumes construct a new information architecture which reima­
gines a new organization for traditional and emerging themes in communi­
cation studies. To describe our editorial project, we appropriate the
concept of “information architecture” (hereafter IA) from the domain of
human-information interaction. The notion of IA—as opposed to the com­
monly used “map” or “framework”—highlights the constructed character
of the series as a work of design, and as one design solution out of many
possible others. We have decided to redesign and reimagine the “field of
fields and disciplines” of communication through a forward-looking multi­
disciplinary lens which has its grounding in both established academic
scholarship and developing domains focusing on the latest technological
developments.

[A]s much as architects are expected to create structure and order in the
world through planning and building, information architects were
expected to draw lines and derive some kind of order in dataspace, their
primary task being to make this information simpler, more direct, and
ultimately more comprehensible.
(Resmini & Rosati, 2012, p. 4)

Similarly, the purpose of this series is to try to capture the “dataspace” of com­
munication studies today directly and as a comprehensible whole grounded in
where it has been and inferring where it seems to be going. The chapter
topics also facilitate “crosstalk” across the volumes—a desired aspect of our
schema. Thus, while eschewing maps and frameworks, we are not offering “an
intellectual patchwork” for a field that “[f]rom the beginning … was critiqued
for having no core” (Zelizer, 2016, p. 223).
x Series Introduction

The institutional origins of communications in the academy—(1) whether one

locates it in post WW2 interests in journalism, mass media, and propaganda studies
(Jensen & Neuman, 2013, p. 231), or in the development of speech programs
c. 1915 (Wilson, 2015), and (2) regardless of professional, liberal arts, or mixed
orientation (Troester & Wertheimer, 2015, p. 2)—seem very distant from the
kinds of questions explored by many contemporary communications scholars.
When we think of the early days of communication studies, the associations that
often come to mind are the printing press and broadcast towers for radio and tele­
vision. But when we think of the future of communication, we tend to drift to
the new territories of brain computer interfaces and the hybrid arrays of virtual-
augmented-mixed-crossed realities, where our living environments become
increasingly networked and informatic in character. We may even say that the
future of communication reaches the nano-level of neurons.
The space between neurons and socio-cultural spaces—populated by the tech­
nologies of mediation and social practices of meaning-making humans—is what
gives shape to our IA across the series’ four volumes—Meaning, Experience,
Action, and Mediation. These themes carry an empirical core as they relate
directly to the animal level of sensorimotor interactions (Experience, Action)
taking place within the affordances of the environment (Mediation), where all of
these are understood as a source of information (Meaning). As humanity becomes
increasingly more cyborg, we hope that such theoretical trace-back to primordial
animal conditions will future-proof these volumes in a way that other volumes
have not been able to.
While our IA approach is empirically motivated, it is neither an ontology, nor
periodization of communication studies. Much communication scholarship has
traditionally relied on a “grand-narrative” modus operandi based on essential
dichotomies. Some of these dichotomies are implicit, such as the oppositions
underlying the modalities of the one-to-one (interpersonal communication), one­
to-many (broadcast technologies), or even many-to-many (social media) commu­
nication practices. Other dichotomies are explicit, formally expressed and have
become canonical in communication studies:

By now, several generations of scholars have relied on such dichotomies,

grounding their grand historical interpretations on the ways in which media
interact with social life. The work of Harold Innis (1951) is commonly asso­
ciated with the contrasting influences of time-biased and space-biased
media; McLuhan (1964) classified media as hot and cold; Ong (1982) traced
social evolution through the prism of orality or literacy; Carey (1969) in
one of his earliest works classified media as centripetal and centrifugal; and
Turow (1997) talked about society-making and segment-making media.

The dichotomies on which they rely frequently lead to periodization, or the

attempt to locate pivotal moments in which some new essential aspects of
 Series Introduction xi

social development suddenly emerge while others vanish. The ultimate pur­
pose of periodization is to establish compelling, often teleological or cyclically
structured narratives relying on a sequence of communication eras defined
through different technological paradigms (Balbi & Kittler, 2016, p. 1972).
With respect to conceptual temptations toward periodization, cycles, and
telos, our IA looks forward as much as backward, considering the animal plane
of sensorimotor interactions with affordances as ontologically flat with the
plane of the cybernetic meaning-maker. Our claim is that this distinctive IA
approach is somewhat different from those grand dichotomous periodizations
of the field that have come before. As our IA cuts across disciplinary boundar­
ies, it is difficult not to acknowledge “that the politics of interdisciplinarity is
always a politics of the moment” (Shome, 2006, p. 2). So, the image of the brain
computer interface, strategically placed as the final chapter in the Mediation
volume, is of our present time. But in parallel, we have also chosen the most
primordial and earliest human moment—sensorimotor interactions with affor­
dances in an environment—if only to give our best wishes to the historical
chances at the bio-cybernetic frontier of communication media technologies
today.
The reconsideration of binaries becomes complex when it comes to institution­
alized dichotomies in the historical record—such as the debates related to the cat­
egorization of communications in the academy as a field or a discipline (Phillips,
2016, p. 691), where such categorizations are often suspended between institu­
tional forces of “cohesion and fragmentation” (Nordenstreng, 2007, p. 212). In an
attempt to escape the limits of institutionalized dualities, our IA tries to acknow­
ledge and accommodate a multiplicity of perspectives within an egalitarian treat­
ment of both the phenomena studied and the methodologies by which these are
studied. In this series, we have placed a strong emphasis on technologies as the
recent convergence of media, content, industries, and audiences have presented
“significant difficulty separating our ideas about communication from the techno­
logical advance of media” (Herbst, 2008, p. 604). These difficulties are still far
from being overcome and are at the core of the problematics studied by commu­
nication researchers. Debates around disciplinarity often relate to issues regarding
the status of communications in the academy, such as “the desires for monopoliza­
tion, legitimization, and recognition” (Stalker, 2014, p. 172), “expansion, monop­
olization and protection” (p.173), and “professional identity” (First & Adoni,
2007, p. 252). Such debates are somewhat removed from our IA since we
presume the relevance of communication to all disciplines and indeed all fields, as
well as its essence as a permanently open form of inquiry capable of utilizing the
full array of methods including those that are increasingly computational in
nature. Communication studies have always been defined by its undefinability
because what does not count as communication? It has always been “poly” in its
methodologies and scope of interests since the founding of its first units in the
academy.
xii Series Introduction

[T]he field consolidated as the result of the aggregation of academic

interests in communication broadly defined—interpersonal, organiza­
tional, mediated, media industries, cultural studies, information studies,
language, rhetoric, intercultural, journalism, and media and information
policies, among others.
(Waisbord, 2016, p. 869)

In addition to this broad disciplinary integration (and fragmentation), communica­

tion is somewhat unique amongst the academic disciplines in the way it has historic­
ally bridged professionally applied and theoretically inclined orientations.

The so-called “field” of communication is, of course, not a field by any aca­
demic definition. It has no boundaries. It is equally hospitable to the advertis­
ing agency seeking evidence to support the slogan “it pays to advertise,” and
to the semanticist seeking closer definitions of “meaning.”
(Karin, 2003, p. 4)

Some academic fields such as history and philosophy, are more central in the pursuit
of liberal arts, while others such as business administration and engineering, are
more related to career development. The discipline of communication in fairly
unique as it crosses these boundaries (Morreale, Osborn, & Pearson, 2000, p. 1).
It is in this spirit of crossing the boundaries between theory and practice, or pro­
fessional practice and liberal arts, that we have conceived our editorial project as an
IA, as IA is a form of communication design. Our research backgrounds are
grounded in computer mediated communication (multimodal display and inter­
active sports technologies, for Filimowicz and Tzankova respectively). In our lines
of research, there are no real institutional, practical or conceptual barriers that pre­
vent easy crossover between poetic hermeneutic mullings and concrete systems
design—to name just two ends of the many fluid spectrums of transdisciplinary
inquiry in our work. For more than a decade now, the field of Human-Computer
Interaction has initiated an increased interest in so-called “third wave HCI,” where
meaning-making has become exponentially central to the design of computational
artefacts. The material character of interactive artefacts is far from being foreign to
communication as its origin—the Latin word communicatio—refers to social func­
tions organized around tangibles.

“Communication” is a word with a rich history[, f]rom the Latin commu­

nicare, meaning to impart, share, or make common … The key root is
mun- (not uni-), related to such words as “munificent,” “community,”
“meaning” … The Latin munus has to do with gifts or duties offered
publicly—including gladiatorial shows, tributes, and rites to honor the
dead. In Latin, communicatio did not signify the general arts of human
connection vis symbols, nor did it suggest the hope for some kind of
 Series Introduction xiii

mutual recognition. Its sense was not in the least mentalistic: commuicatio
generally involved tangibles.
(Peters, 2001, p. 7)

The notion of communication in ancient Rome, as well as the previous

notion of rhetoric from ancient Greece, did not refer to transfer, transmission,
interaction or dialogue, but rather pointed to acknowledging and performing
specific social functions and group memberships, or to knowing and utilizing
concrete technical devices for conveying specific social functions and group
memberships (Nastasia, D. and Rakow, L., 2005, p. 4).
Such a broad conception of communication—which becomes even more
extended when we put into consideration its social and ritualistic aspects—
does run some risks of definition and scope, but these are familiar risks
that have always been associated with the discipline’s “ontological deficit
and epistemological pitfalls” (Kane, 2016, p. 88). Communications in its
academic origins “was stunningly interdisciplinary from the start” (Herbst,
2008, p. 604).

[T]he short tradition as an academic discipline, the external influences

coming from meda industry and the state, the legitimacy deficit, the dif­
fuse research topic “communication,” the scattering across the university
and the heterogeneous scientific origins of its scholars … these character­
istics lead to a “lack of consensus” within the field concerning its subject
matters and to difficulties to shape a self-conception.
(Löblich & Scheu, 2011, pp. 2–3)

The concept and practice of Information Architecture originates from domains

of human-computer interaction, defined early on as “the conceptual structure
and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of data flows and
controls, logical design, and physical implementation” (Amdahl, Blaauw, &
Brooks, 1964, p. 21). We discussed our rationale for the conceptual structure of
these volumes—the desire to avoid dichotomies, ontologies, periodizations,
and grand narratives through our strategic use of guiding analogies that allow
a simultaneous look forward to new cyborg variations of humanity but also
backward to complex organisms and their sensorimotor engagements within
informational environments.
We now want to emphasize the functional aspect of our IA by linking it to
our professional context and the connection to pedagogy. As teaching faculty,
we have encountered difficulties finding adequate texts that cover the gamut
of interdisciplinary and international considerations about and within commu­
nication studies in a way that interests those who are the basis of our
employment.
xiv Series Introduction

Those of us who teach communication theory face unique challenges.

Undergraduates … come for something comprehensible and we offer them
fragments of a subject no one can comprehend, up to 249 theories and still
counting.
(Craig, 1999, p. 153)

Craig’s mapping of the traditions of communication contains eight main domains,

all of which find representation in this collection: social psychological, cybernetic,
rhetorical, semiotic, critical, sociocultural, phenomenological, and pragmatic
(Phillips, 2016, p. 701). The functional aspect of our IA is to “cultivate a sense of
the ‘whole’ of communication studies, not a ‘unified,’ stable entity but
a polyphonic, unstable whole that can be developed as a theory-rich body of
work through dialogue across difference” (p.700). This cultivation of a sense for
the whole is not only for the benefit of our students, but also for us as researchers
and communication designers—as by definition we ourselves are lifelong learners.
We are particularly pleased to be able to offer such an international assem­
blage of authors in these volumes hailing from 19 countries, literally from A to
Z: Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK,
UAE, USA, and Zimbabwe. There is a somewhat contrarian transnational
impulse at work in bringing these global voices together, as many communica­
tion books used in classroom environments tend to overemphasize the national
(e.g. the various communication books with country names in their title).
Our aim is to foster the connectivity of ideas, which can be as national,
transnational, international, or cosmopolitan as one wishes to make of this
gathering of voices from across the globe.

If internationalism means exchanging knowledge and understanding across

borders, then we would probably all sign up to it, confident that national
approaches or concerns could find their place within this larger forum.
(Livingstone, 2007, p. 274)

Where in the past, communication’s scholarly traditions have been characterized

as “isolated frog ponds—with no friendly croaking between the ponds, very
little productive intercourse at all, few cases of successful cross-fertilization”
(Rosengren, 1993, p. 6), this IA-inspired collection aims to bring the frog ponds
closer together (to strain the metaphor perhaps!). While these books cannot
promise cross-continental cross-fertilization, they get the international croaking
underway. Maybe for the moment the chapters will be read by its audiences sans
brain implants, but as we continue to undergo the “mediation of everything”
(Livingstone, 2009), surely not for long.
Michael Filimowicz
Veronika Tzankova
 Series Introduction xv

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issue2/03-resmini/. Accessed online Apr 22, 2019. Originally published in Resmini,
xvi Series Introduction

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INTRODUCTION

From popular texts and public discourses to scholarship and research, the use
of the word ‘communication’ has been on the rise in academic, professional,
and everyday contexts. But what exactly is ‘communication’? Is it possible to
not communicate? How does communication work? What are the disciplinary
boundaries of communication studies and what is its object of investigation?
Reimagining Communication: Mediation addresses these questions by presenting
a survey of the foundational theoretical and methodological approaches in commu­
nication studies. As the field has been continuously growing and reaching new
horizons, this volume specifically synthesizes major trends within the trajectory of
fundamental ideas that have served as its base and continue shaping its sub-branches,
covering topics related to the technologies of communication. By presenting
perspectives illustrated by concrete examples on the topics of Media Archaeology,
Photography, Cinema, Video, Sound, Animation, Comics, Visualizations, Games,
Augmented Environments, Social Media, Consumer Generated Content, Stream­
ing, Copyright, Digital Copies, Algorithms, Digital Privacy, Embodied Conversa­
tional Agents, and Brain–Computer Interfaces, this volume synthesizes the complex
relationship of communication to media technologies and its forms in a uniquely
accessible and engaging way.
Chapter 1 – Francisco Javier Frutos and Carmen López San Segundo’s
‘Media Archaeology and Mediation: the Magic Lantern as an Object of
Theoretical Reflection’ – applies media archaeology methods to explicate
the magic lantern shows at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. These
events featured media devices such as the fantascope, megascope, solar
microscope, and projection lantern that have been understudied in commu­
nication studies.
xviii Introduction

Chapter 2 – Grant Rivers and Chris Ingraham’s ‘Intangible Photography’ –

situates contemporary digital photography practices against the deep background
of light-capturing technologies dating from the 1820s. The authors focus on
debates around preserving intangible cultural heritage, and its implications for
visual rhetoric.
Chapter 3 – Sean Maher’s ‘Cinema Studies’ – details the history of cinema
studies since the 1970s, and considers how past debates emanating from theor­
etical contexts such as semiotics, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, and Marx­
ism led to theoretical impasses in the 1990s. These ‘grand theory’ approaches
contributed to bifurcations in the respective scholarly camps, and set the state
for a reinvigoration of cinema studies in the digital age.
Chapter 4 – Timothy Barker’s ‘Video: Aesthetics/Agonism/Anti-Dialectics’ –
discusses the history and technology of video media. Also taking a media archaeo­
logical approach, the chapter explores the application of communication models
in video’s cultural imperatives. Important concepts from Vilém Flusser’s writings
are integrated to describe a politics and dialectics of video on the basis of agonism.
Chapter 5 – Adam Hulbert’s ‘Uneasy Intimacies: Acoustic Space and Machines
of Presence’ – discusses the role of acoustic spaces and their significance for com­
munication theory. The idea of a listening subject is both supported and chal­
lenged by the ubiquity of sonic data and new technologies such as conversational
interfaces, which add new layers to previous concepts related to schizophonic
subjectivity.
Chapter 6 – Hotessa Laurence’s ‘Ante-Narrative and the Animated Time
Image’ – considers late 20th and early 21st-century animation films through the
concepts of ‘ante-narrative’ (David Boje) and ‘time image’ (Gilles Deleuze). The
chapter analyzes short films that are episodic and circulative in which narrative
tendencies are resisted rather than furthered. In these films, narrative diegesis is
fragmented as the expression of play and particular ontological positions.
Chapter 7 – Neil Curtis’s ‘The Medium of Comics; or the Art of Co-
Presence’ – examines how new affordances in digital technologies change the
ways that comics are created and read. The scrolling function of browsers in par­
ticular has led to experimentations in form and accentuated sequential flows of
images. This medium is distinct from many others in its unique presentation of
simultaneous or ‘co-present’ channels of information.
Chapter 8 – Russell Chun’s ‘Visualizing the News: Conceptual Foundations
and Emerging Technology’ – focuses on what has been called the ‘second golden
age’ of information visualization, fueled by the rise of big data and the affordances
of the visual web. Covering the background of Tufte’s insistence on statistical
rigor and Holmes’s aesthetic considerations, Chun looks ahead to the possible
roles of virtual reality for creating immersive data visualization spaces.
Chapter 9 – Jessica Wendorf Muhamad, Karen Schrier, and Laura-Kate
Huse’s ‘Facilitating Communicative Environments: An Exploration of Game
Modalities as Facilitators of Prosocial Change’ – looks at the ways that games
 Introduction xix

can facilitate the understanding of complex social issues by enabling individuals

to enact attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors while having the consequences of
these mitigated by role playing. Serious games are reviewed through design
practices, theoretical frameworks, and strategies of application.
Chapter 10 – Aarón Rodríguez Serrano, Marta Martín Núñez, and Shaila
García Catalán’s ‘Augmented Reality’ – develops a theoretical perspective on
the origins, development, and current state of augmented reality technologies.
The authors apply a phenomenological frame to explicate the key metaphors
of the magic mirror and magic lens to describe the political ramifications in the
relationship of augmented reality technologies to embodied and social realities.
Chapter 11 – Tanner Mirrlees’s ‘Social Media’ – presents a comprehensive
account of key issues related to social media. The chapter investigates social media
with regards to its main uses and affordances, and goes on to frame these tech­
nologies as systems, tools, and agents. The relationship of social media to political,
economic, and cultural spheres of social activity is highlighted.
Chapter 12 – Naim Çınar’s ‘The Rise of Consumer Generated Content and
Its Transformative Effect on Advertising’ – analyzes the connection between
advertising and online consumer generated content. This type of mediation
has been understudied in communication studies, and the chapter provides an
outline of its main dynamics and features, while looking ahead to its future
impacts on advertising practices.
Chapter 13 – Anja Nylund Hagen’s ‘Music in Streams: Communicating
Music in the Streaming Paradigm’ – looks at how streaming services have
come to play such a major role in the culture industry, reaching vast audiences
via a relatively new channel of information flows. The chapter focuses on
music streaming and how streaming platforms are reshaping music industry
practices and audience engagement.
Chapter 14 – Steve Collins and Sherman Young’s ‘Digital Copyright’ –
connects recent developments in digital copyright management to the long
history of copyright, dating back to the book trades in 18th-century England.
Copyright laws have evolved as technologies have changed, revealing changing
dynamics of contestation. Case studies are utilized to draw out varying posi­
tions related to copyright as an enabler of business models or incentive for cul­
tural production.
Chapter 15 – Margie Borschke’s ‘Reimagining Copies in Digital Net-
works’ – reviews the concept of the ‘copy’ and how its meaning has shifted as
media practices that were once based on hoarding, unauthorized copying and
collecting have changed in relation to cloud-based storage and streaming.
Attention is drawn to the rhetoric around the cloud and stream, disentangling
debates around ontology, mimesis, and authenticity, and revealing the central­
ity of the copy for communication studies today.
Chapter 16 – Michele Willson’s ‘Questioning Algorithms and Agency: Facial
Biometrics in Algorithmic Contexts’ – considers the notion of the algorithm as
xx Introduction

part of the everyday imaginary around new digital technologies. Anxieties and
desires around algorithms center on questions related to agency and control, and
whether these are to be situated in human or technological domains. The concept
of delegating human agency is suggested as a productive strategy for dealing with
these questions.
Chapter 17 – Thomas N. Cooke’s ‘Digital Privacy and Interdisciplinarity: Ten­
dencies, Problems, and Possibilities’ – discusses historical and contemporary debates
around digital privacy in communication studies. The interdisciplinarity of scholarly
treatment in particular has revealed many of the tensions faced by researchers in this
area. The chapter also considers normalizing tendencies amongst scholars and
emphasizes the need for new theoretical approaches in this area of inquiry.
Chapter 18 – Sergio Sayago and Josep Blat’s ‘Reimagining Communication
with Conversational User Interfaces: Anthropomorphic Design and Conversa­
tional User Experience’ – consider the new interfaces that are allowing us to
talk to our technologies. Two important issues in the design of conversational
user interfaces are explored – anthropomorphism and conversational dialogue.
The authors review current and seminal works in the field, and how they
have applied these issues in their recent research.
Chapter 19 – David J. Gunkel’s ‘Brain–Computer Interface’ – relates the
new interfaces between neurons and computational devices to the larger
encompassing area of human–computer interaction. These new technologies
allow for data input and output between the central and peripheral nervous
systems, and the nearby informatic environment. The chapter also considers
brain–computer interfaces in relation to science fiction in order to obtain an
outlook on future applications and design developments.
Michael Filimowicz
Veronika Tzankova

Other Volumes in the Series

Reimagining Communication: Meaning
Reimagining Communication: Experience
Reimagining Communication: Action

Note
The chapter summaries here have in places drawn from the authors’ chapter
abstracts, the full versions of which can be found in Routledge’s online reference
for the volume.
1
MEDIA ARCHAEOLOGY AND
MEDIATION
The Magic Lantern as an Object of
Theoretical Reflection

Francisco Javier Frutos-Esteban and Carmen

López-San Segundo

Introduction
The public or private sessions of magic lantern that combined the projection of
images, the recitation of texts and the interpretation of musical melodies reached
an important sociocultural relevance at the international level in different con­
texts related to science, education and popular culture between the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. In order to reach their objectives, these sessions used
a new device. This device adopted different names such as ‘phantoscope’,
‘megascope’, ‘solar microscope’ or ‘projection lantern’, and it was recognized as
a very popular means of social communication under the generic term of ‘magic
lantern’. It was a means that Charles Dickens himself compared, for its versatility
and variety of content, to no less than the city of London. In 1846, in Lausanne
(Switzerland), the British author when he started working on Dombey and Son
confessed to his biographer and friend John Forster that he felt nostalgia for the
London urban bustle with the following words:

It seems as if they supplied something to my brain, which it cannot bear,

when busy, to lose. For a week or a fortnight, I can write prodigiously in
a retired place (as at Broadstairs), and a day in London sets me up again and
starts me. But the toil and labour of writing, day after day, without that
magic lantern is immense!!
(Forster, 1873, p. 382)

If Dickens, who captured as much as anyone the social changes of Victorian

England, was inspired by London to create his works, the city that was his muse
and which he called his ‘magic lantern’, the French writer Henri Beyle – better
2 Frutos-Esteban and López-San Segundo

known under the pseudonym Stendhal – also did so and compared the magic
lantern with his own head. He did this in Rome, Naples and Florence in 1818,
a book that is a declaration of his love for Italy and which has now passed into
history to describe so-called ‘Stendhal syndrome’, the kind of ecstasy that occurs
when contemplating an accumulation of art and beauty over very little space
and time: ‘My head is a magic lantern; I am having fun with the crazy or tender
images that my imagination presents to me’ (Collignon, 1868, p. 188).
The magic lantern sessions, which caught the attention of such illustrious
celebrities, had as their central element the projection slides. Habitually they
were made of transparent glass, the slides were the basis of any session – public
or private, educational or playful – and they illustrated fables, tales, allegories,
comedies, dissemination subjects or current events. One of them inspired
Arthur Rimbaud to write in Roche, in 1873, part of his famous poem ‘A
Season in Hell’. In the only work published by the French poet, one of the
most popular religious magic lantern images is referenced; and he described
himself as a ‘master of phantasmagoria’ (Rimbaud, 1970, p. 25).
By the end of the nineteenth century, after being a part of all areas of the
social sphere, the magic lantern was an extremely versatile device. Therefore,
it is not surprising that it was a very heterogeneous market, competitive and
with a diversified demand articulated around it. A market consequence of
a highly fertile industrial and commercial activity that was oriented to both
dissemination and entertainment, it was aimed at two well-defined sectors: the
professional, with products and services for institutions and public shows; and
the domestic sector, for the amateur and children’s market. They were wit­
nesses in both the public and in the private spheres, as the first pages of the
famous novel By the Way of Swann showed, the first volume, published in
1913, of the seven that compose In Search of Lost Time. A text in which
Marcel Proust evokes a typical domestic session of the magic lantern gives rise
to the French author to introduce the conflicts of the protagonist of the work:
‘Someone had had the happy idea of giving me, to distract me on evenings
when I seemed abnormally wretched, a magic lantern, which used to be set
on top of my lamp while we waited for dinner-time to come’ (Proust, 2017,
p. 37).
Although the magic lantern developed a successful equipment industry and
satisfied a varied demand for consumer practices, from the development of
various expressive forms, its interest as a scientific object unfortunately has
been outside of the academic research focus until the late twentieth century.
Frutos and López (2008) indicate the dispersion of its collections and its con­
ceptual lack of definition as an object of study – both due to the chronological
breadth of their history, which runs between the seventeenth and nineteenth
centuries, as well as the controversial interpretation which linked the magic
lantern with the term ‘precinema’ – these would be two of the reasons that
explain why the magic lantern was for decades a media in the shade.
 Media Archaeology and Mediation 3

Fortunately, there has been a change of trend over the last two decades which
has shed light on the magic lantern and has resulted in the redoubled editorial
efforts of the prestigious English association The Magic Lantern Society, in the
works of ‘Media Archaeology’ – Zielinski (2008), Hutahmo and Parikka
(2011) – or in the development of international multidisciplinary research pro­
jects such as ‘A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage as Artefacts in
the Common European History of Learning’; ‘Dynamics of Educational and
Scientific Renovation in Secondary School Classrooms (1900–1936): An Iber­
ian Perspective’; ‘B-magic or The Magic Lantern and its Cultural Impact as
Visual Mass Medium in Belgium (1830–1940)’; or ‘Educational and Scientific
Challenges of the Second Spanish Republic: Internalization, Popularization
and Innovation in Universities and Schools’.
To follow the previous trend the present text conceives the magic lantern
as an archaeological object of study and for this reason it relies on current
theory from media archaeology and the genetic-cultural approach. The pre­
sent text has tried to provide a vision of ‘Media History’ – in which the
magic lantern is inscribed as an object of study – it is closer to what would
be a hypothetical ‘natural history of the sign’ in the terms Vygotsky formu­
lated (1991). This approach would contribute to make an appropriate ana­
lysis of the role played by the mediated communication – mediation social
and instrumental – in the formation and development of the human being
as a historical-cultural being.

The Magic Lantern and Media Archaeology

In light of Frutos’s (2008) recent comprehensive review of magic lantern
audiovisual projections, this second part of the text will only seek to update
and expand that review via contributions that see magic lanterns as archaeo­
logical remains, and, therefore, as items that may be studied within the scope
of media archaeology. In his study, Frutos (2008) attributes great value to the
editorial work undertaken by The Magic Lantern Society in safeguarding
memory related to magic lanterns. As for other contemporary monographs on
magic lanterns, Frutos (2008) is more critical and claims that they have fallen
victim to excessive isolation and statism as a consequence of decades in which
they were constructed as a dependent object of study and understood as mere
technical, expressive or industrial forerunners to other social communication
media. For example, given the continuity that can be established between
magic lantern audiovisual projections and cinematographic ones, among those
who study cinema the idea took hold from the outset that the study of magic
lanterns should be part of the history of cinema, and more specifically, the
‘archaeology of cinema’ (Ceram, 1965) or ‘precinema’, a period that has been
so well established that it even constructs the archives and museums related to
the history and heritage of the seventh art.
4 Frutos-Esteban and López-San Segundo

It is not only the history of cinema that has turned the magic lantern into
a mere antecedent of its object of study. Historia de la Fotografía (Sougez, 1991)
reproduces the same blueprint of estrangement proposed by cinematic histori­
ography and places magic lanterns in a phase labelled ‘prephotography’:
‘Another kind of theoretical limbo that equally seeks to legitimize archaeo­
logically the sectoral history of photography’ (Frutos, 2008, p. 168). Some
accounts from the history of performing arts have also included magic lantern
audiovisual projections within so-called ‘paratheatrical’ techniques, and other
sectoral histories associated with the broad spectrum of the narrative tradition
have placed them in fields such as ‘paraliterary’ and ‘intertextual’ studies (Fer­
nández, 2006).
That said, it is true that Gombrich (1987), an art historian, was one of the
first to raise the need to reflect on how art and aesthetics might relate to the
visual technologies that arose from the fifteenth century onward. Gombrich’s
reflections were continued by authors such as Bryson (1988) or Crary (1990)
who openly suggested that the gaze is a cultural construct whose history may
be related to the history of the arts, technology, the media and, by extension,
all social practices involving the creation and reception of cultural content. For
example, Bryson further explored the hypothesis of the gaze as a social con­
struction and as a system of codes interposed between the perceived world and
our conscience:

Inserted between the subject and the world is the total sum of discourses
that manufacture visuality, that cultural construct, and make visuality differ­
ent from vision, the notion of immediate visual experience. Inserted
between the retina and the world is the screen of signs, a screen that consists
of all of the many discourses on vision that are embodied in the social arena.
(Bryson, 1988, pp. 91–92)

In fact, Bryson went a step further and said that visual culture could not be
accommodated in the definition of its object of study as the result of the
‘social construction of the visual field’ and that emphasis should be placed on
exploring the reverse of this proposition, namely ‘the visual construction of
the social field’:

Postmodernism has supposed that we are moving beyond this episteme

and that we recognize that the visual field that we inhabit is a field of
meanings and not only of forms and is penetrated by verbal and visual
discourses, by signs; and these signs are socially constructed, just as we
are … Visuality [is] something that is constructed cooperatively; we are
therefore responsible for it.
(Bryson, 1988, p. 107)
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of
Isaac Ingalls Stevens, Volume 1 (of 2)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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 THE LIFE OF
ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS

BY HIS SON

HAZARD STEVENS

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

The Riverside Press, Cambridge

1900

COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY HAZARD STEVENS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THIS RECORD

OF
A NOBLE AND PATRIOTIC LIFE
IS DEDICATED

TO
THE YOUNG MEN OF AMERICA
 PREFACE

For many years I have felt impelled to write this Life, not only in
justice to General Stevens’s memory, but also as an act of duty to
the young men of the country, that the example of his noble and
patriotic career might not be lost to posterity. An only son, closely
associated from boyhood with him, his chief of staff in the Civil War,
and always the recipient of his counsel and confidence, the
opportunities thus given me to know his sentiments and
characteristics, and to witness so many of his actions, plainly
augment the duty of making his record more widely known. In these
pages, setting aside, as far as possible, the bias of filial respect and
affection, I seek to simply narrate the actual facts of his life.
Since beginning this work in 1877, I have been greatly assisted by
data furnished by many of General Stevens’s contemporaries, former
brother officers, and associates in the public service, many of whom
have now passed on. I render my grateful thanks to them for such
aid, and for their words of appreciation of General Stevens and
encouragement to his biographer, and especially to Generals Zealous
B. Tower, Henry J. Hunt, Benjamin Alvord, Edward D. Townsend,
Rufus Ingalls, A.A. Humphreys, E.O. C. Ord, Thomas W. Sherman,
Joseph E. Johnston, G.T. Beauregard, William H. French, Truman
Seymour, Orlando M. Poe, Silas Casey, John G. Barnard, M.C.
Meiggs, Joseph Hooker, George W. Cullum, David Morrison, George
E. Randolph; Colonels Samuel N. Benjamin, Granville O. Haller,
Henry C. Hodges, John Hamilton, H.G. Heffron, Elijah Walker, Moses
B. Lakeman; Major Theodore J. Eckerson, Major George T. Clark;
Captains William T. Lusk, Robert Armour, C.H. Armstrong; Professors
W.H.C. Bartlett, A.E. Church, H.S. Kendrick, H.E. Hilgard, Spencer F.
Baird; General Joseph Lane, Senator James W. Nesmith; General
Joel Palmer, Nathan W. Hazen, Esq., Alexander S. Abernethy, C.P.
Higgins; Judge James G. Swan, Arthur A. Denny; Hon. Elwood
Evans, General James Tilton.
My thanks are also due, for facilities for examining and copying
records in their departments, to the Hon. J.Q. Smith, former
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Hon. A.C. Towner, Acting
Commissioner; to General H. C. Corbin, Adjutant-General; General
John M. Wilson, Chief of Engineers; Hon. John Hay, Secretary of
State; Professor Henry L. Pritchett, Superintendent of the Coast
Survey; Lieutenant Paul Brodie, formerly adjutant 79th Highlanders,
for copying hundreds of pages of documents in the Indian Office; Mr.
R.F. Thompson, of the same office, for assistance rendered;
Professor F.G. Young, of Eugene, Oregon, for a copy of Colonel
Lawrence Kip’s account of the Walla Walla Council, republished by
him.
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Savage’s New England Genealogies.

Abiel Abbott’s History of Andover.
Miss Sarah Loring Bailey’s Historical Sketches of Andover.
Church and town records of Andover.
Massachusetts Colonial Records.
Family records and correspondence.
History of the Mexican War, by General C.M. Wilcox.
Campaigns of the Rio Grande and of Mexico, by Major Isaac I.
Stevens.
General Stevens’s diary and letters (unpublished).
His reports in the Engineer Bureau of the Army (unpublished).
Reports of the Coast Survey, Professor A.D. Bache, for 1850 to 1853.
Boston Post newspaper, files for 1852.
Pacific Railroad Routes Explorations, vols. i. and xii., two parts.
General Stevens’s reports to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, with
journals of Indian councils and proceedings in 1854–55
(unpublished).
Reports of December 22, 1855, and January 29, 1856, in House
Document 48, 1st session, 34th Congress.
Reports of August 28, December 5, 1856, council at Fox Island;
October 22, 1856, second council at Walla Walla; April 30, 1857,
with map and census of Indian tribes (unpublished).
Reports to Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, August 15, December
21, 1854; February 19, March 9 and 21, May 23 (two letters), June
8, July 7 and 24, August 14, October 22, November 21 (three
letters), 1856. See documents of 34th and 35th Congresses.
Reports and correspondence of General Wool, Colonel George
Wright, and Lieutenant-Colonel Silas Casey, in said documents.
Governor Stevens’s messages to legislature of Washington Territory,
February 28, December 5, 1854; January 20, December, 1856, the
latter accompanied by reports to the Secretary of War and
correspondence with military officers during the Indian war. See,
also, above documents and messages for proceedings relative to
martial law.
Governor Stevens’s speeches in 35th and 36th Congresses, in
Congressional Globe.
General Joseph Lane’s speech in 35th Congress, May 13, 1858, on
the Indian war.
Three Years’ Residence in Washington Territory, by James G. Swan.
The Walla Walla Council, by Colonel Lawrence Kip.
Account of Colonel Wright’s campaign against the Spokanes, by
Colonel Lawrence Kip.
Report of J. Ross Browne, Special Agent, etc., on the Indian war,
House Document 58, 1st session, 35th Congress.
History of the Pacific States, by H.H. Bancroft, vols. xxiv.-xxvi.
Archives State Department.
Records War Department.
Circular Letter to Emigrants, The Northwest, Letter to the Vancouver
Railroad Convention, by Governor Stevens, published in pamphlet.
The War between the States, by A.H. Stephens.
War Records, vol. v., for Army of the Potomac in 1861; vol. vi., for
Port Royal Expedition; vol. xiv., for James Island campaign; vol. xii.,
in three parts, for Pope’s campaign.
Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, vol. ii, entitled The
Virginia Campaign of 1862 under General Pope.
History of the 79th Highlanders, by William Todd.
History of the 21st Massachusetts, by General Charles F. Walcott.
Biographical Register of West Point Graduates, by General George W.
Cullum.
Defence of Charleston Harbor, by Major John Johnson.
Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. xvi.
Official dispatches of Admiral Dupont.
Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral.
Letters and statements from gentlemen named in the Preface.

The author, having sought his information from original sources as

far as possible, deems it unnecessary to mention the great number
of histories, regimental histories, and biographies that he has
perused, as they throw little light on the subject, and much of that
misleading.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
ANCESTRY.—BIRTHPLACE

Isaac Ingalls Stevens, seventh in descent from John

Stevens, 1, one of founders of Andover, Mass.,
1640—Deacon Joseph, 2—Captain James, 3,
captor of Louisburg; deputy to General Court—
Lieutenant James, 4, raised company for French
and Indian war; died in service—Jonathan, 5,
Revolutionary soldier, Bunker Hill; other service;
characteristics—His brother James’s diary of siege
of Boston—Isaac, 6, crippled by falling tree;
marries Hannah Cummings,—her ancestry; hires
Bridges farm; untiring industry and thrift; death of
wife; second marriage; characteristics; children 1

CHAPTER II
BIRTH.—BOYHOOD

Born, Marble Ridge farmhouse, North Andover, Mass., 13

March 25, 1818—Delicate child—Heroic treatment
—Incidents showing character—Devotion to
mother—Her death irreparable loss—Early
schooling—Over-study—Evil effects—Insists on
leaving school—Works in factory a year—Strict
treatment— No indulgence—Injudicious urging—
Fever—Rupture from over-exertion—Seeks Dr.
 Warren—Old Put’s school, Franklin Academy—
Rigorous daily life of farmer’s boy—Phillips
Academy—Appearance on entering—Earns board
and lodgings with Nathan W. Hazen, Esq.—Takes
first rank in studies—Power of concentration—
Habits of study—Proficiency in mathematics—
Protests against bigotry—Overcomes extreme
diffidence— Appointed to West Point

CHAPTER III
WEST POINT

Patriotic emotions on entering West Point—

Determines to be head of his class—Better
prepared rivals, Biddle, Halleck, and Butler—
Distinguished classmates—Extra French lessons—
Letters describe life and studies—Father and uncle
William disappointed at standing at first
examination—Abominates smoking and chewing—
Early rising—Halleck and Biddle compare notes
—“Little Stevens is driving ahead like the Devil”—
Gains first place—Spends 4th of July in New York—
Southern contempt for Yankee farmers—
Determined to resent it—Dialectic Society—Second
year encampment—Military ball—Contrasts his
situation with that on entering—Characteristics
drawn by Professors Bartlett and Church—Extra
drawing lessons, great gains—Admires General
Miller’s “I’ll try, sir”—Generous rivalry—Eleven
good friends—Visit home 24

CHAPTER IV
WEST POINT.—LAST TWO YEARS
Appointed assistant professor of mathematics—
Leading part in Dialectic Society—Efforts at
speaking—Reflections on studies and authors—
Long walks—Forbidden sweets— Horsemanship—
Skating over thin ice—Saves companion from
freezing—Letters to father and sisters—Susan goes
to Missouri—Again head, third year—Patriotic
indignation at British aggression—Advises sending
Oliver to college—Letters to Hannah and Oliver—
Avows abolition principles—Founds “Talisman”—His
own anonymous critic—His intimate friends—
Graduates first in every branch—Parents attend
graduation exercises 48

CHAPTER V
NEWPORT

Ordered to Newport, R.I.—Phrenological chart—

Lieutenants Mason, Beauregard, Hunt—
Ascendency over employees—Newport society—Mr.
Stevens welcomed—Personal appearance—Meets
his future wife—Benjamin Hazard—Horseback
rides—Family mansion—Charming Polly Wanton—
Colonel Daniel Lyman—German class—Marriage of
Susan to David H. Bishop—Death of grandmother
—Urges additional fortifications—Proposes to study
law—Friendly letter from Halleck—Takes part of
Tilden; of H.L. Smith—Death of Hannah—Delivers
address before Newport Lyceum—Lecture on
Oliver Cromwell—Visits Washington—Fairhaven
battery—Death of Susan—Death of Benjamin
Hazard—Marriage, September 8, 1841 60
 CHAPTER VI
CHARGE OF WORKS: NEW BEDFORD, PORTSMOUTH, PORTLAND,
BUCKSPORT

Wedding journey to West Point—Returns to Newport

—Charge of works at New Bedford—Moves to
Fairhaven—Halleck asks aid for engineer corps—
Journal—Thanksgiving in Andover—Hazard born,
June 9—Fugitive slave harbored in Andover—
Elizabeth marries L.M. Campbell in Tennessee—
Moves his family to Portsmouth, N.H.—Charge of
works there and Portland, Me.—Pleasant society—
Examines old forts at Castine—Fort Knox, on
Penobscot, buys land for—Youthful appearance—
Backwoods uncle, warm welcome—Overwork—
Severe illness— Julia Virginia born, June 27, 1844
—Visits Andover—Elizabeth and Mr. Campbell—
Moves to Bucksport tavern—Goes to housekeeping
—New friends—Assistants, Richard Kidder
Randolph, Isaac Osgood, A.W. Tinkham—
Penobscot River—Barge—Pushes on works—Fine
ox-teams—Judge of men—Severe sickness in
winter—Visits Washington—Obtains large
appropriations— Confidential inquiry if he desires
promotion—Characteristic reply—Delighted in
dispensing hospitality—Daughter Julia Virginia
died, December 7, 1845—Beautiful tribute by Mr.
Brooks—Organizes course of lectures—Salmon
weir—Advocates engineer company—Enlists first
soldier—Views on raising standard of rank and file
—Ordered to Mexican war—Speeds to Boston by
sleigh 78
 CHAPTER VII
VOYAGE TO MEXICO

Placed in charge of pontoon and engineer train—

Delays in embarking—Visits from relatives—Death
of Elizabeth—Letters to wife—Sails on barque
Prompt, January 19, 1847—Diary of voyage—
Seasickness—Warm weather—Passes Bahamas,
Great Abaco, Hole in the Wall, Berry Island, Black
Chief—Steward commits suicide—The weather in
the Gulf—Arrives at the Brazos—Meets officers—
Great confusion—Sails to Tampico, beautiful,
picturesque region—Landing at Vera Cruz, March 9
and 10 96

CHAPTER VIII
VERA CRUZ.—CERRO GORDO

Vera Cruz—Defenses—American army invests city—

Lieutenant Stevens’s zeal in reconnoitring—Hands
torn and poisoned— Horse bolts to enemy’s lines—
Throws himself from saddle— Looks out route for
covered way—Put in charge with large working
parties—Volunteers—Independent ways—Diary of
siege—Capture of city—Damage by artillery fire
—“Moonlight magnificence and sunlight
squalidity”—Secures fine horse— Appointed
adjutant of engineer corps—Diary of march to
Cerro Gordo—National Bridge—Rancheros—
Reconnoissances of Cerro Gordo—Disabled by
rupture—Compelled to remain in camp—
Description of battle—Letter to wife 110
 CHAPTER IX
JALAPA.—PUEBLA

Prisoners released on parole—March for Jalapa— 129

Encerro, Santa Anna’s country seat—Reaches
Jalapa, Eden of Mexico—Prepares memoir on
conducting war against guerrillas—Letters to wife
—Feeling address at burial of Sapper Carigan—
March from Jalapa to Puebla—Beautiful country—
Soldado—Pass of La Hora—Las Vegas—Perote, its
plain and castle—Leaves Perote with Colonel
Clarke’s brigade—San Antonio—Tepe Ahualeo with
General Worth and Garland’s brigade—Hacienda of
Virayes— Byzantium—Ojo de Agua—Hacienda
Santa Annaced—Nopalucan—El Pinal—Acajete—
Amasoque—Column of lancers threaten attack—
Sheer off at fire of Duncan’s battery in two bodies
— Lieutenants Stevens and McClellan pursue one
for five miles—Puebla occupied—Health improved
—Reports for duty— Reconnoitres road to Tlascala
—Examines position in city— Generals Scott and
Twiggs arrive—Santa Anna renounces power—His
career and character—Attends church—Bull fight—
Army recruiting strength—Drilling—Awaiting
reinforcements— Engineers making maps—
Collecting information—Wealthy Mexican offers to
act as spy—Dominguez, robber chief, with some of
his band, employed as spies and couriers—Submits
memoir on system of espionage and employing
robbers—Rumors— Guerrillas invest El Pinal—
Colonel Harney marches to disperse them—Arrival
of volunteers—Review—Sorry appearance—Good
material—Heavy defenses and eighteen thousand
troops at City of Mexico—Character of Mexican
 governing class—Letters to wife—Description of
Puebla—Climate—People—Confidence of the
troops—Character of General Scott—Arrival of
General Pierce

CHAPTER X
ADVANCE TO MEXICO, EL PEÑON, CONTRERAS, CHURUBUSCO

Advance to valley of Mexico—Description of defenses

—General Scott and staff with Twiggs’s division
reach Ayotla—Daring reconnoissances of El Peñon
by Lieutenant Stevens—March around Lakes
Chalco and Xochimilco—Occupy San Augustin—
Reconnoissances of enemy’s positions—San
Antonio road strongly fortified—Pedregal—
Intrenched camp at Contreras— Battle of
Contreras—Lieutenant Stevens urges decisive
movement adopted by Twiggs—“Attack the
enemy’s left; you cut him off from reinforcements
and hurl him into the gorges of the mountains”—
Stormy night—Discouragement—Scene at Scott’s
headquarters—Second day’s battle—Reconnoitring
from church steeple at Coyoacan—Enemy in full
retreat on San Antonio road—Instant advance by
Twiggs, led by Lieutenant Stevens, who comes up
against fortified convent and brings on battle of
Churubusco—Description of battle—Terrible scenes
of battlefield banished sleep—Letter to wife—
Tacubaya occupied— Armistice 163

CHAPTER XI
MOLINO DEL REY.—CHAPULTEPEC.—CAPTURE OF CITY OF MEXICO.—
RETURN TO UNITED STATES
General Scott and staff enter Tacubaya—Take
quarters in Bishop’s Palace—Commissioners to
negotiate peace—Mexican treachery—Armistice
terminated—Battle of Molino del Rey—Useless
attacks—Severe losses—Battle of Chapultepec—
Castle stormed—Quitman advances on Tacubaya
causeway—Worth on San Cosme causeway—
Lieutenant Stevens, with Worth, wounded—Enemy
retreat in night—American troops occupy city—
Lieutenant Stevens’s remarks on the movements—
His character sketches of Lee, Beauregard, Tower,
Smith, McClellan, Foster, Mason—Removed to city
—quartered in the Palace—Severe wound—Ups
and downs—Mounts crutches—Journeys in
ambulance with Lieutenant Foster to Puebla—
Arrives at New Orleans 202

CHAPTER XII
HEROES HOME FROM THE WAR

Proceeds to Washington—Flattering reception—Gives

full accounts to Colonel Totten—Joyful reunion with
family in Newport—Shoots mad dog—Ordered to
Savannah—Letter to brother—Character of
Cromwell—Makes garden—Justice of Mexican war
—Savannah orders countermanded—Resumes
works at Bucksport—Purchases house, garden,
poultry—Characteristic reply to inquiry as to
willingness to be sent to Pacific coast—Brevetted
captain and major—Efforts to secure justice for
brother officers—Opinion of General Taylor—Brevet
pay—McClellan asks assistance for engineer
company— Lieutenant Stevens’s views—Advocates
reorganization of the army 226
 CHAPTER XIII
COAST SURVEY

Professor A.D. Bache tenders charge of Coast Survey

office— Accepts conditionally—Retains charge of
works—Assumes new duties—Estimate of General
Taylor—Magnitude of Coast Survey Office—
Organizes the force—Reforms the office— Meets
“men of Mexico”—General Shields—Approves
compromise measures—Puritan father condemns
Webster— Visits Bucksport—Daughter Gertrude
Maude born—Wound breaks out afresh—
Contemplates leaving Coast Survey—Moves family
to Newport—Pays $400 on house—Generous in
money matters—Spends summer in Washington—
Letters to his wife— Ideals of woman, marriage,
duty, ambition—Admiration for Henry Clay, the
master spirit—Compromise measures passed—Fine
health—Carries appropriation—Truth and
directness superior to low cunning—Office
improving, duties more pleasant daily—Publishes
Campaigns of Rio Grande and of Mexico—General
Scott takes offense 241

CHAPTER XIV
LIFE IN WASHINGTON

Moves family to Washington—Pleasant society—Takes 257

hold Fourteen Years’ Bill—Reorganization of army
—Urges brother officers to do “their duty to their
profession”—Army man, not a corps man—Moves
to Mrs. Janney’s, on 8th Street—Takes family to
Newport for summer, 1851—Another phrenological
 chart—Rents house on 3d Street and goes to
housekeeping—George Watson Stevens—Letters to
wife—Responds to toast of Army and Navy at
banquet to Kossuth—Advocates coast defenses,
and writes articles—Appointed member of
Lighthouse Board—Sells Bucksport house—
Advocates election of General Franklin Pierce as
President—Articles in “Boston Post”—Speeches in
Andover, Newport, and Portsmouth—Taken to task
by Secretary of War Conrad—Pungent reply—
Leader among young officers—Numerous calls—
Friendship with Professor Bache—Continued
improvement of Coast Survey Office

CHAPTER XV
GOVERNOR, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.—EXPLORATION, NORTHERN
ROUTE

Washington Territory organized—Exploration of 280

routes to Pacific determined on—Appointed
governor—Letter of resignation from army—
Colonel Totten’s reply—Silver service presented by
friends on the Coast Survey—Obtains charge of
exploration of Northern route—Takes high ground
—Impresses his views on the administration—
Applies for Captain McClellan—Letter to him—
Sends Lieutenant Donelson to Montreal to procure
maps and data from Hudson Bay Company—
Prepares his own instructions—Magnitude of task—
Organizes the expedition— Gives McClellan charge
of construction of the military road, Steilacoom to
Walla Walla—Declares independence of Hudson
Bay Company—Busy scenes in 3d Street house—
Sends officers to San Francisco, St. Louis, and St.
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