UNIT 1.

WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

● Write sentences with FANBOYS coordinators

LEAD IN

Circle the words used to connect clauses in these following

sentences.

0. She loves traveling, but she prefers staying at home.

1. The sun came up, and people started their day.

2. She had lunch, so she felt much better afterward.

3. The kids went outside, yet they soon came back.

4. They could go swimming, or they could watch TV at home.

5. He didn’t have breakfast, nor did he drink any coffee.

6. It was a long day, but she still had energy to cook dinner.

7. She went shopping, and she bought some fresh fruit.

8. Some people were taking a nap, for they had been working all morning.
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A. WHAT IS A CLAUSE?
A clause is a building block of a sentence. It's a group of words that contains:
● Subject: do-er of the action → it is usually a noun, pronoun, noun phrase
● Verb: the action
● Sometimes, a clause will have an object which is a receiver of the action.
Examples:

Clause Subject Verb Object

My mother is cooking. My mother is cooking -

He wears a black T-shirt. He wears a black T-shirt

Because I finished the exercise I finished the exercise

There are two main types of clauses: Independent clauses and Dependent
clauses.

B. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause, also called the main clause, expresses a complete idea.
The structure of independent clauses includes a subject and a verb (action).
Sometimes it may need an object to complete the thought.
Examples:

Independent clause Subject Verb Object

Mark is studying. Mark is studying -

She enjoys the meal. She enjoys the meal

Independent clauses can stand alone to function as a simple sentence or

combine together with coordinating conjunction to form a compound sentence.
Example:
You can swim or you can run to stay healthy.
=> A compound sentence that is formed by 2 independent clauses and
coordinating conjunction “or”.
C. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause. It is a group of words
that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought.
=> Dependent clauses are considered fragments (incomplete sentences) if
they stand alone.
=> They usually start with subordinating conjunctions at the beginning or
within the sentence such as: as, because, when, where, while, after, before,
since, if, unless, although, even though, …

Examples:
● Although it was late, ...
=> This clause states that “it was late” but doesn't say what happens
next.
● Since she tried so hard, ...
=> This clause explains why something happened, but it doesn't say what
happened.

✪ To create a complete sentence, a dependent clause must be

connected to an independent clause.

Examples:

Incorrect (Fragment) ✗ Correct (Complete sentence) ✔

Although it was late, she kept working

Although it was late.
on her project.

She finally achieved her goals. She finally achieved her goals since
Since she tried so hard. she tried so hard.
COMPOUND SENTENCE AND COORDINATORS

D. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined
together. We can use a comma (,) and a coordinator (coordinating
conjunctions) to join two independent clauses.

Structure:

Independent clause 1 , Coordinating conjunction Independent clause 2

✏️ Note: A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction.

Example:
Independent clause 1: He likes watching TV.
Independent clause 2: He is so busy with work.
=> Compound sentence: He likes watching TV, but he is so busy with work.

In this example, there are two independent clauses that express two complete
thoughts. To form a compound sentence, a comma and a coordinating
conjunction “but” are used to show a contrast between them.

E. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION - FANBOYS

Coordinating conjunctions (coordinators) are words that act like “glue” and
help to join two independent clauses together and express their relationships
to form compound sentences.
They are often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS.

For And Nor But Or Yet So

 FANBOYS

Coordinators Function Examples

For Used to indicate She stayed inside, for it was too hot to go
reason or purpose. outside.

And Used to show She cleaned the house, and she prepared
addition. dinner.

Nor Used to express a She didn’t go to the park, nor did she visit
negative idea in the her friends.
second part of a
(After ‘nor’, the order of the subject and the
sentence.
auxiliary verb is switched: she visited ⇒ did
she visit)

But Used to indicate He wanted to go for a bike ride, but it

contrast or started raining.
opposition.

Or Used to present We can watch a movie at home, or we can

alternatives or go for a walk in the park.
choices.

Yet Used to express He was tired after a long day, yet he still
contrast or stayed up to finish his book.
surprise.

So Used to indicate a She was hungry, so she made a quick

result or sandwich.
consequence.
COMMON MISTAKES

Below are a few mistakes that students may make when writing compound
sentences.

Student mistakes ✘ Problem Correct Example ✔

He brought an umbrella Missing comma He brought an umbrella,

for it looked like it was for it looked like it was
going to rain. going to rain.

It was getting late, but Wrong coordinator It was getting late, so they
they decided to go decided to go home.
home.

She went to the grocery Beginning a sentence She went to the grocery
store. And she bought with a coordinator store, and she bought
some fresh vegetables. some fresh vegetables.
PRACTICE

Exercise 1.
Decide if these following underlined clauses are dependent (D) or
independent (I).

0. He was tired, so he decided to take a short nap. ⇒ Independent (I)

1. He woke up early because he had an important meeting.

2. She finished her work, and she spent the evening relaxing with a good
book.

3. Although it was raining, they went for a walk in the park.

4. They could go to the beach, or they could visit the museum.

5. She prefers to exercise in the morning, whereas her sister likes to work out
in the evening.

6. Since it was a holiday, the streets were quieter than usual.

7. She finished her work early, but she stayed to help her colleagues.

8. The sun was shining brightly, yet the air was still cold.

9. While most people were resting, he continued working late into the night.

10. He went to the store so that she could buy ingredients for dinner.

Exercise 2.
Choose correct coordinating conjunctions to complete these following
sentences.
1. The project was difficult, _____ the team worked together and got great
results.
A. or
B. but
C. for
D. nor
2. He needed to explain the plan, _____ everyone on the team could
understand their roles.
A. for
B. but
C. so
D. yet

3. It was just a normal day, _____ something extraordinary happened at the

end.
A. yet
B. so
C. for
D. nor

4. She wanted to communicate her ideas clearly, _____ the connection was
too poor.
A. for
B. but
C. so
D. nor

5. We can either explain the plan now, _____ we can wait until everyone is
here.
A. so
B. or
C. but
D. for

6. She didn’t care about the problem, _____ did she ask for help.
A. and
B. but
C. nor
D. yet

7. It was getting dark outside, _______ they decided to leave early.

A. but
B. so
C. yet
D. or
8. She went to bed early, _____ she was very tired from a long day.
A. so
B. but
C. for
D. yet

9. It was a cold evening, _______ they lit a fire inside.

A. but
B. for
C. nor
D. so

Exercise 3.
Use the coordinators to combine these following sentences into one.

0. I wanted to go for a walk. It started raining heavily.

⇒ I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining heavily.

1. It started raining heavily. They decided to stay indoors and play games.
=> It started raining ____________________________________________________________ .

2. Some people were still sleeping. Others had already started their day.
=> Some people _______________________________________________________________ .

3. The morning is calm. The world has just woken up.

=> The morning ________________________________________________________________ .

4. At the end of the day, people continue to work. They spend time with their
families.
=> At the end of the day, people ______________________________________________ .

5. The teacher explained the lesson clearly. The students listened and took
notes carefully.
=> The teacher _________________________________________________________________ .

6. Farmers worked hard in the fields. Their crops could grow.

=> Farmers _____________________________________________________________________ .
7. Most people use their phones to connect with friends. Some like to talk in
person.
=> Most people use their phones ____________________________________________ .

8. Not everyone has a busy day. Everyone does not spend it the same way.
=> Not everyone _______________________________________________________________ .

9. Some people were busy all day. They still found time to relax in the
evening.
=> Some people were busy ___________________________________________________ .

10. The project deadline was moved up. Everyone had to work late to
complete their tasks before the end of the day.
=> The project deadline _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________ .

Exercise 4.
Complete these following sentences using your own ideas. Make sure
the resulting sentences are meaningful and show the connection
between 2 clauses. There is one example that has been done for you.

0. Mike failed the exam, for ____________________________________________ .

=> Mike failed the exam, for he did not pay attention to the teacher's
instructions.

1. The weather was hot in the morning, yet ________________________________ .

2. You need to finish your tasks, so ________________________________________ .

3. Some people do not like tea, nor ________________________________________ .

4. The sun sets slowly, and ________________________________________________ .

5. People hurry to work in the morning, for ________________________________ .

6. The streets are busy at midday, but _____________________________________ .

7. You can finish your tasks now, or _______________________________________ .

8. He didn’t check his emails this morning, nor _____________________________ .

9. You should bring a jacket, for ___________________________________________ .

10. The meeting ended earlier than expected, so ____________________________ .

Exercise 5.
Speaking Exercise - Complete the answers to the following IELTS
Speaking Part 1 questions.

Question 1: What do you usually do to prepare for your day?

Answer:
To begin a new day, I usually __________________________________, and ___________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2: Do you prefer staying indoors or going outside during your free
time? Why?

Answer:
I prefer ____________________________________________, for ________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
Question 3: How do you relax after a long day at work or school?

Answer:
I often ______________________________________, or _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 4: Is there any part of your daily routine that you dislike but cannot
avoid?

Answer:
I do not enjoy ______________________________, nor _______________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 5: Tell me about a time when things didn't go as planned for you.

Answer:
I planned ________________________, but __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 1.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES

● Express reasons, results or contrast with adverbial subordinators

LEAD IN

Work in pairs.

Decide if the relationships of these following pairs of

sentences are reason - result, purpose, or contrast.

0. It was warm outside. The classroom was very cold. => Contrast

1. He studied hard. He passed the test.

2. It was raining. They continued playing outside.

3. They left early. They would arrive on time.

4. She didn’t study much. She scored well on the test.

5. She wore a coat. It was cold outside.

6. Some people love the city. Others prefer the countryside.

7. We booked tickets online. We wouldn’t wait in line.

8. The shoes were expensive. They decided to buy them.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A. DEFINITION
A complex sentence is formed by combining an independent clause (main
clause) with one or more dependent clauses.
An adverbial clause:
● Is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb within a sentence.
● Provides additional information about when, where, how, or why the
action in the main clause takes place.
● Is introduced by subordinating conjunctions, which connect them to the
main clause.
● Cannot stand alone.

Examples:

Because it rained suddenly, the concert was delayed for 1 hour.

⬆ ⬆
Adverbial clause Main clause

=> The adverbial clause tells us why the action of the main clause ("the concert
was delayed for 1 hour") took place.

I asked him to move so that I could see the screen better.

⬆ ⬆
Main clause Adverbial clause

=> The adverbial clause modifies the verb "asked" by explaining why “I asked him
to move”.

✪ PUNCTUATION
1. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, a comma is
used to separate them.
Because it rained suddenly , the concert was delayed for 1 hour.

2. If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, we usually

DON’T use a comma.

The concert was delayed for 1 hour because it rained suddenly.

COMMON ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
B. REASONS/ RESULTS
Adverbial clauses of reason help us understand the ‘why’ behind an action or
situation, and the main clause indicates the resulting events. The adverbial
clauses of reasons usually start with subordinators such as because, since,
as.
Examples:
● We arrived late to the meeting because the traffic was heavy
● As the store was closing, we quickly made our last purchases.
● Since she was feeling unwell, she stayed home from work.

C. PURPOSE
Adverbial clauses of purpose describe the intention or goal behind an action.
They answer the question ‘for what purpose?’. They use subordinators such
as so that, in order that, etc.
Examples:
● He turned off his phone so that he could focus on his work
● She studied hard in order that she could pass the exam.

D. CONCESSION/ CONTRAST
Adverbial clauses of concession and contrast tell us about times when things
don’t go as expected. They usually start with words like although, even
though, though, while, whereas, etc.
Examples:
● Although it was expensive, he decided to buy the jacket.
● He prefers to stay home whereas his friends enjoy going out.
PRACTICE
Exercise 1.
Choose correct options (A, B, C, or D) to complete these following
sentences.

1. She loves to read in the evening _________ it helps her relax after a long day.
A. so
B. although
C. while
D. since

2. _______ he was tired, he still went for a run.

A. But
B. Although
C. Before
D. Because

3. She set up her workspace near the window __________ she could enjoy the
sunlight while working.
A. so that
B. although
C. when
D. but

4. _________ she didn’t sleep well last night, she woke up early to start her day.
A. Because
B. So that
C. Even though
D. Nevertheless

5. Many people chose to work from home rather than commute _________ the
roads were icy.
A. in order that
B. whereas
C. although
D. because
6. He took a quick break ________ he could stay focused for the rest of his
workday.
A. although
B. so that
C. therefore
D. whenever

7. ________ some people exercise early in the morning, others prefer to work
out in the evening.
A. Because
B. So that
C. Hence
D. Whereas

8. She finished all her chores in the morning _______ she could spend the
afternoon relaxing.
A. even though
B. because
C. whereas
D. in order that

9. _______ her friends go out every evening, she likes to spend her nights at
home.
A. Since
B. While
C. Whatever
D. In order that

10. She set several alarms _________ she did not want to miss her early morning
flight.
A. as
B. for
C. and
D. while
Exercise 2.
Fill in the blanks with given words in the box. Each word is used ONCE
only.

even though since while because whereas

in order that although as so that

1. _________________ the project looked normal at first, it turned out to be quite

extraordinary in its results.

2. They had to communicate clearly to avoid mistakes _________________ they

were working as a team.

3. ______________ the project was challenging, it helped everyone connect and

build stronger relationships.

4. We need to produce something extraordinary for the client _________________

they’re waiting for a project that deserves their investment.

5. _________________ other teams used standard methods, their approach was

more creative and unique.

6. She made a detailed plan _________________ she could explain each step
clearly to the entire team.

7. _________________ they usually handle normal tasks, this project required

them to take care of extra responsibilities.

8. Everyone needs to communicate more frequently to stay on track

_________________ it helps avoid confusion and keeps everyone working
together smoothly.

9. They organized weekly meetings _________________ they could explain their

progress and ensure that they were similar in their understanding.
Exercise 3.
Combine these following sentences into one. There is one example (0)
that has been done for you.

while so that because and or

0. I wanted to go for a walk. It started raining heavily.

⇒ I wanted to go for a walk even though it started raining heavily.

1. The festival only happens once a year. People come from all over to
attend.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

2. She wanted to visit the museum. Her friends preferred going to the
amusement park.
=> She wanted __________________________________________________________________ .

3. She practiced every day. She could improve her skills before the
competition.
=> She practiced _______________________________________________________________ .

4. We had limited time. We should choose the quickest route to reach the
destination.
=> We should choose __________________________________________________________ .

5. The town was small. It had a rich history and unique traditions.
=> ____________________________________________________________ unique traditions.

6. Some animals are active during the day. Others come out only at night.
=> Some animals _______________________________________________________________ .

7. He created a checklist. He wouldn’t forget anything for his trip.

=> He created ___________________________________________________________________ .

8. She felt confident during the interview. She had studied the topic well.
=> _________________________________________________________ during the interview.
9. The online course was convenient. Some students found it challenging to
stay focused at home.
=> ______________________________________________________________________ at home.

10. They had planned every detail. Unexpected issues still came up during the
event.
=> Unexpected issues __________________________________________________________ .

Exercise 4.
Paraphrase these following sentences with the given words. There is one
example (0) that has been done for you.

0. Mike failed the exam, for he did not pay attention to the teacher's
instructions. (SINCE)

⇒ Since Mike did not pay attention to the teacher’s instructions, he failed
the exam.

1. He wanted to save more money, so he started cooking at home. (IN

ORDER THAT)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

2. While he wanted to continue his studies, his family needed him to start
working. (BUT)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

3. She likes classical music, but her brother prefers jazz. (WHEREAS)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

4. The movie was entertaining, yet it didn’t have much depth. (ALTHOUGH)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

5. She wrote a detailed outline so that her presentation would be organized.

(BECAUSE)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

6. As he wanted to stay healthy, he joined the gym and started a new diet.
(SO)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
7. Although she prefers to work independently, she joined the team project to
learn new skills and support her colleagues. (BUT)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

8. He took extra notes during class, so he could remember all the important
details for the final exam. (SINCE)
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

Exercise 5.
Speaking Exercise - Complete the answers to the following IELTS
Speaking Part 1 questions.

Question 1: What do you prefer doing at weekends?

Answer:
At weekend, I usually _________________________________ so that _________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2: What kinds of weather do you enjoy the most?

Answer:
My favorite kind of weather is __________________________ since _________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
Question 3: What kind of exercise do you prefer?

Answer:
Whereas some people like_____________________, I enjoy _______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Question 4: How have your interests changed over the years?

Answer:
Although I used to love______________________, now _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 1.
WRITING PART 3

OBJECTIVES

●​ Types of relative clause

●​ Relative pronouns and adverbs
●​ Expanding sentences using relative clauses

LEAD IN

Find Someone Who

1.​ Each student takes turns to find someone using the given structure:

“I want to find someone who …”

Examples:
●​ I want to find someone who wears glasses.
●​ I want to find someone who is taller than me
●​ I want to find someone who has a ruler.

2.​ If any student can satisfy the description, he/she gets 1 point. If no one can
satisfy the description, the student who describes gets 2 points.
RELATIVE CLAUSES

A relative clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that gives more
information about someone or something. We can use relative clauses to
combine clauses without repeating information.
There are two types of relative clauses:
●​ Type 1: These relative clauses add more information to a noun, a noun
phrase or a pronoun.
○​ Defining relative clauses (no comma, gives essential information)
○​ Non-defining relative clauses (with comma, adds extra information)
●​ Type 2: These relative clauses add more information to a clause.​

A. TYPE 1
This type of relative clause adds extra information to the noun or noun phrase
before it. There are two sub types:

A1. Defining relative clauses

●​ Give essential information about someone or something
●​ Come immediately after the noun it describes
●​ DO NOT start with a comma (,)
Example:

Original sentence Additional information

This is the park. We had a picnic last summer here (the park).

=> In this case, the relative clause “we had a picnic last summer" adds essential
information to the noun phrase “the park". It helps the reader know the specific
“park" that the sentence is talking about.
A2. Non-defining relative clauses
●​ Give extra information about the person or thing
●​ Usually begin and end with commas (,)
●​ CAN’T start with the relative pronoun “that"
Example:

Original sentence Additional information

Mrs. Green is very popular among students. She (Mrs. Green) teaches English.

=> In this case, the relative clause “who teaches English" adds extra information
to the person “Mrs. Green". The readers don't need the relative clause to
understand the specific person that the sentence is talking about.

B. TYPE 2
This type of relative clause:
●​ Add more information to a whole clause/sentence
●​ Always start with the relative pronoun “which"
●​ Require a comma (,) before “which"
Example:

Original sentence Additional information

She finally decided to take a break. The fact that she finally decided to
take a break helped her feel better.

=> In this case, the relative clause “which helped her feel better" adds more
information to the sentence “She finally decided to take a break."
RELATIVE PRONOUNS & ADVERBS
A relative clause usually starts with a relative pronoun or adverb: who, which,
that, whom, whose, where, when, why, etc.
There are 3 types of relative pronouns:

C. SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHO, WHICH, THAT)

Subject relative pronouns play the roles of subjects (S) in the relative clauses.
We use:
●​ “Who or that” if the modified noun refers to people

Original sentence Additional information

The girl is my best friend. She loves reading books.

The girl who / that (S) loves (V) reading books is my best friend.

●​ “Which or that” if the modified noun refers to things

Original sentence Additional information

I just bought a dress. It matches my favorite shoes.

I just bought a dress which/ that (S) matches (V) my favorite shoes.

D. OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHOM, WHICH, THAT)

Object relative pronouns play the roles of objects (O) in the relative clauses.
We use:
●​ “Whom or that” if the modified noun refers to people

Original sentence Additional information

The teacher is very inspiring. I admire her the most

The teacher whom/that (O) I (S) admire (V) the most is very inspiring.
 ●​ “Which or that” if the modified noun refers to things

Original sentence Additional information

This is the song. Everyone has been talking about the song.

This is a song which/that (O) everyone (S) has been talking (V) about.

✏️ Note:

In informal settings, object relative pronouns can be omitted from the relative
clauses
●​ Formal setting/Writing
This is a song which/that everyone has been talking about.
●​ Informal setting/Speaking
This is a song everyone has been talking about.

E. POSSESSIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHOSE)

We usually use whose as a relative pronoun to indicate possession by people
and animals.
In more formal styles, we can also use “whose” for things.

Original sentence Additional information

She’s the author. I finished reading her book last week.

She’s the author whose book I finished reading last week.

Original sentence Additional information

The restaurant is always busy. The food of the restaurant is delicious.

The restaurant, whose food is delicious, is always busy.

F. RELATIVE ADVERBS (WHEN, WHERE, WHY)
Sometimes we can use relative clauses to describe a time, a place or a reason.
In that case, these clauses start with relative adverbs like "when", "where", or
“why”.
⏰ “When” is used to express time in relative clauses.
Original sentence Additional sentence

My birthday is my favorite day. All my friends come over to celebrate

on that day.

My birthday, when all my friends come over to celebrate, is my favorite day.

📍“Where” is used to express place in relative clauses.

Original sentence Additional sentence

The country has beautiful landscapes. She was born in that country.

The country, where she was born, has beautiful landscapes.

🔎 “Why” is used to give reason in relative clauses.

Original sentence Additional sentence

They moved to the countryside. The reason for this was to find a quieter life.

The reason why they moved to the countryside was to find a quieter life
PRACTICE
Exercise 1.
Choose the correct options to complete these following sentences.

1.​ I lost my wallet on the way, ______ ruined my whole day.

A.​ whom
B.​ who
C.​ that
D.​ which

2.​ She likes to visit the café _______ they serve the best pastries in town.
A.​ where
B.​ which
C.​ who
D.​ whose

3.​ The reason ______ I exercise regularly is to stay healthy and fit.
A.​ that
B.​ why
C.​ which
D.​ whom

4.​ The manager ______ you spoke to earlier will handle your request.
A.​ which
B.​ who
C.​ that
D.​ what

5.​ My grandfather, ______ built this house himself, lives here alone now.
A.​ whom
B.​ which
C.​ that
D.​ who
6.​ She bought a phone _____ has an amazing camera.
A.​ whose
B.​ whom
C.​ which
D.​ where

7.​ The evening ______ we all have dinner together is my favorite time of the
week.
A.​ when
B.​ whose
C.​ which
D.​ whom

8.​ I missed my flight, ________ caused a lot of inconvenience.

A.​ whose
B.​ who
C.​ which
D.​ whom

9.​ My brother, _______ takes the bus to work every day, prefers public
transportation.
A.​ where
B.​ who
C.​ whom
D.​ whose

10.​ She explained the reason ______ she did not go to work this morning.
A.​ that
B.​ when
C.​ which
D.​ why
Exercise 2.
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Each word can be used
MORE THAN ONCE.

who whom that which

whose when where why

1.​ The park, ____________ my children play after school, is near my house.

2.​ I have a friend ____________ can play the guitar very well.

3.​ The book ____________ I borrowed from the library is due tomorrow.

4.​ She passed her exam with high scores, ___________ made her parents happy.

5.​ Winter is the season ____________ we celebrate the holidays together.

6.​ The restaurant ____________ we had dinner last night is very well-known for
its service.

7.​ She loves her cat, ____________ always follows her around the house.

8.​ My sister, ____________ lives in another city, visits us every month.

9.​ This is the jacket____________ I wear on cold mornings.

10.​ They decided to cancel the event, ____________ disappointed many people.

11.​ The friend ____________ I borrowed a book from recommended another

great read.

Exercise 3.
Using relative clauses to combine these following sentences into one.
Add the comma (,) where necessary. There is an example (0) that has
been done for you.

0.​ My friend invited me to join a trail this weekend. She loves hiking.

⇒ My friend, who loves hiking, invited me to join a trail this weekend.

1.​ She wants to live in a city. The weather is warm there all year.
=> She wants to live ____________________________________________________________ .

2.​ We visited a village. The houses in that village are built from stone.
=> We visited ___________________________________________________________________ .

3.​ The garden smells wonderful in the spring. This garden is full of roses.
=> The garden __________________________________________________________________ .

4.​ I remember the day. We went to the amusement park together on that day.
=> I remember __________________________________________________________________ .

5.​ The library is quiet and comfortable. I often study there.

=> The library ___________________________________________________________________ .

6.​ I have a friend. This friend volunteers at the animal shelter every weekend.
=> I have a friend _______________________________________________________________ .

7.​ They arrived earlier than expected. This gave us more time to prepare.
=> They arrived _________________________________________________________________ .

8.​ I met a woman at the conference. She works for a well-known company.
=> I met __________________________________________________________________________ .

9.​ The family’s home was damaged by the storm. They are receiving help
from neighbors.
=> The family ___________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ She gave me a book. I finished reading it in one day.

=> She gave _____________________________________________________________________ .

Exercise 4.
Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

0.​ I have a friend who ___________________________________________________________ .

⇒ I have a friend who is interested in cooking.

1.​ I received a gift that ___________________________________________________________ .

2.​ This is the family whose ______________________________________________________ .

3.​ We missed the train, which ___________________________________________________ .

4.​ She finally decided to go to the city where __________________________________ .

5.​ The problem which ____________________________________________________________ .

6.​ The child whose _______________________________________________________________ .

7.​ Mr. Tony is a teacher whom ___________________________________________________ .

8.​ She bought a dress that _______________________________________________________ .

9.​ My father, who _________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ They went home late, which __________________________________________________ .

SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Guess the OBJECT/PERSON!

●​ Get into 2 groups. Each group sends 1 representative who will stand with
their back turned towards the board/screen.

●​ The teacher displays the names/pictures of an object/a person on the

screen/board.

●​ Each group tries to give hints to help the representative guess the
object/person.

The hints MUST follow this structure:

Person be a [job/role] relative pronoun achievement/

characteristic

Example: Taylor Swift

→ She is a singer who sang “You belong with me”.

Object be a [tool/device] relative pronoun purpose/function

Example: TV

→ It is a device which we use to watch programmes.

⚠️ If the group uses another structure to give hints, they will lose 1 point.
UNIT 1.
WRITING PART 4

OBJECTIVES

●​ Common mistakes while using relative clauses

LEAD IN

Read these following statements and decide if they are

complete sentences or incomplete sentences. Mark (C) for
complete sentences, (IC) for incomplete sentences.

Examples:
0.​ The bag that I lost yesterday was found. => C

0.​ The story about Anne. => IC

1.​ My mother playing the piano

2.​ No one knows
3.​ I really admire
4.​ We had dinner at this restaurant last week
5.​ The child and their friends
6.​ After we finish this project together
7.​ The movie about zombie excites
8.​ A long meeting with the manager
9.​ They decided to leave the party
10.​ The flowers more beautiful than ever
11.​ When we moved to the new apartment
12.​ He about to 5 years old
COMMON RELATIVE CLAUSE ERRORS

A. COMMON TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES ERRORS

Error 1: Wrong relative pronoun or adverb

✘ Error example: The company what makes these products is based in

Japan.

☀ Explanation: The writer misuses the relative pronoun “what” instead

of “which/that”.

✔ Correction: The company which/ that makes these products is

based in Japan.

Error 2: Missing relative pronoun

✘ Error example: The company makes these products is based in Japan.

☀ Explanation: The sentence is trying to express two ideas:

●​ Idea 1: The company is based in Japan.
●​ Idea 2: That company makes these products.
However, without the relative pronoun, the relationship
between the two ideas expressed in the sentence
become unclear.

✔ Correction: The company which/ that makes these products is

based in Japan.
Error 3: Wrong subject-verb agreement

✘ Error example: The company which makes these products are based
in Japan.

☀ Explanation: The writer misunderstood “these products” as the

subject for the main verb “be". The subject is actually
“the company”.

✔ Correction: The company which makes these products is based

in Japan.

Error 4: Redundant pronouns/adverbs

✘ Error example: The place WHERE we visited THERE last summer

was beautiful. (there = the place)

☀ Explanation: “where" already plays the role of the adverb of the

relative clause, so the adverb “there" is not needed.

✔ Correction: The place where we visited last summer was

beautiful.

✘ Error example: The woman WHOM we spoke to HER was very kind.

☀ Explanation: “whom" already plays the role of the object of the

relative clause, so the pronoun “her" is not needed.

✔ Correction: The woman whom we spoke to was very kind.

B. PROGRESS CHECK

Exercise 1.
Read these following sentences carefully. Identify the mistakes and
correct the errors. There is one example that has been done for you.

0.​ The company makes these products is based in Japan.

⇒ The company that makes these products is based in Japan.

1.​ The man borrowed money refused to pay it back to me.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

2.​ The people who work in that office is very friendly and helpful.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

3.​ Paris, where is famous for its cuisine, attracts tourists from all over.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

4.​ The teacher who explains things clearly help the students understand
better.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

5.​ He bought a house which he decorated it all by himself.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

6.​ His birthday, when was last Friday, was celebrated with a big party.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

7.​ The library, where I often study there, has a wonderful collection of books.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

8.​ I am looking for the blue T-shirt, which my mom gave it to me last birthday.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

9.​ He’s a writer whose his novels are loved by many readers.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ My neighbor, whom I invited her to the party, brought a lovely gift.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
OTHER SENTENCE ERRORS
To decide if a sentence has errors or not, we first need to understand what is
defined as a sentence.

C. SENTENCE
Every sentence must contain at least a subject and a verb and express a
complete thought.
Examples:
●​ My mother is a doctor.
(S) (V)
●​ The cat and the dog are playing together outside.
​ (S) ​ ​ (V)

Some sentences also have objects, which follow verbs.

Example: She reads a comic book.
​ (V)​ (O)

D. COMMON SENTENCE ERRORS

The most common type of sentence error are fragments. A fragment is an
incomplete sentence. It either lacks an important component OR has
incomplete meaning.
Examples:
●​ Runs through the park
●​ The dog cute
 ✪ TYPES OF FRAGMENTS
1.​ Runs through the park -> The fragment above lacks a subject.
=> Complete sentence: He runs through the park.

2.​ The dog cute -> This fragment lacks a verb.

=> Complete sentence: The dog is cute.

3.​ After a long day → The fragment above lacks both a subject and a verb.
=> Complete sentence: After a long day, we feel so tired.

4.​ She going to the store later. -> This fragment lacks the helping/ auxiliary
verb.
=> Complete sentence: She is going to the store later.

5.​ Finally, he to speak out loud his thoughts. -> This fragment lacks the
main verb.
=> Complete sentence: Finally, he speaks out loud his thoughts./
Finally, he decided to speak out loud his thoughts.

6.​ Although he was tired -> This fragment has incomplete meaning.
=> Complete sentence: Although he was tired, he finished his homework.

E. PROGRESS CHECK
Exercise 2.
Read these following statements. Identify the errors and rewrite them
correctly.

0.​ She to read the book yesterday

⇒ She read the book yesterday.

1.​ Needs to submit the report soon

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
2.​ My friend from nearby high school
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

3.​ Before sunrise in the morning

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

4.​ We to prepare for the meeting

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

5.​ I watching a new show on TV

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

6.​ Because of the unexpected rain

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

7.​ The solution to the problem

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

8.​ Has been feeling tired lately

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

9.​ They waiting for the bus in the rain

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ In case we need more time

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
PRACTICE
Exercise 3.
Read these following sentences. Identify the errors and rewrite them into
correct and complete sentences.

0.​ My friend live nearby. ⇒ My friend lives nearby.

1.​ Because she late for work.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

2.​ I missed the bus, while I had to wait for a long time.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

3.​ The teacher who gives us extra work she is strict.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

4.​ The reason why I was late traffic heavy.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

5.​ She bought the dress even though expensive.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

6.​ The person which works here is very friendly.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

7.​ My friend whose lives nearby always helps me to do my homework.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

8.​ The restaurant, that we usually go to on weekends is closed.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

9.​ Although I studied hard, I pass the test.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ She likes swimming, so her brother loves playing badminton.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
Exercise 4.
Use the given words or phrases to make complete and meaningful
sentences. Change the word forms, add a comma and other words if
necessary. There is one example (0) that has been done for you.

0.​ Yesterday / she / stay / home / because / it / be / rain / outside

⇒ Yesterday, she stayed home because it was raining outside.

1.​ He / enjoy / paint / landscapes / while / sister / prefer / draw / animals.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

2.​ person / whom / met / conference / expert / field / artificial / intelligence.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

3.​ We / miss / train / which / mean / we / wait / extra / hour.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

4.​ He / swim / every weekend / at / community pool / stay / healthy.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

5.​ town / that / we / visit / last / summer / small / but / charming.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

6.​ city / where / I / always / dream / living / beyond / all / my / expectation.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

7.​ Even though / he / try / hardest / he / not / win / competition.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

8.​ Car / break down / on / way / yet / he / still / reach / home / safe.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

9.​ man / who / work / tirelessly / this / project / months / finally / see / fruits
/ labor.
=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .

10.​ He / enjoy / hiking / in / mountain / for / it / keep / active / healthy.

=> ________________________________________________________________________________ .
SPEAKING EXERCISE

Complete the answers to the following IELTS Speaking questions.

Question 1: What do you like to do in your free time?

Answer:
The activity that I enjoy doing is ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2: Which country do you want to visit? Why?

Answer:
The country which I want to visit is _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

I want to travel there because __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 2.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

● be introduced to IELTS Writing Task 2 format and requirements.

● practice analyzing Task 2 prompts to understand task requirements.
THEORY – INTRODUCTION TO IELTS WRITING TASK 2

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Read the following questions (1-7) on Writing Task 2 and guess
the correct answers.
1. How much time do you have for Writing
Task 2?
A. 60 minutes
B. 40 minutes
C. 20 minutes

2. How many words do you need to write?

A. at least 250 words
B. at least 400 words
C. at least 150 words

3. Can you choose any topic you like?

A. YES
B. NO

4. Can you give examples from your

knowledge when writing?
A. YES
B. NO

5. How many paragraphs should you write?

A. at least 1 paragraph
B. at least 2 paragraphs
C. at least 4 paragraphs

6. What should you do during the first 5

minutes?
A. Reading the prompt and
Brainstorming ideas
B. Writing the first paragraph

7. What should you do during the last 5

minutes?
A. Writing the last paragraph
B. Re-reading the essay and fixing
mistakes
In the IELTS Writing Task 2

● The questions are usually about general topics such as the

environment, education, or the media.

● You should answer the question by giving your opinions supported by

reasons and examples.

● The essay should consist of: an introduction (1 paragraph), the main

body (2-3 paragraphs), and then a conclusion (1 paragraph)

● You must write at least 250 words.

● You should spend 40 minutes on Task 2.

● You should spend the first 5 minutes brainstorming for ideas and the
last 5 minutes checking your essay for mistakes (grammar, spelling,
punctuation...)

Analyzing the IELTS Writing Task 2 prompt

● Writing Task 2 has two parts: the topic and the task type.

● The topic is the situation given in the prompt, or what you should
write about in your essay; for example: family, the environment, or
health.

● The task type is usually the question, or what the examiners want you
to do with the topic. Some common task types are “agree or
disagree” , “advantage or disadvantage”, “discuss both views”, and
“problem-solution”.
IN-CLASS PRACTICE

A. RECOGNIZING TOPIC AND TASK TYPE - MULTIPLE CHOICE

Exercise 1.
Read the prompts (A-C) below and answer questions (1-6) with the
correct options (a, b, or c).

(A) Trying to change your bad habits can be very hard.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1. What is the topic? 2. How should we answer the

a. Daily life activities are hard to question (task type)?
change a. Explain why we should change
b. It’s hard to adopt good habits our bad habits

c. Bad habits are not easy to break b. Explain why we think breaking
bad habits is hard or easy
c. Write about the disadvantages
of bad habits

(B) Doing sports daily has many different benefits.

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

3. What is the topic? 4. How should we answer the

a. Doing sports is very important question (task type)?

b. Doing sports every day can be a. Explain how we can do sports

beneficial daily

c. Sports has many different b. List the advantages of doing

benefits sports daily
c. Explain why we think doing
sports every day is beneficial
or not
 (C) The computer plays an important role in our daily lives.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

5. What is the topic? 6. How should we answer the

a. Social media plays an important question (task type)?
role in our lives a. Suggest ways in which
b. Computers are very important for computers are important for our
our daily lives daily lives

c. The good and bad sides of b. Write about the good and bad
computers sides of of our dependence on
computers
c. Give reasons why computers
are good for us

B. IDENTIFY TOPIC AND TASK TYPE

Exercise 2.
Answer the questions (1 and 2) for each prompt (a-f) below. An example
has been done for you.

a. People need to spend more time with their families than at work. To what
extent do you agree with this view?

1. What is the topic? => The topic is “people should work less and spend
more time with their families.”

2. What should you write about the topic? => I should write if I agree
/disagree that people should work less and spend more time with
families and give the reasons for my opinion.

b. People should walk to schools or to their workplaces rather than drive. Do

you agree or disagree with this statement?

1. What is the topic? ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What should you write about the topic? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
c. Many teenagers use the Internet daily. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this trend?

1. What is the topic? ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What should you write about the topic? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d. People nowadays spend more time sitting than being active. What is the
cause of this problem? What can be done to solve this?

1. What is the topic? ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What should you write about the topic? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

e. Computers have become an important part of schools. Do the advantages

of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

1. What is the topic? ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What should you write about the topic? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

f. In some countries, it is getting harder for young people to find work. What
do you think are the causes of this problem and what are some solutions to
this problem?

1. What is the topic? ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What should you write about the topic? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
HOMEWORK

C. MATCHING
Exercise 3.
Matching the prompts (1-10) with the correct topics (A-E) and task types
(i-iv). Each prompt may match with more than one topic.

1. It is much more convenient to 2. Despite the popularity of sports

watch a movie on television or facilities and gyms, people are
computer than to buy a ticket less fit nowadays than ever
and go to the cinema. before. What do you think are
Do you agree or disagree? the main causes of this problem?
What solutions can you suggest?

3. Some people say that 4. More and more people are

teenagers should work choosing to use emails
part-time and earn money. instead of sending mails by
Others argue that teenagers post. What are the advantages
should not have to work after and disadvantages of this
school. Discuss both views and trend?
give your opinion

5. It is often claimed that 6. The best way to travel is to

electronic devices will soon travel in a group led by a tour
replace paper books. Do you guide. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this agree or disagree with this
claim? statement?

7. Today, many people are 8. International tourism brings lots

overweight. What are the of benefits as problems to host
primary causes of this? What countries. Do the disadvantages
measures can be taken to of international tourism outweigh
overcome this problem? the advantages?

9. Nowadays families are not as 10. There is no need to maintain a

close as they used to be. close relationship with distant
What do you think are the relatives. Do you agree or
causes of this? What can be disagree with this statement?
done to make families closer?
TOPIC LIST: TASK TYPE LIST:

A. Family and Friends i. Causes and Solutions

B. Technology
ii. Agree or Disagree

C. Sports and Health

iii. Discuss both views
D. Work
iv. Advantages and Disadvantages
E. Travel and Tourism
UNIT 2.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES

● practice analyzing Task 2 prompts to understand the tasks' requirements

● practice idea generation techniques (brainstorming / mind map etc.)
THEORY – BRAINSTORMING AND MIND MAPPING

Brainstorming

● Brainstorming is the process of producing ideas for your paragraphs.

● One way to organize your brainstorming is to create a mindmap.

Steps to Mindmapping

1. Draw a circle with the main topic/idea in the middle

2. Write as many ideas related to the topic as you can think of. The
ideas should be written in phrases or words, NOT in sentences. At
this stage, don't care about grammar or if the ideas are good or bad

3. Use symbols and drawings (lines, arrows, etc.) and numbering (1,2,3)
to show the relationships among ideas (main ideas and their
supporting ideas, causes and effects, etc.)

4. Cross out bad ideas (too general, too limited, not related to the topic,
etc.)

Below is a sample Mindmap for the prompt:

“Describe a task you find easy to do”
IN-CLASS PRACTICE – BRAINSTORMING

A. INDIVIDUAL MINDMAP
On your own, read the prompt below and practice mind mapping. Work quickly.
Don’t worry about how good each idea is. Don’t worry about spelling and
grammar either. Just try to create a lot of ideas, as many as possible, within a
few minutes.

The computer has taken an important role in our daily life.

What are the advantages of this?

BRAINSTORMING AREA:

B. DISCUSS WITH A PARTNER

● Work with a partner.
● Compare your mindmap and discuss whether you can add or remove any
idea. Give reasons why you pick or don’t pick the ideas.
● Use the sample Mindmap from section A to help you.
C. BRAINSTORM IN GROUPS
● In a group of 2-3 students, create a Mindmap to answer the prompt
below.
● First, draw out as many ideas as you can as a group.
● Then, discuss which ideas are good and which are bad.
● Use the sample Mindmap from section A to help you.

The computer has taken an important role in our daily life.

What are the DISADVANTAGES of this?

BRAINSTORMING AREA:
HOMEWORK
D. MATCH IDEAS
Exercise 1.
Look at the following prompt. Then decide where to put the items in the
table. The first one has been done for you as an example.

In many countries, more and more people are becoming overweight.

Why is this happening? What solutions can you suggest?

cheap fast food go on diet increase fast food vegetable is

price expensive

lack of exercise provide free soft drinks are control what

gyms cheap children eat

make junk food more expensive play computer games more than sports

Causes of overweight Solutions

cheap fast food go on diet

E. ADD NEW IDEAS

Exercise 2.
Can you add one more point to each column in the table?
UNIT 2.
WRITING PART 3

OBJECTIVES

●​ identify the topic sentence and supporting sentences of a sample

paragraph.

LEAD IN

Discuss the following questions with your partner.

●​ How long have you been learning English?

●​ Do you find learning English easy or difficult? Why?

WRITING SAMPLE

Read the paragraph and answer the questions 1-4.

1
Learning English can be really easy since there are many ways to practice
2
the language. At school, my teacher, Mr Mark, organizes many fun
3
activities and projects. These activities and projects always require us,
students, to talk to each other in English. 4 At home, I listen to English music
5
and watch YouTube videos in English. Sometimes, when I go out on the
street and meet a foreigner, I try using English to help them to find their
6
way around. With so many opportunities to use English, I don’t have to
struggle when learning English.

1.​ What is the topic of the paragraph? 2.​ What’s the writer's most important
A.​ English opinion about the topic?

B.​ Learning English A.​ Everyone should learn English

C.​ The writer’s teacher B.​ It’s easy to find ways to practice
English
C.​ English is a very useful subject​

3.​ How many ways to learn English did

the writer describe?
A.​ one
B.​ two
C.​ three
WHAT IS TOPIC SENTENCE?

●​ A topic sentence is usually at the beginning of a paragraph:

○​ The paragraph from Writing Sample: the first sentence is the
topic sentence.
●​ A topic sentence expresses the topic of the paragraph and the main
idea about that topic.
○​ The paragraph from Writing Sample: the topic is learning
English, and the main idea is: learning English is easy because
there are many ways to practice.

WHAT ARE SUPPORTING SENTENCES?

Supporting Sentences
●​ Give information that explains and expands the main idea expressed
by the topic sentence.
●​ Answer questions – who? what? when? why? and how? about the
main idea – and give details.
●​ Can have many goals:
A.​ Give reasons: Lukas quit school because he has found a really
good job.
B.​ Give facts: More than 10% of the student population is
international.
C.​ Give examples: For example, most Vietnamese students love
Maths.
D.​ Define: Many tourists visit Bangkok, which is the capital and
largest city in Thailand.
IN-CLASS PRACTICE

A. IDENTIFY TOPIC SENTENCES

Exercise 1.
Look at these topic sentences (1-4). Circle the topic of the sentence.
Underline the main idea.
1.​ This soccer ball was the gift I liked best.

2.​ Reading novels, such as the Twilight series, can help students improve
their English.

3.​ A water park is a perfect place for this year’s school trip.

4.​ Going to school instead of staying home was the best decision.

B. MATCH SENTENCES
Exercise 2.
Match the supporting sentences (1-4) with corresponding topic
sentences (A and B).

A.​ Learning maths can be really easy since there are many ways to
practice.
B.​ Maths is a really useful subject

1.​ According to research, students with good math scores in high schools
earn more money when they start working. _______________
2.​ Shopping is a great opportunity to learn maths because we always need to
calculate how much money we can spend on one item. _______________
3.​ By easy I mean we can learn it both in the classroom and in our daily life.
_______________
4.​ For example, maths is very important if you want to learn business or
engineering, and these two careers pay very well. _______________
C. CATEGORIZE
Exercise 3.
Match the supporting sentences (1-4) from Exercise 2 with the
corresponding goals listed below.

(a) give reasons (b) give facts (c) give (d) define
examples

HOMEWORK

D. MATCH SENTENCES
Exercise 4.
Match the supporting sentences (1-8) with corresponding topic
sentences (A and B).

A.​ Low-fat diets are an excellent way to stay healthy and slim.
B.​ High-protein diets are favoured by athletes and competitors.

1. _______ These foods help build muscles and increase energy.

2. _______ They are preferred by the general public because they help
with weight reduction.

3. _______ Low-fat diets are recommended by most physicians.

4. _______ Many athletes eat high-protein foods, such as meat, beans,

and nuts.

5. _______ Low-fat foods include fruits, vegetables, and pasta.

6. _______ Because they are easy to find in stores, low-fat foods are
convenient.

7. _______ Athletes generally have high-protein diets to give them more

energy.

8. _______ A low-fat diet is a diet that includes lean meat and lots of
vegetables.

E. CATEGORIZE
Exercise 5.
Match the supporting sentences (1-8) from Exercise 4 with
corresponding goals listed below.

(a) give reasons (b) give facts (c) give (d) define
examples
UNIT 2.
WRITING PART 4

OBJECTIVES

●​ practice analyzing Task 2 prompt on the topic of education/learning

●​ write an opinion paragraph

THEORY

WRITING A TOPIC SENTENCE

A good topic sentence should include either of the following:

●​ One clear topic
○​ bad: It’s important to do well in school, but also to have friends.
○​ good: I don’t think there’s anything more important than doing well
in school.
●​ An opinion or idea about the topic
○​ bad: I have been studying karate.
○​ good: Studying karate has given me strength and self-confidence.

A good topic sentence should NOT be:

●​ too general (too much to write about)
○​ bad: Australia is an interesting country.
○​ good: On my visit to Australia, I saw many unusual animals.
●​ too specific (not enough to write about/just a fact)
○​ bad: School starts at 8:30 a.m.
○​ good: Getting ready for school in the morning is more difficult
than any of my classes.
 WRITING SUPPORTING SENTENCES

●​ Depending on your paragraph style, you may want to ask and answer
questions like who? what? when? why? and how? about the main
idea to help you think of the supporting ideas. You don’t need to use
all of these question words, pick the ones that fit the topic sentence.
●​ Think about how you would organize your paragraph: which
information comes first? which information should come later?.
●​ Note: A paragraph may also include a concluding sentence that
paraphrases the topic sentence but this sentence is not a must.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

A. IMPROVE TOPIC SENTENCES

Exercise 1.
Improve these topic sentences (1-3). Give reasons why each given topic
sentence is bad and try to improve them.

1.​ Bad topic sentence: Uniforms are good.

Why bad: too general
New topic sentence: Uniforms can help students to feel equal to their
peers at school.

2.​ Bad topic sentence: Many students like uniforms.

Why bad: __________________________________________________________________
New topic sentence: ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3.​ Bad topic sentence: Schools should force students to wear uniforms, but
maybe not.
Why bad: __________________________________________________________________
New topic sentence: ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
B. ASK QUESTIONS FOR SUPPORTING SENTENCE
Exercise 2.
Read each topic sentence (1-4). What information would you expect the
writer to include in the paragraph? Write a question that the supporting
sentences should answer. Use a who? what? where? when? why? or
how? question. The first sentence has been done for you.

1.​ Since 2008, every student in Malaysia has been required to wear uniforms.
=> Why must every student in Malaysia wear a uniform?

2.​ Most Vietnamese students actually like wearing uniforms.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

3.​ Wearing uniforms can have negative effects on students.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

4.​ There are many benefits to wearing uniforms, even outside the school.
=> _________________________________________________________________________

C. DEVELOP IDEAS FOR SUPPORTING SENTENCES

Exercise 3.
Work in pairs. Write at least one question (who? what? when? why? and
how?) for each topic sentence in Exercise 1. Then write the supporting
sentences by answering the questions that you made. An example has
been done for you.
1.​ Topic Sentence: Uniforms are the best way to make every student feel
equal.

A.​ Why would students feel equal to their peers when wearing uniforms?

=> When every student needs to wear the same clothes, which have the
same style and quality, the students won’t be able to show if they are
rich or poor. Thus, everyone will feel equal to one another.
2.​ Topic Sentence: ____________________________________________________________

A.​ ___________________________________________________________________________

⇒​ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

B.​ ___________________________________________________________________________

⇒​ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3.​ Topic Sentence: ____________________________________________________________

A.​ ___________________________________________________________________________

⇒​ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

B.​ ___________________________________________________________________________

⇒​ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

D. WRITE ONE PARAGRAPH

Exercise 4.

Write a paragraph using one topic from Exercise 3. Remember: the first
sentence should be the topic sentence and the following sentences are
supporting sentences (use Exercise 3 to help you). An example has been
done for you.

[Topic Sentence] When you learn English with friends, it can be very fun
and helpful. [Why fun?] When you do things with people you know, you
will be more relaxed and can actually enjoy yourself, even when learning.
[Why helpful?] It is easier to make mistakes and recognize others’
 mistakes when it comes to friends. We won’t feel shy or uncomfortable
anymore, as friends are people whom we can trust. [Conclude] If you
want to succeed in learning English and have some fun, try to learn it with
friends.

Write your paragraph here:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
HOMEWORK

E. WRITE A PARAGRAPH
Exercise 5.
Write a paragraph using the remaining topic from Exercise 3. Remember:
the first sentence should be the topic sentence and the following
sentences are supporting sentences.

Write your paragraph here:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 4.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

● Write the second draft of the essay homework of Unit 2: Supplementary

Writing Part 3 and 4
● Write a paragraph on the topic of negative effects of wearing uniforms
LANGUAGE INPUT

Choose the best definition for the CAPITALIZED words in these

following sentences:
1. Uniforms can LIMIT students to show their personal style.
A. to stop or control somebody/something
B. to feel happy or pleased about something
C. to look around and learn about something new

2. Parents may RESTRICT screen time to encourage healthier habits in

their children.
A. to help or give strength to something
B. to make small changes to something
C. to keep something from growing or increasing

3. Hobbies and interests often show a person’s IDENTITY and unique

character.
A. the process of growth or change
B. a person’s idea of who they are
C. the act of learning or practicing something

4. The size and style of clothes can be CUSTOMIZED to each person.

A. made to be suited to someone’s specific needs
B. being upset because something is difficult
C. being left behind or given up on

5. The cost of buying uniforms every year can become a FINANCIAL

BURDEN for families.
A. growth that happens without outside influence
B. a big amount of money that causes stress
C. something essential that must be had

6. A good pair of shoes can give you the feeling of COMFORT even after a
long day of walking.
A. a feeling of physical or emotional ease
B. the ability to think of new ideas
C. the way how people use money
PRACTICE

A. OUTLINING
Exercise 1.
Use the given ideas in the box to complete the following outline for the
paragraph of “Wearing uniforms can have negative effects.” There are
TWO extra ideas that you don't need to use.

a way to show uniqueness financial burden for family

students feel like they belong to a distract students while studying

group

not customized to each student frustrating for those who are finding
out their identities

make students feel like they have to wear the same clothes helps reduce
obey the rules pressure to buy expensive or
fashionable clothes

OUTLINE

TOPIC: Wearing uniforms can have negative effects.

▸ Limit self-expression:
● clothes: (0) way to show uniqueness
● uniform: restrict the freedom of choice
=> (1) _____________________________________________________________________
=> (2) _____________________________________________________________________

▸ Uncomfortable + impractical
● Uniforms: (3) _____________________________________________________________
=> not fit well, made from uncomfortable material
=> (4) _____________________________________________________________________
▸ (5) ____________________________________________________________________________
● Children body change and grow => school require specific uniform for
each year => costly
● Conclusion: increase equality but affect comfort, creativity, and finances.

B. PARAGRAPH WRITING
Exercise 2.
Use the above outline to write a paragraph starting with this topic
sentence: “Wearing uniforms can have negative effects”

Write your paragraph here:

Wearing uniforms can have negative effects _________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 5.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

●​ analyze and brainstorm ideas for an agree/disagree prompt related to the

theme: Food

THEORY

PROMPT ANALYSIS REVIEW

Prior to writing any essay, you need to analyze the given prompt:
●​ First, identify the topic words, which show the general topic of the
prompt.
●​ Then, identify micro-topic words, which show you which specific
part of the main topic that you need to discuss.
●​ Finally, identify the instruction words, which show the task types (i.e.
agree/disagree - cause/solution).

STRUCTURE OF AN OPINION PARAGRAPH

●​ TOPIC SENTENCE: state your viewpoint (agree or disagree) + give a

reason
●​ SUPPORTING SENTENCES: give explanations for your reason and/or
give examples

IN-CLASS PRACTICE
 Recently, eating out is becoming more and more common. [GENERAL
TOPIC]

However, many people believe that cooking and eating at home are
better for the individuals and the families than eating out at
restaurants or canteens. [SPECIFIC TOPIC]

Do you agree or disagree? [TASK TYPE]

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

Exercise 1.
Read the prompt above and pick TWO options from the list (A-D) that
best describe what you may write to fully answer the prompt.

A.​ Why good food is important

B.​ Why it is more beneficial to cook and eat at home than to eat out
C.​ Why everyone needs to know how to cook
D.​ Why it is more beneficial to eat out than to eat at home

B. MATCH REASONS WITH OPINIONS

Exercise 2.
Look at the supporting ideas (A-F) below. Which one agrees and which
one disagrees with the prompt from Exercise 1?

A.​ Wide variety of food at restaurants

B.​ Can make healthy, nutritious food at home
C.​ Better atmosphere for special occasions like celebrations
D.​ Family bonding while cooking and eating together
E.​ Cook at home: cheaper
F.​ Eat out: more convenient
 AGREE DISAGREE

C. DISCUSS IN PAIRS
Exercise 3.
In pairs, discuss with a partner to choose which side (agree or disagree)
that you will both work on, and which two supporting ideas you want to
use to argue.

D. BRAINSTORM SUPPORTING IDEAS

Exercise 4.
In pairs, pick one reason (A-E) from Exercise 2 and brainstorm its
supporting ideas. An example note has been done for you. Remember to
use keywords instead of writing full sentences.

EXAMPLE YOUR NOTES

AGREE / DISAGREE AGREE / DISAGREE

Main reason why Main reason why

=> F. Eat out: more convenient

Explanation for the reason Explanation for the reason

=> no need to buy ingredients,
cook or clean up => more time for
other duties
 Example Example
parents too busy w/ work
=> family go out to eat => save time
=> more time to talk to children,
help them w/ schoolwork

E. ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS

Exercise 5.
The paragraph below was written based on the example from Exercise 4.
Read the paragraph and answer questions (1-4).

“Personally, I disagree with the statement since I find eating out much
more convenient than cooking and eating at home. Going to restaurants or
canteens means that people don’t need to spend so much time buying
ingredients, cooking, and cleaning up. This, in my opinion, gives them
more time to take care of other important family duties. For example, many
parents nowadays work long hours and thus have little time left for their
children at the end of the day. In such cases, it's much better for them to
take their children out to eat at restaurants than to spend hours on
cooking. This way, the parents will have more time to talk to their children
and help with their school work. This in turn will help strengthen their
bonds with the kids.”

QUESTIONS:

1.​ What is the writer’s view point?

=> _________________________________________________________________________

2.​ What is the reason for this viewpoint?

=> _________________________________________________________________________

3.​ What is the explanation for the reason?

=> _________________________________________________________________________

4.​ What is the example given?

=> ________________________________________________________________________
HOMEWORK

F. BRAINSTORM
Exercise 6.
Use the plan below to brainstorm supporting ideas for TWO more
reasons from Exercise 2.

AGREE DISAGREE

Main reason why Main reason why

Explanation for the reason Explanation for the reason

Example Example
UNIT 5.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES
●​ learn phrases for expressing opinions

●​ practice writing one paragraph addressing an Agree/Disagree prompt

THEORY

●​ To write a good opinion paragraph, you should be able to express

your opinion effectively and support it with reasons and examples.
●​ Below are a few useful ways to express your opinion and support it
with reasons and examples.

Language to express opinions: Language to provide reasons:

●​ I agree/disagree (that)... ●​ (fact/opinion) because (reason)
●​ I share/don’t share the ●​ (reason), so (fact/opinion)
view (that)... ●​ (fact/opinion) since (reason)
●​ I support/don’t support ●​ (fact/opinion) as (reason)
the idea (that)
●​ One reason/Another reason is
●​ I think/believe… that...
●​ It is my opinion/belief Language to provide examples:
(that)...
●​ For example,...
●​ In my opinion,...
●​ For instance,...
●​ ...such as...
A.​ UNDERLINE THE EXPRESSIONS
Exercise 1.
The paragraph below expresses the writer’s opinion on cooking and
eating at home. Underline the phrases that are used to express opinions,
provide reasons and examples. The first one has been done for you.
There are 4 more.

“Personally, I disagree with the statement since I find eating out much
more convenient than cooking and eating at home. Going to restaurants
or canteens means people don’t need to spend so much time buying
ingredients, cooking, and cleaning up. This, in my opinion, gives them
more time to take care of other important family duties. For example,
many parents nowadays work long hours and thus don't have very little
time left to spend with their kids at the end of the day. In such cases, it's
much better for them to take the children out to eat at restaurants than
to spend hours on cooking. This way, the parents will have more time to
talk to their children and help with their school work. This in turn will
undoubtedly help strengthen their bonds with the kids.”

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

B. FILL IN THE GAPS

Exercise 2.

Fill in the gaps with for example, such as, or since. Add commas where
necessary. There may be more than one correct answer.

1.​ When you visit the ethnic neighborhoods of Miami, you feel that you are in a

foreign country. ​________________ in Little Havana you can easily imagine that

you are in Cuba.

2.​ Summers are much cooler in San Francisco than in Los Angeles. _____________

the average July temperature in San Francisco is about 65°F, but it is 85°F in

Los Angeles.

3.​ Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula has many luxury beach resorts, _________________

the region has many beautiful beaches and is located near the capital city of

Mexico.

4.​ The Yucatan is full of archaeological treasures __________________ the Mayan

ruins at Chichen ltza and Tulum.

Exercise 3.
Fill in the gaps with the expressions for giving opinions, reasons and
examples given in the theory box below. The first one has been done for
you.

(1) (opinion) In my opinion, tourists should always try local food whenever they

visit a new place. (reason) (2) _____________________ it is always a great experience

to discover new, delicious dishes. (example) (3) ___________________________ ,

when I visited Paris last year, I took great joy in trying the wide range of local

dishes available. French dishes are cooked in millions of different ways with all

kinds of ingredients and flavor combinations (reason), (4) _______________________

I never got fed up with the food despite my long stay there. What’s more, the

meals I enjoyed there also taught me a lot about French culture. Unlike the typical

American meal, French meals usually consist of many courses and can take up to

2 hours. (reason) This may be (5) ______________________ the French like to take

their time to enjoy the finer things in life.

C. WRITE A PARAGRAPH
Exercise 4.
Use the outline in the previous lesson to write ONE paragraph to answer this
prompt. Make sure to state if you agree or disagree with the given view
point and support your argument with reasons and examples

Many people say that cooking and eating at home are better for the
individuals and the families than eating out in restaurants or canteens.

Do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answers and include any relevant examples from your
own knowledge or experience.
C. EDIT
Spend at least 5 minutes on re-reading your paragraph. Check for
possible mistakes and problems. Use the check-list below to help you.

❐​ Did you use appropriate language to express opinions, reasons and

examples?
❐​ Are your sentences grammatically correct? Any subject-verb
disagreements (e.g. He use / I uses)?
❐​ Did you write every word correctly? Check your spelling.
❐​ Did you use correct punctuation ( . , ; : )?
❐​ Do you have any run-on sentences without fullstops?

HOMEWORK

A. WRITE A PARAGRAPH
Exercise 5.
Write ONE paragraph to respond to the prompt in Exercise 4. However,
this time you should argue for the opposite viewpoint.
B. EDIT
Spend no less than 5 minutes on re-reading your paragraph. Check for
possible mistakes and problems. Use the check-list below to help you.

❐​ Did you use appropriate language to express opinions, reasons and

examples?
❐​ Are your sentences grammatically correct? Any subject-verb
disagreements (e.g. He use / I uses)?
❐​ Did you write every word correctly? Check your spelling.
❐​ Did you use correct punctuation ( . , ; : )?
❐​ Do you have any run-on sentences without fullstops?
UNIT 5.
WRITING PART 3

OBJECTIVES
●​ Correct the essay writing homework for this lesson Unit 5:
Supplementary Writing Part 1 and 2
●​ Review agree/disagree paragraph

LANGUAGE INPUT

Exercise 1.
Choose the best definition for the CAPITALIZED word in the following
sentences.
1.​ She ate the whole extra-large pizza by herself IN ONE SITTING.
A.​ completed without taking any breaks
B.​ happening unexpectedly or without planning
C.​ repeatedly or happening all the time
2.​ An EXCESS of fast food in one’s diet can harm overall health.
A.​ a rise in the amount or number
B.​ an amount that goes beyond what’s necessary
C.​ the typical amount, level, or standard of something
3.​ The high CONSUMPTION of fast food is related to rising obesity rates.
A.​ the act of giving one thing for another
B.​ the act of removing or wiping out something
C.​ the act of using up resources or goods
4.​ He set a monthly BUDGET to limit his spending on fast food.
A.​ a detailed outline for achieving a goal
B.​ a plan for managing money or expenses
C.​ the process of experiencing new things
5.​ McDonald's is a well-known fast-food CHAIN with locations worldwide.
A.​ a connected series of businesses or locations
B.​ a local office or location of a larger organization
C.​ an organization that provides goods or services
6.​ The sugar CONTENT in many fast foods is surprisingly high.
A.​ the ideas in a piece of writing, speech, or film
B.​ a set of instructions for preparing a meal
C.​ the amount of a substance contained in something​

OUTLINING EXERCISE

Exercise 2.
Use the given ideas in the box to complete the following outline for the
AGREE paragraph of “Fast food is responsible for increased obesity.”
There are TWO extra ideas that you don't need to use.

genetics and stress can also cause encourage people to develop

obesity unhealthy eating habits from a young
age

a lack of activity leads to more aggressive advertising by fast-food

calories staying in the body chains

fast food has become a popular regular fast food consumption

choice causes the body to produce lots of
fat

Fast food: high in calories and unhealthy substances (sugar, unhealthy fat)
 OUTLINE

Fast food is responsible for increased obesity

Agree: Fast food contributes to increased obesity rates.

▸(1)____________________________________________________________________________
=> (2) ____________________________________________________________________
=> directly cause to weight gain

▸ Convenient and Affordable:

●​ appealing to those with limited budgets and busy people
=> (3) ____________________________________________________________________
=> increase obesity rates in the population

▸(4) ____________________________________________________________________________
●​ target children and teens with attractive images and deals
=> (5) _____________________________________________________________________
=> obesity later in life.
Conclusion: High-calorie content, convenience, and marketing make fast food
a major contributing factor to higher obesity rates.
PARAGRAPH WRITING

Exercise 3.
Use the outline you have finished to write a paragraph starting with this
topic sentence: “I agree that fast food is responsible for increased
obesity.”

Write your paragraph here:

I agree that fast food is responsible for increased obesity. __________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 6.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES
●​ identify complete sentences and fragments
●​ write simple sentences

LEAD IN

Which of the following are sentences? Which are not and why?
1.​ He is a writer.
2.​ My father and my mother don’t cook
3.​ The IELTS contains four different tests
4.​ In the living room
5.​ The final exam very easy
6.​ A woman in the corner
7.​ I like reading novels
THEORY

SENTENCE vs. FRAGMENT

🌟 Every sentence must contain at least a subject and a verb and express a
complete thought.
●​ He is a writer.
●​ My father and my mother don’t cook.
Some sentences also have objects, which follow verbs.
●​ The IELTS contains four different tests.

🌟 A fragment is an incomplete sentence.

●​ In the living room
The fragment above lacks both a subject and a verb.
=> Complete sentence: I waited in the living room.
●​ The final exam very easy.
This fragment lacks a verb.
=> Complete sentence: The final exam was very easy.
🌟 The most common challenge for Vietnamese students when identifying
complete sentences and fragments has to do with the verb.
Below are some common mistakes:

❌ Missing main verb

Fragment ✗ Sentence ✔

He a writer. He is a writer.

The final exam very easy. The final exam was very easy.

❌ Missing helping verbs be/have

Fragment ✗ Sentence ✔

We waiting for the teacher. We are waiting for the teacher.

(present continuous)

I seen the movie twice. I have seen the movie twice.

(present perfect)

The recording will heard once The recording will be heard once only.
only. (passive voice)

❌ Use of to - infinitive alone as the main verb

Fragment ✗ Sentence ✔

Anna to go out on the weekend. Anna goes out on the weekend.

or Anna likes to go out on the weekend.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.
●​ He is a writer.
●​ My father and my mother don’t cook.
●​ The IELTS contains four different tests and lasts less than 4 hours.
●​ The IELTS and the TOEFL contains four different tests and lasts less
than 4 hours.

✏️ Note that the second sentence has two subjects, my father and my mother.
This is called a compound subject. The third sentence has a compound verb,
and the last sentence has a compound subject and a compound verb. They
are all simple sentences because they contain only one clause.

PRACTICE
Exercise 1.
●​ Write S next to the complete sentences and F next to the
fragments.
●​ For the complete sentences, circle the subject and underline the
complete verb.
●​ For the fragments, add, remove or change ONE word to turn the
fragments into sentences.
Examples:
1.​ Pho is a famous Vietnamese food. __S__

2.​ It not only popular but also cheap. __F__

3.​ The dish consists of rice noodles, broth, beef and herbs.

4.​ Pho easy to make but time-consuming.

5.​ Pho first appeared in the early 20th century, but its exact origins still
debated.

6.​ Some think that pho was inspired by the French, while others believe
that it came from China.
 7.​ Nonetheless, Vietnamese people today to consider pho fully Vietnamese.

8.​ There are many different styles of pho such as Hanoi and Saigon styles.

9.​ Many new pho variants been invented, such as pho cuon or pho xao.

10.​ Pho will continue to evolve, as pho chefs always innovating.

Exercise 2.
Use given words to form complete sentences. There is an example that
has been done for you.

Example:

0. We / often / go / supermarket / Fridays / buy / groceries.

=> We often go to the supermarket on Fridays to buy groceries.

1.​ There / be / small / park / next / apartment / building.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

2.​ They / decide / move / new / house / in / quiet / neighborhood.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

3.​ Heavy / rain / stop / suddenly.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

4.​ Neighbor / dog / bark / loudly / at / stranger.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

5.​ He / not / care / about / warnings / and / continue / walk / in / storm.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

6.​ She / often / walk / along / beach / in / afternoon / and / enjoy / sunset.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3.
Arrange the following words to make the complete sentence.
Example:
0. museum / the bakery. / is / The / near
=> The museum is near the bakery.

1.​ children / The / clown’s / loudly / at / laughed / funny / tricks. / the

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

2.​ sings / beautifully / plays / the / and / piano / She / skill. / with / great

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

3.​ grow / spring / quickly / season. / and / The / flowers / trees / during /
the.

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

4.​ red / car / The / stops / light. / suddenly / the / traffic / at

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

5.​ to / chat. / tomorrow / are / at / café / We / catch / meeting / and / up /

the

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

6.​ teacher / The / and / discusses / topic / the / books. / the / notes /
students / write / and / in / their

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

7.​ use / laptop / for / prefers / old / to / sister / My / work. / typing / her

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

8.​ evening / every / her / to / relax. / journal / She / writes / in

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

9.​ room / the / happily. / sings / and / little / dances / The / in / living / girl

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

10.​clearly / Ms. Anh / explains / the / rules / to / students. / all / the

=> _______________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.

Write a simple sentence with:

1.​ one subject and one verb
=> _______________________________________________________________________________
2.​ two subjects and one verb
=> _______________________________________________________________________________
3.​ one subject and two verb
=> _______________________________________________________________________________
4.​ two subject and two verbs
=> _______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5.
Choose the best options to complete these following sentences.

1.​ She works ______________________________

A.​ the library
B.​ in the library
C.​ librarian
2.​ He placed _________ on the table.
A.​ the book
B.​ in the book
C.​ through the book
3.​ They painted _________ blue.
A.​ in the house
B.​ housing
C.​ their house
4.​ She gave her friend _________.
A.​ a birthday gift
B.​ on her birthday
C.​ to a birthday gift
 5.​ Before the meeting, the manager handed ______ the agenda.
A.​ on the staff
B.​ the staff
C.​ with the staff
6.​ He traveled by train ___________.
A.​ the city
B.​ to the city
C.​ with the city

Exercise 6.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences. There is an
example (0) that has been done for you.

Example:

0. The girl with the blue T-shirt _____________________________________________.

=> The girl with the blue T-shirt is the president of the English club.

1.​ His decision ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

2.​ My favorite food ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

3.​ In the afternoon ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

4.​ There are ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

5.​ Those adorable kittens ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

6.​ On January ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________
 7.​ One of the most famous stars ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

8.​ The apartment in District 1 ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

9.​ Vietnamese people ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

10.​The school near my house ___________

=> _______________________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Exercise 7.
Work in pairs.

Take turns asking and answering about these following topic:

1.​ Favourite celebrity

2.​ Favourite pastime
3.​ Favourite food

You should ask and answer at least 3 questions for each topic.

Example (topic 1)

A: Who is your favorite celebrity?

B: My favorite celebrity is Taylor Swift.

A: What does she do?

B: She is a singer.

A: Why do you like her?

B: I like her because her songs are amazing. I like the song “You
belong with me” most.
UNIT 6.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES
●​ write compound sentences using FANBOYS
●​ write complex sentences with Adverbial Clauses, Relative Clauses, and
Noun Clauses

LEAD IN

Read and decide if these following statements are complete sentences

or sentence fragments. Mark C for complete sentences, F for sentence
fragments.
1.​ The movie was very interesting. => C
2.​ After studying for their final exams. => F
3.​ Although she doesn’t eat chocolate every day
4.​ The boy who lives next door can sing very well
5.​ He did exactly what he said
6.​ If my best friend go to the library
7.​ Teachers gave her compliments, for she tried her best to achieve high
scores
CLAUSE

🌟 A clause is a group of words that contain at least a subject and a verb.

Clauses are the building blocks of sentences.
There are two types of clauses: independent and dependent.
An independent clause consists of a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. Therefore, it is by itself a complete sentence.
●​ He is a writer.
●​ My father and my mother don’t cook.
●​ The IELTS contains four different tests.

A dependent clause also includes a subject and a verb but does not express a
complete thought. If begins with a subordinator such as when, while, because,
if, or that. A dependent clause by itself is a fragment.
●​ If he is a writer
●​ When my father and mother don’t cook
●​ Because the IELTS contains four different test

COMPOUND SENTENCES

🌟 A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses

joined together. A common way to join the clauses to form a compound
sentence with coordinating conjunctions commonly abbreviated as FANBOYS.
You should put a comma (,) before the conjunction.

For And Nor But Or Yet So

 FANBOYS

Coordinating
Function Examples
conjunction

For Used to Cats don’t like water, for they’re not ocean
add a reason. or river animals.

And Used to add a Cats like eating fish, and they enjoy eating
similar, equal idea. mice.

Nor Used to add a Cats don’t like water, nor do they like dirty
negative equal litter boxes.
idea.
*Note: nor means and not. It joins two negative
independent clauses. After “nor”, you should
use inversion (question word order).

But Used to add an Cats don’t like water, but they love warm
opposite idea. places.

Or Used to add an Maybe cats don’t like water, or maybe they

alternative just had bad experiences with water in the
possibility. past.

Yet Used to add an Cats don’t like water, yet they’re willing to
unexpected or get wet to catch some fish.
surprising
continuation.

So Used to add an Cats don’t like water, so of course they

expected result. hate baths.
COMPLEX SENTENCES

🌟 A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause(s). In a complex sentence, we place the more important
idea in the independent clause and the less important idea in the dependent
clause.
Examples:

Although native speakers are you don’t need to be one to get the job.
preferred,

⬆ ⬆
Dependent clause ​ Independent clause

You are supposed to bring your ID when you arrive at the testing center.

⬆ ⬆
Independent clause Dependent clause ​

🌟 There are three types of dependent clauses: Adverbial clause, Relative

Clauses, and Noun clause.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

An adverbial clause acts like an adverb. It tells you the when, where, why and
how.
An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction such as although,
because, when, and if. It can come before or after the independent clause.
●​ Although native speakers are preferred, you don’t need to be one to get
the job.
●​ You are supposed to bring your ID when you arrive at the testing center.
 RELATIVE CLAUSE

A relative clause acts like an adjective. It describes a noun or pronoun.

A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which,
whose, and that, or with a relative adverb such as when and where. It always
follows the noun it describes.
●​ Three people who give the correct answers the fastest will enter the final
round.
●​ We decided to go to the school canteen where the food was much
cheaper.

NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause begins with a wh- question word, that, whether and sometimes
if.
A noun clause acts like a noun and can be the subject or object of an
independent clause.
●​ We still don’t know what causes the phenomenon.
●​ That the students were unprepared for the presentation is not acceptable.

In the first sentence, “what causes the phenomenon” is the object of the verb
“know”. In the second sentence, “That the students were unprepared for the
presentation” is the subject of the verb “is”.
PRACTICE
Exercise 1.
Write (I) next to independent clauses and put a period (.) after them.
Write (D) next to dependent clauses.
Examples:
1.​ It is important to have enough sleep the night before. __I__
2.​ When you finish the test __D__

3.​ Because pens are not allowed. _____

4.​ During the test, a timer will be displayed in a visible location _____

5.​ Whereas most people objected to the plan _____

6.​ Also, you should leave your belongings in a locker _____

7.​ So that we can ensure equal participation _____

8.​ As if he had never heard of them before _____

Exercise 2.
Form a compound sentence by joining the independent clauses below
with an appropriate coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) that best fits
the meaning.

Example:
0. We drove home. We went to bed.
=> We drove home, and we went to bed.
1.​ I can have a week in Rome. I can go to Paris for three days.
=> _________________________________________________________________________

2.​ I have never visited Moscow. I have also not been to St Petersburg.
=> _________________________________________________________________________
 3.​ The pain was really bad. He refused to see a doctor.
=> _________________________________________________________________________

4.​ Tom enjoys playing tennis. He likes cooking.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

5.​ I cannot criticize him. He is my boss.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

6.​ Our car broke down. We took a taxi home.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

7.​ We wanted to visit our friends. We didn't have enough money to get a
flight.
=> _________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3.
Form compound sentences by adding another independent clause to the
following independent clauses.

Example:
0. The cinema was sold out, so
=> The cinema was sold out, so we watched movies at home.

1.​ We always shop at the supermarket, for

=> _________________________________________________________________________
2.​ May won't be able to visit her friends, nor
=> _________________________________________________________________________
3.​ Alan invested a lot of money in the business, but
=> _________________________________________________________________________
4.​ Susan thinks she could stay home and relax, or
=> _________________________________________________________________________
 5.​ Doug didn't understand the homework assignment, so
=> _________________________________________________________________________
6.​ Peter drove to visit his friend, and
=> _________________________________________________________________________
7.​ Janet did very well on her job interview, yet
=> _________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.
For each sentence below, put round brackets ( ) around the independent
clause and square brackets [ ] around the dependent clause of each
sentence. Underline the subordinators.

0. (You will miss the bus) [unless you run fast.]

1.​ Whoever claimed that the Earth is flat is outright incorrect
2.​ Yellowstone National Park, which opened in 1872, was the first national
park in the US.
3.​ That the museum shuttered its door upset everyone.
4.​ Before you leave, please sign the log book.
5.​ The university where my sister goes to school is in the UK.
6.​ You need to remain calm even if everyone else panics.
7.​ Whether he is married is not your concern.
8.​ Our early flight is the reason why we need to leave right away in the
morning.
9.​ All of my sisters are doctors, whereas I am a teacher.
10.​ As soon as I saw her, I knew something was wrong.

Exercise 5.

Add a logical independent clause to each of the dependent clauses.

0. I cannot receive my diploma until I have returned all library books and
paid overdue fees.
1.​ Unless I study 12 hours a day _____________________________________________
=> _________________________________________________________________________

2.​ ___________________________________________ that fast food should be taxed.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

3.​ _____________________________________________ who is in charge of the shift?

=> _________________________________________________________________________

4.​ Because I had to juggle two part-time jobs, ______________________________

=> _________________________________________________________________________

5.​ ______________ whether I should pick business or economics as my major.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

6.​ _________________________________________________ if I want to study abroad.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

7.​ Whenever I travel, ________________________________________________________

=> _________________________________________________________________________

8.​ ______________ ,who helped me so much at the beginning of the semester.

=> _________________________________________________________________________

9.​ ____________________________________________ that my teacher recommends

=> _________________________________________________________________________
SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Exercise 8.
Answer these following IELTS speaking questions. You should use the
suggested structure to begin your answers.

1. What do you like to do in your free time?

Your answer: My favourite pastime is _______________________________________.

I love ________________________________________________because________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you prefer indoor or outdoor activities? Why?

Your answer: I am _______________________________________ person, so _______

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you prefer studying in the morning or evening? Why?

Your answer: I am someone who ___________________________________________,

so ___________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 6.
WRITING PART 3

OBJECTIVES

●​ Be introduced to IELTS Writing Task 2’s format and requirements

●​ Practice analyzing Task 2 prompts
●​ Practice brainstorming ideas

THEORY: GETTING TO KNOW IELTS WRITING TASK 2

The IELTS Writing Task:

✔ is an academic essay

✔ should be at least 250 words long

✔ takes about 40 minutes to write

✔ makes use of your knowledge and experience

 Analyzing a Task 2 Prompt

✔ Read questions carefully

✔ Identify the topic vs talk

✔ Highlight keywords and think of synonyms if needed

Examples:

Many cities face major problems regarding traffic jams and congestion.
⬆ ⬆
Topic Topic
What causes these problems and what are some possible solutions?
⬆ ⬆
Task 1 Task 2

PRACTICE

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Exercise 1.
Look at the following essay questions and choose the answer that
expresses the correct topic.

1.​ We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used

at home, in business, hospitals and even to fly planes. Is this
dependence on computers a positive development?
A.​ The benefits of computers
B.​ Computers at home, in business, hospitals, and flying
C.​ Computer dependency
2.​ In what ways has information technology changed work and working
practices in the past 10 years?
A.​ Information technology and work
B.​ Information technology
C.​ Work
3.​ To what extent should money be spent on developing space travel
technologies?
A.​ Development of space travel technologies
B.​ Advantages of space travel
C.​ Spending money on space travel technologies
4.​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage. What are
some of the reasons for this shortage and what solutions can you
suggest?
A.​ Houses in cities
B.​ Problems with city housing
C.​ Shortage of houses in cities

B. IDENTIFYING QUESTION TYPES

Exercise 2.
Look at the following essay questions and choose the words from the
box that best describe the Task - what you would write about to answer
all parts of the question fully. Some of the words could be used MORE
THAN ONCE.

a. Causes of problem
b. Effects of problem
c. Benefits of solution
d. Solutions to problem
e. Drawbacks of solution

1.​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage. What are some
of the reasons for this shortage and what solutions can you suggest?
_________________________________
2.​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage. Why is this a
problem? What could be done about the housing shortage?
_________________________________
3.​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage. What causes
this problem? How does this problem affect individuals and society in
general?
_________________________________
4.​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage. Some people
suggest cities should build more houses to address this situation. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of this suggestion?
_________________________________

C. CATEGORIZE INFORMATION
Exercise 3.

Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage.

What are some of the reasons for this shortage and what solutions
can you suggest?

Below is a list of ideas that a student has brainstormed for the Task 2
prompt above. Classify these ideas under CAUSES and SOLUTIONS,
Some ideas are not relevant and will need to be eliminated.

✔ population increases constantly

✔ build more apartments/high-rises instead of population
✔ the government should restrict the increase in population
✔ too many people, not enough houses => reduced quality of life
✔ rich people buy up houses => housing shortage for poorer people
✔ build more affordable housing instead of luxury condos
✔ housing shortage => higher houses prices => higher cost of living for people
 CAUSES SOLUTIONS

HOMEWORK

D. IDENTIFY INFORMATION
Exercise 4.
Read the following essay prompts and identify the topic and task(s) of
each question.

1.​ New technologies such as the smart fridge, smart cabinets, and robots
make home life much easier for people. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using smart technologies at home?
Topic ___________________________________________________________________________

Task(s) _________________________________________________________________________

2.​ New technologies have changed the way children spend their leisure time.
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
Topic ___________________________________________________________________________

Task(s) _________________________________________________________________________
3.​ An increasing number of people now using the Internet to meet new people
and socialize. Some people think this has brought people closer together
while others think people are becoming more isolated. Discuss both sides
and give your opinion.
Topic ___________________________________________________________________________
Task(s) _________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 6.
WRITING PART 4

OBJECTIVES

●​ practice brainstorming ideas for Writing Task 2

THEORY: IELTS WRITING TASK 2 - BRAINSTORMING

🧠 Brainstorming tips
✔ Use WH-questions to generate ideas: Why? Who? What? How?

✔ Once you have a main idea, ask further Wh-questions to generate

supporting ideas

✔ If the Tasks are related, e.g., Causes and Solutions, it may help to
brainstorm each Cause with a corresponding Solution

Examples:

●​ Many cities are currently facing a serious housing shortage.

●​ What are some of the reasons for this shortage and what solutions can
you suggest?

Why not enough houses? What to do?

1.​ Population increases 1.​ Government should restrict

●​ Why? => better healthcare, the increase in population
nutrition; migration to cities ●​ How? => family planning;
reduce migration by
 2.​ Not enough land to build developing rural areas
houses 2.​ Build more
●​ Why? => limited land in cities; apartments/high-rises
other uses: commercial instead of houses
buildings, public spaces, roads ●​ Why? => more efficient use of
space; more people/area
3.​ Rich people buy up houses
=> housing shortage for 3.​ Government should build
poorer people more affordable housing
●​ How? => rich people buy instead of luxury condos
houses => fewer ●​ How? => only low income
●​ Houses available, house prices families can buy
rise => poor people can’t buy

PRACTICE

A. BRAINSTORM IDEAS
Exercise 1.
Look at the following essay questions and brainstorm some ideas using
the techniques above.

More and more people are migrating to cities in search of a better life, but city
life can be extremely difficult.
What are some problems of living in a city? How can governments make
urban life better for everyone?

What problems? What can the government do?

1.​ The high cost of living 1.​ Government should invest

●​ Why? => must pay high prices money in
for ____________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________

2.​ More social problems in cities 2.​ Stricter laws to

●​ What? ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________

3.​ Overpopulation 3.​ ________________________________

●​ What effects? ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________

HOMEWORK

D. BRAINSTORMING
Exercise 2.
Read the following Task 2 prompt and brainstorm ideas for the question.

Overpopulation in many big cities around the world is a major problem.

What are the causes of this? How can this problem be solved?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 8.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

●​ practice analyzing and brainstorming ideas

●​ understand how to write the introduction and conclusion paragraphs of
an agree/disagree essay
●​ practice writing the introduction and conclusion paragraph

THEORY – THE INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words as given in the box
below.

LONG PARAPHRASES CLEAR NOT REVEAL

FEATURES OF A GOOD INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH

1.​ It is not too (1) _________________, TIP BOX

ideally 2-3 sentences long. It
To paraphrase effectively, you
consists of two parts:
should:
●​ The Topic Restatement: It (2) 1.​ Identify the keywords in
____________________ the topic in the the prompt
prompt, which means the topic is 2.​ Replace them with their
presented in the writer’s own words.
synonyms or use
However, you do not have to do this different structures with
with every single word in the prompt
the same meanings.
 ●​ The Thesis Statement: It answers the question and expresses a
(3) _________________________ position on the issue mentioned.

2.​ It does (4) _________________________ the details that are going to be

included in the body paragraphs.

3.​ It should not take you too long to write (around 4 min max).

Examples:

PROMPT

Some people feel that entertainers (e.g. film stars, pop musicians or
sports stars) should not be paid too much money. Do you agree or
disagree?

MODEL INTRODUCTION

1st SENTENCE

Topic: Some people feel that entertainers (e.g. film stars, pop musicians or
sports stars) should not be paid too much money.

Topic restatement:

Some people argue/believe that celebrities’ income should not be too high.

OR It is argued/claimed/believed that entertainers should not be paid too

much money.

2nd SENTENCE

Question: Do you agree or disagree?

Thesis statement: Personally, I fully agree with this opinion./However, I

totally disagree with such notion.

Conclusion writing:
A good conclusion of Task 2 should:
 ●​ be only 1-2 sentences long
●​ start with a signpost (In conclusion/ To conclude/ In short)
●​ go hand-in-hand with the introduction (i.e. it restates the same option
that you introduce at the beginning)
●​ not be an exact copy of the introduction. Paraphrase!
●​ not include a new idea

Example:

Introduction: Some people believe that celebrities’ income should not be

too high. Personally, I fully agree with this opinion.

Conclusion: In short, I strongly believe that entertainers should not be

overpaid.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

A. INTRODUCTION WRITING PRACTICE

Exercise 1.
Complete the introductions for the following prompts (0-2). Remember to
paraphrase the same underlined key words and answer the questions
with the given position.
0. Some say that music, art and drama are as important as other school
subjects, especially in primary schools. Do you agree or disagree?
(Agree)

=> It is argued that music, art, and drama are no less important than other
subjects, especially for elementary school students. Personally, I fully agree
with this opinion.

1.​ The government’s investment in arts, music, and theatre is a waste of

money. Do you agree or disagree? (Disagree)
=> It is believed that the governments’ ________________________________ for arts,
music, and theatre is a waste of money.
 However, ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

2.​ It is claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports
person or musician. Do you agree or disagree? (Agree)
=> _____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

B. CONCLUSION WRITING PRACTICE

Exercise 2.
Write the conclusions for the prompts (0-2) from Exercise 1. Keep the
same opinion as stated in the introductions, but vary your language.
1.​ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2.​ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3.​ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
HOMEWORK
C. WRITING PRACTICE
Exercise 3.
Write an introduction and a conclusion for the following prompts (1-2).

Many people in the music business feel that people who download music
illegally should be given higher fines. Do you agree or disagree?

Introduction
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

It is claimed that these days people pay more attention to artists (writers,
painters, and so on) and give less importance to those who work in
science and technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Introduction
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 8.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES
●​ develop paragraphs using reasons and results
●​ use a variety of expressions of reasons and results

THEORY

DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS OF AN OPINION ESSAY

When writing the body of an opinion essay, you should:

✔ include at least 2 paragraphs
✔ explain 1 main reason why you agree (or disagree) in each paragraph in the
TOPIC SENTENCE
✔csupport each main reason with 4-5 SUPPORTING SENTENCES by
explaining, giving examples or consequences
✔ end the paragraph with a CONCLUDING SENTENCE that paraphrases the
TOPIC SENTENCE (optional)

SIGNPOSTS & EXPRESSIONS OF REASONS & RESULTS

●​ Clause 1 + because/since + Clause 2.

●​ Clause 1, so Clause 2.
●​ Sentence 1. Therefore/Consequently/As a result, Sentence 2.
●​ The first reason lies in the fact that + clause.
 ●​ Another important factor worth considering is that + clause.
●​ Clause 1 + thanks to/due to that fact that + clause 2.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

MAIN PROMPT

Some people feel that entertainers (e.g. film stars, pop musicians or sports
stars) should not be paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your
own knowledge or experience.

Write at least 250 words.

A. PARAGRAPH OUTLINING
Paragraph 1:

Topic sentence (Main idea/Reason): Because people doing other jobs work
equally hard or harder but don’t get paid as much.

Supporting Sentences

●​ Explanation: Entertainers produce a song/ a film once and keep using it

to earn money but this is not always the case for those who work in other
professions.

●​ Example: Teachers work up to 6 hours to plan and teach a lesson, but

cannot reuse the lesson plan because of students’ different strengths
and weaknesses.

●​ Consequence: Lessons have to be planned individually to fit in with each

class. => More time and effort, but for sure, paid less.
Concluding Sentence

●​ Entertainers should be paid less => promote fairness in labor

compensation.

Paragraph 2: Main idea/Reason: The high incomes of celebrities give young

people false beliefs about success.
●​ Explanation: What false beliefs can they have?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
●​ Consequence 1:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
●​ Example 1: Young adults take inappropriate photos or create
controversial videos and upload them on social media => risk being
looked down on by others.
●​ Consequence 2:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

B. GAP-FILLING
Exercise 1.
Complete the first body paragraph. Circle the expression/signposts of
reasons or results.

The first reason why celebrities should not be paid excessively high income
lies in the fact that (1) ___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

On one hand, entertainers only produce their work once and use it to earn
money continually. For example, a singer can produce just one song and
perform it many times after that. Each performance only takes them around 5
minutes but brings back a good amount of compensation. On the other hand,
workers of other jobs do not get paid what they deserve despite their hard
work. For instance, teachers (2) ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

However, they cannot reuse the same lesson plan for all classes, even of the
same level, because (3) _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Ironically, teachers’ salaries can never be comparable to singers’. Therefore,

(4) ______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

C. PARAGRAPH WRITING
Exercise 2.
Now write the second body paragraph. You should write about 80-100
words.
Focus on:
●​ Expressions of reasons and results
●​ Subject - Verb agreement (singular vs. plural)

Write your paragraph here:

Another important factor worth considering is that___________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK
D. PARAGRAPH WRITING
Exercise 3.
Write one body paragraph in which you develop one main idea for the
following prompt. Remember to apply signposts/expressions of reasons
and results in your writing.
📒 You already have the introduction and conclusion of this in Unit 8 Writing
Part 1.

The government’s investment in arts, music, and theatre is a waste of

money.
Do you agree or disagree?

Write your paragraph here:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 8.
WRITING PART 3

OBJECTIVES
●​ review the result of Agree/Disagree essay
●​ identify Coherence and Cohesion mistakes in IELTS Agree/Disagree
essays
●​ practice improving Agree/Disagree essays in terms of Coherence and
Cohesion

THEORY

Key concepts:

✔ Thesis statement: This sentence states the writer’s main opinion and will
be supported by all the ideas in the whole essay. It’s usually the last
sentence in the introduction.
✔ Topic sentence: This sentence states the main idea of a paragraph. It’s
usually the first sentence in the paragraph.
✔ Coherence: Ideas are clearly organized and flow logically from one to
another.
✔ Cohesion: Correct use of cohesive devices such as discourse markers
and pronouns to link sentences and paragraphs.
How to improve coherence and cohesion:

✔ Before writing, you should make an outline to make sure that your ideas are
organized and logical.
✔ All topic sentences should support the thesis statement.
✔ All supporting sentences in a paragraph should support the topic sentence.
✔ Use discourse markers to connect sentences and paragraphs. Make sure
you use discourse markers correctly as well.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

Exercise 1.
Read the sample essay and complete the outline that follows.

It is true that in the current era of modern technology, letter writing has
greatly declined in popularity. Nevertheless, I don’t think that this skill will one
day go extinct.

Firstly, not everyone can afford the luxury of purchasing and utilizing
electronic devices. There are many people living in poor or remote areas of
the world who lack access to computers or mobile phones. Even if these
devices are available, Internet services in these places might be too
unreliable or expensive. Some of these people even lack access to basic
human needs such as food and running water in their households.
Hand-written letters might be their only possible means of long-distance
communication.

In my opinion, there are times when there is no alternative to writing a

letter. Letters are generally more formal and carefully composed than emails
or text messages. This makes them more suitable for occasions when
formality is necessary, such as in legal matters, official complaints, and
formal letters of thanks or sympathy. Letters of thanks or sympathy are
especially important when one wants to establish good relationships.
 Letters may not be written by hand as frequently as before, but they are
still being composed on computers. In business communications, we still
have to write many letters to business partners in the form of emails or
electronic attachments. The form of letters has changed, but the content is
still similar. This means that we still need to learn and practice the skill of
letter-writing.

In conclusion, I believe that letter writing will never die out completely. It
may be less popular now due to communication technology, but there are still
many occasions when a letter is the most appropriate or necessary form of
communication.

OUTLINE
(you may use shorthand/ notes to fill in the gaps)

Thesis statement: not think letter writing go extinct

Body paragraph 1:
✔ Topic sentence: not everyone can afford electronic devices

●​ Support: people in poor areas. w/o computers/phones…+ unreliable

internet => only use letters

Body paragraph 2:

✔ Topic sentence: (1) ___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

●​ Support: (2) ______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Body paragraph 3:

✔ Topic sentence: (3) __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

●​ Support: (4)______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: (5) _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2.
From the thesis statement and the topic sentences, can you guess the
prompt of this IELTS Writing Task 2?

Your answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

The correct answer:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3.
These body paragraphs each contain some sentences that do not
support the topic sentence. Improve this coherence by identifying these
extra sentences and crossing them out.

(1) Firstly, not everyone can afford the luxury of purchasing and utilizing
electronic devices. (2) There are many people living in poor or remote areas of
the world who lack access to computers or mobile phones. (3) Even if these
devices are available, Internet services in these places might be too unreliable
or expensive. (4) Some of these people even lack access to basic human
needs such as food and running water in their households. (5) Hand-written
letters might be their only possible means of long-distance communication.

(6) In my opinion, there are times when there is no alternative to writing a letter.
(7) Letters are generally more formal and carefully composed than emails or
text messages. (8) This makes them more suitable for occasions when
formality is necessary, such as in legal matters, official complaints, and formal
letters of thanks or sympathy. (9) Letters of thanks or sympathy are especially
important when one wants to establish good relationships.

Exercise 4.
Underline the best discourse markers to improve the cohesion of the
body paragraphs.

Firstly, not everyone can afford the luxury of purchasing and utilizing electronic
devices. There are many people living in poor or remote areas of the world who
lack access to computers or mobile phones. (1) Furthermore / Despite, even if
these devices are available, Internet services in these places might be too
unreliable or expensive. Some of these people even lack access to basic
human needs such as food and running water in their households. (2) In
addition / As a result, hand-written letters might be their only possible means
of long-distance communication.

(3) Secondly / Next, in my opinion, there are times when there is no alternative
to writing a letter. Letters are generally more formal and carefully composed
than emails or text messages. This makes them more suitable for occasions
when formality is necessary, such as in legal matters, official complaints, and
formal letters of thanks or sympathy. Letters of thanks or sympathy are
especially important when one wants to establish good relationships.

(4) However / Finally, letters may not be written by hand as frequently as

before, but they are still being composed on computers. In business
communications, (5) for example / such as, we still have to write many letters
to business partners in the form of emails or electronic attachments. The form
of letters has changed, but the content is still similar. This means that we still
need to learn and practice the skill of letter-writing.
HOMEWORK

Exercise 5.
Write the introduction and the first body paragraph in response to the
correct prompt in Exercise 2. You must pick the side opposite to the one
in the model essay (Agree). As you write, aim for:

✔ A clear thesis statement in the introduction

✔ A clear topic sentence to start the body paragraph
✔ Supporting sentences that are clearly related to the topic sentence
✔ Discourse markers to connect sentences and paragraph

Write your paragraph here:

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 9.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES

●​ learn the structure for an Advantage/Disadvantage Essay through model

essay analysis
●​ learn useful expressions for writing about the advantages and
disadvantages
●​ practice analyzing and brainstorming for a prompt

THEORY

Advantages - Disadvantages Essays

The theory for this session is delivered through the guided discovery activity
(In-Class Activities Exercise 1). Make sure you take notes during the lesson.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

A. ANSWERING QUESTIONS
Exercise 1.
Read the sample essay and answer the questions that follow.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of zoos? Do you think keeping
animals in zoos is a good practice?
 It is a common knowledge that keeping animals in zoos brings about
both advantages and disadvantages. I personally believe that the demerits far
outweigh the merits.

The most obvious benefit of zoos is that they are ideal choices for
family outings. Viewing wild animals always brings great delight to both
parents and children since it helps satisfy their curiosity about the natural
world. In addition, zoos can be very educational. For example, it has been
proved that the practice of viewing animals helps children develop empathy
towards other creatures that share the same planet with them. Besides, many
zoos have audio guides that teach children about ecosystems and the
importance of taking care of the Earth.

Despite all the upsides mentioned above, the fact that animals are kept
in zoos poses several problems, the first of which is zoochosis. This illness
mainly affects animals in captivity and it makes them experience extreme
depression. Regardless of the effort that zoos put into recreating the natural
habitats, they cannot provide animals with the great expanses of open land
that they need. It is this limited freedom that causes them to suffer from
zoochosis. Another downside is that not all zoos treat their animals ethically.
It is uncommon for them to euthanize their animals when more room is
needed for new, more exciting ones or when the animals are considered unfit
for breeding.

In short, I strongly believe that keeping animals in zoos entails more

drawbacks than benefits.

QUESTIONS

1.​ Which paragraphs are the introduction, the body and the conclusion of
the essay?

2.​ Which best describes the main ideas that are covered by the writer?

a.​ Advantages of zoos + Disadvantages of zoos OR

b.​ Advantages of zoos + Disadvantages of zoos + Writer’s opinion:

More disadvantages than advantages.
Introduction focus

1.​ How many sentences are there?

2.​ Which sentence in the introduction:

a.​ paraphrases the prompt?

b.​ gives the writer’s opinion on whether there are more advantages
or disadvantages?

Body focus

3.​ What does the first body paragraph focus on?

___________________________________________________________________________

4.​ How many main advantages are given? What phrases or words are used
to introduce them?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5.​ How is each main advantage supported (by explanation, example,

consequence/effect)?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
 6.​ How many main disadvantages are given? What phrases or words are
used to introduce them?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7.​ How is each main disadvantage supported (by explanation? example?

consequence/effect?)?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion focus
8.​ What does the conclusion do?
___________________________________________________________________________

B. BRAINSTORMING
Exercise 2.
Work in pairs to brainstorm for the following prompt. Come up with an
outline with:

●​ 2 main advantages and 2 main disadvantages

●​ 2 supporting ideas (explanation/ example/ consequence) for each

main advantage/disadvantage

Many people keep dogs and cats as companions. Do you think the
advantages of this practice outweigh the disadvantages?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK

Exercise 3.
Find 7 synonyms of advantage and disadvantage from the sample
essay.

Advantage Disadvantage

______________________________________ _____________________________________

______________________________________ _____________________________________

______________________________________ _____________________________________

______________________________________ _____________________________________
UNIT 9.
WRITING PART 2

OBJECTIVES
●​ understand and practice using discourse markers
●​ practice writing 1 body paragraph and the conclusion

THEORY

Discourse Markers
Discourse markers connect sentences in a paragraph together and build a
strong essay in terms of coherence and cohesion.

To introduce a
To give example To add an idea To explain
consequence

For example Moreover In other words Therefore

For instance Furthermore That is to say As a result
In addition Consequently

To compare similar ideas To show contrast

Similarly However,
Likewise In contrast
On the contrary
IN-CLASS PRACTICE

Exercise 1.
Below are the introduction and the first body paragraph of a response to
this prompt:

Many people keep dogs and cats as companions. Do you think the
advantages of this practice outweigh the disadvantages?

Fill in the blanks with the Discourse Markers (DMs) from the Theory

Humans have been keeping cats and dogs as pets for thousands of
years. There are indeed both advantages and disadvantages to this practice.
(1) _________________________ I personally believe that the pros far outweigh the
cons.

Pet ownership certainly goes hand in hand with certain inconveniences.

First of all, animals are often the source of many diseases.
(2)_________________________, the fur of a dog or a cat can be a source of various
ailments such as asthma or allergies. (3)_________________________, pets’ bites, if
not properly treated, can cause life-threatening diseases like rabies. Another
issue is that owning a pet implies lots of responsibilities. Pet parents spend
quite a lot of time on various tasks such as feeding, bathing, walking or simply
playing with them. (4)_________________________, it can be said that having a dog
or a cat demands a big commitment which not everybody is able to stick to. (5)
___________________, not everybody will be willing or able to pay for all the costs
needed to raise a pet. Healthy and happy pets usually require high-quality
food, lots of toys and regular check-ups, which can be too expensive for some
people.

B. WRITING PRACTICE
Exercise 2.
Complete the essay above by writing one body paragraph on the
advantages of pet ownership and the conclusion.
Try to use the ideas brainstormed in Unit 9 Writing Part 1 in your writing.
Time limit: 20 minutes

You should:
●​ use expressions of advantages

●​ use at least 2 discourse markers

●​ write at least 100 words

Write your paragraph here:

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
C. PEER-CHECK
Exercise 3.

The following exercise is to be completed by a peer (partner) of the

writer. To the feedback giver, please read the paragraphs above and
answer the following questions.

PEER FEEDBACK BY ____________________________________________________________

1.​ Does the body paragraph contain at least 2 advantages? What are they?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2.​ Is there support for each of the advantages? What type of support is it:
explanation, example, or consequence?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3.​ Circle any expressions of the advantages and disadvantages you see.

4.​ Underline discourse markers you see.

5.​ Does the conclusion restate the opinion in the introduction?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK

D. USING DISCOURSE MARKERS

Exercise 4.

Use discourse markers (DMs) and write a supporting sentence for each
of the following ideas. An example has been done for you:
Example

0. The job wasn’t interesting (Use a DM to show a contrasting idea)

=> The job wasn’t interesting. However, the pay was good.

1.​ Some people believe that the use of animals in scientific research and
experiments is necessary. (Use a DM to show a contrasting idea)
=> _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2.​ Animals are exploited cruelly in circuses (Use a DM to explain the idea)
=> _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3.​ People use dogs for several purposes. (Use a DM to give an example)
=> _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 10.
WRITING PART 1

OBJECTIVES
●​ recall the structure of Advantages - Disadvantages essay
●​ recognize Coherence and Cohesion mistakes in IELTS Advantages -
Disadvantages essays
●​ improve an Advantages - Disadvantages essay in terms of Coherence
and Cohesion

THEORY

How to improve Coherence and Cohesion?

✔ State your opinion in the introduction and the conclusion if asked “Do you
think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?”. This should be your
thesis statement.
✔ The topic sentence should sum up all ideas in the paragraph.
✔ The topic sentence should not contradict the thesis statement.

IN-CLASS PRACTICE

Exercise 1.
Read the sample essay in response to the following prompt and
a.​ complete the thesis statement for the essay.
 b.​ choose the best topic sentence, A or B, for each body paragraph.
Be prepared to justify your answer.

The use of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, has become a lot more
common in the last decade. Do you think the advantages of this trend
outweigh the disadvantages?

Sample essay
Nowadays, social media has completely transformed the way we
communicate. Although this has brought about lots of benefits, it has also had
quite a few negative effects. (Thesis statement)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

A. There is no question that people benefit from the use of social networks and
instant messaging.
B. I believe that people should take advantage of social networks and instant
messaging.
These technological tools make social interaction extremely convenient. For
example, Facebook, Twitter, and Zalo allow people to socialize regardless of
where they are in the world. On these platforms, users can easily learn about
products and services relevant to their interests, buy directly from companies,
and enjoy quick customer service without leaving their houses. Additionally,
communication apps are a great way for businesses and customers to interact.
This is particularly beneficial for those who live far away from their loved ones.

A. This modern method of communication can negatively impact direct

personal interaction.
B. There are some substantial drawbacks to this modern method of
communication.
Young people on social media often communicate using Internet slang,
abbreviations and emojis rather than full sentences. This can lead to a decline
in writing skills, which are especially important in schools and at the workplace.
Online interactions can have dangerous real-life consequences. Many people
have fallen prey to criminals who made friends with them online using fake
identities. Social media can lead to less face-to-face personal interaction. It is
very common nowadays to see a gathering of friends and family who are glued
to their smartphones and barely talk to one another.
I believe that social media brings more disadvantages than advantages.
People should consider cutting down on their use of modern communication
apps and media platforms.

Exercise 2.
The following section from body paragraph 1 is not organized logically.
Re-order the sentences so that the paragraph is more coherent. Be
prepared to justify your answer.

Write your new order here: _____________________________________________________

(1) These technological tools make social interaction extremely convenient. (2)
For example, Facebook, Twitter, and Zalo allow people to socialize regardless
of where they are in the world. (3) On these platforms, users can easily learn
about products and services relevant to their interests, buy directly from
companies, and enjoy quick customer service without leaving their houses. (4)
Additionally, communication apps are a great way for businesses and
customers to interact. (5) This is particularly beneficial for those who live far
away from their loved ones.

Exercise 3.
Improve the cohesion of the last two paragraphs by
1.​ underlining the most appropriate discourse markers in the 2nd body
paragraph
2.​ adding discourse markers to the conclusion

2nd Body Paragraph

(1) However / Besides, there are some substantial drawbacks of this modern
method of communication. (2) On one hand / Firstly, young people on social
media often communicate using Internet slang, abbreviations and emojis rather
than full sentences. This can lead to a decline in writing skills, which are
especially important in schools and at the workplace. (3) Also / Consequently,
online interactions can have dangerous real-life consequences. Many people
have fallen prey to criminals who made friends with them online using fake
identities. (4) Similarity / Last but not least, social media can lead to less
face-to-face personal interaction. (5) For instance / In contrast, it is very
common nowadays to see a gathering of friends and family who are glued to
their smartphones and barely talk to one another.

Conclusion

(6) __________________________, I believe that social media brings more

disadvantages than advantages. (7) __________________________, people should
consider cutting down on their use of modern communication apps and media
platforms.

HOMEWORK

Exercise 4.
Write the introduction and at least the first body paragraph for the
following prompt. As you write, aim for:
✔ A clear thesis statement in the introduction that answers the prompt
✔ A clear topic sentence to start the body paragraph
✔ Supporting sentences that are clearly related to the topic sentence
✔ Discourse markers to connect sentences and paragraph

With advances in communication technology, many professors are replacing

traditional, face-to-face classes with online classes.
Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?

Write your paragraph here:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________