PET 2004

FUNDAMENTALS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR

ENGINEERING
Article review writing:
“PERMEABILITY”
Submission of e-resource Review Report along with a Screenshot
of the Student visiting the e-resource

By
IBRAHIM NAWAZ.M
ID No.: 20211PET0017
Semester: 4th

To
Dr. Kalpajit Hazarika
Assistant Professor
Department of Petroleum Engineering

Announcement Date: 28th February 2023

Last Date for Assignment Submission: 25th March 2023
Assignment 1:
Submission of e-resource Review Report along with a Screenshot of the Student visiting the e-
resource

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 1 of 10
Process Guidelines:
Step 1: Type your Name and Roll No. in the shared template wherever applicable without fail as it carries
marks.
NOTE: In the template, RED colour is used intentionally. You need to edit the text wherever written with RED
colour and need to replace the RED colour with BLACK colour after editing.

Step 2: Sign into the Presidency University e-resource Remote Access (KNIMBUS) portal through the
shared link: https://presiuniv.knimbus.com/user#/home
NOTE: (1) Log-in credentials are shared by the ERP Team. Please check your official e-mail Inbox.
(2) Copy of the User Manual for KNIMBUS is shared by the Instructor In-charge already.

Step 3: Take a screenshot after Signing In to the KNIMBUS portal and paste the same screenshot inside the
box shared below.
NOTE: (1) You need to replace the reference screenshot shared in the box below with your own screenshot(s).
(2) You can Sign In to the KNIMBUS portal maximum 5 times for completing your assignment and
therefore, you need to share all the Sign In screenshots in the box shared below.
(3) Your Profile (Basic Details), Date, and Time should be clearly visible on your screenshot(s).
(3) You need to spend a minimum time duration of 2 hours in the KNIMBUS portal for completing
your assignment.
(4) Your visit to the KNIMBUS portal will be verified based on the screenshot shared by you.
Sign In Details:

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 2 of 10
Step 4: Complete your Assignment as per the instructions shared after the “Process Guidelines”.
Step 5: Take a screenshot before Signing Out from the KNIMBUS portal and paste the same screenshot
inside the box shared below.
NOTE: (1) You need to replace the reference screenshot shared in the box below with your own screenshot(s).
(2) You can Sign Out from the KNIMBUS portal maximum 5 times for completing your assignment and
therefore, you need to share all the Sign Out screenshots in the box shared below.
(3) Your Profile (Basic Details), Date, and Time should be clearly visible on your screenshot(s).
(3) You need to spend a minimum time duration of 2 hours in the KNIMBUS portal for completing
your assignment.
(4) Your visit to the KNIMBUS portal will be verified based on the screenshot shared by you.

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 3 of 10
 Sign Out Details:

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 4 of 10
Step 6: If you have Signed In / Signed Out multiple times, then it is mandatory to fill the table below.
NOTE: Your visit to the KNIMBUS portal will be verified based on the screenshot(s) and information shared by
you.
Sl. No. Sign In Time Sign out Time Date and Duration Spent
1 6:00 pm 8:00 pm 2 HOURS

Click on ECatalog and visit Petroleum, Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2022.

Search topic entitled “A study on mechanical properties of equal wall thickness rubber bushing of positive
displacement motor based on hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber aging test”
Reference link:
[https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2405656121000407?
token=BD334B8A4A027696BEC301F15AE3B30BCE3F23799516240DF928D7C315F73724301D89951693
69F4436B1DF26938CA99&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20230228054318]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960897422000018

(a) Write / Type the summary of the articles in your own words. DO NOT COPY your answer directly from the
Paper or from your peers. Marks will be allotted after Plagiarism Check.

Permeability is a critical property of rocks that describes the ability

of fluids such as water, oil, and gas to flow through the rock. It is an
essential parameter in various geological processes, including
groundwater flow, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and geotechnical
engineering.
Rocks are composed of minerals and have varying porosity, or void
space, which can range from less than 1% in dense rocks such as
granite to over 50% in highly porous rocks such as sandstones.
Porosity alone, however, does not determine the permeability of a
rock. The permeability of a rock is influenced by factors such as the
shape and size of the void spaces, the distribution of the void spaces,
and the degree of interconnection between the void spaces.
The permeability of a rock is usually expressed in units of darcies (D),
which is a measure of flow rate. One darcy is equal to the flow of one
cubic centimeter of fluid per second through a one-centimeter-thick
and one-square-centimeter area of rock, under a pressure gradient of
one atmosphere per centimeter. In practice, permeability values can
range from less than 0.1 nanodarcies for low-permeability rocks to
several darcies for highly permeable rocks.

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 5 of 10
 The permeability of rocks is a critical parameter in groundwater
flow. Groundwater occurs in aquifers, which are porous and
permeable rocks that can store and transmit water. The permeability
of an aquifer determines the rate at which water can flow through it.
Highly permeable aquifers can transmit water over long distances,
while low-permeability aquifers restrict water movement.
Groundwater modeling requires knowledge of the permeability of the
subsurface materials to make accurate predictions about water
movement. Permeability measurements are made in the laboratory
using samples of rock or soil taken from the subsurface. One common
method is the falling head method, where water is allowed to flow
through a sample under a constant head, and the flow rate is
measured. Another method is the constant head method, where water
is allowed to flow through a sample with a constant pressure gradient,
and the flow rate is measured. Both methods provide an estimate of
the permeability of the rock or soil sample.
The permeability of rocks is also critical in the exploration and
production of hydrocarbons such as oil and gas. Hydrocarbons are
stored in the pore spaces of rocks, and the permeability of these rocks
controls the flow of hydrocarbons from the reservoir to the wellbore.
High-permeability rocks are desirable as they allow hydrocarbons to
flow freely and are more easily produced. Conversely, low-
permeability rocks restrict hydrocarbon flow and can lead to poor
production rates.
The permeability of rocks is an important consideration in the
assessment of unconventional hydrocarbon resources such as shale
gas and tight oil. These resources require hydraulic fracturing, or
fracking, to release the hydrocarbons. Fracking involves injecting
fluids into the rock at high pressure to create fractures and increase
the permeability of the rock. The permeability created by fracking
determines the effectiveness of the process in extracting
hydrocarbons.
The permeability of rocks is also important in geotechnical
engineering, where it plays a critical role in the stability of soil and
rock slopes. Slope stability analysis requires knowledge of the
permeability of the subsurface material to estimate seepage forces
and pore-water pressure. A high-permeability material is more

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 6 of 10
 susceptible to seepage, which can cause the soil or rock to become
unstable. A low-permeability material can prevent the dissipation of
pore pressure, leading to pore pressure buildup and slope failure.
In conclusion, permeability is a critical property of rocks that
describes the ability of fluids such as water, oil, and gas to flow

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 7 of 10
 Reference:

Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention

(Science direct)
Exchange of Fluid and Solutes Across Microvascular Walls
(Science direct)
Spinal Cord Injury
(Science direct)

(b) Visit https://www.plagiarismchecker.co/ for Plagiarism Check. Your answer will be rejected if it is found more
than 40% plagiarised. Copy the Answer of (a) written/typed by you and paste the same within the “Plagiarism
Checker” box. Then, select “I’m not a robot” and click on “Check Plagiarism”. Then take a screenshot of
“Result” and paste the same within the box created for the Answer to (b). Plagiarism Check Report should look
like the screenshot shared below:
Paste the Plagiarism Check Report below.

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 8 of 10
 Student Name and Digital Signature:
IBRAHIM NAWAZ.M Date of Submission:
25/03/2023

Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M

Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 9 of 10
Student Name: IBRAHIM NAWAZ .M
Roll No.: 20211PET0017
Page 10 of 10