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Solving Polynomial Equations

This lesson focuses on solving polynomial equations using the Rational Root Theorem and the Factor Theorem. It explains how to identify possible rational roots, verify them, and apply synthetic division to find solutions. Additionally, it covers real-world applications and provides practice problems for learners.

Uploaded by

tinklytoes555
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Solving Polynomial Equations

This lesson focuses on solving polynomial equations using the Rational Root Theorem and the Factor Theorem. It explains how to identify possible rational roots, verify them, and apply synthetic division to find solutions. Additionally, it covers real-world applications and provides practice problems for learners.

Uploaded by

tinklytoes555
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quarter 2 Lesson 4

Solving Polynomial
Equations
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to


do the following:
● Apply the Rational Root Theorem and the Factor
Theorem.
● Solve polynomial equations.
● Solve real-world problems involving solving
polynomial equations
Learn about It!

Rational Root Theorem

Let 𝑃(𝑥) be a polynomial function whose leading term is 𝑎! 𝑥 !


and whose constant term is 𝑎" , where 𝑎! and 𝑎" are nonzero
#
integers. If the rational number is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) such that the
$
GCF of 𝑝 and 𝑞 is 1, then 𝑝 is a factor of 𝑎" and 𝑞 is a factor of
𝑎! .
Learn about It!

Rational Root Theorem

Note that if a number 𝑘 is a solution of 𝑃 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑘 is


called a root of the equation. Additionally, if a number 𝑘
makes a polynomial function 𝑃 𝑥 zero when it is substituted
to 𝑥, then 𝑛 is called a zero of the function.
Learn about It!

Rational Root Theorem

Example:
Consider the polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6. To determine
#
its possible roots, solve for .
$

𝑝: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6


𝑞: ±1
Learn about It!

Rational Root Theorem

Example:
Consider the polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6. To determine
#
its possible roots, solve for .
$

𝑝
: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
𝑞
Learn about It!

Factor Theorem

If 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial function and 𝑘 is a real number, then


𝑥 − 𝑘 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥) if and only if 𝑃 𝑘 = 0.
Learn about It!

Factor Theorem

Example:
Consider the polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6. Let us check
if 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑃 𝑥 by checking if 𝑃 −1 = 0.

𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6
𝑃 −1 = −1 % − 4 −1 & + −1 + 6
𝑃 −1 = −1 − 4 − 1 + 6
𝑃 −1 =0
Learn about It!

Factor Theorem

Example:
Since 𝑃 −1 = 0, it follows that 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6.
Learn about It!

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

A polynomial function 𝑃(𝑥) of degree 𝑛 has exactly 𝑛 zeros. It


follows that 𝑃(𝑥) has at most 𝑛 rational zeros. This theorem
helps us check whether we have the correct number of zeros
given the degree of a polynomial function.
Learn about It!

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Example:
The polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6 has a degree of 3.
Thus, 𝑃 𝑥 has at most three rational zeros.
Learn about It!

Solutions of a Polynomial Equation

The solutions of a polynomial equation are the value(s) of 𝑥


that will make the equation true.

Example:
The solutions of 𝑥 % − 4𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 6 = 0 are −1, 2, and 3.
Learn about It!

Solutions of a Polynomial Equation

1. Write the equation in general form.


2. Use the Rational Root Theorem to find the possible roots
of the given equation.
3. Test any of these values for a zero by substituting this to
the value of 𝑥 in the given equation.
Learn about It!

Solutions of a Polynomial Equation

a. If 𝑘 is a root, then 𝑥 − 𝑘 is a factor of the given polynomial.


The polynomial can then be divided by the binomial 𝑥 − 𝑘
to obtain the depressed polynomial by synthetic division.
Learn about It!

Solutions of a Polynomial Equation

b. If the depressed polynomial is still of a higher degree which


cannot be factored easily yet, get another possible root.
Use the same method as above but this time, divide the
depressed polynomial by the formed factor for an easier
computation.
Learn about It!

Solutions of a Polynomial Equation

c. If the depressed polynomial has a degree of 2, try factoring


the polynomial using the different factoring techniques. If
the polynomial is not factorable, use the quadratic formula.

4. Apply the Zero Product Property.


Let’s
Try it!Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution:
1. Write the equation in general form. This step is important
so that we have the correct values of 𝑎" and 𝑎! . This is
already the case in the given equation, so proceed to the
next step.
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution:
2. Determine the values of 𝑎" and 𝑎! .

In this case, 𝑎" = −18 and 𝑎! = 1.


Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution:
3. List the factors of 𝑎" and 𝑎! to obtain the possible values of
𝑝 and 𝑞, respectively. Be sure to consider both positive and
negative values.

𝑝: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18


𝑞: ±1
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution:
#
4. List the possible values of by forming all possible
$
combinations of the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. Again, consider both
positive and negative values. Duplicates can be eliminated.

𝑝
: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18
𝑞
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: What are the possible rational roots of the


polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0?
Solution:
Therefore, by the Rational Root Theorem, the possible
rational roots of the polynomial equation 𝑥 % + 2𝑥 & − 9𝑥 − 18 =
0 are ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑, ±𝟔, ±𝟗, ±𝟏𝟖.
Let’s
Try it!Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
1. Write the equation in general form.

𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12 = 0
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
2. Use the Rational Root Theorem to determine the possible
roots of the given equation.

#
To list the possible values of , form all the possible
$
combinations of the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. These values can be
obtained from the factors of 𝑎" and 𝑎! , respectively.
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
𝑝: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12
𝑞: ±1

𝑝
: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12
𝑞
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
3. Test any of these values for a zero.

Check if −1 is a root of the equation.


Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12
𝑓 −1 = −1 % − 3 −1 & − 16 −1 − 12
= −1 − 3 1 + 16 − 12
= −1 − 3 + 16 − 12
= −4 + 16 − 12
= 12 − 12
=0
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
Since −1 is a root, 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 &
− 16𝑥 − 12. Divide 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12 by 𝑥 + 1 to find the
depressed polynomial.
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:

−1 1 −3 −16 −12
−1 4 12
1 −4 −12 0
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
The quotient is 𝑥 & − 4𝑥 − 12. The factors of this polynomial are
(𝑥 − 6) and (𝑥 + 2). Thus, 𝑥 & − 4𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2).
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
4. Apply the Zero Product Property.

𝑥 & − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥−6 𝑥+2 =0
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
4. Apply the Zero Product Property.

𝑥−6=0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥=6 𝑥 = −2
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12.
Solution:
4. Apply the Zero Product Property.

Therefore, the solutions of the equation 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 & − 16𝑥 − 12


= 0 are −𝟏, 𝟔, and −𝟐.
Try It!

Individual Practice:
1.List all the possible rational zeros of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 % − 7𝑥 &
+ 3𝑥 + 2.

2.Find the rational roots of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 % + 5𝑥 &


− 4𝑥 − 20.
Try It!

Group Practice: This will be done in groups of two to five

The volume of a rectangular solid is 18 cubic feet. The


width is 2 feet less than its height. The length is 3 feet
more than its height. Find the dimensions of the solid.
Key Points

• Let 𝑃(𝑥) be a polynomial function whose leading term is


𝑎! 𝑥 ! and whose constant term is 𝑎" , where 𝑎! and 𝑎" are
nonzero integers. The Rational Root Theorem states that
#
if the rational number $
is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) such that the GCF
of 𝑝 and 𝑞 is 1, then 𝑝 is a factor of 𝑎" and 𝑞 is a factor of
𝑎! .
Key Points

• The Factor Theorem states that if 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial


function and 𝑘 is a real number, then 𝑥 − 𝑘 is a factor of
𝑃(𝑥) if and only if 𝑃 𝑘 = 0.

• The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that a


polynomial function 𝑃 𝑥 of degree 𝑛 has exactly 𝑛
complex zeros.
Key Points

• The solutions of a polynomial equation are the value(s)


of 𝑥 that will make the equation true.

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