CHAPTER (4)

Momentum Equation
4.1 Momentum Principle
In many problems, we are required to determine the force produced on a solid body by
the action of flowing fluid. The magnitude of such a force is determined by Newton’s second
law of motion, which may be expressed in a somewhat different and more useful from. The
force acting on a fluid mass m is given by the Newton’s law.
F  m.a (4.1)
Where a is the acceleration acting in the same direction as the force F . as the mass of the
fluid is constant, we may express
dV d
F m  m.V  (4.2)
dt dt
Equation (4.2) embodies what is known as the momentum principle and expresses that the
change in momentum of flow per unit time in any direction is equal to the net force acting on
the fluid mass in that direction. It is usually known as the momentum equation.
4.2 Linear Momentum
Let us consider a finite fluid system moving in a flow. Newton’s low says that:
D DP
FR  V dm  (4.3)
Dt M Dt

Where
FR is the resultant external force, P is the linear momentum vector

FR is classified as the surface–force distributions, denoted as T (x,y,z,t), and given as force per

unit area on the boundary surfaces. And the body–force distribution, denoted as B (x,y,z,t),
and given as force per unit mass. For example, gravity is the most common body–force

distribution, and for gravity, B =-g K . We can now rewrite Equation (4.3) as follows:
DP
 T dA   Bdv  (4.4)
C .S C .V
Dt

We will consider linear momentum P as the extensive property to be considered in the

Reynolds transport equation. The quantity  becomes momentum per unit mass, which is V .
We then have from equation (9) and (10) we get the linear momentum equation

 T dA   Bdv   V  V .dA   t  V  dv
C .S C .V C .S C .V
(4.5)

160
This equation then equates the sum of these force distributions with the rate of efflux of linear
momentum across the control surface plus the rate of increase of linear momentum inside the
control volume.
It should be kept in mind that the momentum equation is a vector equation. The scalar–
component equations in the orthogonal x,y, and z directions may then be written by simply
taking the components of the vectors V, T, and B. Thus

 T dA   B dv   V  V .dA   t  V
C .S
x
C .V
x
C .S
x
C .V
x  dv


 T dA   B
y y dv   V y  V .dA     t C.V
V y  dv (4.6)
C .S C .V C .S


 T dA   B dv   V  V .dA   t  V
C .S
z
C .V
z
C .S
z
C .V
z  dv

In using Eq. (4.6), one selects directions for the inertial reference axes xyz so that positive
directions of the velocities Vx, Vy, and Vz, as well as the surface and body force Tx and Bx,
and so on, are established. So, momentum equation can be rewrite
   
 x  x   mV x 
F   m V  
out in

   
F y   m V y   m V y 
  out   in
(4.7)

   
F z   mVz 
  out
 m V z 
  in
4.3 Choosing a Control Volume
A control volume refers to a region in space and is useful in the analysis of situations
where flow occurs into and out of space. The boundary of a control volume is its control
surface. Its size and shape are entirely arbitrary, but frequently they are made to coincide with
the solid boundaries in parts, and in other parts they are drawn normal to the flow directions as
a matter of simplification.
A greater degree of simplification in the flow analysis can be achieved by carefully
selecting a suitable volume. The following salient points should kept in mind while
demarcating the control volume.
1. The size and shape of control volume are entirely arbitrary.
2. The surface of control volume adjoining the solid boundary is frequently made to coincide
with the solid boundary.

161
3. Other parts of control volume are drawn normal to the flow direction. The control volume
would thus enclose all the fluid between the inlet and the outlet.
4. The control surface should not across the supports or fixtures to include external reactions
on the control volume.
4.4 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation
The linear momentum equation for an inertial control volume is a vector equation. In
engineering applications, components of this vector equation resolved along orthogonal
coordinates, for example, x, y, and z (rectangular coordinate system) or r,  and z (cylindrical
coordinate system), will normally be used.
4.4.1 Force exerted on a Pipe Bend
Consider the pipe bend illustrated in figure (4.1) which changes the direction of flow
through an angle  . As a general case, a reducer bend has been selected which not only
changes the direction of velocity, but also its magnitude on account of gradual reduction on in
the cross sectional area. It is assumed for simplicity that the axis of the bend is in the
horizontal plane.

Fig. (4.1): Momentum equation applied to the reducer bend.

The control volume selected includes the inlet section (1) and the outlet section (2) of
the pipe bend.
Let the average velocity, pressure and area of the flow at section (1) be V1 , P1 , A1 and at
section (2) be V2 , P2 , A2 . Let R x and R y be the components of the force exerted on the fluid by

the pipe bend in the x– and y– directions respectively. The other external forces acting over
the fluid in the control volume area P1 A1 acting over the section (1) and P2 A2 acting over the
section (2), these being the pressure forces.
162
(i) The momentum equation in the x–direction may now be written as:
   
F x   m V x   m V x 
  out   in

   
F x   m V x   m V x 
 2  1

 Fx  mVx 2  Vx1 

 Fx  mV2 cos  V1 
F x  QV2 cos   V1 

R x  P1 A1  P2 A2 cos   QV2 cos   V1 

R x   P1 A1  P2 A2 cos   QV2 cos   V1 

Where R x is the net force component in x–direction of the reducer wall on the fluid.
(ii) The momentum equation in the x–direction may now be written as:
   
F y   m V y   m V y 
  out   in

   
F y   m V y   m V y 
 2  1

 Fy  mV y 2  V y1 

 Fy  mV2 sin   0
F y  QV2 sin 

R y  W  P2 A2 sin   QV2 sin 

R y  W  P2 A2 sin   QV2 sin 

where R y is the net force component in y–direction of the reducer wall on the fluid.

R x and R y , being unknown, have been selected positive.

The force exerted by the fluid on the pipe bend will be equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. Using the symbols Fx and Fy for the force components of fluid on the pipe bend,

we get:
x–component: Fx   R x

Fx  P1 A1  P2 A2 cos   Q V2 cos   V1 

y–component: Fy   R y

163
 Fy  W  P2 A2 sin   QV2 sin 

Example (4.1)
Water flows at the rate of 0.71 m 3 s through the pipe transition shown in the figure. If the
pressure at the inlet section of the pipe is 10 kPa.
(a) Determine the pressure at the pipe outlet.
(b) Determine the horizontal force component exerted by the pipe on the fluid.

Solution
We make the following assumptions for simplifying the linear momentum equation.
1- Steady flow.
2- Incompressible flow.
3- One–dimensional flow passing through the control surface.
4- The elbow has thin walls.
Consider the control volume shown. The water enters the control volume through section (1)
and leaves through sections (2) . The following information is given:
Q  0.71 m 3 s
 
A1  D12  0.92  0.6362 m 2
4 4
 
A2  D22  0.62  0.28274 m 2
4 4
The velocity can be calculated:
Q 0.71
V1    1.116 m s
A1 0.6362

Q 0.71
V2    2.51 m s
A2 0.28274

(a) The pressure at the pipe outlet

To find P2 , apply the Bernoulli equation to points (1) and (2).

164
 P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2
 2  2
2 2
10  10 3 1.116  P 2.51  0
 0 2 
1000 2 1000 2
P2
10.623   3.15
1000
P2
 7.473 , P2  7473 Pa
1000
(b) The horizontal force component exerted by the pipe on the fluid
The linear momentum equation can be expressed as:

 T dA   Bdv   V  V .dA   t  V  dv
C .S C .V C .S C .V

The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as

   
F x   mVx 
  out
 m V x 
  in

   
 x  mVx   mVx 
F 
2 1


F x  mV x 2  V x1 

F x  mV2  V1 

F x  QV2  V1 

R x  P1 A1  P2 A2  QV2  V1 

R x  10  10 3  0.6362  7473  0.28274  1000  0.712.51  1.116 

R x  6362  2113  989.74

R x  3259.26 N

R x  3259.26 N acts from right to left.

165
Example (4.2)
Determine the forces exerted by the pipe boundary on fluid for the following data:
P1  2452 kPa , V1  4 m s , D1  30 cm ,   60 0 , D2  15 cm and   1000 kg m 3 .

Solution
The following are the assumptions that we shall make to simplify the problem.
1- Steady flow.
2- Incompressible flow.
3- One–dimensional, parallel flow enters at (1) and leaves at (2).

 T dA   Bdv  V  V .dA   t V  dv
C .S C .V C .S C .V

Consider the control volume shown. The water enters the control volume through section (1)
and leaves through sections (2) . The following information is given:
 
A1  D12  0.32  0.0707 m 2
4 4
 
A2  D22  0.152  0.0177 m 2
4 4
(1) The velocity at section (2) can be calculated:
Q  V1 A1  4  0.0707  0.2828 m 3 s
Q 0.2828
V2    16 m s
A2 0.0177

(2) The pressure at section (2) can be calculated by apply the Bernoulli equation to points (1)
and (2).
P1 V12 P2 V22
  gZ1    gZ 2
 2  2
2 2
2452  10 3 4  P 16  0
 0 2 
1000 2 1000 2

166
 P2
2452  8   128
1000
P2
 2332 , P2  2332 kPa
1000
(a) x–direction
The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
F x   mVx   m Vx 
  out   in

   
F x   mVx 
 2
 mVx 
 1

 Fx  mVx 2  Vx1 

F x  mV2 cos  V1 

F x  QV2 cos   V1 

R x  P1 A1  P2 A2 cos   QV2 cos   V1 

R x  2452  10 3  0.0707  2332  10 3  0.0177 cos 60  1000  0.282816 cos 60  4 

R x  173356.4  20638.2  1131.2

R x  151587 N  151.6 KN

(b) y–direction
The y components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
 y  y   mV y 
F   m V  
out in

   
F y   mV y   m V y 
 2  1

F y  mV y 2  V y1 

F y  mV2 sin   0

F y  QV2 sin 

R y  P2 A2 sin   QV2 sin 

R y  2332  10 3  0.0177 sin 60  1000  0.2828  16 sin 60

R y  35746.4  3918.6

R y  39665 N  39.7 KN

167
Example (4.3)
A pipeline 60 cm diameter, conveying oil S .G  0.85 at the flow rate of 1800 L s has a
90 0 bend in the horizontal plane. The pressure at the entrance to the bend is 1470 kPa. Find the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the oil on the bend.

Solution
The following are the assumptions that we shall make to simplify the problem.
1- Steady flow.
2- Incompressible flow.
3- One–dimensional, parallel flow enters at (1) and leaves at (2).

 T dA   Bdv  V  V .dA   t V  dv
C .S C .V C .S C .V

Consider the control volume shown. The water enters the control volume through section (1)
and leaves through sections (2) . The following information is given:
 
A1  A2  D2  0.62  0.28274 m 2
4 4
(1) The velocity at section (2) can be calculated:
Q 1.8
V1  V2    6.37 m s
A 0.28274
(2) The pressure at section (2) can be calculated by apply the Bernoulli equation to points (1)
and (2).
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2
 2  2

P1  P2  1470 kPa

(a) x–direction
The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
168
    
F x   mVx   m Vx 
  out   in

   
F x   mVx 
 2
 mVx 
 1

F x  mV x 2  V x1 

F x  m0  V1 

F x   QV1

R x  P1 A1   QV1

R x  1470  10 3  0.28274  850  1.8  6.37

R x  415627.8  9746.1

R x  425373.9 N  425.4 KN

(b) y–direction
The y components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
 y  y   mV y 
F   m V  
out in

   
F y   mV y   m V y 
 2  1

F y  mV y 2  V y1 

 Fy  m V2  0
F y   QV2

R y  P2 A2   QV2

R y  1470  10 3  0.28274  850  1.8  6.37

R y  415627.8  9746.1

R y  425373.9 N  425.4 KN

The components of the force exerted by oil on the bend are equal:
Fx   R x  425.6 KN

Fy   R y  425.6 KN

The resultant force exerted by oil on the bend is:

F  Fx2  Fy2

169
 F 425.62  425.62  602 KN

Fy 425.6
Acts at an angle  , given by: tan     1 , then   45 0
Fx 425.6

Example (4.4)
A nozzle is attached to a vertical pipe and discharges water into the atmosphere as shown in
figure. When the discharge is 0.1 m3 s , the gage pressure at the flange is 40 KPa. Determine
the vertical component of the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place. The nozzle
has a weight of 200N , and the volume of water in the nozzle is 0.012 m3 . Is the anchoring
force directed upward or downward?

Solution
We make the following assumptions for simplifying the linear momentum equation.
1- Steady flow.
2- Incompressible flow.
3- One–dimensional flow passing through the control surface.
Consider the control volume shown. The water enters the control volume through section (1)
and leaves through section (2). The following information is given:
Q  0.1 m 3 s

(1) The velocity can be calculated:

Q 0.1
V1   5m s
A1 0.02

170
 Q 0.1
V2    10 m s
A2 0.01

(2) Obtain the weigh force

W  Wnozzle  Wwater

W  Wnozzle   w .g .v w

W  200  1000  9.81  0.012

W  200  117.72  317.72 N
(3) To find the force apply linear momentum equation in y – direction only
The y components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
F y   mV y   mV y 
  out   in

   
F y   mV y 
 2
 m V y 
 1

F y  mV y 2  V y1 

F y  mV2 sin 30  V1 

F y  QV2 sin 30  V1 

R y  P1 A1  P2 A2 sin 30  W  Q V2 sin 30  V1 

R y  40  10 3  0.02  0  317.6  1000  0.1  10 sin 30  5

R y  800  317.72  0

R y  482.28 N

171
Example (4.5)
Determine the force needed to hold the Y shown in the figure in place. Assume the Y to be in
the horizontal plane.

Solution
We make the following assumptions for simplifying the linear momentum equation.
1- Steady flow.
2- Incompressible flow.
3- One–dimensional flow passing through the control surface.
4- The elbow has thin walls.
Consider the control volume shown. The water enters the control volume through section (1)
and leaves through sections (2) and (3). The following information is given:
Q1  500 L s  0.5 m 3 s

Q2  300 L s  0.3 m 3 s

Q3  200 L s  0.2 m 3 s


A1  0.452  0.159 m 2
4

A2  0.32  0.07068 m 2
4

A3  0.152  0.01767 m 2
4

172
(1) The velocity can be calculated:
Q1 0.5
V1    3.14 m s
A1 0.159

Q2 0.3
V2    4.24 m s
A2 0.07068

Q3 0.2
V3    11.32 m s
A3 0.01767

(2) The pressures at sections (2) and (3) may be found using the Bernoulli equation.
To find P2 , apply the Bernoulli equation to points (1) and (2).

P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2
 2  2
2 2
60  10 3 3.14  P 4.24  0
 0 2 
1000 2 1000 2
P2
64.93   8.98
1000
P2
 55.95 , P2  55950 Pa  55.95 kPa
1000
To find P3 , apply the Bernoulli equation to points (1) and (3).

P1 V12 P V2
  gZ 1  3  3  gZ 3
 2  2
2 2
60  10 3 3.14  P3 11.32 
 0  0
1000 2 1000 2
P3
64.93   64.07
1000
P3
 0.86 , P3  860 Pa  0.86 kPa
1000
(3) To find the force apply linear momentum equation
(a) x–direction
The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
F x   mVx   m Vx 
  out   in

         
F x   m Vx    m Vx    m Vx 
 2  3   1

173
  
 
F x   m 2 Vx 2  m 3 Vx3   m1 Vx1
 

 
 
F x   m 2  V2 cos 30   m 3 V3 cos 20  m1 0 
 
 
F x   m 2 V2 cos 30  m 3 V3 cos 20

F x   Q2V2 cos 30  Q3V3 cos 20

F x    Q2V2 cos 30  Q3V3 cos 20

F x  10000.3  4.24  cos 30  0.2  11.32 cos 20

F x  1025.88

R x  P2 A2 cos 30  P3 A3 cos 20  1025.88

R x  55950  0.07068 cos 30  860  0.01767 cos 20  1025.88

R x  3424.7  14.28  1025.88

R x  2384.54 N

(a) y–direction
The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as
   
F y   mV y 
  out
 mV y 
  in

         
F y   mV y    mV y    m V y 
 2  3   1

 
 
F y   m 2 V y 2  m 3 V y 3   m1 V y1
 

 
 
 y  2
F   m 2 V sin 30   m 3 V3 sin 20    m1 V1 


 F   Q V
y 2 2 sin 30  Q3V3 sin 20  Q1V1

F y   Q2V2 sin 30  Q3V3 sin 20  Q1V1 

F y  10000.3  4.24  sin 30  0.2  11.32  sin 20  0.5  3.14

F y  10000.636  0.774  1.57

F y  160

R y  P1 A1  P2 A2 sin 30  P3 A3 sin 20  160

174
 R y  60000  0.159  55950  0.07068 sin 30  860  0.01767 sin 20  160

R y  9540  1977.27  5.2  160

R y  7717.53 N

4.4.2 Force on a Stationary Vertical Flat Plate

If a jet of fluid strikes normally at a flat plate, the plate would experience a force which
can be calculated using the momentum equation.
Consider a jet of fluid striking a plate as shown in figure (4.2). Establish a control volume as
shown and let:
V1  Velocity of the jet at section (1)

Q1  Discharge at section (1)

V2  Velocity of the jet at section (2)

Q2  Discharge at section (2)

V3  Velocity of the jet at section (3)

Q3  Discharge at section (3)

R x  Horizontal force required to keep the plate in equilibrium, or

Horizontal force from plate on the fluid

R y  Vertical force required to keep the plate in equilibrium, or

Vertical force from plate on the fluid

Fig. (4.2): A jet striking a stationary vertical flat plate.

(i) x – direction
Applying the linear momentum equation in x–direction

175
    
F x   mVx   m Vx 
  out   in

         
F x   m Vx    m Vx    m Vx 
 2  3   1

 
 
F x   m 2 Vx 2  m 3 Vx3   m1 Vx1
 

 
 
F x   m 2 0   m 3 0  m1 V1 
 

F x   m1 V1

F x   Q1V1

R x   Q1V1

The horizontal force from fluid to the vertical plate can be expressed as:
Fx   R x

(ii) y – direction
For frictionless flow, there is no force in the vertical direction, so
Ry  0

4.4.3 Force on a stationary inclined flat plate

If the plate is inclined to the jet, the plate will experience a force in the horizontal, as
well as in the vertical direction. Let a jet of fluid strike a plate as shown in figure (4.3). The
problem can easily solved by orienting the coordinate axes, and establishing a control volume
as shown.

Fig. (4.3): A jet striking a stationary inclined flat plate

Now applying the momentum equation
176
(i) x – direction
Applying the linear momentum equation in x–direction
   
F x   m V x   m V x 
  out   in

         
F x   m V x    m V x    m V x 
 2  3   1

         
F x   m2  0    m3  0    m1  V1 sin  
 2  3   

 Fx  m1 V1 sin 
F x  QV1 sin 

 R x  QV sin 

R x   QV sin 

The force from fluid to the vertical plate can be expressed as:
Fx   R x  QV sin 

(ii) y – direction
For frictionless flow, there is no force in the tangent direction, so
Ry  0

Example (4.6)
The water jet in figure strikes normal to a fixed plate. Neglect gravity and friction, and
compute the force F required to hold the plate fixed.

Solution
The x components of the resultant force on the fluid may be expressed as

177
    
F x   mVx   m Vx 
  out   in

         
F x   m Vx    m Vx    m Vx 
 2  3   1

 
 
F x   m 2 V x 2  m 3 V x3   m1 V x1
 

 
 
F x   m 2 0   m 3 0   m1 V1
 

 F   m1 V j

F  m1 V j

F  V j A j V j

F  V j2 A j


F  1000  8  0.12
2
F  502.65 N
4
Example (4.7)
When a jet strikes an inclined fixed plate, as in figure, it breaks into two jets at (2) and (3) of
equal velocity V  V jet but unequal fluxes  Q at (2) and 1   Q at section (3),  being a

fraction. The condition Ft  0 enables us to solve for  for frictionless flow. Show that:
(a) The Normal Force is given by: Fx  QV sin 
1
(b) The value of  is given by:   1  cos  
2

178
Solution
Let the control volume enclose all three jets and the surface of the plate.
(a) Normal Direction (x–direction)
Apply the linear momentum equation in the x–coordinate
   
F x   m V x   m V x 
  out   in

         
F x   m V x    m V x    m V x 
 2  3   1

         
F x   m2  0    m3  0    m1  V1 sin  
 2  3   

F x  m1 V1 sin 

F x  QV1 sin 

Fx  QV sin 

(b) Tangent Direction (y–direction)

Apply the linear momentum equation in the y–coordinate
   
F y   m V y   m V y 
  out   in

         
F y   m V y    m V y    m V y 
 2  3   1

        
F y   m2  V2    m3  V3   m1  V1 cos  
     

  
   
Fy  m2 V2  m3 V3    m1 V1 cos  
   
0  Q2V2  Q3V3  Q1V1 cos 

0  Q2V2  Q3V3  Q1V1 cos  and V1  V2  V3  V

0  Q2  Q3  Q1 cos 

0  Q  1   Q  Q cos 

0    1     cos 

0    1    cos 
0  2  1  cos 
1
2  1  cos   1  cos  
2

179
Example (4.8)
A closed tank 1 m  1.5 m  4 m high and weighing
1.2 KN is filled with water to a depth of 3 m. A
hole in one of the side walls has an effective
area of 6.5 cm 2 and situated 15 cm above the
tank bottom. If the coefficient of friction
between the ground and the wheels is 0.01,
determine the air pressure P in the tank that
required to move it.
Solution
(i) The total weight of the system
W  Weight of the tan +weight of the water
W  Wtan k   w gv w

W  1.2  10 3  1000  9.811  1.5  3

W  1200  44145 W  45345 N

(ii) The force required to move the tank
F   W

F  0.01  45345  453.45 N

Fx  F  453.45 N

(iii) The momentum equation in x–direction

   
F   mVx    mVx 
x
  out   in
 
 Fx   mV x    mV x 
2 1

 Fx   m 2 Vx 2   0

 Fx  m V2
F x   V2 A2V2

F x   V22 A2

 Fx   V22 A2

Fx  V22 A2

453.45  1000  V22  6.5  10 4 V2  26.4 m s

180
(iv) The Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2
 2  2

P1 P atm V22
 0  gZ1   0
  2
2
P1 10 5 26.4 
 0  9. 81  2.85  
10 3 10 3 2
P1
 27.96  100  348.48
10 3
P1
 420.52
10 3
P1  420.52  10 3 Pa P1  420.52 kPa (absolute pressure)

Example (4.9)
The water tank in Fig. stands on a frictionless cart and feeds a jet of diameter 4 cm and
velocity 8 m s , which is deflected 60 0 by a vane. Compute the tension in the supporting cable.

Solution
The control volume should surround the tank and wheels and cut through the cable and the
exit water jet.
Linear momentum equation in the horizontal direction can be expressed as:
   
F x   mVx    mVx 
  out   in

 
F x   m V x   0 
 2

F x  m V j cos 60

Tcable  m V j cos 60

Tcable  V j AV j cos 60

181
   2
Tcable  1000  8  0.04   8 cos 60
 4 
Tcable  40.2 N

Example (4.10)
A water jet strikes a vane mounted on a tank with frictionless wheels, as in Fig. The jet turns
and falls into the tank without spilling out. If   30 0 , evaluate the horizontal force F
required to hold the tank stationary.

Solution
The control volume surrounds the tank and wheels and cuts through the jet, as shown.
We have to assume that the splashing into the tank does not increase the x-momentum of the
water in the tank.
Linear momentum equation in the horizontal direction can be expressed as:
   
F x   mVx    mVx 
  out   in

 
F x  0   mV x 
 1

 Fx   mV j

 F   mV j

F  mV j

F  V j AV j

2 
F  1000  50  0.305  2  0.02542 F  471.4 N
4

182
Example (4.11)
The tank in Figure below weighs 500 N empty and contains 600 L of water. Pipes (1) and (2)
have equal diameters of 6 cm and equal steady volume flows of 300 m 3 h. what should the
scale reading W be in N ?

Solution
Let the control volume surround the tank, cut through the two jets, and slip just under the tank
bottom as shown.
The velocity through pipes can be calculated as:
300
Q Q
V1  V2    60  60  29.5 m s
A  2 
D 0.062
4 4
The total weight of the system can be calculated as:
Wtotal  Wtan k  Wwater

Wtotal  Wtan k   w .g .v w

Wtotal  500  1000  9.81  0.6

Wtotal  500  5886  6386 N

Apply the linear momentum equation in y–direction:

   
 y  y   mV y 
F   m V  
out in

   
F y   m V y   m V y 
 2  1

F y  mV y 2  V y1 

F y  m0   V1 

 Fy  mV1

183
 
Wscale  Wtotal  m V1

300
Wscale  6386  1000   29.5
60  60
Wscale  6386  2458.3 Wscale  8844.33 N scale reaction

Example (4.12)
Gravel is dumped from a hopper at a rate of 650 N s , onto a moving belt, as in figure below.
The gravel then passes off the end of the belt. The drive wheels are 80 cm in diameter and
rotate clockwise at 150 r min . Neglecting system friction, estimate the power required to drive
this belt.

Solution
The control volume goes under the gravel on the belt and cuts through the inlet and outlet
gravel streams as shown in figure.
The belt velocity must be
2N 2  150
Vbelt  Vout  .Rwheel  .Rwheel   0.4  6.283 m s
60 60
Then the belt applies tangential force F to the gravel, and the force balance is
   
F x   mVx    mVx 
  out   in

 
F x   m V x   0 
  out

F x  m Vout

Fbelt  m Vout

650
Fbelt   6.283  416.3 N
9.81
The power required to drive the belt is
Power  Fbelt .Vbelt
Power  416.3  6.283 Power  2616 W

184
Example (4.13)
Free water jet from upper tank to lower tank, lower tank supported by scales A and B . Given
that the volume flow rate from the upper tank to the lower tank is 0.06 m 3 s , the other data are
given as: D1  10 cm, h  30 cm, and H  2.75 m. The weight of the lower tank is 1.5 KN with
surface area of 0.4 m 2 . Calculate:
(a) Force on scale A.
(b) Force on scale B.
Solution
Mass flow rate from the upper tank to the lower tank

m   .Q  1000  0.06  60 kg s

(1) Calculate the velocity

Q Q 0.06
V1     7.64 m s
A1  2  2
D1 0.1
4 4
The velocity V2 is calculated from projectile motion equation
V2 x  V1x  V1  7.64 m s

V22y  V12y  2 g. y

V22y  0  2 g.  H

V22y  2 gH

V2 y  2 gH  2  9.81  2.75  7.35 m s

V2  V22x  V22y  7.642  7.352  10.6 m s

(2) Apply the linear momentum equation on tank (B)

(i) Linear momentum equation in x–direction

   
F x   mVx    mVx 
  out   in

 F  0   mV
x x


2
185
 
F x   m .V x 2

 FB   m .V x 2

FB  m .V x 2

FB  60  7.64  458.4 N

(ii) Linear momentum equation in y–direction

   
F y   mV y    mV y 
  out   in

 F  0   mV
y y


2

 Fy   m .V y 2

FB  Wtan k  Wwater   m .V y 2

FB  Wtan k   w .g.v water   m .V y 2

FB  1.5  10 3  1000  9.81  0.4  0.3  60  7.35

FB  1500  1177.2  441

FB  2236.2 N

186
4.5 Moment of Momentum
Consider a finite system of fluid as shown in Fig.(4.4). An element dm of the system is acted
on by a force dF and has a linear momentum dm.V . From Newton’s law, we can say that
D
dF  (V dm) (4.8)
Dt
Now take the cross product of each side of the equation using the position vector r. Thus,
D
rd F  r (V dm)
Dt

Fig. (4.4): Mass dm in a finite system

Consider next the following operation:

D Dr D
(r  dmV )   dmV  r  (dmV )
Dt Dt Dt

Note that D r Dt  V , so that the frist expression on the right side is zero, since V V  0
D
rdF 
Dt

r  dmV  (4.7)

since the mass of the system is fixed so that the limits of the integration on the right side of
Eq.3.19 are fixed, thus
D DH
 r  d F  D t   r  dmV   Dt

where H is the moment about a fixed point A in inertial space of the linear momentum of the
system. The integral on the left side of the equation represents the total moment about point A
of the external forces acting on the system and may be given as:

187
  r  d F   .r  T dA   r  Bdv (4.8)
C .S C .V

We may now give the moment–of–momentum equation for a finite system as follows:
DH
 r  T dA   r  B  dv 
C .S C .V
Dt

Next, since H is the extensive property in the Reynolds transport equation. Since
H  r  V dv the quantity  then becomes r  V for this case, Thus
C .V

DH 

  r  V V  dA 
Dt C .S

t C.V

r  V dv   
We then have desired moment–of–momentum equation for an inertial control volume

C .S
 r  T dA   r  Bdv   r  V V  dA  t  r  V dv 
C .V C .S C .V
(4.9)

The terms on the right side represent the efflux of moment of momentum through the control
surface plus the rate of increase of moment of momentum inside the control volume where
both quantities are observed from the control volume.

188
Example (4.14)
A lawn sprinkler is constructed from pipe with 0.5 cm inside diameter as indicated in figure.
Each arm is 15 cm in length. Water flows through the sprinkler at the rate of 0.58 kg s. A
force of 15 N positioned halfway along one arm holds the sprinkler stationary. Compute the
angle  which the exiting water stream makes with the tangential direction. The flow leaves
the nozzles in horizontal plane.

Solution
 
   
M 0  r.V . m   r.V . m
  out   in
 
   
 0  2  2 
M  r V
. . m 2  2  r V m
 1  1 1   1
. . but r1  0


 
M 0  r2 .V 2 . m 2   2  0
 
  1 
M 0  2.r2 .V 2 . m 2 but m2 
2
m1

1 
M 0  2.r2 .V 2  m1
2

M 0  r2 .V 2 m1

M 0  r2 . m1 .V2 cos 

F .L  r2 . m1 .V2 cos 

Obtain the velocity V2

189
 
m 2   .V2 A2
1  
m1   .V2 d 22
2 4
2
1   0.5 
 0.58  1000  V2    V2  14.77 m s
2 4  100 

F .L  r2 . m1 .V2 cos 

15  0.07  0.15  0.58  .14.77  cos 

cos   0.817   35.2 0
Example (4.15)
Plan views of three nozzles sprinkler. The sprinkler discharges water at a rate of Q, the
length from pivot to nozzle exit is R and the resisting torque due to friction in the bearing is
T . Prove that the angular velocity  is given by

4Q T
 2
sin  
3D R 3QR 2

Solution
 
   
M 0  r.V . m   r.V . m
  out   in
 
   
M 0  r2 .V 2 . m 2   3  r1 .V 1 . m1   1
   
but r1  0


 0  2  2 2   3  0
M 

r .V . m

  1 
M 0  2.r2 .V 2 . m 2 but m 2  m1
3
1 
M 0  3.r2 .V 2  m1
3

190
 
M 0  r2 .V 2 m1

M 0  r2 . m1 .V2 sin  .R 

T0  R.Q.V2 sin   .R 

T0
V2 sin   .R 
R. .Q

T0
.R  V2 sin  
R. .Q

V2 sin  T
  2 0
R R . .Q

Obtain the velocity V2

Q2  V2 A2

1  4Q
Q1  V2 D 2 V2 
3 4 3D 2
Then
V2 T
 sin   2 0
R R . .Q

4Q T
 2
sin   2 0
3 .R.D R . .Q

191
Example (4.16)
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 1000 ml s as
sketched in Fig. If the exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm 2 and the sprinkler has a
radius of 10 cm. determine the torque associates with the sprinkler, if:
(a) The rotary sprinkler head is stationary
(b) The sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm.

Solution
 
   
M 0  r.V . m   r.V . m
  out   in
 
   
 0  2  2 
M  r V
. . m 2  2  r V m
 1  1 1   1
. . but r1  0


 
M 0  r2 .V 2 . m 2   2  0
 
  1 
M 0  2.r2 .V 2 . m 2 but m2 
2
m1

1 
M 0  2.r2 .V 2  m1
2

M 0  r2 .V 2 m1

 M 0  r2 . m1 .V2  .R 

T0  R. m1 .V2  .R 

T0  R. .QV2  .R 

Obtain the velocity V2

Q2  V2 A2

192
 1
Q  V2 A2
2
1
 1000  10  6  V2  30  10 6
2
500  V2  30 V2  16.67 m s

(a) The rotary sprinkler head is stationary

If the sprinkler is stationary, then   0
T0  R. .QV2  0 

T0  0.1  1000  1000  10 6  16.67 T0  1.667 N .m

(b) The sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm

N 600
  2  2   62.83 rad s
60 60
T0  R. .QV2  .R 

T0  0.1  1000  1000  10 6 16.67  62.83  0.1

T0  0.116.67  6.3 T0  1.04 N .m

193
 Problems
Linear Momentum
4.1 A jet of water issues from a nozzle at a speed of 6 m s and strikes a stationary flat plate
oriented normal to the jet. The exit area of the nozzle is 645 mm 2 . What is the horizontal
force on the plate from the fluids in contact with it?

4.2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the x and y components of the anchoring force
required to hold in place the horizontal elbow and nozzle combination shown in figure.

4.3 Determine the magnitude and direction of the x and y components of the anchoring force
required to hold in place as shown in figure. The interior volume of the nozzle and elbow
assembly is 0.1 m 3 .

4.4 Water flows as two free jets from a tee attached to the pipe shown in figure. The exit
speed is 15 m s . If viscous effects and gravity are negligible, determine the x and y
components of the force that the pipe exerts on the tee.

194
4.5 Water discharges into the atmosphere through the device shown in figure. Determine the x
component of force at the flange required to hold the device in place. Neglect the effect of
gravity and friction.

4.6 Water flows at a steady rate through the device shown. The following data apply:
P1  140 kPa, gage, V1  3 m s , D1  40 cm, D2  20 cm, D3  10 cm, V2  6 m s .What is the

horizontal thrust from water on the device.

4.7 Water is moving steadily through a double exit elbow for which V1  5 m s . The inside
volume of the elbow is 1 m 3 . Find the vertical and horizontal forces from water on the elbow
take V2  10 m s .

195
4.8 Determine the magnitude and the direction of the force required to hold the Y shown in
figure. Assume the Y be in the horizontal plane.

4.9 Water is flowing through the vertical tee

shown in figure. Given that:
Q3  0.015 m 3 s , Q1  0.006 m 3 s ,
D1  D3  5 cm, D2  2.5 cm, P3  280 kPa,

Determine the force required to keep the tee in

place.

196
4.10 A 30 L s of water enter a jet pump at A at a pressure P1  300 kPa gage. Oil is sucked in
at C at the rate of 1 L s. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.65. A thoroughly mixed flow of
water and oil leave at B at a pressure P2  150 kPa gage. The dimensions of D1 and D2 are
200 mm and 250 mm, respectively. What is the horizontal thrust on the pump from fluids?

4.11 Water is flowing over a dam. Upstream the flow has an elevation of 12 m and has an
average speed of 0.3 m s , while at a position downstream the water has a fairly uniform
elevation measured as 1 m. If the width of the dam is 9 m, Find the horizontal force on the
dam.

4.12 Air flows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and strikes a vertical plate as shown in
figure. The pipe cross – section is 0.01 m 2 , while the exit nozzle area is 0.003 m 2 . A horizontal
force of 12 N is required to hold the plate in place. Determine the reading on the pressure
gage. Assume the flow to be incompressible and frictionless.

197
4.13 A 10-mm diameter jet of water is
deflected by a homogeneous
rectangular block (15 mm by 200 mm
by 100 mm) that weighs 6 N as shown
in Fig. Determine the minimum volume
flow rate needed to tip the bloc

4.14 A circular plate having a diameter of 300

mm is held perpendicular to an axisymmetric
horizontal jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s
and a diameter of 80 mm as shown in Fig. A
hole at the center of the plate results in a
discharge jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s
and a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the
horizontal component of force required to hold
the plate stationary.
4.15 A 3-in diameter horizontal jet of water strikes a flat plate as indicated in figure.
Determine the jet velocity if a10-lb horizontal force is required to
(a) Hold the plate stationary,
(b) Allow the plate to move at a constant speed of 10 ft s to the right.

4.16 A vane directs a horizontal, circular cross-sectional jet of water symmetrically as

indicated in figure. The jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity of 100 ft s . Determine the x
direction component of anchoring force required to:
(a) Hold the vane stationary,
(b) Confine the speed of the vane to a value of 10 ft s to the right.
The fluid speed magnitude remains constant along the vane surface.
198
4.17 What is the dynamic force on the flat plate from the water?

4.18 A horizontal circular jet of air strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in the figure. The
jet velocity is 40 m s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. if the air velocity magnitude remains
constant as the air flows over the plate surface in the directions shown, determine:
(a) The magnitude of FA, the anchoring force required to hold the plate stationary.

(b) The fraction of mass flow rate along the plate surface in each of the two directions shown.
(c) The magnitude of FA the anchoring force required to allow the plate to move to the right at
constant speed of 10 m s .

4.19 A tough moves at constant speed u  2 m s . A jet of water having a speed of V j  6 m s

impinges on the tough as shown. The water leaves the tough in three places. At the exit
nozzle, the speed of water V1  10 m s . The area A1  0.02 m 2 while the area A j  0.08 m 2 .

Twice as much water leaves at B then leaves at C. Compute the thrust on the tough.

199
4.20 A jet of water of area A j  5 cm and speed V j  18 m s impinges on a tough which is

moving at a speed u  3 m s. If water divides so that two thirds goes up and one third goes
down, what is the force on the vane?

4.21 The four devices shown in figure rest on frictionless wheels, are restricted to move in the
x direction only and are initially held stationary. The pressure at the inlets and outlets of each
is atmospheric, and the flow is incompressible. The contents of each device are not known.
When released, which devices will move to the right and which to the left? Explain.

Right Right

Left
Right

4.22 Water issues from a large tank through a 1300 mm 2 nozzle at a velocity of 3 m s relative
to the cart to which the tank is attached. The jet then strikes a tough which turns the direction

200
 of flow by an angle of 30 0 , as shown in figure. Determine the thrust on the cart which is
held stationary relative to the ground by the cord.

4.23 In figure, the jet strikes a vane which moves to the right at constant velocity VC on a
frictionless cart. Compute:
(a) The force Fx required to restrain the cart and
(b) The power P delivered to the cart.
Also find the cart velocity for which:
(c) The force Fx is a maximum and
(d) The power P is a maximum.

4.24 The model car in figure weighs 17 N and is to be accelerated from rest by a 1 cm
diameter water jet moving at 75 m s. Neglecting air drag and wheel friction, estimate the
velocity of the car after it has moved forward 1 m.

4.25 Water flows steadily into and out of a tank that sits on frictionless wheels as shown in
figure. Determine the diameter D so that the tank remains motionless if F  0.

201
4.26 Water is pumped into a tank as shown in figure at the rate of 0.03 m 3 s . The exit area of
the pipe jet is 2000 mm 2 , and the outside diameter of the pipe itself is 57.3 mm. The inside
diameter of the tank is 1.2 m. When the water is 0.6 m above the exit of the pipe, estimate the
upward force required to hold up the tank not including the weight of the tank itself. Assume
the water discharges into the tank as a free jet.

4.27 Water is added to the tank shown in Fig. through a vertical pipe to maintain a constant
(water) level. The tank is placed on a horizontal plane which has a frictionless surface.
Determine the horizontal force, F, required to hold the tank stationary. .

202
4.28 A pump in a tank of water directs a jet at 14 m s and 15 L s against a vane, as shown in
figure. Compute the force F to hold the cart stationary if the jet follows: (a) Path A or (b)
path B.
The tank holds 2.1 m 3 of water at this instant.

4.29 A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at a speed of 10 m s and a diameter of 20 mm. It
suspends a plate having a mass of 1.5 kg as indicated in Figure. What is the vertical distance
h?

4.30 Two cubic meter per minute of gravel is being dropped on a conveyor belt which moves
at the speed of 5 m s. The gravel has a specific weight of 20 KN m 3 . The gravel leaves the
hopper at a speed of 1 m s and then has an average free fall of height h  2 m. What torque
T is needed by the conveyor to do this job?

203
4.31 A pump draws water out of a resrvoir. The pump develops 10 hp on the flow. What is the
horizontal force at support D required as a result of the fluid flow?

4.32 A jet of water is shot vertically upward. The jet impinges a block of mass M . The
diameter of the jet at the nozzle exit is 5 cm.
(1) Find the jet velocity at the nozzle exit.
(2) Find the jet velocity at heigh h=1m
(3) Compute the mass M of the block that can be held in place at elevation h=1m.
In order to double the flow of water through the tube, a water pump is to be installed in the
discharge line. Determine:
(1) The jet velocity at the nozzle exit.
(2) the pump power required.
(3) At what height h the same block can be held.

Angular Momentum
4.33 A platform is shown which can rotate about axis MM . A jet of water is directed out from
the center of the platform while it is stationary and strikes a vane at the periphery of the
platform. The vane turns the jet 90 0 as shown. What is the torque developed about MM ?

204
4.34 Five liters s of water enters the rotor shown in figure along the axis of rotation. The
cross-sectional area of each of the three nozzle exits normal to the relative velocity is 18 mm 2 .
(a) How large is the resisting torque required to hold the rotor stationary?
(b) How fast will the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is reduced to zero and
(1)   00 (2)   300 (3)   600

4.35 Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 5 L s as
shown in figure. The exit cross-sectional area of each of the four nozzles is 1800 mm 2 , and
the flow leaving each nozzle at 60 0 . The radius from the axis of rotation to the centerline of
each nozzle is 0.5 m.
(a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.
(b) Determine the resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed
of 500 rev min .

205
4.36 The three arm lawn sprinkler of figure receives water through the center at 2.7 m 3 h . what
is the steady rotation rate in rev min for
(a)   0 0 and (b)   40 0

4.37 Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 16 gal min as
shown in figure. The exit cross-sectional area of each of the two nozzles is 0.04 in 2 , and the
flow leaving each nozzle is tangential. The radius from the axis of rotation to the centerline
of each nozzle is 8 in.
(a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.
(b) Determine the resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed
of 500 rev min .
(c) Determine the angular velocity of the sprinkler if no resisting torque is applied.

206
207