ICT Theory Review

Definations And Concepts

 Chapter 1
Computers, Devices, and the Web.
 What is a Computer ?
A Computer device is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions
• that can accept data (input),
• process the data according to specific rules,
• produce information (output),
• store the information for future use.
 Computer Hardware?
A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical
components known as hardware.
 Computer Software?
Electronic components in computers process data using
instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to
perform a particular task. A collection of related instructions
organized for a common purpose is referred to as a software or
program.
 What is a Personal Computer (Pc) ?
Personal Computers is a category of computers that can perform
all the activities of a computer and are intended to be used by
one person.
 Types of Personal Computers ?
Types of personal computers include
• Laptops,
• Tablets,
• Desktops.
(first two are also called mobile computers.)
 What is a Mobile Computer ?
A mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed so
that a user can carry it from place to place.
 Who is a User ?
A user is anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile device,
or utilizes the information it generates.
 What is a Laptop ?
A Laptop also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight
mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its
base. Designed for easy transport and can run on a battery or
power supply.
 What is an Ultrathin Laptop ?
A laptop that is less than one inch thick and weigh around 3
pounds or less is referred to as an ultrathin laptop.
 What is a Tablet ?
Tablets are smaller than a laptop but larger than a phone, a Tablet
is a thin, lighter-weight mobile computer that has a touch screen.
Tablets usually come in a slate shape and does not contain a
physical keyboard instead use on-screen keyboard and these too
run on batteries or power supply.(Tablet’s battery lost longer than
laptops)
 What is a Desktop ?
A Desktop Computer is a personal computer designed to be in a
stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a
desk or table, the computer’s screen is housed in a display device
that is separate from tower, which is a case that contains the
processing circuitry.
 What is an All-in-one Desktop ?
An All-in-one Desktop Computer does not contain a tower and
instead uses the same case to house the display and the
processing circuity.
 What is a Network ?
A Network is a collection of computers and devices connected
together, often wirelessly.
 What is a Server ?
A Server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more
services to other computers or devices on a network. Services
provided by servers include storing content and controlling
access to hardware, software and other resources on a network.
A Server can support from Two to Several Thousand connected
devices at the same time. Servers are available in a variety of
sizes and types for both small and large business applications.
 What is a Mobile Device ?
A Mobile Device is a computing device small enough to hold in
your hand.
these are small devices often between 3 and 5 inches. These can
be internet capable.
Some popular mobile devices are smart-phones, digital cameras,
portable and digital media player, e-book readers and wearable
devices.
And Yes mobile Devices are computers too.
 What is a Smartphone ?
A smartphone is an internet capable phone that usually includes
app like calendar, calculator etc, with smartphones you can listen
to music, take photos and record videos, make calls and send
messages. Many smartphones have touch screens.
 What is a Digital Camera ?
A Digital Camera is a device that allows you to take photos and
store the photographed image digitally.
Many Mobile computers like smartphones and tablets include at
least one integrated digital camera.
 What is a Digital Media Player?
A Portable Digital Media Player is a mobile device that allows you
to store, organize and play or view Digital Media.
Digital Media includes includes music, photos and vides.
 What is an E-Book Reader?
An E-Book Reader is a mobile device that is primarily used for
reading E-Books, newspapers and magazines.
An E-Book or Digital Book, is an electronic version of a printed
book.
An E-Book Reader usually comes with a touch and are smaller
than a tablet and larger than a smartphone.
 What is a Wearable Device?
A Wearable Device or Wearable is a small, mobile computing
consumer device designed to be worn.
Wearable Devices Include activity trackers, smartwatches and
smartglasses.
 What is an Activity Tracker?
An Activity Tracker is a wearble device that monitors heart rate,
measures pulse, counts steps, and tracks sleep patterns.
 What is a smartwatch?
A Smartwatch is a wearable device that allows you to keep track
of time, communicate with a smartphone to make and answer
phone calls, read and send messages, access the web, play
music, work with apps, and more.
 What are smartglasses?
Smartglasses is a wearable device that lets user look into an eye-
glass type device to view information or take photos and videos
that are projected to a miniature screen in user’s field of vision.
 What are smartglasses?
Smartglasses is a wearable device that lets user look into an eye-
glass type device to view information or take photos and videos
that are projected to a miniature screen in user’s field of vision.
 What is a Game Console?
A Game Console is a mobile computing device designed for
single-player or multipayer video games.
Gamers often connect the game console to a display device to
that they can view their gameplay.
Many Consoles allow you to watch movies, view photos or listen
to music.
Consoles weigh between three and eleven pounds, because of
their compact size they can be easily used at home, car, in a hotel
room or nay location that has an electrical outlet.
 What is a Handheld Game Device?
A handheld game device is small enough to fit in one hand,
making it more portable than the game console.
 What is a Digital Device Convergence?
Many Smartphones and Tablets enable you to take and store photos,
store, organize or play digital media, read e-books, and play games. This
trend of computers and devices with technologies that overlap are called
Digital Device Convergence, means that consumers may need fewer
devices for the functionality that they require.

Still Consumers may purchase separate stand-alone devices for a variety

of reasons.
• Stand-Alone devices provide more functionality than combined devices.
• To use both devices at the same time.
• Keeping One as a backup if combined device breaks.
 Examples Of Home Automation ?
• Lighting: Turn Lights on or off using gestures and voices.
• Thermostats: Programmable Thermostats adjust to seasonal
needs and can be set to control temperatures in individual rooms.
• Appliances: Program Your Appliances To Turn At Certain Times
And Turn Off At Other Times.
• Security: Security Systems Can Text Or Email The Home Owner
Incase of a break-in or fire.
• Remotes: Use Your Smartphones and Tablets As Remotes To
Control Other Devices In Your Home.
 What Is Data And Information ?
• Data(input):
Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text,
numbers, images, audio and video.
• Information(output):
Information is organized, processed and meaningful data.
 Data And Information Example
A Cashier Enters into Computer
2 cookies
1 water bottle
Right now this data is meaning less and needs to be processed,
after this data is processed into information it looks like this
“total: 50rs”, Now this information is meaningful to cashier, by
this information cashier comes to know how much to charge total
for the items that customer bought.
 What is an Input Device ?
An Input Device is any hardware component that allows you to
enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile devices.
Popular Input Devices Are keyboards, pointing devices, Voice And
Video Input And Scanners.
 What is a Keyboard ?
A Keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and
instructions into a computer or mobile device.
All Desktop Keyboards have a typing area that includes letters of
alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks, and other basic keys.
 What is a Pointing Device ?
A Pointing Device is an input device that allows a user to control
a small symbol on a screen, called the pointer.
Desktops typically use a mouse as their pointing device,
And laptops use a touchpad.
 What is a Mouse ?
A Mouse is a Pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand
comfortably, with mouse you control movement of the pointer
and send instructions to the computer or mobile devices.
 What is a Touchpad ?
A Touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular Pointing device that is
sensitive to pressure and motion.
To control the pointer with a touchpad, slide your fingertip across
the surface of pad, you can also tap on the pad to imitate mouse
operations such as clicking.
 Voice And Video Input
One can speak data instructions using Voice Input and capture
live full-motion images using video input.

A Microphone enables one to speak to computer.

A Webcam allows you to capture video for your computer.

 What is a Scanner ?
A Scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed
text and images into a form that computer can process.
 What is an Output Device ?
An output device is any hardware component that conveys
information from a computer or mobile device to one or more
people.

Popular Output Devices Are Printers, Displays And Speakers.

 What is a Printer And 3d Printer ?
A Printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium, such as paper or other material.

Printed content sometimes is referred to as hard copy or printout.

A 3D Printer can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics,

eyewear, implants, toys, parts and more.

3D Printer uses a plastic substance that prints in layers to create a 3d

model.
 What is a Display ?
A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphic,
and video information.
Displays consist of a screen and the components that produce
the information on the screen.

Desktop comes with a separate physical device called monitor

that houses the display and mobile computers typically integrate
the display in their same physical case.
 What are Speakers And Earbuds ?
A Speaker allows you to hear audio that is music, voice and other
sounds, most computers have a small internal speaker.

Earbuds or Headphones sit in each ear so only the user is able to

hear the sound that they produce unlike speakers.
 How To Ease Eyestrain ?
• Position the display about 20 degree below eye level.
• Clean the screen regularly.
• Blink your eyes every five seconds.
• Adjust room lighting.
• Use larger fonts and zoom the display.
• Take an eye break every 30 minutes.
 How to protect your Hearing when using
headphones ?
• Listen at a maximum of 30% of sound.
• Use a high quality pair of headphones.
• Use headphones that reduce outside noise.
 What is Memory ?
Memory consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and the data needed by those
instructions.
Memory keeps data and instructions temporarily, which means its
contents are erased when the computer is shut off.
 What is Storage ?
Storage holds data, instructions and information permanently for
future use.
 What is Storage ?
Storage holds data, instructions and information permanently for
future use.
A computer keeps data, instructions, and information on storage
media.

Local Storage Media includes hard disks, solid-state drives, USB

flash drives, memory cards, and optical discs.
 What is a Storage Device ?
A storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items
to and from storage media.

Storage Devices often also function as source of input and

output because they transfer items from storage to memory and
vice versa.
 What is a Hard Disk?
A Hard Disk is a storage device that contains one or more
inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions, and information. The entire device is enclosed
in an airtight, sealed case to protect it from contamination.

Laptops and Desktops often contain at least one hard disk that is
mounted inside the computer’s case.
 What is a Solid-State Drive (SSD)?
A Solid-State Drive (SSD) is a storage device that typically uses
flash memory to store data, instructions, and information. Flash
memory contains no moving parts, making it more durable and
shock resistant than other types of media.
 What is an external Hard Drive ?
An external hard drive is a separate, portable, freestanding hard
disk or SSD that usually connects to the computer with a cable.
The entire external hard drive is enclosed in an airtight, sealed
case.
 What is a USB Flash Drive ?
A USB Flash Drive is a portable flash memory storage device that
you plug in a USB port which is a special, easily accessible
opening on a computer or mobile device.

USB Flash Drives are convenient for mobile users because, they
are small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain
or in a pocket.
 What is a Memory Card ?
A Memory Card is removable flash memory, usually no bigger
than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert in and remove
from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.

With A Card Reader/Writer, you can transfer the stored items

from a memory card to a computer or printer that does not have a
built-in card slot.
 What is an Optical Disc ?
An Optical Disc is a type of storage media that consists of a flat,
round, portable metal disc made of metal, plastic and lacquer
that is written and read by a laser.

CDs (Compact Discs) and DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) are two
types of optical discs.
 What is Cloud Storage ?
Cloud Storage is an internet service that provides remote storage
to computer users.

Instead of storing data locally on a hard drive, some users opt for
cloud storage.

A Backup is a duplicate of content on a storage medium that you

can use in case the original is lost, damaged or destroyed.
 CHAPTER 2
Processor, Memory, the Cloud, and More
 What is a System Unit ?
System Unit (or chassis), refers to the case on a desktop that
contains and protects motherboard, hard drive, memory and other
electronic devices.

Some devices have a tower unit that is a device separate from

monitor.

All-in-ones house the display and system unit in same case.

 What Components does a System Unit
contain?
In Most Desktop System Units, you will find Sound card, Video
card, power supply and fan, heat sink and fan, processor and
memory module, laptops additionally can contain integrated
sound ports and circuitry and battery.
 What is a Motherboard ?
Motherboard (System Board) is the main circuit board of the
computer. Many electronic components such as the processor
and memory, attach to the motherboard.

On PCs the circuitry for the processor, memory, and other

components reside on a computer chip.
 What is a Computer Chip ?
A Computer Chip is a small piece of semiconducting material,
usually silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched.
 What is a Integrated Circuit ?
An Integrated Circuit contains many microscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can
contain millions of elements such as resistors, capacitors, and
transistors. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch square.

A Transistor, for example, can act as an electronic switch that

opens or closes the circuit for electrical charges. Today’s
computer chips contain millions or billions of transistors.
 What Components Do A Motherboard
Contain ?
Most Motherboards contain
• Slots for memory modules
• A slot for processor chip
• CMOS battery
• Slots for adapter cards
• Ports to connect peripheral devices.
 How can you Secure your Computer or
Mobile devices?
You can use
• Clamps, cables and locks.
• Ultrasonic Sensors: If the computer is moved or case is opened
an ear-piercing alarm sounds.
• Tracking Software: A Software that shows the exact location of
the device.
• Assest Tag: Tags that contain information about the owner, so if
one finds the device they can reach up to the owner.
• Personal Safes.
 What is a Processor ?
The Processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets
and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
The Processor significantly impacts overall computing power and
manages most of a computer’s operations.
On larger computers, such as mainframes and supercomputers, the
various functions performed by the processor extend over many
separate chips and often multiple circuit boards.
On a Personal Computer, all functions of the processor are usually are
on a single chip.
Some computer and chip manufacturers use the termMicroprocessor
to refer to a personal computer processor chip
 What is a Multi-Core Processor ?
A Multi-Core Processor is a single chip with two or more separate
processor cores.
 What is a Processor Core?
A Processor Core, or Simply Core, contains the circuitry
necessary to execute instructions. The operating system views
each processor core as a separate processor.
Which is better a single-core or multi-core
processor ?
Each processor core on a multi-core processor generally runs at a
slower speed than a single-core processor, but multi-core
processors typically increase overall performance, are more
energy efficient and emit less heat. For example, although a dual-
core processor does not double the processing speed of a single-
core processor, it can approach these speeds. The Performance
increase is especially noticeable when users are running multiple
programs simultaneously, such as antivirus, spyware, media
player etc.
 How a Processor works ?
Processor contain a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
These two components work together to perform processing
operations. When a user runs an application, for example, its
instructions transfer from a storage device to memory. Data
needed by programs and applications enters memory from either
an input device or storage device. The control unit interprets and
executes instructions in memory, and arithmetic logic unit
performs calculations on the data in memory. Resulting
information is stored in memory, from which it can be sent to an
output device or a storage device for future access, as needed.
 What is a Control Unit ?
The Control Unit is the component of the processor that directs
and coordinates most of the operation in the computer. That is,it
interprets each instruction issued by a program or an application
and then initiates the appropriate action to carry out the
instruction.
Types of internal components that the control unit directs include
the arithmetic logic unit, registers and buses.
 What is Arithmetic Logic Unit ?
The Arithmetic Logic Unit, performs arithmetic, comparison and
other operations.
Arithmetic Operations include basic calculations, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Comparison
operations involve comparing one data item with another to
determine whether the first item is greater than, equal to, or less
than the other item. Depending on the result of the comparison,
different actions may occur.
 What is a Machine Cycle ?
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic
operations, which comprise a machine cycle:
1. Fetching: is the process of obtaining a program or an
application instruction or data item from memory.
2. Decoding: refers to the process of translating the instruction
into signals the computer can execute.
3. Executing: is the process of carrying out the commands.
4. Storing, int this context, means writing the result to
memory(not to a storage medium).
 Example of Machine Cycle ?
Let’s assume a student types 100x48 in a calculator app, Here is
how it works:
Step 1 Control unit fetches the calculation’s instructions and data
from memory.
Step 2 The Control unit decodes the calculation’s instructions and
sends the instructions and data to ALU.
Step 3 ALU performs calculations on the data (100x48 = 4800)
Step 4 the results of calculation are stored in memory
 What is a Register ?
A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called
registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions.
Registers are part of the processor, not part of memory or a
permanent storage device.
Register Functions include storing the location from where an
instruction was fetched, storing an instruction while the control
unit decodes it, storing data while the ALU calculates it, and
storing the results of a calculation.
 What is a System Clock ?
The processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the
System Clock to control the timing of all computer operations.
Just as your heart beats at a regular rate to keep your body
functioning, the system clock generates regular electronic pulses,
or ticks, that set the operating pace of components of the system
unit.
Each tick equates to a clock cycle. Processors today typically are
superscalar, which means they execute more than one instruction
per Clock Cycle.
 What is Clock Speed?
The pace of the system clock is called clock speed, that is
measured by the number of ticks per second.
Current Personal Computer processors have clock speeds in the
gigahertz range.
Giga is a prefix that stands for a billion and hertz is one cycle per
second.
 What is Real-Time Clock?
A Real-Time Clock is a battery-backed chip, that keeps track of
the date and time in a computer.
The battery continues to run the real-time clock even when the
computer if off.
 What factors influence a computer’s
performance ?
• Clock Speed
• Processor chip
• Amount of cache
• Memory access time
• Bus width
• Bus clock speed
 How to select a processor ?
• Determine your needs: what do you want to do with your new
processor.
• Determine your current processor: buy a better one than the one
you already have.
• Research processor models: Review the processor and make
sure it fits in your computer.
 What is processor cooling ?
Processor chips for laptops, desktops, and servers can generate
quite a bit of heat, which could cause the chip to malfunction or
fail. To avoid that today’s personal computer processors often
need additional cooling.
Heat sink, liquid cooling technology and cooling mats are used to
help further dissipate processor heat.
 What is a Heat Sink ?
A Heat Sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on
its surface that absorbs and disperse heat produced by electrical
components, such as a processor.
Many heat sinks have Fans to help distribute air dissipated by the
heat sink.
 What is a Liquid Cooling Technology ?
Liquid Cooling Technology uses a continuous flow of fluid(s),
such as water and glycol, in a processor that transfers the heated
fluid away from the processor to a radiator-type grill, which cools
the liquid, and then returns the cooled fluid to the processor.
 What is a Cooling Pad ?
A Cooling Pad rests below a Laptop and protects the computer
from over heating and also the user’s lap from excessive heat.
 Chapter 3
The Internet, Websites, and Media
 What is Internet ?
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions and individuals.

Each of the network on the internet provides resources that add

to abundance of goods, services and information accessible via
the internet.
 How to Connect to the Internet ?
Users can connect their computers and mobile devices to the
internet through wired or wireless technology and then access its
services free or for a fee.

With Wired Connections, a device physically attaches via a cable or

wire to a communication device, such as a modem, that transmits
data and other items over transmission media to the internet.

With Wireless Connections, a device includes the necessary built-in

technology so that they can transmit data wirelessly.
 What is a Wireless Modem ?
A Wireless Modem, for example uses a wireless communications
technology (such as cellular radio, satellite, or Wi-Fi) to connect
to the internet.
 What are some wired Internet Service
Technologies ?
• Cable Internet Service: Provides high-speed internet access
through the cable television network via a cable modem.
• DSL (digital subscriber line): Provides high-speed internet
connections through the telephone network via a DSL modem.
• Fiber to the premises: Uses Fiber-optic cable to provide high-
speed internet access via a modem.
 What are some wireless Internet Service
Technologies ?
• Wi-Fi(wireless fidelity): Uses radio signals to provide high-speed internet
connections to devices with built-in Wi-Fi capability or a communications
device that enables Wi-Fi connectivity.
• Mobile Broadband: offers high-speed internet connections over the
cellular radio network to devices with built-in compatible technology (such
as 3G, 4G or 5G) to a wireless modem or other communications device.
• Fixed Wireless: Provides High-speed internet connections using a dish-
shaped antenna on a building, such as house or business, to
communicate with a tower location via radio signals.
• Satellite Internet Service: Provides high-speed internet connections via
satellite or satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem.
 What is a Hot Spot ?
A Hot Spot is a wireless network that provides internet
connections to mobile computers and devices.
How to use a Public Wi-Fi Hot Spot Safely?
• Avoid typing passwords and financial information.
• When finished, sign out of your account.
• When finished, disable your wireless connection.
• Do not leave your computer or mobile device unattended.
• Beware of over-the-shoulder snoopers.
 What is Tethering ?
Tethering transforms a smartphone or Internet-Capable tablet
into a portable communications device that shares its Internet
access with other computers and devices wirelessly.
 What is Dial-Up Access ?
Dial-Up Access takes place when a modem in a computer
connects to the internet via a standard telephone line that
transmits data and information using an analog (continuous wave
pattern) signal.
What is an Internet Service Provider (ISP) ?
An Internet Service Provider (ISP), sometimes called an Internet
Access Provider, is a business that provides individuals and
organizations access to the internet free or for a fee.

ISPs often charge a fixed amount for an internet connection,

offering customers a variety of plans based on desired speeds,
bandwidth, and services.
 What is Bandwidth ?
Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a
network. A higher bandwidth means more data transmits. Data
sizes typically are stated in terms of megabytes and gigabytes.

• Megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately one million characters.

• Gigabyte (GB) is equal to approximately one billion characters.
 What is Data (again) ?
In technology Field,
Data can refer to unprocessed items that computers often
process into information.

Data also refers to the content that is stored on media or

transmitted over a network.
 What is A Mobile Service Provider ?
A Mobile Service Provider, sometimes called a wireless data
provider, is an ISP that offers wireless Internet access to
computers and mobile devices with the necessary built-in
wireless capability (such as Wi-Fi), wireless modem, or other
communications device that enable wireless connectivity.
 How Data Travels The Internet ?
Computers and Devices connected to the internet work together
to transfer data around the world using servers and clients and
various wired and wireless transmission media. On the Internet,
your computer device is a client that can access data and
services on a variety of servers. Wired transmission includes
phone line, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Wireless
transmission media includes radio waves and satellite signals.
How Your Request For A Web Page Might
Travel ?
This is how a user’s request for a webpage might travel using the internet cable
service:
1. You send a request for a webpage, for example google.com
2. Cable modem transfers the computer’s digital signals to the cable television line.
3. Your request travels through cable television lines to a central cable system.
4. The central cable system sends your request over high-speed fiber-optic lines to
the cable operator, who often is ISP.
5. The ISP routes your request through the internet backbone to the destination
server.
6. The Server retrieves the requested webpage and sends it back through the
internet backbone to your computer.
 What is an IP Address ?
An IP Address, short for Internet Protocol address, is a sequence
of numbers that uniquely identifies the location of each computer
or device connected to the internet.
 What are IP Address schemes ?
There are two IP addressing schemes: IPv4 and IPv6.
Due to the growth of the internet, the original IPv4 addresses
began dwindling in availability. The IPv6 scheme increased the
available number of IP Addresses exponentially. Because Lengthy
IP Addresses can be difficult to remember, the internet supports
domain names.

IPv4 Address: 74.125.224.72

IPv6 Address: 2001:4860:4860::8844
 What is a Domain name ?
A Domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP-
Address of a server that hosts a website. A Domain name is part
of the web address that you type in a browser’s address bar to
access a website.

Domain name: Google.com

 What is Top-Level domain (TLD)?
The suffix of the domain name is called the top-level domain
(TLD), which identifies the type of organization associated with
the domain. The organization that approves and controls TLDs is
called ICANN (Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and
Numbers).
Example: google.com , “.com” here is the TLD.
 Types Of TLDs
A List of TLDs:
• .com: Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies.
• .edu: Educational institutions.
• .gov: Government agencies.
• .mil: Military organiztions.
• .net: Network providers or commercial companies.
• .org: Nonprofit Organizations.
The suffix of domain name may include a country code TLD (ccTLD)
which is a two-letter country-code, such as .pk for Pakistan and .au for
Australia.
 Domain Name System (DNS)
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the method that the internet uses
to store domain names and their corresponding IP Addresses.
First When You Enter The Domain name (i.e google.com) in you
browser, first your browser communicates with the DNS server
maintained by your ISP, Server looks up for the domain name and finds
its associated IP Address and then sends it back to your computer
then
The Browser uses the IP address to contact the web server at the
specified IP address to request the content of the desired page. The
Web server fulfills the user’s request by sending the desired content to
user’s browser.
 Who is a Cybersquatter ?
A Cybersquatter purcahses unused or lapsed domain names, so
that they can profit from selling them, often at expensive price.
 What is World Wide Web (WWW)?
World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide
collection of electronic documents. Each electronic document on
the web is called a webpage, which can contain text, graphics,
animation, audio and video.
 Types Of Web Pages
There are two types of web pages:
• Static(fixed): Visitors to a static webpage all see the same
content each time they view the web page.
• Dynamic: the content of the webpage generates each time a
user displays it. Dynamic webpages may contain customized
contain, such as current time etc.
 What is a Website ?
A Website is a collection of related webpages and associated
items, such as documents and photos, stored on a web server.
 What is a Web Server ?
A Web Server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to
your computer or mobile device. The same web server can store
multiple websites.
 What is Web 2.0 ?
Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to
share personal information (such as online social networks),
allow users to modify website content (such as wiki), and provide
applications through a browser (such as web app).
 Web Addresses
A Webpage has a unique address, called a Web Address or URL (Uniform
Resource Locator). A Browser retrieves a webpage using its web address.
A Web Address cosists of a protocol, domain name and sometimes the host
name, path to a specific webpage , or file name of the web page. For
Example,
http://www.google.com/images/myprofile.html, here
http:// is protocol
www. Is host name
Google.com is domain name
Images is path
places.html is webpage name