Scribd
Upload
2 views

1-4 Solution Preparation Procedure

This document outlines the principles and procedures for preparing various types of chemical solutions, including molar, normal, and percentage solutions. It provides definitions, calculations, and examples for accurate solution preparation, emphasizing the importance of using correct weights and adjusting for hydrated or anhydrous forms. Additionally, it includes notes on best practices for achieving accurate results and references for further reading.

Uploaded by

azirakam145
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

1-4 Solution Preparation Procedure

This document outlines the principles and procedures for preparing various types of chemical solutions, including molar, normal, and percentage solutions. It provides definitions, calculations, and examples for accurate solution preparation, emphasizing the importance of using correct weights and adjusting for hydrated or anhydrous forms. Additionally, it includes notes on best practices for achieving accurate results and references for further reading.

Uploaded by

azirakam145
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

METHOD 1-4.

SOLUTION PREPARATION PROCEDURE

Principle The basic definitions, calculations, and instructions given below serve as a review of simple
principles necessary for solution preparation.

1. Mole, gram-molecular weight: Weight, expressed in grams equal to the atomic or


molecular weight of the substance.
2. Molar solution: A one molar (1 M) solution contains one mole of solute in a liter of
solvent. The solvent is assumed to be distilled or deionized water unless otherwise
indicated.
3. Gram-equivalent weight: Weight, in grams, of a substance that will produce or react with
1 mole of hydrogen ion.
4. Normal solution: A one normal (1 N) solution contains one gram-equivalent weight of
solute in a liter of solution.
5. Percentage solutions: The percentage designation of a solution gives the weight or
volume of solute present in 100 units of total solution. Percentage can be expressed as
follows:
a. Weight/weight (w/w), indicating grams of solute in 100 g of solution.
b. Volume/volume (v/v), indicating milliliters of solute present in 100 mL of solution.
c. Weight/volume (w/v), indicating grams of solute in 100 mL of solution. Unless
otherwise specified, a solution expressed in percentage can be assumed to be w/v.
6. Water of crystallization, water of hydration: Molecules of water that form an integral part
of the crystalline structure of a substance. A given substance may have several crystalline
forms, with different numbers of water molecules intrinsic to the entire molecule. The
weight of this water must be included in calculating molecular weight of the hydrated
substance.
7. Anhydrous: The salt form of a substance with no water of crystallization.
8. Atomic weights (rounded to whole numbers): H, 1; O, 16; Na, 23; P, 31; S, 32; Cl, 35; K,
39.
9. Molecular weights:
HCl: 1 + 35=36; NaCl: 23+35 = 58
KCl: 39 + 35 = 74
H2O: (2 × 1) + 16 = 18
NaH2PO4: 23 + (2 × 1) + 31 + (4 × 16) = 120
NaH2PO4 • H2O: 23 + (2 × 1) + 31 + (4 × 16) + (2 × 1) + 16 = 138
KH2PO4: 39 + (2 × 1) + 31 + (4 × 16) = 136
H2SO4: (2 × 1) + 32 + (4 × 16) = 98

Examples 1. Molar solution:

1 M KH2PO4 = 136 g of solute made up to 1 L.


0.15 M KH2PO4 = (136 × 0.15) = 20.4 g of solute made up to 1 L.
0.5 M NaH2PO4= (120 × 0.5) = 60g of solute made up to 1 L.

2. Molar solution with hydrated salt:

0.5 M NaH2PO4 • H2O = (138 × 0.5) = 69 g of the monohydrate crystals made up to


1 L.

Copyright © 2017 by the AABB. All rights reserved. 1 of 3


3. Normal solutions:

1 N HCl = 36 g of solute made up to 1 L. One mole HCl dissociates into one mole
H+, so gram-equivalent weight and gram-molecular weight are the same.

12 N HCl = (36 × 12) = 432 g of solute made up to 1 L.

1 N H2SO4= (98 ÷ 2) = 49 g of solute made up to 1 L. One mole H2SO4 dissociates


to give two moles of H+, so the gram-equivalent weight is half the gram-molecular
weight.

4. Percentage solution:

0.9% NaCl (w/v) = 0.9 g of solute made up to 100 mL of solution.

Notes 1. Accurate results require accurate preparation of reagents. It is important to carefully read
and follow all instructions and labels.
2. Weigh only quantities appropriate for the accuracy of the equipment. The operator’s
manual should give these specifications.
3. Prepare the largest volume that is practical. There is greater accuracy in measuring larger
volumes than smaller volumes. If a reagent balance is accurate to ± 0.01 g, the potential
error in weighing 0.05 g (50 mg) will be 20%, whereas the potential error in weighing
0.25 g (250 mg) will be only 4%. If the solution retains its activity when stored
appropriately, it is usually preferable to prepare a large volume. If the solution
deteriorates rapidly, smaller volumes may be preferred to reduce waste.
4. Note whether a substance is in the hydrated or anhydrous form. If the instructions give
solute weight for one form, and the available reagent is in another form, be sure to adjust
the measurements appropriately. For example, if instructions for 0.5 M NaH2PO4 call for
60 g, and the reagent is NaH2PO4 • H2O, find the ratio between the weights of the two
forms. The molecular weight of NaH2PO4 • H2O is 138, and the molecular weight of
NaH2PO4 is 120. Therefore, the ratio is 138 ÷ 120 = 1.15. Multiply the designated weight
by the ratio (60 g × 1.15 = 69 g) to obtain the final weight needed.
5. Dissolve the solute completely before making the solution to the final volume. This is
especially important for substances, such as phosphates, that dissolve slowly. For
example, to make 500 mL of 0.15 M KH2PO4:
a. Weigh 10.2 g of solute in a weighing boat or glass [(0.15 × 136) ÷ 2] because only
500 mL will be made.
b. Place 350 mL of water in a 500-mL volumetric flask on a magnetic stirrer. Add the
stirring bar and adjust it to a slow, steady stirring speed.
c. Add 10.2 g of salt, then rinse the boat with several aliquots of water until no salt
remains. Numerous small-volume rinses remove adherent material more effectively
than a few larger volumes. Add the rinse water to the material in the flask and stir
until the salt has completely dissolved.
d. If pH measurement is unnecessary, add water to the 500-mL mark, adjusting the
volume for the stirring bar, and mix thoroughly. For solutions needing pH
adjustment, see the next step.

Copyright © 2017 by the AABB. All rights reserved. 2 of 3


6. Adjust the pH of the solution before bringing it to its final volume so that the addition of
water (or other solvent) does not markedly change the molarity. For example, to bring
500 mL of 0.1 M glycine to a pH of 3:
a. Add 3.75 g of glycine (H2NCH2COOH: molecular weight, 75) to 400-475 mL of
water in a beaker. Dissolve completely, using a magnetic stirrer.
b. Add a few drops of concentrated (12 N) HCl and measure pH after acid is
thoroughly mixed. Continue adding HCl until pH is 3.0.
c. Transfer the solution to a 500-mL volumetric flask. Rinse beaker and stirring bar
with aliquots of water, adding the rinse water to the flask. Use the rinses to
contribute to the total 500-mL volume.
d. Measure the pH of the solution at final volume.

References 1. Remson ST, Ackerman PG. Calculations for the medical laboratory. Boston, MA:
Little, Brown & Co., 1977.
2. McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry’s clinical diagnosis and management by
laboratory methods. 23rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2016.

Copyright © 2017 by the AABB. All rights reserved. 3 of 3

You might also like