Java Deep Learning Essentials 1st Edition

Sugomori Yusuke pdf download

https://textbookfull.com/product/java-deep-learning-
essentials-1st-edition-sugomori-yusuke/

Download more ebook from https://textbookfull.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

R Deep Learning Essentials 1st Edition Wiley

https://textbookfull.com/product/r-deep-learning-essentials-1st-
edition-wiley/

Programming PyTorch for Deep Learning Creating and

Deploying Deep Learning Applications 1st Edition Ian
Pointer

https://textbookfull.com/product/programming-pytorch-for-deep-
learning-creating-and-deploying-deep-learning-applications-1st-
edition-ian-pointer/

Deep Learning Pipeline: Building a Deep Learning Model

with TensorFlow 1st Edition Hisham El-Amir

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-pipeline-building-
a-deep-learning-model-with-tensorflow-1st-edition-hisham-el-amir/

Deep Learning on Windows Building Deep Learning

Computer Vision Systems on Microsoft Windows 1st
Edition Thimira Amaratunga

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-on-windows-
building-deep-learning-computer-vision-systems-on-microsoft-
windows-1st-edition-thimira-amaratunga/
Deep Learning with Python 1st Edition François Chollet

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-with-python-1st-
edition-francois-chollet/

Deep Learning in Biometrics 1st Edition Mayank Vatsa

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-in-biometrics-1st-
edition-mayank-vatsa/

Deep Learning with R 1st Edition François Chollet

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-with-r-1st-
edition-francois-chollet/

Deep Learning With Pytorch 1st Edition Eli Stevens

https://textbookfull.com/product/deep-learning-with-pytorch-1st-
edition-eli-stevens/

Learning Java Through Games 1st Edition Stanchev

Lubomir

https://textbookfull.com/product/learning-java-through-games-1st-
edition-stanchev-lubomir/
[1]
Java Deep Learning Essentials

Dive into the future of data science and learn how to

build the sophisticated algorithms that are fundamental
to deep learning and AI with Java

Yusuke Sugomori

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Java Deep Learning Essentials

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: May 2016

Production reference: 1250516

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78528-219-5

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Yusuke Sugomori Izzat Contractor

Reviewers Proofreader
Wei Di Safis Editing
Vikram Kalabi
Indexer
Commissioning Editor Mariammal Chettiyar
Kartikey Pandey
Graphics
Acquisition Editor Abhinash Sahu
Manish Nainani
Production Coordinator
Content Development Editor Arvindkumar Gupta
Rohit Singh
Cover Work
Technical Editor Arvindkumar Gupta
Vivek Arora

Copy Editor
Ameesha Smith Green
 About the Author

Yusuke Sugomori is a creative technologist with a background in information

engineering. When he was a graduate school student, he cofounded Gunosy with his
colleagues, which uses machine learning and web-based data mining to determine
individual users' respective interests and provides an optimized selection of daily
news items based on those interests. This algorithm-based app has gained a lot of
attention since its release and now has more than 10 million users. The company has
been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange since April 28, 2015.

In 2013, Sugomori joined Dentsu, the largest advertising company in Japan based on
nonconsolidated gross profit in 2014, where he carried out a wide variety of digital
advertising, smartphone app development, and big data analysis. He was also
featured as one of eight "new generation" creators by the Japanese magazine Web
Designing.

In April 2016, he joined a medical start-up as cofounder and CTO.

 About the Reviewers

Wei Di is a data scientist. She is passionate about creating smart and scalable
analytics and data mining solutions that can impact millions of individuals and
empower successful businesses.

Her interests also cover wide areas including artificial intelligence, machine learning,
and computer vision. She was previously associated with the eBay Human Language
Technology team and eBay Research Labs, with a focus on image understanding for
large scale applications and joint learning from both visual and text information.
Prior to that, she was with Ancestry.com working on large-scale data mining and
machine learning models in the areas of record linkage, search relevance, and
ranking. She received her PhD from Purdue University in 2011 with focuses on data
mining and image classification.

Vikram Kalabi is a data scientist. He is working on a Cognitive System that

can enable smart plant breeding. His work is primarily in predictive analytics and
mathematical optimization. He has also worked on large scale data-driven decision
making systems with a focus on recommender systems. He is excited about data
science that can help improve farmer's life and help reduce food scarcity in the
world. He is a certified data scientist from John Hopkins University.
 www.PacktPub.com

eBooks, discount offers, and more

Did you know that Packt offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF
and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.PacktPub.com
and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy. Get in
touch with us at [email protected] for more details.

At www.PacktPub.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign
up for a range of free newsletters and receive exclusive discounts and offers on Packt
books and eBooks.
TM

https://www2.packtpub.com/books/subscription/packtlib

Do you need instant solutions to your IT questions? PacktLib is Packt's online digital
book library. Here, you can search, access, and read Packt's entire library of books.

Why subscribe?
• Fully searchable across every book published by Packt
• Copy and paste, print, and bookmark content
• On demand and accessible via a web browser
 Table of Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1: Deep Learning Overview 1
Transition of AI 2
Definition of AI 2
AI booms in the past 3
Machine learning evolves 8
What even machine learning cannot do 11
Things dividing a machine and human 13
AI and deep learning 14
Summary 22
Chapter 2: Algorithms for Machine Learning – Preparing for
Deep Learning 23
Getting started 23
The need for training in machine learning 24
Supervised and unsupervised learning 27
Support Vector Machine (SVM) 28
Hidden Markov Model (HMM) 31
Neural networks 32
Logistic regression 33
Reinforcement learning 33
Machine learning application flow 34
Theories and algorithms of neural networks 40
Perceptrons (single-layer neural networks) 40
Logistic regression 48
Multi-class logistic regression 51
Multi-layer perceptrons (multi-layer neural networks) 57
Summary 66

[i]
Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Deep Belief Nets and Stacked

Denoising Autoencoders 67
Neural networks fall 67
Neural networks' revenge 68
Deep learning's evolution – what was the breakthrough? 69
Deep learning with pre-training 70
Deep learning algorithms 76
Restricted Boltzmann machines 76
Deep Belief Nets (DBNs) 90
Denoising Autoencoders 96
Stacked Denoising Autoencoders (SDA) 103
Summary 105
Chapter 4: Dropout and Convolutional Neural Networks 107
Deep learning algorithms without pre-training 107
Dropout 108
Convolutional neural networks 120
Convolution 122
Pooling 125
Equations and implementations 126
Summary 142
Chapter 5: Exploring Java Deep Learning Libraries – DL4J,
ND4J, and More 143
Implementing from scratch versus a library/framework 144
Introducing DL4J and ND4J 146
Implementations with ND4J 148
Implementations with DL4J 154
Setup 154
Build 157
DBNIrisExample.java 157
CSVExample.java 163
CNNMnistExample.java/LenetMnistExample.java 166
Learning rate optimization 172
Summary 175
Chapter 6: Approaches to Practical Applications – Recurrent
Neural Networks and More 177
Fields where deep learning is active 178
Image recognition 178
Natural language processing 180
Feed-forward neural networks for NLP 180
Deep learning for NLP 186

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

The difficulties of deep learning 196

The approaches to maximizing deep learning
possibilities and abilities 198
Field-oriented approach 199
Medicine 199
Automobiles 200
Advert technologies 201
Profession or practice 201
Sports 202
Breakdown-oriented approach 202
Output-oriented approach 205
Summary 206
Chapter 7: Other Important Deep Learning Libraries 207
Theano 207
TensorFlow 212
Caffe 217
Summary 220
Chapter 8: What's Next? 221
Breaking news about deep learning 221
Expected next actions 224
Useful news sources for deep learning 229
Summary 232
Index 233

[ iii ]
 Preface
With an increasing interest in AI around the world, deep learning has attracted a
great deal of public attention. Every day, deep learning algorithms are used across
different industries. Deep learning has provided a revolutionary step to actualize
AI. While it is a revolutionary technique, deep learning is often thought to be
complicated, and so it is often kept from much being known of its contents. Theories
and concepts based on deep learning are not complex or difficult. In this book,
we'll take a step-by-step approach to learn theories and equations for the correct
understanding of deep learning. You will find implementations from scratch, with
detailed explanations of the cautionary notes for practical use cases.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Deep Learning Overview, explores how deep learning has evolved.

Chapter 2, Algorithms for Machine Learning - Preparing for Deep Learning, implements
machine learning algorithms related to deep learning.

Chapter 3, Deep Belief Nets and Stacked Denoising Autoencoders, dives into Deep Belief
Nets and Stacked Denoising Autoencoders algorithms.

Chapter 4, Dropout and Convolutional Neural Networks, discovers more deep learning
algorithms with Dropout and Convolutional Neural Networks.

Chapter 5, Exploring Java Deep Learning Libraries – DL4J, ND4J, and More, gains an
insight into the deep learning library, DL4J, and its practical uses.

Chapter 6, Approaches to Practical Applications – Recurrent Neural Networks and More, lets
you devise strategies to use deep learning algorithms and libraries in the real world.

[v]
Preface

Chapter 7, Other Important Deep Learning Libraries, explores deep learning further with
Theano, TensorFlow, and Caffe.

Chapter 8, What's Next?, explores recent deep learning movements and events, and
looks into useful deep learning resources.

What you need for this book

We'll implement deep learning algorithms using Lambda Expressions, hence Java 8
or above is required. Also, we'll use the Java library DeepLearning4J 0.4 or above.

Who this book is for

This book is for Java developers who want to know about deep learning algorithms
and wish to implement them in applications.

Since this book covers the core concepts of and approaches to both machine learning
and deep learning, no previous experience in machine learning is required.

Also, we will implement deep learning algorithms with very simple codes, so
elementary Java developers will also find this book useful for developing both
their Java skills and deep learning skills.

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of
their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:
"Let's take a look at CNNMnistExample.java in the package of convolution."

A block of code is set as follows:

<dependency>
<groupId>org.nd4j</groupId>
<artifactId>nd4j-jcublas-7.0</artifactId>
<version>${nd4j.version}</version>
</dependency>

[ vi ]
 Preface

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

[[7.00,7.00]
[7.00,7.00]
[7.00,7.00]]

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the
screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "If you're
using IntelliJ, you can import the project from File | New | Project from existing
sources."

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about
this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps
us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail [email protected], and mention

the book's title in the subject of your message.

If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing
or contributing to a book, see our author guide at www.packtpub.com/authors.

Customer support
Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to
help you to get the most from your purchase.

[ vii ]
Preface

Downloading the example code

You can download the example code files for this book from your account at
http://www.packtpub.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit
http://www.packtpub.com/support and register to have the files e-mailed directly
to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

1. Log in or register to our website using your e-mail address and password.
2. Hover the mouse pointer on the SUPPORT tab at the top.
3. Click on Code Downloads & Errata.
4. Enter the name of the book in the Search box.
5. Select the book for which you're looking to download the code files.
6. Choose from the drop-down menu where you purchased this book from.
7. Click on Code Download.

You can also download the code files by clicking on the Code Files button on the
book's webpage at the Packt Publishing website. This page can be accessed by
entering the book's name in the Search box. Please note that you need to be logged in
to your Packt account.

Once the file is downloaded, please make sure that you unzip or extract the folder
using the latest version of:

• WinRAR / 7-Zip for Windows

• Zipeg / iZip / UnRarX for Mac
• 7-Zip / PeaZip for Linux

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/
PacktPublishing/Java-Deep-Learning-Essentials. We also have other code
bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.
com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

[ viii ]
 Preface

Errata
Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes
do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books—maybe a mistake in the text or
the code—we would be grateful if you could report this to us. By doing so, you can
save other readers from frustration and help us improve subsequent versions of this
book. If you find any errata, please report them by visiting http://www.packtpub.
com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the Errata Submission Form
link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your
submission will be accepted and the errata will be uploaded to our website or added
to any list of existing errata under the Errata section of that title.

To view the previously submitted errata, go to https://www.packtpub.com/books/

content/support and enter the name of the book in the search field. The required
information will appear under the Errata section.

Piracy
Piracy of copyrighted material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all
media. At Packt, we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously.
If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet, please
provide us with the location address or website name immediately so that we can
pursue a remedy.

Please contact us at [email protected] with a link to the suspected

pirated material.

We appreciate your help in protecting our authors and our ability to bring you
valuable content.

Questions
If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at
[email protected], and we will do our best to address the problem.

[ ix ]
 Deep Learning Overview
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a word that you might start to see more often these
days. AI has become a hot topic not only in academic society, but also in the field of
business. Large tech companies such as Google and Facebook have actively bought
AI-related start-ups. Mergers and acquisitions in these AI areas have been especially
active, with big money flowing into AI. The Japanese IT/mobile carrier company
Softbank released a robot called Pepper in June 2014, which understands human
feelings, and a year later they have started to sell Pepper to general consumers. This
is a good movement for the field of AI, without a doubt.

The idea of AI has been with us for decades. So, why has AI suddenly became a
hot field? One of the factors that has driven recent AI-related movements, and is
almost always used with the word AI, is deep learning. After deep learning made
a vivid debut and its technological capabilities began to grow exponentially, people
started to think that finally AI would become a reality. It sounds like deep learning is
definitely something we need to know. So, what exactly is it?

To answer the previous questions, in this chapter we'll look at why and how AI
has become popular by following its history and fields of studies. The topics covered
will be:

• The former approaches and techniques of AI

• An introduction to machine learning and a look at how it has evolved into
deep learning
• An introduction to deep learning and some recent use cases

If you already know what deep learning is or if you would like to find out about the
specific algorithm of the deep learning/implementation technique, you can skip this
chapter and jump directly to Chapter 2, Algorithms for Machine Learning – Preparing for
Deep Learning.

[1]
Deep Learning Overview

Although deep learning is an innovative technique, it is not actually that

complicated. It is rather surprisingly simple. Reading through this book, you
will see how brilliant it is. I sincerely hope that this book will contribute to your
understanding of deep learning and thus to your research and business.

Transition of AI
So, why is it now that deep learning is in the spotlight? You might raise this question,
especially if you are familiar with machine learning, because deep learning is not that
different to any other machine learning algorithm (don't worry if you don't know
this, as we'll go through it later in the book). In fact, we can say that deep learning is
the adaptation of neural networks, one of the algorithms of machine learning, which
mimics the structure of a human brain. However, what deep learning can achieve
is much more significant and different to any other machine learning algorithm,
including neural networks. If you see what processes and research deep learning has
gone through, you will have a better understanding of deep learning itself. So, let's go
through the transition of AI. You can just skim through this while sipping your coffee.

Definition of AI
All of a sudden, AI has become a hot topic in the world; however, as it turns out,
actual AI doesn't exist yet. Of course, research is making progress in creating actual
AI, but it will take more time to achieve it. Pleased or not, the human brain—which
could be called "intelligence"—is structured in an extremely complicated way and
you can't easily replicate it.

But wait a moment - we see many advertisements for products with the phrase by
AI or using AI all over them. Are they fraudulent? Actually, they are! Surprised?
You might see words like recommendation system by AI or products driven by AI, but
the word AI used here doesn't indicate the actual meaning of AI. Strictly speaking,
the word AI is used with a much broader meaning. The research into AI and the AI
techniques accumulated in the past have achieved only some parts of AI, but now
people are using the word AI for those parts too.

Let's look at a few examples. Roughly divided, there are three different categories
recognized as AI in general:

• Simple repetitive machine movements that a human programmed

beforehand. For example, high speed processing industrial robots
that only process the same set of work.
• Searching or guessing answers to a given assignment following rules set by
a human. For example, the iRobot Roomba can clean up along the shape of a
room as it can assume the shape of a room by bumping into obstacles.
[2]
 Chapter 1

• Providing an answer to unknown data by finding measurable regularity

from the existing data. For example, a product recommendation system
based on a user's purchase history or distributing banner ads among ad
networks falls under this category.

People use the word AI for these categories and, needless to say, new technology
that utilizes deep learning is also called AI. Yet, these technologies are different
both in structure and in what they can do. So, which should we specifically call AI?
Unfortunately, people have different opinions about that question and the answer
cannot be objectively explained. Academically, a term has been set as either strong
AI or weak AI depending on the level that a machine can achieve. However, in this
book, to avoid confusion, AI is used to mean (Not yet achieved) human-like intelligence
that is hard to distinguish from the actual human brain. The field of AI is being drastically
developed, and the possibility of AI becoming reality is exponentially higher when
driven by deep learning. This field is booming now more than ever in history. How
long this boom will continue depends on future research.

AI booms in the past

AI suddenly became a hot topic recently: however, this is not the first AI boom.
When you look back to the past, research into AI has been conducted for decades
and there has been a cycle of being active and inactive. The recent boom is the third
boom. Therefore, some people actually think that, at this time, it's just an evanescent
boom again.

However, the latest boom has a significant difference from the past booms. Yes,
that is deep learning. Deep learning has achieved what the past techniques could
not achieve. What is that? Simply put, a machine itself is able to find out the feature
quantity from the given data, and learn. With this achievement, we can see the
great possibility of AI becoming a reality, because until now a machine couldn't
understand a new concept by itself and a human needed to input a certain feature
quantity in advance using past techniques created in the AI field.

It doesn't look like a huge difference if you just read this fact, but there's a world
of difference. There has been a long path taken before reaching the stage where a
machine can measure feature quantity by itself. People were finally able to take a
big step forward when a machine could obtain intelligence driven by deep learning.
So, what's the big difference between the past techniques and deep learning? Let's
briefly look back into the past AI field to get a better sense of the difference.

[3]
Deep Learning Overview

The first AI boom came in the late 1950s. Back then, the mainstream research and
development of a search program was based on fixed rules—needless to say, they
were human-defined. The search was, simply put, dividing cases. In this search, if we
wanted a machine to perform any process, we had to write out every possible pattern
we might need for the process. A machine can calculate much faster than a human can.
It doesn't matter how enormous the patterns are, a machine can easily handle them. A
machine will keep searching a million times and eventually will find the best answer.
However, even if a machine can calculate at high speed, if it is just searching for an
answer randomly and blindly it will take a massive amount of time. Yes, don't forget
that constraint condition, "time." Therefore, further studies were conducted on how to
make the search more efficient. The most popular search methods among the studies
were depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS).

Out of every possible pattern you can think of, search for the most efficient path
and make the best possible choice among them within a realistic time frame. By
doing this, you should get the best answer each time. Based on this hypothesis,
two searching or traversing algorithms for a tree of graph data structures were
developed: DFS and BFS. Both start at the root of a graph or tree, and DFS explores
as far as possible along each branch before backtracking, whereas BFS explores
the neighbor nodes first before moving to the next level neighbors. Here are some
example diagrams that show the difference between DFS and BFS:

These search algorithms could achieve certain results in a specific field, especially
fields like Chess and Shogi. This board game field is one of the areas that a machine
excels in. If it is given an input of massive amounts of win/lose patterns, past game
data, and all the permitted moves of a piece in advance, a machine can evaluate the
board position and decide the best possible next move from a very large range
of patterns.

[4]
 Chapter 1

For those of you who are interested in this field, let's look into how a machine plays
chess in more detail. Let's say a machine makes the first move as "white," and there
are 20 possible moves for both "white" and "black" for the next move. Remember the
tree-like model in the preceding diagram. From the top of the tree at the start of the
game, there are 20 branches underneath as white's next possible move. Under one
of these 20 branches, there's another 20 branches underneath as black's next possible
movement, and so on. In this case, the tree has 20 x 20 = 400 branches for black,
depending on how white moves, 400 x 20 = 8,000 branches for white, 8,000 x 20 =
160,000 branches again for black, and... feel free to calculate this if you like.

A machine generates this tree and evaluates every possible board position from
these branches, deciding the best arrangement in a second. How deep it goes (how
many levels of the tree it generates and evaluates) is controlled by the speed of the
machine. Of course, each different piece's movement should also be considered
and embedded in a program, so the chess program is not as simple as previously
thought, but we won't go into detail about this in this book. As you can see, it's not
surprising that a machine can beat a human at Chess. A machine can evaluate and
calculate massive amounts of patterns at the same time, in a much shorter time than
a human could. It's not a new story that a machine has beaten a Chess champion; a
machine has won a game over a human. Because of stories like this, people expected
that AI would become a true story.

Unfortunately, reality is not that easy. We then found out that there was a big wall
in front of us preventing us from applying the search algorithm to reality. Reality
is, as you know, complicated. A machine is good at processing things at high speed
based on a given set of rules, but it cannot find out how to act and what rules to
apply by itself when only a task is given. Humans unconsciously evaluate, discard
many things/options that are not related to them, and make a choice from millions
of things (patterns) in the real world whenever they act. A machine cannot make
these unconscious decisions like humans can. If we create a machine that can
appropriately consider a phenomenon that happens in the real world, we can assume
two possibilities:

• A machine tries to accomplish its task or purpose without taking into account
secondarily occurring incidents and possibilities
• A machine tries to accomplish its task or purpose without taking into account
irrelevant incidents and possibilities

Both of these machines would still freeze and be lost in processing before they
accomplished their purpose when humans give them a task; in particular, the latter
machine would immediately freeze before even taking its first action. This is because
these elements are almost infinite and a machine can't sort them out within a realistic
time if it tries to think/search these infinite patterns. This issue is recognized as one
of the important challenges in the AI field, and it's called the frame problem.
[5]
Deep Learning Overview

A machine can achieve great success in the field of Chess or Shogi because the
searching space, the space a machine should be processing within, is limited (set in
a certain frame) in advance. You can't write out an enormous amount of patterns,
so you can't define what the best solution is. Even if you are forced to limit the
number of patterns or to define an optimal solution, you can't get the result within an
economical time frame for use due to the enormous amounts of calculation needed.
After all, the research at that time would only make a machine follow detailed rules
set by a human. As such, although this search method could succeed in a specific
area, it is far from achieving actual AI. Therefore, the first AI boom cooled down
rapidly with disappointment.

The first AI boom was swept away; however, on the side, the research into AI
continued. The second AI boom came in the 1980s. This time, the movement of
so-called Knowledge Representation (KR) was booming. KR intended to describe
knowledge that a machine could easily understand. If all the knowledge in the world
was integrated into a machine and a machine could understand this knowledge, it
should be able to provide the right answer even if it is given a complex task. Based
on this assumption, various methods were developed for designing knowledge for
a machine to understand better. For example, the structured forms on a web page—
the semantic web—is one example of an approach that tried to design in order for a
machine to understand information easier. An example of how the semantic web is
described with KR is shown here:

[6]
 Chapter 1

Making a machine gain knowledge is not like a human ordering a machine what to
do one-sidedly, but more like a machine being able to respond to what humans ask
and then answer. One of the simple examples of how this is applied to the actual
world is positive-negative analysis, one of the topics of sentiment analysis. If you
input data that defines a tone of positive or negative for every word in a sentence
(called "a dictionary") into a machine beforehand, a machine can compare the
sentence and the dictionary to find out whether the sentence is positive or negative.

This technique is used for the positive-negative analysis of posts or comments on a

social network or blog. If you ask a machine "Is the reaction to this blog post positive
or negative?" it analyzes the comments based on its knowledge (dictionary) and
replies to you. From the first AI boom, where a machine only followed rules that
humans set, the second AI boom showed some progress.

By integrating knowledge into a machine, a machine becomes the almighty. This idea
itself is not bad for achieving AI; however, there were two high walls ahead of us
in achieving it. First, as you may have noticed, inputting all real-world knowledge
requires an almost infinite amount of work now that the Internet is more commonly
used and we can obtain enormous amounts of open data from the Web. Back then,
it wasn't realistic to collect millions of pieces of data and then analyze and input that
knowledge into a machine. Actually, this work of databasing all the world's data has
continued and is known as Cyc (http://www.cyc.com/). Cyc's ultimate purpose
is to build an inference engine based on the database of this knowledge, called
knowledge base. Here is an example of KR using the Cyc project:

[7]
Deep Learning Overview

Second, it's not that a machine understands the actual meaning of the knowledge.
Even if the knowledge is structured and systemized, a machine understands it as
a mark and never understands the concept. After all, the knowledge is input by
a human and what a machine does is just compare the data and assume meaning
based on the dictionary. For example, if you know the concept of "apple" and "green"
and are taught "green apple = apple + green", then you can understand that "a green
apple is a green colored apple" at first sight, whereas a machine can't. This is called
the symbol grounding problem and is considered one of the biggest problems in the
AI field, as well as the frame problem.

The idea was not bad—it did improve AI—however, this approach won't achieve
AI in reality as it's not able to create AI. Thus, the second AI boom cooled down
imperceptibly, and with a loss of expectation from AI, the number of people who
talked about AI decreased. When it came to the question of "Are we really able to
achieve AI?" the number of people who answered "no" increased gradually.

Machine learning evolves

While people had a hard time trying to establish a method to achieve AI, a
completely different approach had steadily built a generic technology . That
approach is called machine learning. You should have heard the name if you have
touched on data mining even a little. Machine learning is a strong tool compared
to past AI approaches, which simply searched or assumed based on the knowledge
given by a human, as mentioned earlier in the chapter, so machine learning is very
advanced. Until machine learning, a machine could only search for an answer from
the data that had already been inputted. The focus was on how fast a machine
could pull out knowledge related to a question from its saved knowledge. Hence,
a machine can quickly reply to a question it already knows, but gets stuck when it
faces questions it doesn't know.

On the other hand, in machine learning, a machine is literally learning. A machine

can cope with unknown questions based on the knowledge it has learned. So, how
was a machine able to learn, you ask? What exactly is learning here? Simply put,
learning is when a machine can divide a problem into "yes" or "no." We'll go through
more detail on this in the next chapter, but for now we can say that machine learning
is a method of pattern recognition.

[8]
 Chapter 1

We could say that, ultimately, every question in the world can be replaced with
a question that can be answered with yes or no. For example, the question "What
color do you like?" can be considered almost the same as asking "Do you like red?
Do you like green? Do you like blue? Do you like yellow?..." In machine learning,
using the ability to calculate and the capacity to process at high speed as a weapon,
a machine utilizes a substantial amount of training data, replaces complex questions
with yes/no questions, and finds out the regularity with which data is yes, and
which data is no (in other words, it learns). Then, with that learning, a machine
assumes whether the newly-given data is yes or no and provides an answer. To sum
up, machine learning can give an answer by recognizing and sorting out patterns
from the data provided and then classifying that data into the possible appropriate
pattern (predicting) when it faces unknown data as a question.

In fact, this approach is not doing something especially difficult. Humans also
unconsciously classify data into patterns. For example, if you meet a man/woman
who's perfectly your type at a party, you might be desperate to know whether
the man/woman in front of you has similar feelings towards you. In your head,
you would compare his/her way of talking, looks, expressions, or gestures to past
experience (that is, data) and assume whether you will go on a date! This is the same
as a presumption based on pattern recognition.

Machine learning is a method that can process this pattern recognition not by
humans but by a machine in a mechanical manner. So, how can a machine recognize
patterns and classify them? The standard of classification by machine learning is a
presumption based on a numerical formula called the probabilistic statistical model.
This approach has been studied based on various mathematical models.

Learning, in other words, is tuning the parameters of a model and, once the
learning is done, building a model with one adjusted parameter. The machine then
categorizes unknown data into the most possible pattern (that is, the pattern that fits
best). Categorizing data mathematically has great merit. While it is almost impossible
for a human to process multi-dimensional data or multiple-patterned data, machine
learning can process the categorization with almost the same numerical formulas.
A machine just needs to add a vector or the number of dimensions of a matrix.
(Internally, when it classifies multi-dimensions, it's not done by a classified line or a
classified curve but by a hyperplane.)

[9]
Deep Learning Overview

Until this approach was developed, machines were helpless in terms of

responding to unknown data without a human's help, but with machine learning
machines became capable of responding to data that humans can't process.
Researchers were excited about the possibilities of machine learning and jumped on
the opportunity to start working on improving the method. The concept of machine
learning itself has a long history, but researchers couldn't do much research and
prove the usefulness of machine learning due to a lack of available data. Recently,
however, many open-source data have become available online and researchers
can easily experiment with their algorithms using the data. Then, the third AI
boom came about like this. The environment surrounding machine learning also
gave its progress a boost. Machine learning needs a massive amount of data before
it can correctly recognize patterns. In addition, it needs to have the capability to
process data. The more data and types of patterns it handles, the more the amount
of data and the number of calculations increases. Hence, obviously, past technology
wouldn't have been able to deal with machine learning.

However, time is progressing, not to mention that the processing capability of

machines has improved. In addition, the web has developed and the Internet is
spreading all over the world, so open data has increased. With this development,
everyone can handle data mining only if they pull data from the web. The
environment is set for everyone to casually study machine learning. The web is a
treasure box of text-data. By making good use of this text-data in the field of machine
learning, we are seeing great development, especially with statistical natural
language processing. Machine learning has also made outstanding achievements
in the field of image recognition and voice recognition, and researchers have been
working on finding the method with the best precision.

Machine learning is utilized in various parts of the business world as well. In the
field of natural language processing, the prediction conversion in the input method
editor (IME) could soon be on your mind. The fields of image recognition, voice
recognition, image search, and voice search in the search engine are good examples.
Of course, it's not limited to these fields. It is also applied to a wide range of fields
from marketing targeting, such as the sales prediction of specific products or the
optimization of advertisements, or designing store shelf or space planning based on
predicting human behavior, to predicting the movements of the financial market. It
can be said that the most used method of data mining in the business world is now
machine learning. Yes, machine learning is that powerful. At present, if you hear
the word "AI," it's usually the case that the word simply indicates a process done by
machine learning.

[ 10 ]
 Chapter 1

What even machine learning cannot do

A machine learns by gathering data and predicting an answer. Indeed, machine
learning is very useful. Thanks to machine learning, questions that are difficult for
a human to solve within a realistic time frame (such as using a 100-dimensional
hyperplane for categorization!) are easy for a machine. Recently, "big data" has been
used as a buzzword and, by the way, analyzing this big data is mainly done using
machine learning too.

Unfortunately, however, even machine learning cannot make AI. From the
perspective of "can it actually achieve AI?" machine learning has a big weak point.
There is one big difference in the process of learning between machine learning
and human learning. You might have noticed the difference, but let's see. Machine
learning is the technique of pattern classification and prediction based on input data.
If so, what exactly is that input data? Can it use any data? Of course… it can't. It's
obvious that it can't correctly predict based on irrelevant data. For a machine to learn
correctly, it needs to have appropriate data, but then a problem occurs. A machine is
not able to sort out what is appropriate data and what is not. Only if it has the right
data can machine learning find a pattern. No matter how easy or difficult a question
is, it's humans that need to find the right data.

Let's think about this question: "Is the object in front of you a human or a cat?" For
a human, the answer is all too obvious. It's not difficult at all to distinguish them.
Now, let's do the same thing with machine learning. First, we need to prepare the
format that a machine can read, in other words, we need to prepare the image data of
a human and a cat respectively. This isn't anything special. The problem is the next
step. You probably just want to use the image data for inputting, but this doesn't
work. As mentioned earlier, a machine can't find out what to learn from data by
itself. Things a machine should learn need to be processed from the original image
data and created by a human. Let's say, in this example, we might need to use data
that can define the differences such as face colors, facial part position, the facial
outlines of a human and a cat, and so on, as input data. These values, given as inputs
that humans need to find out, are called the features.

[ 11 ]
Deep Learning Overview

Machine learning can't do feature engineering. This is the weakest point of machine
learning. Features are, namely, variables in the model of machine learning. As this
value shows the feature of the object quantitatively, a machine can appropriately
handle pattern recognition. In other words, how you set the value of identities will
make a huge difference in terms of the precision of prediction. Potentially, there are
two types of limitations with machine learning:

• An algorithm can only work well on data with the assumption of the training
data - with data that has different distribution. In many cases, the learned
model does not generalize well.
• Even the well-trained model lacks the ability to make a smart meta-decision.
Therefore, in most cases, machine learning can be very successful in a very
narrow direction.

Let's look at a simple example so that you can easily imagine how identities have a
big influence on the prediction precision of a model. Imagine there is a corporation
that wants to promote a package of asset management based on the amount of assets.
The corporation would like to recommend an appropriate product, but as it can't ask
a personal question, it needs to predict how many assets a customer might have and
prepare in advance. In this case, what type of potential customers shall we consider
as an identity? We can assume many factors such as their height, weight, age,
address, and so on as an identity, but clearly age or residence seem more relevant
than height or weight. You probably won't get a good result if you try machine
learning based on height or weight, as it predicts based on irrelevant data, meaning
it's just a random prediction.

As such, machine learning can provide an appropriate answer against the question
only after the machine reads an appropriate identity. But, unfortunately, the machine
can't judge what the appropriate identity is, and the precision of machine learning
depends on this feature engineering!

Machine learning has various methods, but the problem of being unable to do
feature engineering is seen across all of these. Various methods have been developed
and people compete against their precision rates, but after we have achieved
precision to a certain extent, people decide whether a method of machine learning is
good or bad based on how great a feature they can find. This is no longer a difference
in algorithms, but more like a human's intuition or taste, or the fine-tuning of
parameters, and this can't be said to be innovative at all. Various methods have been
developed, but after all, the hardest thing is to think of the best identity and a human
has to do that part anyway.

[ 12 ]
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 CHAPTER VI.

How were the entombed men to be delivered? Various ways

suggested themselves in the heat of the moment. It was plain to all
that the first thing to be done was to force the door. This was no
trivial matter. How it was to be forced was the consideration. There
were those among the crowd who had seen the door open, and
noticed the huge bolt of the lock which shot into an iron holdfast let
into the solid stonework of the tower. They knew that the old man
had never omitted to lock the door on the inside when he came in,
and that the young man had been no less careful. There was a
general belief that something secret, and, upon the whole,
uncommendable, was going on in that tower, and the desire to
rescue the two imprisoned men was largely augmented by curiosity.
The laneway from which the door opened was seldom crowded.
There was usually a brisk traffic up and down it; but in that part of
the City the narrow laneways that feed the great thoroughfares are
seldom blocked, although the main thoroughfares themselves may
be impassable. A man in the crowd cried out: "Someone get a pole
or a beam, and we'll soon have them out." Then several men rushed
off in various directions. By this time the traffic in the laneways and
in Porter Street itself was interrupted. The workmen ran out of the
stores and wharfs, the waggoners and carters deserted their horses,
and even the bargemen from the river had come up on hearing that
some terrible accident had befallen St. Prisca's Tower. In a few
minutes three men were seen advancing, carrying a heavy beam of
wood. Other men ran to help them. A dozen willing arms had now
seized the beam, and a hundred men were anxious to lend their aid
if opportunity offered. A way was cleared for the men with the
beam. The people separated on both sides. The men turned out of
Porter Street and ran up into the lane. The men engaged in carrying
the baulk were too intent upon getting it to its destination as quick
as possible to observe one fatal defect. One onlooker shouted out:
"Too long. Too long." Then the men carrying it swept up, way was
made for them, and they tried to bring the beam into position for
use as a battering-ram against the door. Then the onlooker's words
were confirmed by experience, and it was seen that it would be
utterly impossible to use the baulk effectually as a ram, for, owing to
the narrowness of the lane, it was impossible to get it at right angles
to the door, and striking the door with it at an acute angle would not
be likely to produce the desired effect. However, it was better to try
this which was at hand, than to do nothing at all. In the meantime
some better means might be devised of bursting open the door.
Once, twice, thrice, half-a-dozen times the men thrust the beam
obliquely against the massive woodwork. It merely glanced off the
thick stubborn oak, and more than two-thirds of its power was
expended upon the solid and immovable stonework of the doorway.
Other pieces of timber were brought, but all proved too long to be of
any effective use. The shortest, it is true, could be brought into a
horizontal position against the door, but it allowed of no play, and
therefore was incapable of receiving the necessary impetus. Then
the crowd began to clamour for sledges. A great, brown-bearded
man, tall, lank, and rounded in the shoulders, broke away from the
crowd crying: "I'll soon get it open; I'll soon break it in." This man
was celebrated in Porter Street for his enormous strength. No sooner
had he undertaken to burst in the door than all other efforts were
suspended, in the full faith that he would make good his words. In a
few moments he returned, bearing in each hand a square half-
hundredweight. He hastened up to the door and said: "Someone
must hold me." But how are they to hold him? "I want," he said, "to
put my back against the door, lift these up this way" (he raised the
half-hundreds above his head as though they were no heavier than
boxing-gloves), "then I'll bring them down against the door; but if it
bursts open I don't want to fall in, for there's a pit inside." The
difficulty now was how to hold him, and at the same time give him
free play with the weights, and avoid any possibility of the weights in
the downward swoop touching anyone who might aid him. Some
time was lost in trying to arrange so that he might be held,
prevented from falling inward, and, at the same time, not impeded.
At last he cried: "Let me alone; I can manage it myself. Stand back.
Don't be afraid of me." Then they cleared a semicircle round him. He
put his back to the door, raised his arms aloft, directly over his head,
bowed himself backward, so that his head and heels alone touched
the door, and his back was bowed forward as a bent bow is against
the string. Then, setting his teeth and putting all the energy of his
body into the muscles of his arms and shoulders, he swung the two
weights downward with prodigious force, loosed them from his hold
when they came level with his legs, sprang forward, and turned
swiftly round with a look of expectant success. The crowd cheered.
The two half-hundredweights had crushed through the lower portion
of the door as though it were so much cardboard. The lock remained
unshaken. The blows had been delivered too low down, and, while
the wood had given way, the iron had remained firm. Then, while
the people were standing admiring the result of his great strength, a
man cried out: "Here's a crowbar, Bill. You can finish it with that." Bill
caught the crowbar in his hand, whirled it over his head as though it
were but a walking-cane, leaped back from the door as far as the
narrowness of the lane would allow him; then, holding the crowbar
lightly in his hand, as a soldier holds his gun at the charge, he
dashed forward and flung the crowbar with its blunt edge against
the place where the lock held fast. The lock had been loosened on
the door by the previous assault, and now, with a tearing screech,
the bolts drew out of the tough wood, and the door swung back on
its hinges. When Bill had succeeded, and seen that he had
succeeded, he turned round, surveyed the crowd steadily for a few
moments, and then said: "That's my share of it. You do the rest."
Then, as one who had no further concern with the matter, he strode
off, the people making way for him as he went. Two or three men
approached the door and looked in. Below was a wild jumble of
planks and beams and stones and earth, all mixed up, higgledy-
piggledy, in the wildest confusion. It was impossible to make out
anything clearly at first, owing to the dense dust that floated in the
air. The men who had thrust in their heads withdrew them after a
short time, partly suffocated and partly blinded by the fumes that
arose out of the pit beneath. "Ask is there anyone there," suggested
one of the crowd. A head was thrust in through the open doorway,
and a stentorian voice cried out: "Anyone there!" To this a feeble
voice replied from what seemed to be the bowels of the earth: "Yes.
Help. Water, for God's sake." "All right," shouted the man above.
"We'll get you out safe enough. Keep up your heart. Are the two of
you below?" "Yes," answered the feeble voice; "but he is dead.
Quick, for God's sake, or I shall die. This dust is killing me." "Keep
up," shouted the man, "and we'll do the best. We'll get you out in a
jiffy. There's a hundred of us here. How much of the place has
fallen?" "I don't know," answered the voice below, growing fainter. "I
think only the first floor. I can talk no more. I am dying." And then
came some sounds, inarticulate and faint, the meaning of which the
man above could not gather. A ladder was got and thrust down into
the pit, and in a short time a score of willing hands were at work.
The joists had drawn gradually out of the wall, and the eastern end
being first freed, that side fell downward, shooting most of the
stones and earth up into the pit at the eastern side. The floor
doubled up in two from the north and south, almost like the leaves
of a book, and in the fold of this a large quantity of clay and stones
had remained. This folded part fell almost directly on the hole made
by Lionel Crawford in the roof of the vault. The weight of the stones
and the impetus they had gained in their fall was sufficient to cause
them to smash through the doubled-up flooring, and some of them
fell through the hole, carrying with them a portion of the roof of the
vault. By this falling mass Lavirotte had been struck and hurt, and
under some of the flooring, earth, and stones he now lay partly
covered, prostrate upon the ground of the vault. Owing to the fact
that most of the heavy stones and the great bulk of the earth had
been shot to the eastern side of the tower, comparatively little
entered the vault, and so Lavirotte escaped instant death. The men
working at his release found out after a short time, partly by his
moaning and partly by looking through the hole in the fallen floor,
that Lavirotte was in the vault, and not immediately under the fallen
floor. In less than an hour he was rescued. He was all begrimed with
dirt and clay, insensible, battered, bleeding, almost pulseless. He
was immediately placed in a cab and taken to an hospital. On his
way he recovered consciousness and begged for water, which was
given him. Upon examination it was discovered that his injuries were
not of much moment, and that exhaustion had more to do with his
prostrate condition than the hurts he had received. For a long time
he lay quiet, expressing no wish. At length he asked what had
become of the body of his companion, and was told that it had been
removed from the tower. He was asked if he had any friends with
whom he desired to communicate, and he said no. Now that Lionel
Crawford was dead, there was no one in London whom he could call
a friend. He did not wish that Dora should hear anything of the
result of that awful day, when her grandfather lost his life, and he all
hope of the vast fortune upon which he had been building for some
time. They told him that he would be able to leave the hospital in a
few days. A few days would be quite time enough to tell her all the
bad news. Indeed, the longer she was kept in ignorance of it the
better. To the inquiries of those around him, he had refused to give
any reply beyond the facts that St. Prisca's Tower was his property;
that he and the dead man, Lionel Crawford, had for some time back
lived in the tower; and that, for reasons which he declined to state,
they had both been engaged in excavating. John Cassidy usually left
his office at about four o'clock in the evening. As he was walking in
the direction of his home on the afternoon Lavirotte was rescued
from the tower, his eye was arrested by a line in the bills of The
Evening Record--"Mysterious affair in Porter Street." As a rule, John
Cassidy did not buy newspapers. They did not interest him. His
theory was that one could learn enough of public affairs from the
conversation of others. But a mysterious affair always did interest
him, and in this case he bought The Evening Record, and read in it a
brief paragraph of what occurred in the tower, giving the names of
the two men concerned. Mystery on mystery! Here was this man
Lavirotte mixed up in two inexplicable affairs in a space of a few
months. On the previous occasion Lavirotte had been found
insensible, near a wounded man. Now he was found insensible, near
a dead man. In the paragraph there was no suggestion that any
suspected foul play; and yet to him, Cassidy, it seemed impossible
that Lavirotte was not in some way accountable for the death of the
man found with him that day. Cassidy was burning with anxiety to
tell someone of Lavirotte's former predicament. It would give him
such an air of importance if he could add material facts to those
already known in connection with this matter. There was no use in
his going back to the office, for all his fellow-clerks had left. It was
impossible for him to go home to his room burdened with this news.
He therefore resolved to turn into the Cleopatra Restaurant in the
Strand, in the hope he might there find someone to whom he might
communicate the startling addition to the news in the evening paper.
It so fell out that he succeeded beyond his wishes. He found a group
of men standing at the bar, and among these one named Grafton, an
artist whom he had known for some time, and through whom he
hoped to find himself on the track of the Lavirotte mystery, as he
knew Grafton was acquainted with Lavirotte. "I say, Grafton," said
he, "that's a deuce of a mysterious thing that happened to-day in
Porter Street. You know, of course, this is the Lavirotte you told me
you knew. He's back in London again, after being mixed up in a
most extraordinary affair in my part of the world." Then he related,
in a voice loud enough to be heard by the group of men standing
round, all he knew concerning the affair at Glengowra. When he had
finished, one of the bystanders, whom he did not know, said: "You
would have no objection to my making use of what you say?" "In
the press?" said Cassidy, colouring with delight and importance.
"Yes," said the other. "I am connected with The Evening Record, and
if you authorise me to do so, I should be greatly pleased to add just
a line to our account of the affair. All I would ask or say: 'We
understand that M. Lavirotte, who was found insensible, was some
little time ago mixed up with another mysterious affair in Glengowra,
in the south of Ireland.'" Cassidy gave a willing consent, and the
addition suggested appeared in the special edition of The Evening
Record. It was in the special edition of The Evening Record that
Dora Harrington saw her grandfather was dead, that Lavirotte was
injured, and that he had been mixed up in a mysterious affair in
Glengowra.
 CHAPTER VII.

The shock nearly overwhelmed Dora. The double blow was too
much for her, and when the landlady came into the room a short
time afterwards she found the girl insensible on the floor. When she
returned to consciousness she could not believe she had read the
paper aright. She took it up again and went carefully over the
passage with aching eyes. The solid ground seemed to be melting
away under her feet, and all the material things around her were
visionary, unreal, far away. The landlady at length made her talk,
and with talk came tears, and with tears relief. She pointed out the
paragraph to the woman, and told her she must go at once to the
hospital and see about the whole affair. It was too horrible, she said,
to think that her grandfather should be killed and her lover nearly
killed in this enterprise, whatever it was, they were engaged upon.
The woman was of a kindly and compassionate nature, and offered
to accompany the girl. This offer Dora gladly accepted, and the two
set out. They ascertained at the hospital that Lavirotte was going on
favourably, but that they could not see him until next day. They went
and saw the body of the old man at the mortuary, and, finding out
that nothing could be done, returned to Charterhouse Square,
greatly depressed and saddened; for the kindly woman shared the
girl's grief, and felt for her desolate condition. Next day, when Dora
called at the hospital she was admitted. She found Lavirotte
haggard, and worn, and wild-looking, but far less seriously injured
than the newspaper report had led her to expect. It was not a place
for a demonstrative meeting, and she had been cautioned not to
excite the injured man. After the first words of the meeting she
asked him all the particulars of what had occurred at the tower. He
told her as briefly as he could. Then for the first time she learned
that her grandfather and her lover had been seeking for a treasure
in that lonely place in Porter Street. He told her how the old man
had been firmly persuaded a vast hoard had been hidden beneath
the tower before the Great Fire, and had remained there ever since.
While he, Lavirotte, was away at his lodgings, looking for letters, the
old man had found the top of the vault, had pierced the vault, and
descended into it. Then, no doubt, the shock of finding the work of
years useless had been too great for him, and he had succumbed.
He related how he, being then in a very weak condition from
wearing anxiety and the want of food and rest, had returned to the
tower, descended into the vault, and found himself unable to
reascend. Then later on came the crash, his own insensibility, and
finally the rescue the afternoon before. In grief and pity she listened
to him, and when he had finished she could think of nothing to say
but that she hoped he would soon get strong again, and that she
would do anything she could for him, and come to see him as often
as they would let her. Then he went on to explain how this terrible
disappointment at not finding the treasure would not only leave him
almost penniless, but would prevent him doing the service he had
intended for O'Donnell and Kempston. He told her he had not replied
to the letter he found from Eugene at his lodgings, because he
hoped that in a day or two he might be able to communicate the
glorious news that the period of their affluence was at hand. Now all
this was changed. The whole aspect of his career was altered, and
the first thing she would have to do for him was to telegraph to
Eugene, saying that all hope of succour was now at an end. It would
be a cruel, a terrible, perhaps literally a fatal blow to the elder
O'Donnell, but that could not now be helped. He dictated to her the
telegram, and she wrote it down. He also dictated a note she was to
write to Mr. Kempston. Then he said: "They tell me I shall not be
long here; but how it is to be with me when I get about again I
cannot say. Misfortune seems to have marked me out as one upon
whom she was to try all her arts." She said tenderly, advancing her
hand to his: "Don't say that, Dominique." "Forgive me, Dora, darling.
I was not thinking of you. I was speaking of only the business aspect
of things. We shall be as poor as ever now." "But we were never
rich, and yet we were--fond of each other, and very happy." "Ay,
darling, very fond of each other, and very happy, and will be always,"
he added, pressing the hand he had in his. "I was thinking only of
you in the matter. When I had this dream of wealth upon me, I used
to picture to myself what we should do when we became rich; how
you should have all that art and luxury could produce." "I have never
wished for wealth or luxury, Dominique," she whispered. "I know I
shall be as happy as I ever hoped to be, more happy than I ever
deserved, with you. Let us think no more of that treasure. It has
brought no good to us up to this. Why should we allow it to cause us
sorrow now?" "Ay, ay," he said. "We must make the best of it now.
Bad will be the best of it, but it might have been worse. You know I
have a little money, and with it I shall be able to continue at the
singing until I am good enough for the boards. Then I shall be able
to earn enough for us both, Dora." "Very little will be enough," she
whispered, again pressing his hand. He returned the pressure, and
said: "Thank you, darling. They will not let you stay much longer
now. I am sorry I am not able to be up; but I suppose they will do
everything necessary about your grandfather. I want you to go to my
landlord. He has some money of mine. Tell him to arrange all about
the funeral. You tell me there is no man in the house where you
lodge, and the few men I know in London, I know scarcely
sufficiently well to ask a favour of them. Stop," he said; "there is
Grafton. I might ask him. He was very friendly to me when I was in
London before. I remember where he lived. Go to him and tell him
all, and give him the money. That will be better." He gave her
Grafton's address, and after a little while she took her leave. She
sought the artist and found him at home. He had two rooms in
Charlotte Street--one a bedroom; the other served as studio and
sitting-room. When Dora called, he was not alone. Having renewed
his acquaintance with Cassidy, he had invited the dandy to his place.
Cassidy and he were now having coffee. Grafton hurried Cassidy into
the bedroom, which was separated from the sitting-room by folding
doors. Dora was shown up, and explained the circumstances of the
case. Grafton said he would be delighted to do anything he could for
Lavirotte and Miss Harrington. Unfortunately there was a difficulty in
the way. It was utterly impossible for him to leave his studio that
afternoon or night, as he was at work on a block which would take
him till five o'clock in the morning to finish, and he had just that
moment received a telegram from the illustrated paper on which he
worked, ordering him north to the scene of a great colliery accident
the first thing in the morning. He was deeply grieved. He would try if
he could possibly do anything. Stop! A friend of his was in the
house. He would go and ask him if he could manage to do what was
required. He went out by the door leading to the landing, and from
that landing through another door into the bedroom where Cassidy
was. Cassidy flushed with surprise and pleasure when he saw a
chance of his getting mixed up with the Lavirotte affair. He told
Grafton he would ask them to give him a holiday to-morrow, and
between this afternoon and to-morrow there would be plenty of time
to arrange everything about Lionel Crawford, as, no doubt, the
inquest was held that day. Then Grafton brought Cassidy in and
introduced him to Dora, and said that he would act in every way as
though he were Grafton himself. Dora expressed her great gratitude.
"You know," Cassidy said, "I shall go and see Mr. Lavirotte as soon
as possible, and I have no doubt he will be glad to see me, for I
come from the neighbourhood in which he lived, and know
Glengowra thoroughly." Here the overwhelming desire to rise in
importance in the eyes of Dora, pleasantly or otherwise, mastered
him, and he said: "Perhaps you have seen the special edition of The
Evening Record?" She said yes; that she had there first seen an
account of the terrible affair. "It was I," said he, bowing and smiling,
"who gave the information respecting the mysterious occurrence at
Glengowra, of which you, doubtless, know." By this time he was, of
course, aware he was talking to the girl to whom Lavirotte had made
love when formerly in London. "I do not know anything about it,"
she whispered faintly. "I am exceedingly obliged to both of you." She
said good-bye and went. When she was gone, Cassidy said:
"Strange she doesn't know anything about the Glengowra affair. I
don't think it right she should be kept in ignorance of it. However,
Grafton, you haven't a minute to lose now. I'll be off down east and
see what's to be done. I assure you nothing could give me greater
pleasure than to act for you in this affair."
 CHAPTER VIII.

When Eugene O'Donnell got the telegram he fell into despair. He

durst not go to his father or his mother. Up to this his father had
been in the very best spirits, fully anticipating deliverance at the
hands of Lavirotte. Now what was to become of them? Ruin of the
most complete kind stared them in the face. They would not have
the least chance of saving anything from the wreck of their fortune,
for James O'Donnell was a man of scrupulous honesty, and would
not lend himself to the least kind of fraud. When everything was sold
up they would not be able to pay more than a small portion of the
last call, and Eugene knew his father too well to think he would
conceal a single penny, or accept a favour at the hands of the bank.
Eugene did not know what to do. The telegram came to him when
he was alone. He read it three times, put it in his pocket, and went
out to try if a walk in the air would help him. Insensibly his steps
turned towards the station, where, a little later on in the afternoon,
he would, in the ordinary course, find himself on the way to
Glengowra. When he got to the railway station he looked at his
watch, and saw that there was just time for him to run out to
Glengowra and get back again before his ordinary time for leaving
the office. He determined to run out and tell it first of all to Nellie,
upon whom he had learned to depend. She was greatly surprised to
see him so early, ran to him with a smile, and, throwing her arms
round him, said: "I cannot tell you why, but I was half expecting to
see you earlier than usual. You have brought good news, I dare say,
from Lavirotte?" He shook his head, and said: "No; poor Lavirotte
has met with an accident." "Met with an accident!" cried Nellie, in
surprise. "Is it serious, and will he be able to do what he promised
for your father?" "Well, you see," said her husband, "this accident is
likely to knock him up for some time, I suppose, and every hour is
precious to us." The husband and wife were now in the little
drawing-room overlooking the sea. He had sat down on a chair,
dispiritedly. She stood opposite him, with eager, inquiring eyes. "So
that you are afraid," said she, "that, after all, his promise may come
to nothing." "Yes," said Eugene, "I am afraid it may come to
nothing." She sank on a chair beside him, and cried: "Good heavens,
Eugene, what is to become of us all?" "I don't know, Nellie," he said
gloomily, "I have not dared to tell the governor yet. I must tell him
to-night, you know. He must at once decide upon what we shall do."
"Do you believe Lavirotte met with an accident?" "Certainly I believe.
What object could he have in telling a lie?" "To screen his failure, if
not worse." "What could be worse at present than his failure?"
"Supposing he had deliberately deceived all through." "What earthly
object could Lavirotte have in deceiving us?" "Well, he would tell
neither you nor your father where he expected this money from. I
don't like Lavirotte. I don't trust him. I wish we never had anything
to do with him. I think it was an unfortunate day you first met him."
"Look here, now, Nellie. I believe Lavirotte was perfectly sincere in
this matter, as I believe he was sincere in his love of you, or in his
desire to destroy me when under the influence of what must have
been insanity. Anyway, this is not the time to discuss his merits. We
must think of what we ourselves have to do in this matter. How am I
to break it to my father? After all he has gone through, I fear it will
kill him or drive him mad. He has the fullest faith in Lavirotte's
turning up with the money in time. As I told you before, he has
made arrangements for the future in the full faith that the help will
be forthcoming." "I don't know how you are to do it, Eugene. As you
say, there is very little time, if he must know this evening. Would you
like me to go in and see your mother, or do you think I should only
be in the way?" "I don't know, I'm sure. But I think, after all, it will
be best if I open the subject to him." So it was decided that Eugene
should go back to Rathclare, and make known to his father the bad
news contained in the telegram. His visit to Glengowra had no
effect. It left a strong impression on Nellie's mind, that in addition to
Lavirotte being, under great excitement, a dangerous lunatic, he was
capable at ordinary times of deliberately and cruelly lying, if the
statements he made were not the result of delusion. When Eugene
found his father, the latter was in the best of spirits. "Well, my son,"
he cried cheerily, "any news from London? Has our friend, our good
friend, got the money? Time is running very short now, and since we
are going to pay the call, we may as well do the thing decently and
be up to time." "Do you think, sir, there is no chance of getting a
later date for payment?" The father shook his head. "No, there is no
chance," he said. "Those who can pay must pay up at once. I am
not myself uneasy about Lavirotte, but I wish we had some news. It
will be comfortable to hear the mill going when this awful banking
affair is pleasantly settled; but I own the sound of the mill does not
seem good for my ears just now. This, of course, will be all right in a
few days. Why do you ask if there is any chance of getting time,
boy?" "Because, sir, it has occurred to me that possibly we may want
it." "But Lavirotte knows the circumstances of the case; and with
such vast expectations as he has, there can be no difficulty whatever
in getting in the form of an advance any sum of money we may
require." "That depends on the security he has to offer. Do you
know, sir, what is the nature of the security he has to offer?" "No, he
would not tell me. He said he was under an obligation, and could
communicate the matter to no one." "Well, sir, may it not be that the
property which he expects to come into will not realise quite as
much as he anticipated? Suppose it fell a little short of what you
want, what should you do?" "Borrow money on this place, of
course," said the merchant, waving his hand over his head. "But in
case, I mean, that what Lavirotte could give you and what you could
borrow on this place would not together make sufficient, what would
you do?" "Upon my word, Eugene, you are in a very uncomfortable
humour to-day. What earthly use is there in calculating upon
chances or solving difficulties that will never arise? But I may answer
you. I should of course sell the place. I should sell every stick of the
place, every wheel, every ounce of stuff in it, my house, horses,
plate, furniture, in fact everything that I have." By this time the face
of the old man had lost its gay aspect. He had turned pale. His eyes
were no longer sprightly, but fixed with a strange glitter, not turned
directly towards his son--in fact, avoiding his son's gaze. It was as
though he suspected--he more than suspected, he assumed--Eugene
had some bad news to give him, and that he would wait there
patiently for the bad news to come without aiding his son's story by
the display of curiosity. "But, sir, I have some reason to fear Lavirotte
will not be able to do all he said. I am disposed to think, on good
grounds, that he will not have all the money we want in time." The
son now avoided the father's face. They were sitting at opposite
sides of the large office table. The son's eyes were turned towards
the window looking into the quadrangle. The father's eyes were
fixed vacantly upon the door of the strong-room behind his son, and
to his right. "In that case," said the elder man, "I should mortgage."
"I am very much disinclined to go on," said the young man, frowning
heavily, "but I have no alternative. Lavirotte will not be able to give
you all you want, and I do not think you will be able to pay all."
"Then I shall sell. I shall sell every stick I have in the world." The old
man's eyes became more fixed than ever; they never wandered from
that door. His face became more pallid. With both hands he grasped
the elbows of his chair. He sat well in the chair, leaning slightly
forward, as though he expected someone who would try and pull
him out of it. His son looked hastily at him for a moment, then
turned his eyes away as hastily, and said slowly: "You must know,
sir--you must by this time have guessed that I have had bad news
from London, from Lavirotte. You must try and bear up, sir, for all
our sakes. It will be a bitter blow after the hope we have lived in for
months." James O'Donnell seemed to abandon the position he had
taken up with regard to Eugene's news. It would be folly any longer
to affect ignorance that something terrible was coming, or to court
delay. "What is the news from Lavirotte?" he asked. "Lavirotte is
himself injured by some accident, and he has no longer any hope of
realising the money he expected." "No longer any hope," repeated
the old man. "No longer any hope, sir. We are not to rely on him for
the least aid. What do you purpose doing, sir?" "I must think over
the matter for a while, Eugene." He looked calmly at his watch. "You
have only just time to catch the train, and I would rather be alone at
present." "If you would let me stay, sir, I would much rather remain
with you. I can drive home later." "No, Eugene; you may go now. I
would rather be alone." The old man seemed quite calm and
collected; in fact, so calm and collected, that Eugene resolved not to
go to Glengowra by the train, but to run up to his father's house and
to tell his mother what had occurred. When James O'Donnell found
himself alone, he got up slowly out of his chair, crossed the floor,
opened the door of the strong-room, whispering to himself: "No
longer any hope." He went into the gloomy chamber, and going to
the safe, opened it and took something from it. When he returned to
the office, he held the revolver in his hand and whispered to himself:
"No longer any hope." He looked at his watch. It was just closing
time. Having placed the revolver on the table, he sat down in his
chair, whispering in the same quiet voice, "I will wait till they are all
gone," and repeated for the third time: "No longer any hope." At
seven o'clock Eugene returned to the private office, for which he had
a key. To his astonishment he found his father's chair vacant and the
strong-room door open. He went into the strong-room and examined
it. The door of the safe was open. The drawer was pulled out.
Eugene turned sick. He leant against the wall and moaned out: "Oh!
what has the poor old man done!" Then he pushed in the drawer,
the door of the safe, the door of the strong-room, and having locked
the door of the private office, hastened downstairs. He could find no
trace of his father. He set half-a-dozen men to search the town
quietly. Up to next morning he failed to find any clue to James
O'Donnell.

END OF VOL. II.

 * * * * * * * * * *

CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS, CRYSTAL PALACE PRESS.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAST CALL: A
ROMANCE (VOL. 2 OF 3) ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com