NEW SYLLABUS &

MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

01 Physics Syllabus 01
02 Indices 12
03 Rounding-off of Numbers 12
04 Scientific Notation 13
05 Logarithms 13
06 Trigonometry 17
07 Geometry important points 13
08 Graphs 14
09 Unit conversion 30

Dr. DARSHANA UKUWELA THEORY - 2027

ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Measurement

1.1 Introduction to physics

@ Explaining simply the subject area of physics and

General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level) how it relates to daily life and nature
@ How physics contributed to the development of
Physics Syllabus society
@ Basic concepts in scientific methodology
Grads 12 -13
^Implemented from 2017& 1.2 Physical quantities and units

@ Fundamental physical quantities

G.C.E (Advanced Level) Physics syllabus is designed as a @ International system of units (SI units)
two year course to provide the basic background in Physics @ Base units
that would be required by those intending to proceed to higher
studies as well as by those who would utilize the knowledge of @ Supplementary units
Physics in various fields and daily life. @ Derived physical quantities and derived units
@ Physical quantities without units
@ Multiples and submultiples of units

Aims of the syllabus 1.3 Dimensions

@ Dimensions of basic physical quantities used in

01. acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to mechanics
become confident citizens in a technological world. Ø Mass
02. recognize the usefulness and limitations of scientific the Ø Length
method and to appreciate its applicability in everyday Ø Time
life @ Dimensions of derived physical quantities
03. develop abilities and skills that are relevant to the study @ Uses of dimensions
and practice of Physics in day- to -day life. Ø Testing the correctness of aphysical equation
04. develop attitudes relevant to Physics such as concern for Ø Finding the units of a given quantity
accuracy and precision, objectivity, enquiry, initiative Ø Deriving expressions
and inventiveness.
05. stimulate interest and care for the environment. 1.4 Measuring instruments
06. acquire manipulative, observational and experimental @ Principle, Least count and Range
skills together with hands- on experience on the
equipments used by physicists. @ Errors of measurement
Ø Systematic Error
Number of Ø random Error
Topic No. Topic periods Ø Fractional error and percentage error
01 Measurement 30 @ Laboratory measuring instruments
02 Mechanics 110 Ø Metre ruler
03 Oscillations and Waves 100 Ø Vernier calipers
04 Thermal Physics 60 Ø Micrometer screw gauge
05 Gravitational Field 20 Ø Spherometer
06 Electrostatic field 60 Ø Travelling microscope
07 Magnetic Field 40 Ø Triple beam balance/Four beam balance
Current Electricity /electronic balance
08 70
Electronics Ø Stop clock/stopwatch/ Digital stopwatch
09 40
Ø Digital multimeter
10 Mechanical Properties of Matter 40
11 Matter and Radiation 30

^40 minutes per period&

 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

@ Laboratory practical’s Using measuring instruments 2.3 Force and motion

Ø Vernier calipers
@ Mass
Ø Micrometer screw gauge
Ø Inertial mass
Ø Spherometer
Ø Gravitational mass
Ø Travelling microscope
@ Inertial and non – inertial frames
1.5 Scalars and vectors @ Newton’s first law of motion
@ Momentum
@ Scalar quantities @ Newton’s second law of motion
@ Vector quantities Ø Obtaining F = ma
Ø Geometrical representation of a vector quantity Ø Defining the unit ‘newton’
l Resultant vector of two vectors in the same @ Impulse and impulsive forces
line and parallel lines
@ Principle of conservation of linear momentum
l Two inclined vectors
Ø elastic and inelastic collisions
† Parallelogram law
@ Newton’s third law of motion
† Triangle method
@ Applications of Newton’s laws
l System of vectors
@ Self adjusting forces
l Polygon method @ Tension
Ø Resolution of vectors @ Thrust / compression
@ Frictional forces
Ø Static friction
Mechanics
Ø Limiting friction
Ø Dynamic friction
2.1 Kinematics @ Free body force diagrams
@ Relative motion
Ø Motion in the same direction 2.4 Equilibrium
Ø Motion in the opposite directions
@ Conditions for equilibrium
@ Rectilinear motion under constant acceleration
@ Principle of moments
Ø Graphs of motion
@ Equilibrium under two forces
l s-t graphs
@ Equilibrium of coplanar forces
l v-t graphs
Ø Three non parallel forces
Ø Equations of motion
Ø Three parallel forces
l Motion in a straight line
Ø Theorem of triangle of forces
l Projectile motion under gravity
Ø Polygon of forces
2.2 Resultant of forces
@ States of equilibrium
Ø Stable
@ Resultant of two forces Ø Unstable
Ø Resultant of a system of coplanar forces Ø Neutral
@ Moment of a force @ Determination of weight of a body using the
Ø Moment of a force about a point principle of moments
Ø Moment of a couple (of forces)
Ø Resultant of parallel forces and the line of 2.5 Work, energy and power
action(parallel forces in the same direction)
@ Centre of gravity of a body @ Work
Ø Centre of gravity of regular shaped bodies Ø Work done by force in translational motion
Ø Centre of gravity of regular shaped compound @ Mechanical energy
bodies Ø Kinetic energy
@ Centre of mass Ø Translational kinetic energy
@ Determination of weight of a body using the l Potential energy
law of parallelogram of forces l Gravitational potentialenergy
@ Elastic potential energy
@ Power and efficiency
@ Principle of conservation of energy
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

@ Principle of conservation of mechanical energy @ Bernoulli’s principle (derivation not necessary)

@ Work-energy principle @ Applications of Bernoulli’s principle

2.6 Rotational motion

@ Angular displacement Oscillations and Waves

@ Angular velocity
@ Frequency of rotation 3.1 Oscillations
@ Angular acceleration
@ Simple harmonic motion
@ Equations of rotational motion under uniform
angular acceleration @ Physical quantities related to simple harmonic
motion
@ Moment of inertia
Ø Amplitude
Ø Thin uniform rod
Ø Frequency
Ø Thin uniform ring
Ø Period
Ø Uniform circular disk and cylinder
Ø Energy
Ø Uniform sphere
@ Definition of S. H. M
@ Angular momentum
@ Characteristic equation of the simple harmonic
@ Torque
motion a = - ω2x
@ Relationship between torque, moment of inertia and
@ Simple harmonic motion as a projection of a
angular acceleration
uniform circular motion
@ Principle of conservation of angular momen-tum
Ø Phase
@ Work done in rotational motion
Ø Phase difference
@ Rotational kinetic energy
@ Equation of displacement (Only for oscillations
@ Analogy between linear motion and rotational starting with x = 0 and t = 0)
motion
x = A sin ω t
@ Circular motion with uniform angular velocity in a
@ Displacement – time graph corresponding to simple
horizontal plane
harmonic motion
Ø Frequency
@ Small oscillations of a simple pendulum
Ø Period
Ø Tangential velocity l
@ Period T = 2π
Ø Centripetal acceleration √g
Ø Centripetal force @ Determination of gravitational acceleration by using
simple pendulum
@ Small oscillations of a mass suspended by a light
2.7 Hydrostatics
helical spring.
@ Hydrostatic pressure m
@ Period T = 2π
@ Atmospheric pressure √k
@ Compare densities of liquids @ Determination of the spring constant of a light
Ø using a U- tube helical spring
Ø using Hare’s apparatus @ Free oscillations
@ Transmission of pressure @ Damped oscillations
Ø Pascal’s principle and its applications @ Forced oscillations and Resonance
@ Up thrust 3.2 Mechanical waves
Ø Archimedes’ principle
@ Floatation @ Transverse waves
Ø Conditions for floatation @ Longitudinal waves
Ø Principle of floatation @ Graphical representation of a wave
Ø Hydrometer @ Physical quantities related to waves
@ Determination of density of liquids using the Ø Speed - v
weighted test tube Ø Wavelength - λ
Ø Frequency - f
2.8 Fluid-dynamics
Ø Amplitude - A
@ Streamline flow and turbulent flow @ Speed of waves v = f λ
@ Equation of continuity for a steady, stream line flow
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

3.3 Properties of waves Ø Soonic Boom

@ Reflection 3.7 Nature of sound

Ø Rigid reflection
Ø Soft reflection @ Characteristics of sound
@ Refraction Ø Pitch
@ Diffraction Ø Loudness
@ Polarization Ø Quality of sound
@ Principle of superposition of waves @ Limits of hearing
@ Interference Ø Threshold of hearing
@ Stationary waves Ø Threshold of pain
@ Beats @ Intensity and intensity level of sound (decibel)
Ø fb = f1 - f2 (derivation is not necessary) @ Graph of intensity level versus the frequency for
human ear
@ Comparison of stationary waves and progressive
waves
3.8 Electromagnetic waves
3.4 Stationary waves in strings
@ Electromagnetic spectrum
@ Stationary waves in a stretched string @ Properties of electromagnetic waves
T @ Uses of electromagnetic waves
Ø Speed of transverse waves v=
√m @ LASER
Ø Modes of vibrations in a stretched string Ø Principle
1 T Ø Properties
Ø Fundamental tone f0 = 2l m
√ Ø Uses
Ø Overtones and harmonics
@ Sonometer 3.9 Geometrical optics
Ø Determination of the frequency of a tuning fork
by changing the tension of the string @ Refraction
Ø Verification of the relationship between the Ø Laws of refraction
vibrating length and frequency Ø Refractive index
E l Absolute refractive index
@ Speed of longitudinal wave v =
√ρ l Relative refractive index
@ Seismic waves, Earth quakes, Richter scale and Ø Relationship between refractive indices
Tsunami Ø Relationship between real depth and apparent
3.5 Waves in gases depth
Ø Apparent displacement d = t ( 1- 1/n)
E
@ Speed of sound in air v= @ Determination of the refractive index of glass using
√ρ
@ v = γRT a travelling microscope
√ m @ Critical angle
@ Factors affecting the speed of sound in air @ Relationship between the critical angle and the
@ Modes of vibrations in an air column relative refractive index n = 1 / sin c
@ Closed tube @ Total internal reflection
@ Open tube @ Refraction through a prism
@ Determination of the speed of sound in air using a @ Experimental investigation of deviation of a light
one end closed tube ray through a prism
Ø by using one tuning fork @ Deviation
Ø by using a set of tuning forks (graphical @ d - i graph
method) @ Minimum deviation
@ Relationship between prism angle, n =
sin ( )
A+D
2
3.6 Doppler effect
refractive index and the angle
of minimum deviation.
sin()A
2
@ Equations for apparent frequency
Ø Only the observer is moving @ Determination of the refractive index of material of
prism by critical angle method
Ø Only the source is moving
@ Spectrometer
Ø Both observer and source are moving along the
same line Ø Main adjustments
Ø Determination of the angle of a prism
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Ø Finding the angle of minimum deviation @ Relationship between Celsius and absolute
@ Refraction through thin lenses temperatures
@ Real and virtual images of convex and concave T = θ + 273.15
lenses @ Thermometers
Ø Lens formula with Cartesian sign convention Ø Mercury/ alcohol in glass thermometer
Ø Linear magnification
@ Determination of focal length of convex lenses and 4.2 Thermal expansion
concave lenses
@ Power of a lens @ Expansion of solids
@ Combination of thin lenses in contact Ø Linear expansion
Ø Area expansion
3.10 Human eye Ø Volume expansion
@ Relationship between linear, area and volume
@ Formation of an image expansivities
@ Visual angle @ Volume expansion of liquids
@ Defects of vision and correction Ø Real expansion
Ø Short sight Ø Apparent expansion
Ø Long sight Ø γReal = γApparent + 3 × α (Derivation not necessary)
Ø Presbyopia Ø Variation of density with temperature
3.11 Optical instruments @ Anomalous expansion of water

@ Simple microscope 4.3 Gas laws

@ Normal adjustment
@ Boyle’s law
@ Magnifying power (Angular magnification)
@ Determination of the atmospheric pressure using
@ Compound microscope quill tube
Ø Normal adjustment @ Charles’s law
Ø Magnifying power (Angular magnification) Ø Investigation of relationship between volume
@ image at infinity andtemperature at constant pressure
@ Astronomical telescope @ Pressure law
Ø Normal adjustment Ø Investigation of relationship between pressure
@ Magnifying power (Angular magnification) andtemperature at constant volume
@ image at near point @ Ideal gas equation pV = nRT
@ Dolton’s law of partial pressure
Thermal Physics
4.4 Kinetic theory of gases

4.1 Temperature @ Elementary assumptions of the kinetic theory

@ Thermal equilibrium @ PV = 1 Nmc-2

3
@ Zeroth law of thermodynamics (Derivation is not necessary)
@ Thermometric properties @ Expression for mean translational kinetic energy of
@ Expression for temperature basedon two fixed an air molecule,
points 2
xθ - x L E = kT
θ= × (θH - θL) + θL 3
xH - xL
@ Celsius scale 4.5 Heat exchange
xθ - x L
θ= × 100°C @ Heat capacity
xH - xL
@ Absolute scale (Thermodynamic scale) @ Specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
@ Absolute zero @ Molar heat capacities of gases
@ Triple point of water @ Determination of specific heat capacities of solids
by the method of mixtures
@ Expression for absolute temperature based on triple
point of water @ Newton’s law of cooling
xT @ Determination of specific heat capacities of a liquid
T = x × 273.16 by the method of cooling
tr
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

4.6 Change of state @ Searle’s method

@ Convection
@ State of matter @ Radiation
Ø Qualitative molecular account of the difference
between solids, liquids and gases
@ Simple explanation of the molecular processes in
fusion and boiling Gravitational Field
@ Fusion (melting)
5.1 Gravitational force field
Ø Specific latent heat of fusion
Ø Determination of specific latent heat of fusion @ Gravitational force between two masses
of ice (method of mixtures) @ Newton’s law of universal gravitation
@ Vaporization at Boiling @ Gravitational force field
Ø Specific latent heat of vaporization @ Gravitational field intensity
Ø Determination of specific latent heat of @ Field intensity at a point away from a point mass
vaporization of water ( method of mixtures)
@ Field intensity at a point outside a spherical mass
Ø Effect of pressure on boiling point and melting
@ Graphical representation of the variation of field
point
intensity
@ Gravitational potential
4.7 Vapour and humidity @ Expression for gravitational potential at a point
distance r from a point mass
@ Evaporation
Gm
@ Comparison of evaporation and vaporization V=-
r
(boiling)
(derivation is not necessary)
@ Vapour pressure and saturated vapour pressure
@ Potential energy of a mass in a gravitational field
@ Variation of vapour pressure with temperature
@ Graphical representation of the variation of
@ Variation of vapour pressure with volume
potential with distance
@ Dew point
@ Absolute humidity
5.2 Earth’s gravitational field
@ Relative humidity
@ Determination of relative humidity using polished @ Gravitational field intensity near the Earth surface
calorimeter @ Relationship between the acceleration due to gravity
and gravitational field intensity
4.8 Thermodynamics @ Earth satellites
@ Geostationary satellites
@ Explanation of heat as a state of transfer of energy @ Escape velocity
@ Internal energy
@ First law of thermodynamics ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
@ Special instances where the first law of Electric Field
thermodynamics is applicable
Ø Constant pressure processes 6.1 Electrostatic force
Ø Constant volume processes
@ electro static force between two charges
Ø Isothermal processes
@ Coulomb’s law
Ø Adiabatic processes
@ Electric field intensity
Ø Cyclic processes
@ Electric field lines
@ Pressure – volume curves for above processes
Ø Around a point charge
Ø Around two point charges
4.9 Transfer of heat
Ø Between two charged parallel plates
@ Conduction @ Field intensity of a point due to a point charge
Ø Thermal conductivity @ Graphical representation of the variation of field
intensity
Ø Equation for the rate of conduction of heat
Ø Temperature variation of lagged& nonlagged
uniform rods.
Ø Determination of thermal conductivity of a
metal
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

6.2 Flux model

Magnetic fields
@ Electric flux
@ Gauss’s theorem 7.1 Magnetic force
@ Finding electrostatic field intensities using Gauss’s @ Force acting on a current carrying conductor placed
theorem in a magnetic field
Ø Around a point charge @ Expression for the magnitude of force
Ø Near an infinite charge plate @ Magnetic flux density
Ø Around a charged conducting sphere @ Fleming’s left hand rule
l Outside the sphere @ Force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field
l On the surface of the sphere Ø Magnitude of the force
l Inside the sphere Ø Direction of the force
@ Field intensity at a distance r from an infinitely long
charged thin wire Hall effect

6.3 Electric potential @ Qualitative explanation

@ Derivation of an expression for Hall voltage
@ Definition of potential at a point in an electrostatic
field
@ Potential at a point due to a point charge, 7.2 Magnetic force field
1 Q (derivation is not necessary)
V= @ Biot –Savart law
4πε r
@ Maxwell’s corkscrew rule
@ Potential at a point due to distribution of point
charges @ Magnetic flux density near a current carrying
infinitely long straight conductor (derivation is not
@ Potential difference between two points necessary)
@ Work done in moving a charge across a potential @ Magnetic flux density at the centre of a current
difference carrying circular coil
@ Potential energy of a charge in an electric field @ Magnetic flux density along the axis of a current
@ Potential energy of a system with two charges carrying long solenoid (derivation is not necessary)
@ Potential gradient @ Magnitude of the force between two current
@ Relationship between potential gradient and electric carrying infinitely long parallel conductors
field intensity @ Definition of Ampere
@ Equipotential surfaces
@ Equipotential surfaces in different fields
Ø Near a point charge 7.3 Torque acting on a current loop
Ø Near like point @ Rectangular coil placed in a uniform magnetic field
Ø Charges Near unlike point charges @ Rectangular coil placed in a radial magnetic field
@ Moving coil galvanometer
6.4 Electric capacitance Ø Expression for deflection
Ø Factors affecting the current sensitivity
@ Definition of capacitance
Ø Direct current motor
@ Parallel plate capacitor
@ C = kε0A Derivation of the equation
d
@ Capacitance of a spherical conductor (spherical
capacitors are not included)
@ Combination of capacitors
Ø Series combination
Ø Parallel combination
@ Energy stored in a charged capacitor
@ Derivation of expression for energy
@ Distribution of charges on conductors having
different shapes
@ Point discharge (corona discharge)
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

8.3 Electromotive force

Current Electricity
@ Formation of potential difference between plates of
8.1 Fundamental concepts a simple cell
@ Transformation of different forms of energy in
@ Electric charges and electric current various sources of Electromotive force
Q @ Definition of electromotive force
I= t
@ Introduction of internal resistance
@ Mechanism of conduction of electricity through a @ Application of the law of conservation of energy to a
metallic conductor circuit having a source of electromotive force
@ Expression for the relationship between current and @ Expression V = E - Ir for the potential difference
drift velocity between the terminals of a cell in a closed circuit
@ Current density @ Determination of electromotive force and internal
@ Potential difference resistance of a cell (graphical method)
@ Resistance and resistivity @ Combination of sources of electromotive force
ρl Ø Series connection
R=A
Ø Parallel connection of identical sources
@ Variation of resistance with temperature @ Graphical representation of the [relationship
@ Temperature coefficient of resistance between resistance and power dissipation of a
resistor
Superconductivity
@ Condition for maximum power transfer (derivation
@ Behavior of superconductors is not necessary)
@ Super conducting materials
@ Properties of superconductors 8.4 Electric circuits
@ Uses of superconductors @ Kirchhoff’s laws
Combination of resistors Ø First law (conservation of charges)
Ø Second law (conservation of energy)
@ Series combination
@ Parallel combination 8.5 @ Uses of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Multimeter
@ Wheatstone bridge
Ohm’s law
@ Relationship between resistances for balanced
@ Conditions for validity of Ohm’s law condition.
@ I - V curves
Meter bridge
@ Ohmic conductors
@ Non-ohmic conductors @ facts to be considered in using meter bridge.
@ Potential divider circuit @ Uses of meter bridge
Ø Finding temperature coefficient of resistance

Potentiometer
8.2 Energy and power
@ Principle of potentiometer
@ Expression for energy dissipated due to flow of @ Calibration of potentiometer
chargesW = QV and W = VIt
@ Facts to be considered in using potentiometer
@ Expression for power ( rate of dissipation of energy)
P = VI @ Uses of potentiometer
Ø Comparison of electromotive forces
V2 V2
@ Obtaining P = IR, P = and W = I2Rt, W = t Ø Determination of internal resistance of a cell
R R
@ Application of P = VI and W = VIt for any electrical @ Advantages and disadvantage of using potentio-
appliance meter
V2 V2 8.6 Electromagnetic induction
@ Application of P = I2R, P = and W = I2Rt,W = t
R R
and for appliances producing heat only (Joule @ Magnetic flux and flux linkage
heating) @ Laws of electromagnetic induction
Ø Faraday’s law
Ø Lenz’s law
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

@ Demonstrating the laws of electromagnetic @ Characteristic curves of a diode

induction @ I-V curve of ideal diode
@ Electromotive force induced in a straight rod @ I-V curve of a practical diode
moving in a uniform magnetic field @ Diode as a rectifier
Ø Expression for induced electromotive force Ø Half wave rectification
Ø Fleming’s right hand rule Ø Full wave rectification
@ Electromotive force induced in a rod rotating in a @ Smoothing
magnetic field
@ Demonstration of rectification using CRO
@ Electromotive force induced in a disc rotating in a
magnetic field @ Diode as a switch
@ Electromotive force induced in a rectangular coil @ Types of diodes
rotating in a magnetic field and expression for Ø Zener diode
maximum value l Voltage regulation using Zener diode
Alternating current generator Ø Light emitting diode(LED)
Ø Photo diode
@ Arrangement
@ Graphical representation of the variation of 9.2 Transistor
electromotive force with time
@ Introduction to alternating current and voltage @ Bipolar transistor
@ r.m.s value and peak value of current and voltage. Ø Structure and circuit symbol of npn and pnp
@ Average power in watts in a resistive circuits. transistors
@ npn transistor circuits
Eddy currents and their uses
Ø Action of a transistor
@ Back e.m.f. of an electric motor Ø Circuit configuration
@ Demonstration of back e. m. f. of electric motor Ø Common – base
@ Effect of the back e.m.f. on the armature current Ø Common – emitter
@ Controlling the initial current /starter switch Ø Common – collector
@ Transformers @ Investigating the characteristics of a common
Ø Structure emitter configuration of a transistor
Ø Relationship between the number of turns and Ø Input characteristics
the voltages of primary and secondary coils for Ø Transfer characteristics
ideal transformers.
Ø Output characteristics
Ø Step-down and step-up transformers
@ Biasing a transistor
Ø Input and output power of the transformer
@ Common emitter transistor amplifier
Ø The product VI, as input / output power of a
Ø Current amplification
transformer
Ø Voltage amplification
l Energy loss in a transformer
@ Common emitter transistor switch
l Loss due to Joule heating
@ Unipolar transistor (JFET)
l Loss due to eddy current
Ø Structure of p-channel and nchannel JEFT
l Method to minimize energy loss.
@ Action of n - channel JFET
@ Uses of transformers
@ characteristic curve
@ Transmission of electric power

9.3 Operational amplifier

Electronics
@ Operational amplifier as an integrated circuit (IC)
9.1 Semiconductors
@ Identification of pins
@ Intrinsic semiconductors @ Action of operational amplifier
@ Extrinsic semiconductors @ Characteristics of the open loop state
@ n – type @ Uses of operational amplifier as a voltage amplifier
@ p- type Ø Close loop state
@ Junction diode l Golden rules I and II
@ p-n junction
@ Depletion layer
@ Forward bias
@ Reverse bias
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

l Inverting amplifier Ø Forces acting on a spherical object

l Non-inverting amplifier Ø Terminal velocity
Ø Use of operational amplifier as a voltage Ø Stokes’ law
comparator/ switch l Correctness of formula through dimen-
sional analysis
9.4 Digital electronics l Derivation of expressions for terminal
velocity
@ Boolean expressions and truth tables of logic gates Ø Object moving upwards
@ AND gate Ø Object moving downwards
@ OR gate
@ NOT gate 10.3 Surface tension
@ NAND gate @ Definition of surface tension
@ NOR gate @ Angle of contact
@ EXOR gate @ Relationship between nature of the liquid meniscus
@ EXNOR gate and the angle of contact
@ Investigating the truth tables of basic logic gates @ Free surface energy
@ Logic expressions for simple digital circuits @ Expression for the work done in increasing the
(maximum of three inputs) surface area of a liquid film isothermally
@ Converting a given logic expression to a logic gate @ Relationship between surface energy and surface
circuit tension
@ Logic expression for a truth table @ Expression for pressure difference across a spherical
@ Designing simple logic circuits meniscus
@ Electronic memory @ Capillary rise
@ Single memory element with NOR gates @ Expression for capillary rise
@ Basic SR flip-flop (Bistable) @ Determination of surface tension
Ø Using a microscope slide
Ø Capillary rise method
Mechanical properties of matter
Ø Jaegar’s method
10.1 Elasticity of solids
Matter and Radiation
@ Tension and extension
@ Load-extension graph 11.1 Quantum nature of radiation
@ Tensile stress
@ Tensile strain @ Black body radiation
@ Young modulus @ Stefan’s law
@ Stress-strain graph @ Modification of the Stefan’s law for non-black
@ Hooke’s law bodies
@ Determination of Young modulus of a metal using a @ Intensity distribution of black body radiation
wire @ Wien’s displacement law
@ Energy stored in a stretched string @ Failure of the classical physics to explain the
distribution of intensity of radiation
10.2 Viscosity @ Planck’s hypotheses

@ Viscous force 11.2 Photoelectric effect

@ Coefficient of viscosity
@ Threshold frequency
Aη(V1-V2)
F= d @ I-V graphs
@ Poiseuille’s equation for a fluid flow @ Stopping potential
Ø Conditions of validity @ Graph of frequency against stopping potential
Ø Correctness of the equation through dimensio- @ Graphs for different metals
nal analysis @ Failure of the classical physics to explain
Ø Determination of coefficient of viscosity by photoelectric effect
using Poiseuille’s formula
@ Motion of an object through viscous media
 New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

@ Hypotheses put forward by Einstein to explain the @ Binding energy

photoelectric effect Explaining photoelectric effect @ Graphical representation between atomic number
considering energy quanta (photon) and binding energy of a nucleon
@ Work function @ Comparison of energy released in chemical reaction
@ Einstein’s photoelectric effect equation and nuclear reaction
@ Relationship between work function and threshold
frequency Nuclear energy
@ Relationship between stopping potential and
@ Nuclear fission
maximum kinetic energy
Ø Action of an atomic bomb
11.3 Wave nature of matter Ø Action of a nuclear power station
@ Nuclear fusion
@ de Broglie wavelength for matter waves Ø Conditions necessary for fusion reaction
@ Evidences about wave nature of matter Ø Fusion reaction inside the sun
@ Principle of electron microscope Ø Attempt of using fusion reaction for producing
energy
11.4 X – rays
11.7 @ Introduction to particle physics
@ Production of X – rays
@ Experimental approach probing the structure of
@ Properties of X – rays matter
@ Uses of X – rays @ Requirement of high energy particles
@ Need of particle accelerators and detectors
11.5 Radioactivity @ Elementary particles
@ Natural radioactive decay Ø quarks
Ø Emission of α- particles Ø leptons
Ø Emission of β- particles Ø Fundamental interactions
Ø Emission of γ-rays Ø Gravitational force
@ Radioactive disintegration law Ø Electromagnetic force
Ø Graphical representation Ø Strong force
Ø Decay constant Ø Weak force
Ø Activity
Ø Half life Removal of the Practical experiments conducted using
@ Uses of radioactivity Mercury from the G.C.E Advanced Level physics syllabus
@ Radioactive dating (C-14)
@ In medicine, engineering and agriculture
Academic affairs board of the national institute of education has
@ Health hazards of radiation and safety precautions decided to remove four (04) practical tests conducted with the use of
Ø Measurement of quantity of radiation Mercury from the G.C.E (Advanced Level) physics syllabus from
l Radiation dose (Gy) 2023 year onwards. (for the students entering to grade 12 in 2021)
l RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) /
Q (Quality Factor) 1.Experiment number 22 :- Determination of the atmospheric
l Effective dose(Sv) pressure using the quill tube
@ Health hazards
2.Experiment number 22 :- Verification of the relationship
Ø time of expose between the volume and the
Ø Area of the body which exposed to radiation temperature of a gas at constant
pressure
@ Safety precaution
3.Experiment number 30 :- Determination of the thermal
11.6 Atomic nucleus conductivity of a metal by Searle's
method
@ Stability of nucleus
@ Unified atomic mass unit
@ Mass defect 4.Experiment number 39 :- Determination of the coefficient of
viscosity of a liquid (water) by
@ Einstein’s mass – energy equation
capillary flow method using
Poiseuill's formula

****
 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills
@ Then in both the instances, the digits at the unit's place
and the ten's place are removed while 0 is substituted.
Rules of Indices @ When rounding off to the nearest 1000, the hundred's
place is taken as above.
01. Indices are added when multiplying two powers of equal
base. Example,
Rounding off to nearest 100,
^i& 102 × 105 = ................................................. 01' let's consider 64.
^ii& 103 × 10-7 = ................................................. Here, the ten's place is, more than 5. That means, the
value is ……………….. when this was round off to
02. Indices are subtracted when dividing two powers of the nearest 100
equal base.
02' let's consider 153
^I& 1020/105 = ................................................. Here, the ten's place is equal to 5. That means, the
value is ……………….. when round off to the
nearest 100
03. Indices are multiplied when present as a power of a
power.
325 → .....................
2 4
(10 ) = ................................................. 7650 → .....................
10510 → .....................
04. The value of any 0 power = 1
Rounding off to nearest 1000,
100 = ............ , 50 = ............ , 30 = ............ Ex:
05. The reciprocal should be taken when writing a positive 1001 → .....................
index as a negative index and when writing a negative 953 → .....................
index as a positive index.
10510 → .....................
^I& 1/10+5 = ............ ^ii& 1/10-10 = ............ 62250 → .....................
06. If the bases in the two sides of an equation are the same, Rounding off decimal numbers
the indices are also the same. 52.352

^i& 2x = 8 ^ii& 10x = 10000

First Second Third
..................... ..................... decimal place decimal place decimal place
..................... .....................
1. Rounding off to nearest whole numbers
Rounding off of numbers Here, if the first decimal place is 5 or larger than 5, one is
added to the unit's place of the number and the decimal place is
01. Rounding off a number to nearest 10 removed and written.
Here, if the digit at the unit's place is 5 or more than 5, one
is added to the ten's place digit while 0 is substituted If less than 5, no change is done to the unit's place while the
decimal place is removed and written.
removing the digit in the unit's place. Further, if it is less
than 5, no change is done to the ten's place digit while 0 is Ex:
substituted instead of the unit's place digit. When considering 2.6, it is a value in between 2 and 3.
Since its first decimal place is 0.6, when it was rounded off
3 4 5 2 → to nearest whole number, it becomes …………………
Unit's place is less than 5
Accordingly, 5.1 → ...............
Then it becomes ……………….. when rounded off to 7.7 → ...............
the nearest ten.
5.019 → ...............
6 6 7 8 5.922 → ...............
Unit's place is more than 5
Then it becomes ……………….. when rounded off to 2.Rounding off to nearest first decimal
the nearest ten @ Here, the second decimal is considered
02. rounding off a number to nearest 100 or 1000 @ If it is 5 or greater than that, one is added to the first
decimal and no change is done if its is less than 5 and the
value is written omitting the other decimals except the
@ The ten's place is considered when rounding off to the first decimal as below.
nearest 100
@ If the ten's place digit is 5 or more than 5, one is added Ex:
5.07 → ...............
to the hundred's place
5.01 → ...............
@ If the ten's place digit is less than 5, no change is done 9.89 → ...............
to the hundred's place digit 7.98 → ...............
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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

3. Rounding off to nearest second decimal Here also,

3.4 is the number between 1 and 10
@ Here, the third decimal is considered. 10-1 is the power of 10
@ If it is 5 or greater than that, one is added to the second
decimal and no change is done if its is less than 5 and the 02. 0.0079
value is written omitting the other decimals except the = 7.9/1000 = 7.9/103
first and the second decimal places as below. = 7.9 × 10-3
Ex: Further,
62.352 → ............... To become 0.0079 → 7.9, the decimal point should be
3.143 → ............... brought to the right side by three times. It is clear that
1.414 → ............... power of 10 becomes -3 from that also.
8.999 → ............... And also, when considering 7900, the decimal point
should be brought to the left side by three times. Then
Scientific notation power of 10 becomes 3 (+3) .
@ Scientific notation is the representation of a number as a
Problems
product of 1 or a value between 1 and 10 with a power
of 10. Write down the following numbers in scientific notation

@ That means there are two main parts when written in

(1) 305 = ...............................................
scientific notation
9 × 105
(2) 6022 = ...............................................
1 or the number The product of 10
in between 1 and 10 (3) 33572000 = ...............................................
Writing down the numbers greater than 1
in scientific notation
(4) 0.00009 = ...............................................
Let's write down 690 000 in scientific notation

690000 = 6 9 0 0 0 0 . (5) 0.03241 = ...............................................

= 6.9 × 100000
= 6.9 × 105 Logarithmic rules
A few more examples
^a& 8 = 23 →
50000 = ...........................................
= ...............

74135 = ........................................... ^b& loga mr =

= ...............
^c& loga m×n =
7 = ......................
= ...............
Ex:
Writing down a small number between 0 and 1 log4 32 + log4 2
in scientific notation = ...........................................
0.1 = 1/101 = 10-1 = ...........................................
0.01 = 1/100 = 1/102 = 10-2 = ...........................................
0.0001 = 1/10000 = 1/10 = 10 4 -4
m
(d)
( )
loga n = loga m - loga n

01. Let's write down 0.34 in scientific notation

Ex:
0.34 × 10 = 3.4 = ...........................................
That means 0.34 is obtained by 3.4 /10 = ...........................................
That means when 0.34 was written in scientific notation, = ...........................................
= ...........................................
It is 3.4 x 10-1

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Finding the logarithm of a number @ It is 4 short of 8436. Then its mean difference is 6.
@ Then the antilog of 0.8436 = 6.976
01. In a number between 1 and 10,
Eg: ^2& Find the antilog of 1.8436.
^1& Consider how to obtain the log value of 4.58.

@ Here 8 of 45 should be seen. @Antilog of 0.8436 =.....................

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3
@Antilog of 1 =.....................
45 6609

@ Apply the logarithmic value of 4.58 @Antilog of 1.8436 =.....................

= 0.6609
=.....................
^2& Consider how to obtain the log value of 5.075.

@ For this, first see the value 7 of 50. It is 7050. Finding the square root of a number using logs
@ Then take the value of 5 in the mean interval row
and add it to 7050.
@ 7050 + 4 = 7054 It is known that √4 = 2. Let's find it using logs. First, you
should look at the logs of 4.
@ Then the log value of 5.075 = 0.7054.
0 of 40 should be seen for that. It is 0.6021.
7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
50 7050 4 √4 = 41/2 . Here 0.6021 should be multiplied by the
corresponding power.
02. In numbers greater than ten"
0.6021 × ½
Eg: That value is = 0.3010.
^1& Find the logarithmic value of 54.37. Now the log of 0.3010 should be seen.
It is 2. That is √4 = 2.
@ Let's first write the number in scientific notation.
Now let's find √360.
@ Then 5.437 × 10¹.
@ Logarithmic value of 5.437 = 0.7354 6. √360 = 360½
@ Logarithmic value of 10 =1
When 360 is written in scientific notation, it is 3.6 × 10².
@ Then the log value of 54.37 =1 + 0.7354 First, let's find the log of 3.6. Let's see 0 in 36 for that.
=1.7354 It is 0.5563.

^2& Find the log value of 543.7. But we want the log of 3.6 × 10².
When written in scientific notation, it can be obtained by
@ Here also the number should be written in adding the corresponding power of ten to 0.5563. That is,
scientific notation first. It is....................... the log value of 3.6 × 10² is 2 + 0.5563.
Now to find the square root,
@The logarithm of 5.437 = ............................. 2.5563 × ½ = 1.2781
@Logarithmic value of 102 = .........................
We can find the antilog of 1.2781 to get √360.
@ Then log value of 543.7 = ...........................
The antilog of 0.2781 is 1.897.
=....................
Then the antilog of 1.2781 is 18.97
Finding the antilogarithm of a number
That is √360 = 18.97.
Ex
Solve the following problems.
^1& Find the antilog of 0.8436.
(1) (38.92)1/2
Mean Difference
(2) (541.2)1/2
7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
69 8432 4 (3) (2.42 x 103)1/2

Thus, the (1/3), 1/4, square, or cube root of a number can

@ The value 0.8436 is not in the logarithmic table. be found using this method.
So it considers the nearest lower value of 8432.

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Finding the power 1/3 Multiplying a Number by using Logarithms

Let's find (8)1/3 2 × 5 = 10
Log (8) = 0.9031 Let's find that by using logarithms. What should be done
here is to find the logarithms of 2 and 5 and add them,
To get ⅓ , 0.9031 × ⅓ since this a multiplication.
= 0.3010 2 → 0.3010
Log-1 of 0.3010 = 2 5 → 0.6990 +
Hence (8)1/3 = 2 1.0000

Let's find (65)1/3 Thereafter the antilog of this value should be obtained.
Antilog
Log (65) = 1.8129
1.0000 (101)10
To get 1/3 1.8129 × ⅓
2.0000 (102)100
= 0.6043
Antilog of 0.6043 = 4.021 3.0000 (103)1000
Therefore, (65)1/3 = 4.021 4.0000 (104)10000
Therefore, 2 × 5 = 10
Solve the following problems. To get 45 × 9 study the below flow chart.
1/3 -6 1/3
(1) (5421) (2) (5.421 x 10 )
45 → 1.6532
(3) (27) 1/4
(4) (270)1/4
9 → 0.9542 +
Finding the square of a number 2.6074

22 = 4

Let's find this by logarithms. First look for logarithm of find Antilog of 2.6074
2. For that look for 0 of 20. It is 0.3010
Earlier when taking square root, it is multiplied by that
power. Here it is multiplied by 2.

Hence 0.3010 × 2 = 0.6020 = 4.049 × 102

= 404.9
Now look for the antilog of 0.6020. it is 4.001 Hence
Therefore, 2 = 4 2 45 × 9 = 405 '

Now let's find (360)2 Solve the following problems.

(1) 5.347 x 2.19 x 105
Look for the logarithm of 360. It is 2.5563
(2) 0.029 x 10-2 x 5.913 x 107
To get the square, multiply it by 2.
Dividing a Number by using Logarithms
= 2.5563 × 2
= 5.1126 10/2 = 5 let's find it by using logarithms.

Now look for the antilog of that value. 10 → 1.0000

Antilog 0.1126 = 1.296 find 1950 /51
2 → 0.3010 -
Hence antilog of 5.1126 = 1.296 × 105' 0.6990 1950 → 3.2900
51 → 1.7076 -
Therefore, (360)2 = 129600 0.6990 → 5.0000
1.5824
Likewise, the cube, 4th power, 5, 6, 7… of a number can
be found. 1.5824 → 38.23
Solve the following problems.
Solve the following problems.
(1) (5.128)2
(1) 5.312 x 105 / 2.12 x 10-2
(2) (6.29 x 105)2
(2) 9.83 x 10-2 / 10.51 x 105

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Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Important Facts For Extra Knowledge

@
√3 × √3 = ................. (1 + 10-10)2 = (1 + 2 × 10-10)

√2 × √2 = .................
This can be explained as follows.
@
√3 + √3 = 2√3 ( 1 + 10-10)2 = 12 + 2 × 10-10 × 1 + 10-10×2
= 1 + 2 × 10-10 + 10-20
√2 + 2√2 = .................
10-20 is relatively very smaller than 1 and 2 × 10-10 Hence
@ √125 = √25 × 5 adding it does not affect to the value much.
= √52 × 5 In such cases,
= 5√5 1 + 2 × 10-10 + 10-20 = 1 + 2 × 10-10

√200 = .................
(1 + 10-10)3 = (1 + 3 × 10-10)
= .................
= .................
(1 + 10-10)3 = 13 + (3 × 12 × 10-10) + 3 × 1 × (10-10)2 + (10-10)3
@ = 1 + 3 × 10-10 + 3 × 10-20 + 10-30
√3 1
= Here also 1 and 3 × 10-10 are relatively larger than 10-30 +
3 √3
3×10-20 Hence there is no huge effect even 10-3 0 + 3 × 10-20
is added.
@ 5
= .....................
2√5 Likewise
(1 + 10-10)1/2 = (1 + ½ × 10-10)
@ When any number is multiplied by 0, answer is 0.
2×0 = 0
Miscellaneous Exercises
When any number is divided by 0, answer is
x
infinity ^∝& 01. 3 = 81 find the value of x.
525 02. 16
(x+1)
= 32 find the value of x.
=∝
0
4 5
03. Simplify 2 + 2
@
102 + 103 = ..................................
= ..................... x1(y6)1/3
04. Simplify -2 6
(y ) × (x6)4
@ 05. Simplify (0.0001)
-1/4

(x + y)2 = .................................
2/3

@
(x + y)3 = ................................................
06. Simplify ( 343
64
)
1/2 1/3 0
07. Simplify(x y )
@ Radius of a straight line is infinity. -3/5
08. Simplify293
@ Polygonal shape with highest number of sides is the 2 3 4
circle. 09. Simplify √(a ) a

@ A mass has the least surface area when it is in spherical 10. Simplify the following problems.
shape.
^i& 100 + 105 ^ii& 55 + 57

^iii& (ab)0 ^iv& 50 + 51

^v& (-2)6 ^vi& (-3)3

^vii& (y2)-60 ^viii& x2 × x

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills
1 3 7 -1
^ix& x4 × x1 ^x& 2 ×5 2 Trigonometric relationships,
x ×x 2 B
Opposite side
18
^xi& 15 ÷ (15 ) 2 -2
^xii&
102
103 ( ) sin θ =
Hypotenuse
(3xy5)1 BC
^xiii& 3y(2y2)3 ^xiv& =
9x2y AB
θ
A C
5C1 × 4C3 12 0
^xv& ^xvi& 50b ÷ 10b
2C6 Adjacent side
(2ab3)3 cos θ =
5
^xvii& m (m -m ) 2 3
^xviii& 7 Hypotenuse
3a b×4ab2 AC
=
^xix& ( 648 ) ⁄ ^xx& √0.64
AB
Opposite side
tan θ =
-4 Adjacent side
^xxi& 2√0.0025 ^xxii& √0.72 × 10 BC
√2 =
AC
^xxiii& 9.9999 × 104 + 50 ^xxiv& 105 + 100
Several basic sin, cos, tan values
^xxv& √(102)2
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180°
11. If a = 10 log(b), when the value of b is,

(i) When b is multiplied by 2 sin

(ii) When b is divided by 2,
(iii) When b is squared,
cos
The resulting new values for
a in terms of a are,
tan
12. Find the values of x and y.
2

( (
8
(i) x = 8.314 x 2.9 x2310 √2 = 1.414
6.022 x 10
√3 = 1.73
(ii) y = (5.201)4 x (0.201)1/3 √5 = 2.23
√10 = 3.16
π = 3.14
Important Facts in Trigonometry
Try to find the values of sin, cos, and tan with respect to
A A 30° and 60° with the help of the Pythagorean theorem and
α the isosceles triangle with the equal legs of length 2a.
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
Opposite Adjacent
side side
θ
B C B C
Adjacent Opposite
side side
Hypotenuse → Longest side of a right-angled triangle
and it is opposite to the right angle.
2a

In a right-angled triangle, Ø Try to find the values of sin, cos, and tan with respect to
45° with the help of a right-angled isosceles triangle
given below.

z x z < x + y fõ'

y x
DR. DARSHANA UKUWELA Advanced Level PHYSICS Page | 17
Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

sin curve
sin θ
= tan θ
cos θ z
sin θ = x sin θ
Explanation y
cos θ = x
sin θ z/x
x =
cos θ y/x θ
z 90° 180° 270° 360°
sin θ z
θ = 
cos θ y
y
z
Since  = ‚ tan θ = y ‚
sin θ
= tan θ
cos θ
Also,
sin 30 = 1/2  cos curve
cos 30 = √3/2 ‚
cos θ
From /‚
sin 30
= 1/2 = 1
cos 30 √3/2 √3
1 is tan 30 θ
√3 90° 180° 270° 360°

cos (90-θ) = sin θ

z
(90-θ) sin θ = x 
z
cos (90-θ) = x ‚ tan curve
x Since  = ‚ tan θ
z
sin θ = cos(90-θ)
Also,
θ sin 30 = 1/2
y cos(90-30) = cos 60 = 1/2 θ
45° 90° 135° 180°
Like this,
sin (90-θ) = cos θ

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ
θ = 60°
Consider the situation where, θ = 30°
sin 60° = √3/2 cos 60° = 1/2
sin (2 × 30) = sin 60 = √3/2
sin2 60° = 3/4 cos2 60° = 1/4
2 sin 30 cos 30
= 2 × 1/2 × √3 / 2 ⸫ sin2 60° + cos2 60°
= 3/4 + 1/4
√3
= = 1
2
y 2
Therefore,
y
x ()
sin2 θ = x
z 2
sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ
()
cos2 θ = x
θ
z

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Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

sin2 θ + cos2 θ cos θ

1
y 2 z 2

() ()
= x + x
⁄
2 2
y +z
=  θ
x2 30 60 90 120 150 180

-⁄
From the Pythagoras theorem,
-1
y2 + z2 = x2 ‚
Substituting the value in  in ‚, It is clear from the above cos curve
x2
= 2 = sin2 θ + cos2 θ
x
Obtaining trigonometric values for ranges
⸫ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 is clear of angles
First Quadrant

sin 180-θ = sin θ 90° y

@ This can be used to find the sin values from 900 - 1800. B
@ If you need the sin value of 1500, you can use the
above equation for that since it is not given in the sin y/
table.
A θ x
0
x/ 0

sin 150° = sin 180-150

sin 150° = sin 30°
sin 30° = 1/2 @ Here, in every situation distance AB is +. Using
Pythagoras theorem,
So, sin 1500 is also 1/2. This also can be explained using
the sin curve, (AB)2 = y/2 + x/2
sin θ
y' and x' are + values. Their squared values are also
1
+ values. Therefore, AB is +. Here,
⁄ y1 (+)
θ sin θ = = = (+)
30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° AB (+)
y1 (+)
Also, tan θ = = = (+)
x1 (+)
sin 60 = sin 120
x1 (+)
cos θ = = = (+)
AB (+)

cos (180-θ) = -cos θ Thus, sin, cos, tan values from 00 to 900 become +
values.
@ The above relationship can be used to, find the cos Second Quadrant
value ofθ = 120

From the above, 90°

y
A
-cos θ = cos (180-θ)
cos θ = -cos (180-θ) y1

cos 120 = -cos (180-120) 180° θ B

x
cos 120 = -cos 60 x 1

cos 60 = 1/2 @ In here also distance AB is +.

cos 120 = -1/2

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Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

(AB)2 = x2 + y2 y1 (-)
tan θ = 1 = = (-)
x (+)
(Since we consider x2, it becomes +, though x is -)
x1 (+)
y1 (+) cos θ =
AB
=
(+)
= (+)
sin θ = = = (+)
AB (+)
y1 (+) Thus, cos values from 2700 to 3600 becomes + and
tan θ = 1 = = (-) sin, tan values become -.
x (-)
x1 (-)
cos θ =
AB
=
(+)
= (-) Summery

Thus, sin values only from 00 to 900 becomes +.

Cos, tan values become -.
cos
sin (+) tan (+)
Third Quadrant sin

tan (+) cos (+)

y
180° x
θ B
From above,
y1 When cos values from 0- 3600, are considered,

A 0 – 900 and 2700 – 3600 values are (+).

1
x
270°
It is clear from the cos curve also. (Observe the cos
curve)
@ Here, distance AB is +. (Pythagoras theorem)
1
When sin values from 0-3600, are considered,
y (-)
sin θ = = = (-) 0-1800 values are +. It is clear from the sin curve
AB (+)
also. (observe the sin curve)
y1 (-)
tan θ = 1 = = (+)
x (-) When 0-3600 values are considered,
x1 (-)
cos θ = = = (-) 0-900 and 1800-2700 tan values are +. It is clear
AB (+) from the tan curve also.
Thus, sin, cos values from 1800-2700 becomes –
and tan values becomes +. tan θ

(+) (+)
Fourth Quadrant θ
90 (-) 180 270 (-) 360

0 B 360°
θ x

y1

A
Sin Table
1
x
01. Finding the sin value of an angle.
Example:
270° (1) Find sin 52°.
@ we should find the value 0' of 52° using the sin
@ In here also, distance AB is +. (Pythagoras
table.
theorem)
y1 (-) @ i.e. sin 52° = ......................
sin θ = = = (-)
AB (+)

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

(2) sin 40° 30′ Cosine

@ For this, the value of 30′ in 40° should be read
from the sine table. @ cos θ = sin (90° - θ).
@ This can be used to find cos θ when sin θ is known.
@ sin 40° 30′ = ......................... Example:
Finding cos 56°18′.
(3) sin 60° 27′ cos 56°18ʹ = sin (90 - 56°18ʹ)
@ For this, first read the value of sin 60° 20′ as in (2). cos 5618ʹ = sin 33°42ʹ
It is .........................
sin 33°42ʹ = 0.5549
Then, cos 56°18′ = 0.5549.
@ To adjust for 20′ to 27' , 7′ from the mean
difference column should be taken. It is
.................. @ The above relation can also be used to find the cos
value of an angle.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
60 0.8689 10 Example:
61 If cos θ = 0.5175. the θ ?
62 sin (90 - θ) = cos θ
63
That is, sin (90° - θ) = 0.5175
64
The angle whose sin value is 0.5175 is 31°10′.
90 - θ = 31°10ʹ
Therefore θ = 90 - 31°10ʹ
¨ Then sin 60° 27' = ...................... + .................. = 58°50ʹ

= ...................... Thus cos-1 0.5175 = 58°50ʹ

02. Finding the angle given the value of sin. 01. Finding the cosine value using the cosine table.
Example: Example ^1& ( cos 4° 20ʹ
(1) Find the value of θ of sin θ = 0.8030
@ Take 4° from the right-hand degree column and 20′
@ First, take the nearest value from the sine table from the lower arc/minute column.
below 0.8030. Looking at the table, it seems that it @ cos 4° 20ʹ = 0.9971'
is ......................
85 0.9971 4
@ so the value is .................... 86 3
87 2
88 1
@ To adjust to 0.8030, add more .................. 89 0՛
60՛ 50՛ 40՛ 30՛ 20՛ 10՛ 0՛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

@ The value of ............ Should be take from the mean Cosine

difference columns. It is ................ Example ^2& ( cos 9° 26՛

@ Then, 80 0.9868 9 3
q -1
= sin (0.8030) 81 8
82 7
= ...................... + ..................
89 0°
60՛ 50՛ 40՛ 30՛ 20՛ 10՛ 0՛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
= ......................
Cosine

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Eg(
50
51 @ cos 9° 26′ = 0.9868
52 @ The value corresponding to the mean difference of the
53 0.8021 9 same row is ......................
54
@ Then cos 9° 26՛ = .....................................
= .....................

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

02. Finding the angle when the value of cos is given from the MCQ Exercises
cosine table.
01. In the given triangle AC = Ö3 The length of the side BC
Eg: If cos θ = 0.4374 , find the value of θ. is,
25 0.4358 64 16
26 63 (1) 0.5
27 62 (2) 1.0
(3) 1.5
89 0 (4) 2.0
60՛ 50՛ 40՛ 30՛ 20՛ 10՛ 0՛ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (5) 0.75
Cosine
02. In the given triangle PQ=0.8m. The length of the side PR
@ Looking at the table, the nearest value below 0.4374 is in m is,
0.4358, which corresponds to 64°10′.
@ 0.0016 is less than the required value. It is located in (1) 0.8 / Ö2
the 6th column of the mean difference table. (2) 0.4 / Ö2
@ cos-1 0.4374 = .............................. (3) 0.4 × Ö2
= ................... (4) 0.8 × Ö2
(5) 0.8

Tangent Table
03. In the given triangle AB=1.0m. The length of the side AD
01. Finding the value of tan for an angle. in m is,
Eg(
(1) 0.5
(1) Finding the value of tan for angles less than 45° in
magnitude. (2) 1.0 / Ö2
(3) Ö3 / 2
@ This is done in the same way as using the sin table'
(4) 2.0
(5) 1 / Ö3
(2) Finding the tan value for angles greater than 45°.
( In this case, 1 should be taken for the integer part.)
04. In the given triangle, QR=4m and
Let's find the value of tan 48° 20′.
QS=3m. The length of the side ST in m is,
@ First, find the value corresponding to 48° and 20′ (1) 1
in the tangent table. (2) Ö2
@ The value at 20′ for 48° is 1.1237. (3) 1 / Ö2
@ Since the highest value in the column containing (4) Ö3 / 2
20′ is 1.0117, the integer part should be taken for (5) 2 / Ö3
all numbers in that column. R

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 05. Values of sin q1, cos q2 and tan q3 respectively are,

45 1.0117
46
47 (1) +, +, +
48 .1237 (2) -, +,-
(3) +, -, -
@ Thus, tan 48° 20′ = 1.1237' (4) -, +, +
(5) +, -, +

06. The ratio h1:h2is,

02. Finding the angle given the value of tan.
(1) 2:1
(2) 4:1
This is done in the same way as using the sin table. (3) 2:5
(4) 3:1
(5) 1:3

07. The value of is,

(1) 4Ö2 / 3 (2) 3Ö2 / 8 (3) Ö3 / 2

(4) 3 / 4Ö2 (5) 3Ö3 / 2
****
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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

08. False of the following relationships is, Essay Exercises

(1) sin 250 = cos 650

(2) tan 600 = -tan 1200 15. Show that [ tanθ. tan(90° - θ) sin 2θ ] / 2sin θ = cos θ
(3) sin 500 = sin 1300
(4) cos 600 = -cos 1200 16. If sin θ = 0.6, find the values of cos θ and tan θ.( Hint: Use a
(5) cos 750 = sin 1050 right triangle with one angle θ.)

09. If the height of the shadow of an flag pole is 17. Shown below is a semicircle with a radius of 35 cm. Find
5.5m, what is its real height? the value of x.

(1) 4.70 m
(2) 3.85 m
(3) 4.35 m 35cm
(4) 4.45 m
(5) 5.25 m 21cm

}
10. Value of x in here is, x {
(1) 28.25 cm
(2) 30.06 cm
(3) 39.60 cm Geometry Important Points
(4) 32.43 cm
(5) 45.31 cm
Ø The opposite angles formed by the intersection of two
straight lines are equal in size.
11. False statement from the below trigonometric
relationships is,
a = c a
(1) sin q = cos (90 - q) d b
b = d c
(2) cos q / sin q = 1/ tan q
(3) 2 sin q . cos q = sin 2 q
(4) sin 2q + cos 2q = 0
(5) cos q = -cos (180 - q) Ø When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal:

12. Length of DC is, (i) Corresponding angles are equal.

a b
c = r c d
(1) 8m
(2) 45 m a = p
(3) 12 m b = q
(4) 7m d = s p
(5) 10 m q
r s
13. What is the distance x here?
(ii) Alternate interior angles are equal.
(1) 5.32 cm
c=q
(2) 2.7 cm
p=d
(3) 3.2 cm
(4) 8.2 cm (iii) The sum of adjacent angles (consecutive interior
(5) 5.5 cm angles) is 180°.

14. Total time of motion of an object in a projectile motion is c + p = 1800

(t) = 2usinθ/g. if the horizontal velocity v = ucosθ, d + q = 1800
expression for the total horizontal range R is, (R = vt)

(1) R =
2u sinq
(2) R =
2 sinq.u2
Ø The sum of the interior angles
of a convex polygon with n sides } = 1800 (n-2)

u cosq g g cosq Ø For Example (- Triangle ® 1800 (3 - 2 ) = 3600

Hexagon ® 1800 (6 - 2 ) = 7200
2 tanq u2 2
(3) R = (4) R = u sin 2q
g g Ø The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is
always 360°.
2u sinq cosq Ø A tangent drawn at a point on a circle is perpendicular to
(5) R =
g the radius at that point of contact.

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Note of Graphs
O Charts:- Charts show when one number changes
how the other changes accordingly.
Simple linear graph
B C
A
y B(x,y)
Parallelograms with Special Features
01. Rectangle
(y-c)
y
A rectangle is a type of parallelogram in which one of the
angles is a right angle. Since opposite angles in a C µ D
parallelogram are equal, the remaining angles must also (o,c)
be right angles. In addition to the properties of a C
parallelogram, a rectangle has the following A µ x
O x
characteristics.
(i) All vertex angles are right angles. The gradient of the straight line
(ii) The diagonals are equal in length.
Gradient (m) = tan µ
P Q
The tangent of the angle that the straight-line AB makes
with the positive direction of the x-axis is its gradient.
Thus, the slope of a straight line is the rate of change of y
with respect to x.
S R
02. Square · The angle that the straight-line AB makes with the positive
direction of the x-axis,
A square is a special case of a rectangle where the two i. If the angle is an acute angle, the A gradient is (+).
adjacent sides (legs) are equal in length. In addition to the (The gradient is (+) if y increases with x increases.)
properties of a rectangle, a square also has the following ii. If the angle is an obtuse angle, the A gradient is (-).
characteristics: (The gradient is (-) if y decreases as x increases.)
(i) All sides (legs) are equal in length'
iii. If the straight line is parallel to the x-axis, the gradient
(ii) The diagonals intersect each other at right angles.
is zero.
(iii) The diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices.
A B The intercept of the straight line
When the x-coordinate is 0, the y-coordinate is the
intercept. Intercept = C

450 † The straight line C = (+) intersects the y-axis above the
450 origin.
D C
03. Rhombus † If C = (-), the straight line intersects the y-axis below the
origin.
A rhombus is a type of parallelogram in which all four † Passes through origin if C=0.
sides (legs) are equal in length. In addition to the
properties of a parallelogram, a rhombus has the
following characteristics. The equation of the straight line

(i) All four sides are equal in length. BD y-c

tan µ = m = m= x
(ii) The diagonals are perpendicular to each other. CD
(iii) The diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices.
y - c = mx y = mx + c
P x Q
x Different types of graphs

^a& Types of linear graphs

x y
S x y R

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

y y y
jl% m%ia:dr
y
contactor
x x x p
y = mx + c y = mx - c y = -mx + c (x,y)
m>0 m>0 m<0
c>0 c<0 c>0 q x
y y y
The gradient of the curve

x x x Gradient at point P = tan θ

y = -mx - c y = mx y = -mx
The slope (gradient) of a curve is the tangent of the angle
m<0 m>0 m<0 that the tangent drawn at that point makes with the positive
c<0 c =0 c =0 direction of the x-axis.
^b& Types of quadratic curves
† The angle that a tangent drawn to a point on a circle
y=kx 2
y=kx +c 2 makes with the positive direction of the x-axis,

y y i. If the angle is an acute angle, the slope is (+).

ii. If the angle is obtuse angle, the slope is (-).
y y y y
x x
m>0 m<0 m<0
m>0
2 2
y=kx -c y = -k x
x x x x

y y
x Graphic analysis
x
Physics is a practical subject related to our daily life. The
physics experiments have a very important place in the
physics syllabus due to the ability to re-practice most of the
y = -k x2 + c y = -k x2 - c things learned under theory and understand their truth
y y clearly through tests.

x x Here it is easy to use graphs to draw conclusions according

to the principles and rules related to the experiments.
Several pairs of coordinates should be used to create any
two-dimensional graph. This pair of coordinates has an x
y2 = k x y2 = -k x coordinate and a y coordinate.
y y
Drawing Graphs

x x † Before drawing graphs, it is necessary to decide

whether it is appropriate to draw a graph according to
the principle and the equations of the experiment.
^c& Types reciprocal curves † After deciding that a graph can be drawn, the readings
of the experiment should be recorded. It is advisable to
xy=k x y = -k prepare a table for the records of the readings.
y y
† According to the principles of the test, if the readings
can be directly graphed, each pair of readings should
x x
be sketched on a graph immediately after taking them.
That way, when a test error occurs, it can be found
quickly and easily.
k3 > k2 > k1
y † It is often helpful to have a sketch of where each equipment
is placed in the experiment.
† You should try to complete the experiment within the
x stipulated time and get the results.

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

The basic points should be included in a graph Ex: 2 In finding the frequency of the oscillator using the
sonometer, the length of the wire between the
1. Name of the graph wires is obtained by varying the value M of the
mass hanging on the wire. The equation related to
The name of the graph should be written at the top center this
of the drawing sheet. 1 Mg
2 T2 f = 2l m
4p
Ex - T = g l
2
( (
(f-resonant frequency, l- resonance length, m -
­ ­ ­
y = m x mass per unit length, M - mass hanging on the
wire)
2
“ The graph of changing T
l In preparing the graph here, the equation should
with l ”
2 be created so that the independent variable, the
“ The graph of T vs l ” mass M hanging on the wire, is on the x-axis, and
2. Selecting axes for the graph the dependent variable, the square of the
resonance length (l), is on the y-axis.
In the practical experiments of physics, it is done to study g
how changing the value of one physical quantity changes
the value of another quantity. Here, the variable we
l2= [
4f 2m
M [
change in this way is called the independent variable, and ­ ­ ­
y = m x
the variable thus changed is called the dependent
variable. 3. Naming the axes of the graph.
In this way, the x-axis is used for the independent variable
x and y axis should be drawn with ink pen.
and the y-axis is used for the dependent variable. The symbol or name of the variable and its SI unit should
Ex: 1 In finding the oscillation period of a simple be indicated next to the axes.
pendulum, first measuring the time for several Pressure P(kPa) P(Pa)
oscillations by changing the length of the
pendulum, and then obtaining the oscillation
period

for each oscillation unit. The corresponding

equation for this is T = 2p l
g Volume V(cm3) V(m3)
^1 is the length, T is the period of oscillation, g is 4. Choosing parameters for axes.
the acceleration due to gravity.&
† The axis scale of the graph should be chosen so that the
Here the length of the pendulum (l) is changed so it is the readings obtained during the graph design cover a large
independent variable. The square of oscillation time (T2) percentage (about 80%) of the graph paper.
is the dependent variable as the oscillation period is
changed by varying the length. † When the scale is small, errors may occur in recording the
point indicated by the readings on the graph.
This equation should be created so that the independent † When the zero point is a reading number, the scale should
variable length (l) is on the x-axis and the dependent be selected by including the zero point.
variable which is square of oscillation time (T2) on the x- † The selected scale should be considered as vertical scale
axis. first and horizontal scale second.
4p2 ( (
Therefore, the equation is, T = g l
2
y
­ ­ ­
y = m x
15
The length of The time after 25 2
oscillations is 25T (S)
The time of one T
the pendulum 10
/ // oscillation T (S) (1×10-1s-2)
l (1×10-2m) I (T ) 25 II (T )
25

55 36.4 36.0 1.448 20.9 · ·

5 ···
·
60 37.2 37.0 1.484 22.0
x
65 39.0 39.0 1.560 24.3 10 20 30
(Correct method)
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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

y 7. Drawing graphs
·
15 · 1cm = 2s2 A line is created that is as regular as possible along all
2cm = 5m points.
· ·
10
· (I) Linear graphs
·
5 † If a straight line can be drawn passing through all the
points marked on the graph paper, then the graph can
x be drawn by connecting all the points with a single
10 20 30 40 smooth straight line.
(Incorrect method)
† Because the sides of the large squares on graph paper are 1/L (102m-1)
divided into 10 sections, it is easier to use a scale that 0.13 ·
shows numbers such as 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 units of length ·
per large square. Then the amount represented by a small 0.12
box can be understood by looking at the graph without ·
calculation. ·
0.11
† It is not mandatory that the two axes are selected at the ·
same scale.
0.10 ·
H (10-2m)
5. Calibrating axes 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

According to the selected scale, the calibration should be Pq

done paying attention to the readings obtained while ·
94 ·
calibrating the axis. The axis should be calibrated so that a 92 ·
small box on the graph can plot an exact value. 90 ·
·
88 ·
Axes can be calibrated by writing the magnitude as a 86 ·
·
power of ten, or by dividing or multiplying by a power of 84 ·
82 ·
ten, so that when the magnitude of the reading is too large ·
80 ·
or too small, the small integer marks on the axis. ·
78 ·
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 T(0C)
x 2×10
5
4×10
5 5
6×10 6.5×10 8×10 10.5×10
5 5 5

y 10 10 10 10 10
1×10 1.5×10 2×10 2.5×10 3×10 3.5×10
10

The axis should be calibrated by dividing the x values by † In observing the points marked on the graph
10 and specifying x ( ×105) as the horizontal axis variable. paper, if there is no straight line passing through
The y values should be divided by 1010 to calibrate the axis all the points, a reasonable line should be drawn
and specify y (×1010) as the vertical axis variable. so that all the points are scattered on both sides
of the straight line that can be drawn.
x(×105)

A reasonable straight line should be drawn so that the

graphed points are symmetrical.

L (10-2m)

11.0 ·
y(×1010) ·
·
10.5 ·
6. Marking the points
·
In marking the point related to the readings on a graph 10.0 ·
paper, a small circle (O) is drawn around it using a small ·
cross (×) or a dot. 9.5 T(0C)
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

It should be marked in small by a pencil.

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

(II) Curve graph Finding the intercept

In cases where a curved shape is obtained, the curve The intercept of a straight-line graph is the value at the
should be clearly drawn with the smoothest single intersection of the vertical axis and the straight line. It is
line. difficult to read this value exactly. Therefore, the C value
120
can be obtained more accurately by first calculating the
·
gradient of the graph and finding the two vertical and
·
100 · horizontal readings of a certain point on the line and
Pressure (Pa)

· substituting it into the equation y = mx+c. For this it is

·
80 · important to have the gradient calculated first.
·
··
·· Error estimation of the gradient obtained from a simple line graph
60 ··
·
· · gradient of straight line = m
40 · ·
· · · A/ B/ gradient of line = m/
· · · ·
A// B// gradient of line = m//
20
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 maximum best-fit
7
Volume (m3) B/
6
Finding the gradient of a simple linear graph minimum
5 B//
Pick two points that cross a corner of a small square that
are far apart on the drawn straight line and mark the 4
coordinates of those two points.
3
If these two pints are, A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) 2
Gradient = y2 -y1 / x2-x1 A//
1
y
0 /
1A 2 3 4 5 6 7
/ /
B(x2,y2) † A B is the line with the maximum gradient
·
// //
† A B is the line with the minimum gradient

/ //
A(x1,y1)
· Gradient error = m - m = Dm
2
Gradient = m ± Dm

Problems with basic knowledge of graphs

x
18. The gradient and the intercept of the following graph
Finding the gradient of a simple curve graph respectively are,
v/ms-1
-1 -2
As shown in the figure, place a small plane mirror strip on ^1& 10 ms , 5 ms
30
the point where gradient is desired and adjust the mirror ^2& 5 ms-2, 10 ms-1
20
piece until a portion of the adjacent curve in front of the ^3& 10 ms-1, 2 ms-2
10
mirror looks like its reflection as a straight line. ^4& 2 ms-2, 10 ms-1 t/s
^5& no sufficient data 5 10

19. Consider the following parabola. v/ms-1

The gradient of the graph at times v2

t1 and t2 are shown respectively 60°

by, v1 45°

t/s
t1 t2
^1& sin 45, sin 60 ^2& cos 45, cos 60
^3& tan 60, tan 45 ^4& tan 45, tan 60
Mark the position and draw the line perpendicular to it. The
^5& gradient cannot be calculated
gradient of this line gives the gradient of the cycle.
DR. DARSHANA UKUWELA Advanced Level PHYSICS Page | 28
 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

20. Select the best fitted graph.

y y y

x x x
^1& ^2& ^3& (iv) Write an expression for the acceleration due to
y y
gravity in terms of gradient (m) on the graph.
(v) Plot the rough shape of variation of T against l .
^4& ^5&
x x 25. When a potential difference (V) is given across a
resistor (R), the current flowing through it is (I). The
21. Choose the method you use to draw a simple horizontal relationship between these variables is V = IR.
line. (By adjoining two points)
(i) Rearrange the above expression to plot V vs. I
^1&
^2&
^3& (ii)
V(v) 5 10 15 20 25 30
^4&
^5& all of the above methods are okay I(A) 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. Arrange the gradients of the following graphs in Plot V versus I using these data.
increasing order. (Note: Only the magnitudes of the
gradients.) y (iii) Find the gradient of the graph.
③
② ① (iv) Find the value of R according to the above.
^1& ①②③④
^2& ④③②① x
^3& ①③②④ 26. If a metallic sphere of radius 1 is used as

}
④ the simple pendulum, the length of the
^4& ④①②③
pendulum is to be taken as (l+r).
l
23. Consider the below statements regarding graphs.
Now the periodic time is given by
^a& Area under cross section of the graph gives the
product of quantities in the y axis and x axis.
T = 2p l + r Here T is measured
g
}r
^b& Gradient of the graph gives Δy / Δx by changing the value of l.
^c& If the graph line makes an acute angle with the (+)
direction of the x axis, then the gradient will be (-) (µ) Arrange and write the above equation to draw a
simple line graph.
True of the above is/are,
(ii) Write the independent and dependent variables in the
^1& only a ^2& only ab ^3& only ac graph.
^4& only bc ^5& abc all (iii) Write an expression for the radius of the metal sphere
in terms of gradient (m) and intercept (c).
Essay Exercises 10. A spiral spring of mass m0 is hung vertically from the
upper end and a M mass is attached to the lower end of
24. An expression for the period of a simple pendulum can
the spring. Now the spring swings vertically when pulled
be written as below.
down and released. Then the periodic time of a small
q vertical oscillation is (T). The T is given by the following
T = 2p gl equation.
T = 2p M + m0/3
K
where l is the length of the
pendulum and g is the Now the oscillation period is measured by varying the
acceleration due to gravity. value of M.
mg (µ) Which quantities are used as independent variable
and dependent variable to construct a graph from the
(I) Set up and write the above equation to draw a data obtained?
simple linear graph between l and T². (ii) Rearrange the above equation to construct a suitable
(ii) Write the independent and dependent variables in graph using the same equations.
the graph. (iii) Draw a rough sketch of the graph formed by the
(iii) Draw the approximate shape of the variation of T resulting equation.
against l on the graph below. (iv) Name the gradient and intercept here.

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 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

Unit conversion Bronze Wings

Magnitude of measure = numerical value × unit

28. Volume of water required to fill 8 l container,
@ The magnitude of the measure is constant no matter what ^1& 8000cm3 ^2& 8cm3 ^3& 800cm3
unit it is converted to
^4& 80000cm3 ^5& None of the above.
@ Let's make a unit smaller than the available value. Then to
keep the magnitude of the measure constant, the numerical -1 -1
29. 36 kmh in ms is,
value must be increased. For that, the power of ten (+) is
applied in relation to the prefix. ^1& 5 ms-1 ^2& 10 ms-1 ^3& 20 ms-1
2 m → ____ mm = 2 × 103 mm ^4& 40 ms-1 ^5& 15 ms-1

30. When 20 m/s expressed in km/h,

10-3 is available in here
3
^1& 50 kmh-1 ^2& 72 kmh-1 ^3& 50/9 kmh-1
Thus the power of 10
^4& 25 kmh-1 ^5& 36 kmh-1
was applied to be equal to that 10-3
@ Let's make the unit larger than it is. Then the numerical 31. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. How much is it in
value must decrease to keep the magnitude of the measure cm/ms?
constant. For that, ten (-) powers are applied to the suffix.
^1& 3400 ^2& 34 ^3& 34000
5 mg → ____ g ^4& 3.4 ^5& 0.34

= 5 × 10-3 g 32. Using a square metal plate of uniform thickness with an

area of 100 m², how many square metal plates of the
Removed the m suffix and replaced it with original plate thickness with a side length of 10 cm can be
the corresponding power of ten (-). made?

^1& 100 ^2& 10 ^3& 1

Think Twice ^4& 104 ^5& 105

Silver Wings
2 cm → ___ km
33. In a certain area, the speed limit for vehicles is 108 km/h.
2 cm ___ m ___ km What is this in cm/s?

= 2 × 10-2 m = 2 × 10-2 × 10-3 k m ^1& 3 ^2& 3000 ^3& 10800

^4& 10.8 ^5& 3600
Removed the suffix Since there is 103 in k, 34. Distance travelled by light in a day inside a vacuum in
and replaced it 10-3 is applied to balance it. meters is, (speed of light inside a vacuum is 3×108ms-1&
with the corresponding -5
= 2 × 10 km
power of ten (-). ^1& 3×108 × 24 × 60 ^2& 3×108 × 12 × 2 × 60 × 60
^3& 3 × 24 × 60 × 60 ^4& 3×108 × 3600
^5& None of the above

-2
35. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms . What is its
-2
value in km min unit?

^1& 5.9 ^2& 12.8 ^3& 17.6

^4& 35.3 ^5& 58.8
-3 -3
36. Density of coconut oil is 800 kgm . Value of it in gcm
is?

^1& 0.8 ^2& 8 ^3& 800

^4& 8000 ^5& 0.08
****
DR. DARSHANA UKUWELA Advanced Level PHYSICS Page | 30
 Advanced Level PHYSICS New Syllabus & Mathematical Skills

46. 1 horse power (HP)=746W.

Gold Wings
How much horsepower does 74600W have?

37. In the equation T = 2π

l when l is measured in 47. Convert 2 keV into J
√g (1 keV = 103 eV, 1eV = 1.6 x 10 -19 J)
meters and g in ms-2, T is obtained in seconds. What is the
unit of T if l is measured in mm and g in mm ms-2. 48. (a) Show that l kwh = 36x10 J
5

(b) Convert 15 kwh to KJ.

^1& s ^2& μs ^3& ns
^4& rs ^5& ms Past Paper MCQ questions
38. The velocity of sound waves in air is calculated by the -1
49. In the equation f = k √T / m , k=1 when T in N, m in kg m
equation V = k √( yP/ρ) where y is the ratio of the two -1 -1
and f in s . value of k when m in mg m and f & T is same
principal specific heat capacities of air, P is the pressure G as before,
of the air, and ρ is the density of the air. All the quantities
in the equation are measured in SI units and k = 1. When (1) 10-3 (2) 10-3/2 (3) 1
pressure is measured in g·cm⁻² and density in g·cm⁻³, the
unit of sound wave speed is, (where y is a unitless (4) 103/2 (5) 103
physical quantity). (1982 - 12)

^1& km s-1 ^2& cm s-1 ^3& mm s-1 50. When measured by SI unit value of viscosity coefficient
of a liquid is x. Value of it when length, mass and time is
^4& mm s-1 ^5& km ms-1 G measured from centimeter, gram and second
respectively,
(F= Force, n=viscosity coefficient, A=area, ^V=velocity
72. In the equation V = k T when v→ms -1 , T→kgms -2 difference, L=length)
√m
F ΔV
and m → kg m-1 , k = 1. What is the value of k when =η
A d
V→ cm s-1, T→ g cm s-1 and m→ mg mm-1?
(1) 10-5 x (2) 10-1 x (3) x
(1) 1 (2) 0.1 (3) 10 (4) 10 x (5) 105 x
(4) 0.001 (5) 001 (1983 - 01)

-1
51. Kilo Watt hours is equal to, (W = Js )
Essay exercise 2
S (1) 3.6 × 10 J (2) 3.6 × 103 J (3) 3.6 × 104 J
40. How many 50cm parts can be separated from 20m long 6
(4) 3.6 × 10 J (5) 3.6 × 108 J
rod? (1987 - 02)
2 2
41. Area of 10 m is,

^i& in cm2 ?
^ii& in mm2 ? Mcq – Answers
^iii& in km ?
(01) 03 (02) 04 (03) 01 (04) 03 (05) 03
42. How many shares of each following sizes can it be
(06) 04 (07) 04 (08) 05 (09) 04 (10) 03
divided from a 100 cm2 plate?
(11) 04 (12) 05 (13) 02 (14) 04 (18) 03
(19) 04 (20) 03 (21) 04 (22) 01 (23) 02
(1) 20 cm2 (2) 50 cm2 (28) 01 (29) 02 (30) 02 (31) 04 (32) 03
43. What is 22.47 l in m ?
3 (33) 02 (34) 02 (35) 04 (36) 01 (37) 05
(38) 02 (39) 03 (49) 01 (50) 04 (51) 04
44. An 8 l bucket is used to fill a large container with water. If
the volume of the containers are,
(i) 20 cm³ (ii) 1000 cm³ (iii) 50 cm

Find the number of terms that will be needed to fill the

container on each occasion.
3
45. How many times should water be added from a 25 cm
3
container to fill a bottle of 5 l ? (1 ml = 1 cm )
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DR. DARSHANA UKUWELA Advanced Level PHYSICS Page | 31