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History Class 7

The document discusses various historical aspects of tribes, nomads, and settled communities, including the roles of nomadic pastoralists, the administration of the Ahoms, and the emergence of jatis within varna-based society. It also covers the beliefs and practices of religious groups such as the Nathpanthis, Sufis, and teachings of figures like Kabir and Guru Nanak. Additionally, it highlights regional cultural developments, political formations in the eighteenth century, and the efforts of rulers to maintain power and influence.

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15 views4 pages

History Class 7

The document discusses various historical aspects of tribes, nomads, and settled communities, including the roles of nomadic pastoralists, the administration of the Ahoms, and the emergence of jatis within varna-based society. It also covers the beliefs and practices of religious groups such as the Nathpanthis, Sufis, and teachings of figures like Kabir and Guru Nanak. Additionally, it highlights regional cultural developments, political formations in the eighteenth century, and the efforts of rulers to maintain power and influence.

Uploaded by

bdebasish539
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY

Tribes, Nomads And Settled Communities


Answer of the questions:-

4. Nomadic pastoralists moved over long distances with their animals


and lived on milk and other pastoral products. They exchanged wool,
ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and
other products.

5. Administration of Ahoms-

• The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. The forced workers
were called paiks.
• A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send a
number of paiks by rotation.
• By the first half of the seventeenth century, the administration
became quite centralised.

6. The following changes took place in varna-based society:

• Smaller castes or jatis emerged within varnas.


• Jatis rather than varna became the basis for organising society.
• Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful.
• On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were taken into
caste-based society and given the status of jatis.

7. Tribal societies underwent the following transformations after


becoming structured into states:-

• With the help of the Brahmanas, they assimilated into the caste
system.
• Equal society gradually got divided into unequal social classes.
• The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognised as Rajputs.
• They established extensive states with well-organised systems of
administration and became politically powerful.

8. The Banjaras were very important for the economy. They were trader-
nomads and controlled trade and commerce. They played an important
role in transporting grain to the city markets. They usually bought
grain where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it
was dearer. From there, they again reloaded their oxen with anything
that could be profitably sold in other places.

9. The history of the Gonds was different from that of the Ahoms in
the following ways:

• Gonds lived in Gondwana while Ahoms lived in Brahmaputra valley.


• Gond kingdoms were large, Ahom kingdom was small.
• Gond kingdoms were divided into garhs, Ahoms built a large
state.
Devotional Paths To The Divine

Answer of the questions

3. Beliefs and Practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis

• Criticism of ritual and other aspects of conventional religion.


• Renunciation of the world.
• Path of salvation in meditation on the formless.
• Ultimate reality and realisation of oneness.

4. Major ideas expressed by Kabir and his way of expressing them:

• Rejection of orthodox religion and religious traditions.


• Religion was is accessible to all.
• No caste system.
• Belief in formless God.
• Bhakti and devotion is the only path of salvation.

5. The major beliefs and practices of the Sufis were-

• The Sufis believed in oneness with God.


• They did not worship idols and believed in only one God.
• They believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world
in a different way.
• They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr,
contemplation etc.

6. Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices


because such beliefs advocated social differences, where the lower
castes were oppressed by the upper castes. They believed in the power
of personal devotion and felt attracted by the idea of a Supreme God,
which believed that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or
devotion.

7. Following were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak:

• He emphasized the importance of worshipping just one God.

• Irrelevance of caste, creed, and gender for attaining


liberation.

• The pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social


commitment.
• He offered the mantra nam, dan, and isnan, which signified
correct worship, others' benefit, and moral purity.
The Making of Regional Cultures
Answer of the questions

2. Manipravalam means “diamonds and corals” referring to the two


languages, Sanskrit and the regional language. A book written in
Manipravalam is Lilatilakam, which deals with grammar and poetics.

3. The Mughal emperors and the Nawabs of Lucknow, particularly Wajid


Ali Shah, were important patrons of Kathak.

4. Architectural features of the temples of Bengal:

• The double-roof and four-roof were major architectural elements


of Bengali temples.
• The majority of temples were constructed on a square platform
• Outer walls decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or
terracotta tablets.
• Such embellishments achieved a high level of perfection in
several temples, notably in Vishnupur in West Bengal.

5. Poems and melodies about Rajput warriors were written down and
performed by particularly trained minstrels. These poems and songs
were written to commemorate heroes and to encourage others to follow
in their footsteps. These stories, which typically showed dramatic
events and a spectrum of powerful emotions like loyalty, friendship,
love, valour, and rage, were very appealing to ordinary people.

6. Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as


minstrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions,
historical worth, a donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people
did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds.
Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than
about those of ordinary people.

7. Conquerors sought possession of the Jagannatha temple at Puri


because it would make their rule respectable to the local people
because the temple was significant as a pilgrimage site and the temple
was also a center of power in social and political affairs.

8. Temples were built in Bengal because of the following reasons:

• Increase in religious faith.


• Powerful people wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim
their diety.
• New economic opportunities to people also helped in temple
setting up.
• Support of Brahmanas to get idols placed in temples from huts.
Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Answer of the questions

4. Sa’adat Khan held the offices of Subadari, diwani and faujdari. In


other words, he was responsible for managing the political, financial
and military affairs of the province of Awadh.

5. The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal attempted to abolish the Jagirdari


system in order to reduce cheating and Mughal influence in their own
kingdoms. The Nawabs lowered the extent of Jagirs and recruited loyal
subordinates to execute the tasks because the Mughal Jagirdars were
corrupt. They audited the Jagirdar's books, and officials designated
by the Nawab's court appraised the districts' revenues.

6. The Sikhs formed themselves into a variety of bands called jathas,


and later misls, in the eighteenth century.The vast army was the name
given to their combined forces (dal khalsa).Guru Gobind Singh invented
the khalsa, which assisted Sikhs in defeating Mughal rulers and then
Ahmad Shah Abdali, who had captured the Mughals' opulent Punjab
province and the Sarkar of Sirhind.

7. The Marathas desired to extend beyond the Deccan in order to gain


control over trade and agriculture. They had developed a sophisticated
and efficient administrative system, allowing them to consider pushing
beyond the Deccan in search of greater power and resources.

8. After being the actual ruler of the Deccan, Asaf Jah began to adopt
some policies in order to strengthen his position :

• He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern


India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south.
• He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
• He ruled independently without Mughal interference. The Mughal
emperor merely confirmed the decisions already taken by Asaf
Jah.
• He consolidated power by taking advantage of the Deccan's
turmoil and competition among the court nobility.

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