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About This Module

This module is carefully prepared based on the new educational curriculum of our country,
Ethiopia. The writers managed to refer to number of books and related resources to enrich the
module so as to fit the academic performances of special boarding and non-boarding secondary
school students in and outside ASTUSS. The main objectives of preparing this module is to help
our students grasp basic English grammar rules and help them easily tackle National
Examination questions and score better result in this subject. The module covers majority of
grammar aspects in English language. Moreover, it contains more than 600 questions with their
answer key. Students are advised to attempt the questions before they refer to the answers key.

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER-ONE: WORDS CATEGORY
1.1.Types of Nouns ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Adjectives ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1 Major characteristics of Adjectives .............................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Order of Adjectives in a sentence ................................................................................. 5
1.2.3 Degrees of adjectives .................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 9
What is a verb?.......................................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1 Types of verbs .................................................................................................................. 12
1.5 Adverbs .................................................................................................................................. 20
1.6 Conjunctions .......................................................................................................................... 20
1.7.1 Types of Conjunctions ................................................................................................. 20
1.7.1.1. Coordinating conjunctions ....................................................................................... 20
1.7.1.2 Correlative conjunctions ........................................................................................... 21
1.7.1.3 Subordinating conjunctions ...................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER-TWO: PHRASAL VERBS ................................................................................ 30
2.1 Phrasal verb defined ................................................................................................................ 30
2.2 How to conjugate phrasal verbs .............................................................................................. 31
2.3 Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs ............................................................................... 31
2.3.1 Separable phrasal verbs.................................................................................................... 31
2.3.2 Inseparable phrasal verbs ................................................................................................. 32
2.4 Word order with phrasal verbs ................................................................................................ 32
CHAPER-THREE: VOICES IN ENGLISH
3.1 Forming Passive Sentences ..................................................................................................... 37
3.2 When to use passive voice…………………………………………………………….…..25
CHAPTER-FOUR: GERUND AND INFINITIVES
4.1 Infinitive.................................................................................................................................. 44
4.1.1 Examples Verbs that are commonly followed by infinitive ............................................ 44
4.2 The Gerund ............................................................................................................................. 45
4.2.1 Example Verbs that are commonly followed by the gerund............................................ 45
4.2.2 Verbs that are Followed by Either with No meaning Change ......................................... 45
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 4.2.3 Verbs that are Followed by Either with Meaning Change ............................................... 46

CHAPTER-FIVE: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

51. Subject-verb agreement defined…………………………………………………………..36
5.2 Rules for subject-verb agreement……………………………………..…………………..36
CHAPTER-SIX: TENSES
6.1 Tense Defined ......................................................................................................................... 59
6.2. Present tenses ......................................................................................................................... 59
6.2.1. The simple present tense ................................................................................................. 59
6.2.2 The present continuous tense ........................................................................................... 60
6.2.3 The present perfect tense ................................................................................................. 61
6.2.4 The present perfect continuous tense ............................................................................... 62
6.3 Past Tenses .............................................................................................................................. 66
6.3.1 The simple past tense ....................................................................................................... 69
6.3.2 The past continuous tense ................................................................................................ 70
6.3.3 The past perfect tense....................................................................................................... 71
6.3.4 The past perfect continuous tense .................................................................................... 73
6.4 Future Tenses .......................................................................................................................... 76
6.4.1 The simple future tense .................................................................................................... 79
6.4.2 The future continuous tense ............................................................................................. 80
6.4.4 The future perfect continuous tense ................................................................................. 81
CHAPTER-SEVEN: ARTICLES
7.1 The definite article ―the‖ ......................................................................................................... 86
7.2 The indefinite article ........................................................................................................... 86
7.3 Omission of articles ................................................................................................................ 87
CHAPTER-EIGHT: PREPOSITIONS
8.1 Prepositions defined ................................................................................................................ 95
8.2 Types of prepositions .............................................................................................................. 95
CHAPTER-NINE: MODAL VERBS
9.1 Modal verbs Defined............................................................................................................. 105
9.2 When to use modal verbs ...................................................................................................... 106

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 9.2.1 Likelihood ...................................................................................................................... 106
9.2.2 Possibility....................................................................................................................... 106
9.2.3 Ability ............................................................................................................................ 106
9.2.4 Permission ...................................................................................................................... 106
9.2.5 Suggestion/advice .......................................................................................................... 107
9.2.6 Command ....................................................................................................................... 107
9.2.7 Obligation or necessity .................................................................................................. 107
9.2.8 Habit ............................................................................................................................... 107
9.3 Rules to use modal verbs ...................................................................................................... 108
CHAPTER-TEN: SYNTAX ................................................................................................. 114
10.1 What is syntax in linguistics? ......................................................................................... 114
10.2 How important is syntax in English? .............................................................................. 114
10.3 The basic rules of syntax in English ............................................................................... 115
10.4 Types of Sentences based on Structure ........................................................................... 115
10.4.1 Simple sentence ........................................................................................................... 116
10.4.2 Complex sentence ........................................................................................................ 116
10.4.3 Compound sentence ..................................................................................................... 116
10.4.4 Compound-complex ..................................................................................................... 116
10.5 Sentence fragment ............................................................................................................... 117
10.5.1 What is a sentence fragment? ...................................................................................... 117
10.5.2 How to fix a sentence fragment ................................................................................... 118
10.6 Run-On Sentences ............................................................................................................... 118
10.6.1 What are run-on sentences? ......................................................................................... 118
10.6.2 Types of run-on sentences ........................................................................................... 119
10.6.3 Ways to Fix a Run-On Sentence .................................................................................. 119
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES ......................................................................................... 126
References

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Introduction

Learning the English language is crucial for various reasons, as it is one of the most widely
spoken languages globally and serves as a lingua franca in many fields. It is considered the
global language of communication. It is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide, making it
a common language for international business, diplomacy, tourism, and academia. Proficiency in
English allows individuals to communicate effectively with people from diverse backgrounds
and cultures.

Moreover, English is often the language of instruction in secondary schools and universities of
the world. Proficiency in English opens up opportunities for students to pass national
examinations successfully and study at prestigious institutions globally.

Hence assisting and motivating students is believed to be highly decisive not only pass the
national examination but also produces competent students internationally. Preparing and
providing teaching materials like this is among the most important things language teachers
should perform. Therefore, this module was organized as a supplementary material in addition to
their actual text book.

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CHAPTER-ONE: WORDS CATEGORY

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this unit, you’re expected to:

Identify and classify different types of nouns (common, proper, concrete, abstract,
collective).
Understand the function of nouns in a sentence (subject, object, possessive).
Understand how pronouns replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition.
Use pronouns accurately to maintain coherence in writing.
Understand verb tenses and their usage in expressing time and continuity.
Understand the degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative) used with
adjectives
Use adjectives appropriately to add detail and specificity to writing.
Learn common prepositions and their usage in expressing location, time, direction, etc.

1.1. Nouns

D Student, can you define what a noun is? What about Types of
Nouns?
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________earr

Definition of Nouns

Any member of a class of words that typically can be combined with determiners to serve
as the subject of a verb, can be interpreted as singular or plural, can be replaced with a
pronoun, and refer to an entity, quality, state, action, or concept. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
Nouns are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea. They can be concrete, such as a
dog or a tree, or abstract, such as happiness or freedom. Nouns can also represent a group or
category of things, such as animals or furniture. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject,
direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or modifier.

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1.1.1 Types of Nouns

Based on things they replace; nouns can be divided as follows.

a. Proper
Proper nouns refer to specific individuals, places, or organizations and are always capitalized.
For example: John, Paris, and Microsoft.
b. Common Nouns
Common nouns, on the other hand, refer to general categories or classes of things and are not
capitalized unless they begin a sentence. For example: cat, city, and company.
c. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are used to refer to a group of items or individuals as a single unit. Examples
include: herd (of animals), team (of players), and fleet (of ships). These nouns can be singular or
plural depending on whether the group is being considered as a single entity or as individual
members.
d. Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are tangible objects that can be perceived with our senses. For example: chair,
table, and car.
e. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to intangible concepts or ideas that cannot be perceived with
our senses. For example: love, happiness, and freedom.

1.1.2. Basic Characteristics of Nouns

Dear, Student, What parameters do you use to tell whether

a given word is noun or not?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

No worries! Just read the following briefings!

 Nouns have the following common features that can help as distinguish them from the other
word class.
 Nouns have usually plural and singular form

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Countable nouns can be classified as singular and plural nouns. That mean plural nouns can be
inflected for a number. For example, the noun child is singular while children is its plural form.
The noun boy is singular and boys is its plural form.
 Nouns can be preceded by articles ad determiners
Eg: a book, eight birds, few people, etc.
 Nouns can serve as a subject or object in a sentence
Eg. Roman has bought a jacket.
 Nouns have possessive form
Arega’s brother…, Giraffe’s tail…, Students’ cafeteria…

1.2. Adjectives

Adjectives are the words that describe nouns. An adjective usually goes right before the noun it‘s
describing. However, sometimes, adjectives can appear at the end of a sentence
My dog is black.
I have a black dog.
Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.
a. Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
b. My cake should have sixteen candles.
c. The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.
In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately before the
nouns they modify.

1.2.1 Major characteristics of Adjectives

Almost all adjectives share the following common characteristics

 Adjectives always tell us something about the noun.
Eg. She has bought a brown jacket.
 They can be used in positive, comparative or superlative degrees.
Eg. Kume is tall.
Kume is taller than her friend, Yeshi.
Kume is the tallest of all students in the class.
 Majority of them can be preceded by the word ―very‖, which is another adjective.

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 Eg. very heavy. very big, very interesting
 Adjectives do not inflect for tenses, numbers and cases.

1.2.2 Order of Adjectives in a sentence

In English grammar, the order of adjectives in a sentence is a specific sequence that native
speakers naturally follow when multiple adjectives are used to describe a noun. Adjectives can
be categorized into different types based on their function or meaning, such as opinion, size, age,
shape, color, origin, material, and purpose. When multiple adjectives are used together to
describe a noun, they generally follow a specific order to ensure clarity and natural flow in the
sentence.
The typical order of adjectives in English is as follows:
1. Opinion: This refers to the speaker‘s opinion or evaluation of the noun. Examples
include beautiful, ugly, nice, delicious, etc.
2. Size: Adjectives that indicate the size of the noun come next. Examples include small,
large, tiny, huge, etc.
3. Age: Adjectives denoting the age of the noun follow size. Examples include old, young,
ancient, new, etc.
4. Shape: Adjectives describing the shape of the noun come after age. Examples include
round, square, rectangular, etc.
5. Color: Adjectives indicating the color of the noun follow shape. Examples include red,
blue, green, etc.
6. Origin: Adjectives that specify the origin or source of the noun come next. Examples
include Italian, Chinese, American, etc.
7. Material: Adjectives denoting the material or composition of the noun follow origin.
Examples include wooden, metallic, cotton, etc.
8. Purpose or Qualifier: Adjectives indicating the purpose or qualifier for the noun come
last. Examples include cooking (as in cooking oil), wedding (as in wedding dress), etc.

1.2.3 Degrees of adjectives

Adjectives come in three forms, known as degrees: absolute, comparative, and superlative.

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Absolute adjectives describe something in its own right.
A cool guy An awful situation
A messy desk Garrulous squirrels
A rigid guideline A mischievous cat
Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more things. For
most one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the suffix -er (or just -r if the
adjective already ends with an e).
For two-syllable adjectives, some use -er to form the comparative while others use the word
more.
In general, two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, –le, –ow, –ure, or –y can be made comparative
by adding -er (in the case of -y words, replace y with –ier).
For adjectives of three or more syllables, add the word more.
A cooler guy A more awful situation
A messier desk A more mischievous cat
A more rigid guideline More garrulous squirrels
 Superlative adjectives indicate that something has the highest degree of the quality in
question. One-syllable adjectives become superlatives by adding the suffix -est (or just -st for
adjectives that already end in e). As with the comparative, some two-syllable adjectives use -
-est to form the superlative while others use the word most.
 In general, two-syllable adjectives ending in -y replace -y with -iest. Adjectives of three or
more syllables add the word most. When you use an article with a superlative adjective, it
will almost always be the definite article (the) rather than a or an.
Examples
a. The coolest guy d. The most awful situation
b. The messiest desk e. The most mischievous cat
c. The most rigid guideline f. The most garrulous squirrels

Exercise-1
Choose the correct answer
1. I don't have ____much time for reading _____ I would like to.
A) as / as B) more / than C) so / that D) too / that E) such / that

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2. English is today the third _____ native language worldwide after Chinese and Hindi, with
some 380 million speakers.
A) the most spoken B) the more spoken C. much spoken D) most spoken
3. My students' sleepless nights became ______ as the finals approached.
A) so frequently C) as frequent
B) more frequent D) much more frequently
4. It is often said that the hyena is an aggressive animal, but in fact it is not ___many people
believe.
A) more vicious C) as viciously as
B) so vicious that D) so vicious as
5. The cupboard was ___ big ___ fit through the door, so we had to take it apart first.
A) too / to B) more / than C) so / that D) enough / to E) as / as
6. The roots of the old tree spread out ___ thirty meters in all directions and damaged nearby
buildings.
A) too much B) as much as C) so much D) so many as
7. According to the recent election's results, the Democrats are ___ of the four main political
parties.
A) the smaller B) smallest C) much smaller D) the smallest
8. Ever since the use of natural gas became widespread, London isn't ___ a polluted city ___ it
was ten years ago.
A) as / as B) such / as C) so / that D) more / than
9. The plot of the novel was ___ it was completely incomprehensible.
A) more complicated C) so complicated that
B) such complicated D) much more complicated than
10. Which of the following is the correct order of adjectives in English?
A) Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose
B) Size, Opinion, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose
C) Age, Size, Opinion, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose
D) Color, Size, Age, Shape, Opinion, Origin, Material, Purpose
11. In the phrase ―beautiful small old round red Italian wooden table,‖ what is the correct order
of adjectives?

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 A) Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Color-Origin-Material
B) Size-Opinion-Age-Shape-Color-Origin-Material
C) Age-Size-Opinion-Shape-Color-Origin-Material
D) Color-Size-Age-Shape-Opinion-Origin-Material
12. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the correct order of adjectives?
A) She wore a beautiful long black silk dress.
B) He bought a blue new French car.
C) They live in a big old Victorian stone house.
D) It‘s a delicious Italian pizza hot.
13. Identify the incorrect order of adjectives in the following sentence:
―I need to buy a rectangular new wooden table.‖
A) Rectangular new wooden C) Wooden rectangular new
B) New rectangular wooden D) New wooden rectangular
14. Choose the sentence with the correct order of adjectives:
A) She adopted a cute little fluffy puppy.
B) He owns a fast red sports car Italian.
C) They live in an old beautiful large house white.
D) It‘s an interesting science fiction new book.
15. Which option shows the correct order of adjectives according to standard English rules?
A) Modern Japanese beautiful painting
B) Big round metal old clock
C) Delicious Italian homemade pizza
D) Small leather brown bag
16. Select the sentence with the correct order of adjectives:
A) He wore a nice blue cotton shirt. C) It‘s an interesting historical British movie.
B) She has a yellow bright new umbrella. D) They bought a large wooden square table.
17. In which sentence is the order of adjectives incorrect?
A) She found an old silver beautiful necklace.
B) They live in a small cozy English cottage.
C) He drove a fast German red car.
D) It‘s a delicious hot spicy Indian curry.

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18. Choose the sentence with the correct order of adjectives:
A) He owns a big black leather expensive bag.
B) She baked a delicious chocolate French cake.
C) It‘s an interesting science fiction new novel.
D) They live in an old stone beautiful house.
19. Identify the incorrect order of adjectives in the following sentence: ―They bought a large
round wooden antique table.‖
A) Large round wooden antique C) Wooden large round antique
B) Round large wooden antique D) Antique round large wooden

Exercise 1 Answers with explanation

1. A) as / as
Explanation: The phrase "I don't have as much time for reading as I would like to" correctly
compares the amount of time available to the desired amount.
2. D) most spoken
Explanation: "English is today the third most spoken native language" is the correct form to
indicate ranking without the definite article "the."
3. B) more frequent
Explanation
As the finals approached, the students’ sleepless nights increased in frequency. The phrase
“more frequent” indicates a comparative increase in the frequency of the sleepless nights as the
finals drew nearer. This choice effectively conveys the idea that the occurrence of sleepless
nights among the students intensified as they approached their final exams.
In this context, using “more frequent” helps to emphasize the escalating nature of the situation,
highlighting that the students experienced a higher number of sleepless nights as they neared
their finals compared to previous periods.
Explanation: "My students' sleepless nights became more frequent as the finals approached"
indicates an increase in frequency.
4. D) so vicious as
Explanation: "It is not so vicious as many people believe" correctly compares the hyena's nature
to the belief of people.

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5. A) too / to
Explanation
The sentence should read: “The cupboard was too big to fit through the door, so we had to take
it apart first.”
In this sentence, “too” is used to indicate an excessive amount or degree, while “to” is a
preposition that precedes the infinitive verb “fit.” The combination of “too” and “to” in this
context conveys the idea that the cupboard’s size was too large for it to pass through the door
without being disassembled first.
"The cupboard was too big to fit through the door" indicates that the size of the cupboard
prevented it from fitting.
6. Answer: B) as much as
Explanation:
The sentence describes the extent of the tree's roots spreading in all directions, emphasizing a
measurable distance (thirty meters). The phrase "as much as" is used to express this extent or
quantity, making it the most appropriate choice.
A) too much : This implies excess, which doesn't fit the context here.
C) so much : While "so much" can emphasize degree, it requires additional context (e.g., "so
much that...") and isn't as precise for specifying a measurement.
D) so many as : "So many" refers to countable nouns, but "thirty meters" is not countable; it’s a
continuous measurement.
Thus, "as much as" is the correct choice to indicate the specific distance the roots spread.
7. D) the smallest
Explanation: "the Democrats are the smallest of the four main political parties" correctly uses
the superlative form.
8. A) as / as
Explanation: "London isn't as polluted a city as it was ten years ago" correctly compares the
pollution levels.
9. C) so complicated that
Explanation: "The plot of the novel was so complicated that it was completely incomprehensible"
indicates a cause-effect relationship.
10. A) Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose

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Explanation: This is the correct order of adjectives in English.
11. A) Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Color-Origin-Material
Explanation: The phrase "beautiful small old round red Italian wooden table" follows the
correct order of adjectives.
12. C) They live in a big old Victorian stone house.
Explanation: This sentence correctly follows the order of adjectives.
13. C) Wooden rectangular new
Explanation: The correct order should be "new rectangular wooden table."
14. A) She adopted a cute little fluffy puppy.
Explanation: This sentence follows the correct order of adjectives.
15. C) Delicious Italian homemade pizza
Explanation: This option follows the correct order of adjectives.
16. A) He wore a nice blue cotton shirt.
Explanation: This sentence correctly follows the order of adjectives.
17. A) She found an old silver beautiful necklace.
Explanation: The correct order should be "a beautiful old silver necklace."
18. B) She baked a delicious chocolate French cake.
Explanation: This sentence follows the correct order of adjectives.
19. C) Wooden large round antique
Explanation: The correct order should be "a large round wooden antique table."

1.4 Verbs
What is a verb?
Verbs are words that describe actions, whether physical or mental. Verbs also describe a ―state of
being,‖ like the verbs be, become, or exist.
Salah ran across the field, kicked the ball, and scored a goal.
Some verbs also act as ―helper verbs‖ to change the tense of another verb. Likewise, these helper
verbs can change a positive statement to a negative one with words like ―not.‖
She has been jogging for a month and already feels her stamina increasing.
“I don’t feel so good.” —Spider-Man

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Every sentence needs at least one verb. If there‘s no verb, it‘s an incomplete sentence or a
sentence fragment. Except for imperative sentences (commands), a sentence also needs a subject,
the thing doing the action.
Subjects are important for a verb because they change how it‘s conjugated, which we explain
below. This is especially true for the most common verb: be.

1.4.1 Types of verbs

a. Dynamic (action) verbs

Most verbs describe a physical action or activity, something external that can be seen or heard.
These verbs are formally known as dynamic verbs, but can also be called action or event verbs.
Examples: walk, laugh, swim, play, eat, drink, sing, dance, talk, say
There are a lot of actions that take place in our minds and feelings, which are not external. Verbs
that describe mental or internal actions are still dynamic verbs, but they‘re not always so
obvious. These include ―process verbs,‖ which describe actions of transition.
Examples: consider, guess, change, grow, live, endure, succeed, fail3
b. Stative (state-of-being) verbs
The opposite of dynamic verbs of action is stative verbs of being. Stative verbs describe a
subject‘s state or feeling, including things they like and don‘t like.
Examples: want, need, prefer, love, hate, like, dislike, seem, understand, know, believe, involve,
realize
One of the most important parts of stative verbs is that you can’t use them in the continuous
tenses. Stative verbs stick to the simple tenses, or occasionally use the perfect.
c. Auxiliary (helping) verbs
Auxiliary verbs, or ―helping verbs,‖ are used in English to change another verb‘s tense, voice, or
mood. When auxiliary verbs are used, there‘s always a main verb that represents the main action.
However, the auxiliary verb must still be conjugated correctly.
The main auxiliary verbs are be, have, and do.
I have eaten sushi many times before. (tense)
That piece of sushi was eaten by me. (voice)
Did you eat my sushi? (mood)

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Exercise-2
Choose the correct answer
1. you ever stayed at the Ritz?
A. Did B) Have C) Was D) Were
2. We breakfast in bed.
A. were have B) has C) was having D) had
3. John give you those flowers?
Did B) Have C) Was D) Is
4. I my homework very quickly last night.
A. do B) have C) did D) am
5. She a shower every morning before school.
A. does B) has C) did D) is
6. We talking to James about his exam.
A. don‘t B) haven‘t C) wasn‘t D) aren‘t
7. Lots of trees blown down by the wind.
A. were B) has C) did D) is
8. Where you yesterday?
A. was B) have C) did D) were
9. Mary never the washing up.
A. does B) has C) did D) is
10. Thank goodness we a dishwasher!
A. was B) have C) did D) were
11. How many people you invited to the party?
A. was B) have C) did D) were
12. Why you leaving so early?
A. was B) have C) is D) ar
13. We got a beautiful puppy called Molly.
A. was B) have C) did D) were
14. We a beautiful puppy called Molly.
A. was B) having C) did D) had
15. I have been to Australia but Anna .

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 A. haven‘t B) hasn‘t C) isn‘t D) doesn‘t
16. Anna likes ice-cream but John .
A. haven‘t B) hasn‘t C) isn‘t D) doesn‘t
17. I don‘t like ice-cream but Jill .
A. have B) has C) is D) does
18. Maria isn‘t studying hard but I .
A. have B) has C) am D) are
19. John loves flying but we.
A. haven‘t B) don‘t C) isn‘t D) doesn‘t
20. I watched TV last night but my sister .
A. hasn‘t B) didn‘t C) isn‘t D) doesn‘t
21. We don‘t want to leave early but they .
A.have B) do C) is D) does
22. They didn‘t remember my birthday but you .
A. have B) don‘t C) did D) does
23. Your English is really improving but mine .
A. haven‘t B) don‘t C) isn‘t D) doesn‘t
24. _____ you speak three languages?
A. Do B) Does C) Did D) Are
25. you having a holiday soon?
A. Do B) Does C) Did D) Are
26. you have a good holiday last year?
A. Do B) Does C) Did D) Are
27. you ever been to Amsterdam?
Do B) Does C) Have D) Did
28._____ you often travel abroad?
A. Do B) Does C) Have D) Did
29. your best friend sometimes go on holiday with you?
A. Do B) Does C) Have D) Did
30. I think you‘re wrong. I don‘t agree you at all.
A. to B) on C) with D) about

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31. I‘m not interested what you think or what you want.
A. to B) on C) with D) in
32. We might have a picnic. It depends the weather.
A. to B) on C) with D) about
33. What are you listening ?
A. to B) on C) with D) about
34. If you have a problem, talk the teacher.
A. to B) on C) at D) in
35. ―What did you talk ?‖ ―Oh, this and that.‖
A. to B) on C) with D) about
36. You aren‘t concentrating on your work. What are you thinking ?
A. to B) on C) with D) about
37. ―What do you think Pete?‖ ―I really like him.‖
A. to B) at C) with D) of
38. Where‘s the cash desk? I‘d like to pay this book.
A. to B) for C) with D) about
39.X: ―I‘ve lost your pen. Sorry ...‖
Y: ―It‘s all right. Don‘t worry it.‖
A. to B) on C) with D) about

Exercise 2 Answers with brief explanation

1. Have you ever stayed at the Ritz?
• Answer: B (Have)
• Explanation: The present perfect tense is used here because it refers to an experience in
someone's life up to now.
2. We had breakfast in bed.
• Answer: D (had)
• Explanation: "Had" is the past simple form of "have," which fits the context of a completed
action in the past.
3. Did John give you those flowers?
• Answer: A (Did)

15
• Explanation: "Did" is used to form questions in the past simple tense.
4. I did my homework very quickly last night.
• Answer: C (did)
• Explanation: "Did" is the past simple form of "do," and it matches the time reference "last
night."
5. She has a shower every morning before school.
• Answer: B (has)
• Explanation: "Has" is used in the present simple tense to describe a habitual action.
6. We aren‘t talking to James about his exam.
• Answer: D (aren‘t)
• Explanation: The present continuous tense is used to indicate an ongoing action that is not
happening now.
7. Lots of trees were blown down by the wind.
• Answer: A (were)
• Explanation: Passive voice in the past simple tense requires "were" for plural subjects.
8. Where were you yesterday?
• Answer: D (were)
• Explanation: "Were" is the past form of "be" used with second person singular/plural or
first/second/third person plural.
9. Mary never does the washing up.
• Answer: A (does)
• Explanation: "Does" is used in the present simple tense to describe a habitual action.
10. Thank goodness we have a dishwasher!
• Answer: B (have)
• Explanation: "Have" indicates possession in the present tense.
11. How many people did you invite to the party?
• Answer: C (did)
• Explanation: "Did" forms questions in the past simple tense.
12. Why are you leaving so early?
• Answer: D (are)

16
• Explanation: Present continuous tense is used for actions happening now or planned in the near
future.
13. We have got a beautiful puppy called Molly.
• Answer: B (have)
• Explanation: "Have got" emphasizes possession or ownership.
14. We had a beautiful puppy called Molly.
• Answer: D (had)
• Explanation: "Had" is used in the past simple tense to describe a past possession.
15. I have been to Australia but Anna hasn‘t.
• Answer: B (hasn‘t)
• Explanation: "Hasn't" is the contraction of "has not" in the present perfect tense.
16. Anna likes ice-cream but John doesn‘t.
• Answer: D (doesn‘t)
• Explanation: "Doesn‘t" is the contraction of "does not" in the present simple tense.
17. I don‘t like ice-cream but Jill does.
• Answer: D (does)
• Explanation: "Does" is used as an auxiliary verb to confirm the positive action of another
subject.
18. Maria isn‘t studying hard but I am.
• Answer: C (am)
• Explanation: "Am" is the first-person singular form of "be" in the present tense.
19. John loves flying but we don‘t.
• Answer: B (don‘t)
• Explanation: "Don‘t" is the contraction of "do not" in the present simple tense.
20. I watched TV last night but my sister didn‘t.
• Answer: B (didn‘t)
• Explanation: "Didn‘t" is the contraction of "did not" in the past simple tense.
21. We don‘t want to leave early but they do.
• Answer: B (do)
• Explanation: "Do" confirms the positive action of another subject.
22. They didn‘t remember my birthday but you did.

17
• Answer: C (did)
• Explanation: "Did" confirms the positive action of another subject in the past.
23. Your English is really improving but mine isn‘t.
• Answer: C (isn‘t)
• Explanation: "Isn‘t" is the contraction of "is not" in the present tense.
24. Do you speak three languages?
• Answer: A (Do)
• Explanation: "Do" forms questions in the present simple tense.
25. Are you having a holiday soon?
• Answer: D (Are)
• Explanation: "Are" is used in the present continuous tense for planned future events.
26. Did you have a good holiday last year?
• Answer: C (Did)
• Explanation: "Did" forms questions in the past simple tense.
27. Have you ever been to Amsterdam?
• Answer: C (Have)
• Explanation: Present perfect tense is used for experiences up to now.
28. Do you often travel abroad?
• Answer: A (Do)
• Explanation: "Do" forms questions in the present simple tense.
29. Does your best friend sometimes go on holiday with you?
• Answer: B (Does)
• Explanation: "Does" forms questions in the present simple tense for third-person singular
subjects.
30. I don‘t agree with you at all.
• Answer: C (with)
• Explanation: "Agree with" is the correct collocation when referring to opinions or ideas.
31. I‘m not interested in what you think or what you want.
• Answer: D (in)
• Explanation: "Interested in" is the correct preposition to use in this context.
32. We might have a picnic. It depends on the weather.

18
• Answer: B (on)
• Explanation: "Depends on" is the correct collocation to express reliance or conditionality.
33. What are you listening to?
• Answer: A (to)
• Explanation: "Listening to" is the correct collocation for sounds or music.
34. If you have a problem, talk to the teacher.
• Answer: A (to)
• Explanation: "Talk to" is the correct collocation for addressing someone directly.
35. What did you talk about?
• Answer: D (about)
• Explanation: "Talk about" is the correct collocation for discussing topics.
36. You aren‘t concentrating on your work. What are you thinking about?
• Answer: D (about)
• Explanation: "Thinking about" is the correct collocation for considering ideas or plans.
37. What do you think of Pete?
• Answer: D (of)
• Explanation: "Think of" is the correct collocation for forming opinions.
38. Where‘s the cash desk? I‘d like to pay for this book.
• Answer: B (for)
• Explanation: "Pay for" is the correct collocation for making payments.
39. X: ―I‘ve lost your pen. Sorry ...‖ Y: ―It‘s all right. Don‘t worry about it.‖
Answer: D (about)
Explanation: "Worry about" is the correct collocation for expressing concern.

d. Modal auxiliary verbs

Some auxiliary verbs are added to another verb to show necessity, possibility, or capability. Like
other auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary verbs are not the main verb, but they do change its
meaning slightly. Some common examples are can, may, could, should, would, must, ought,
and might.
I could swim across the English Channel, but should I do it?
She must be the strongest person on the team, and might be the strongest person in the region.

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e. Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are phrases that act as individual verbs, often combining two or more words and
changing their meaning. The verb get, for example, becomes many different phrasal verbs when
combined with different prepositions.
When the bus stops, passengers get out on the sidewalk.
After losing his job, he’s getting by on savings.

1.5 Adverbs

An adverb is a word that describes an adjective, a verb, or another adverb.

I entered the room quietly.
Quietly is describing how you entered (verb) the room.
A cheetah is always faster than a lion.
Always is describing how frequently a cheetah is faster (adjective) than a lion.

1.7 Conjunctions
Conjunctions make it possible to build complex sentences that express multiple ideas. ―I like
marinara sauce. I like alfredo sauce. I don‘t like puttanesca sauce.‖ Each of these three sentences
expresses a clear idea. There‘s nothing wrong with listing your preferences like this, but it‘s not
the most efficient way to do it.
Consider instead: ―I like marinara sauce and alfredo sauce, but I don‘t like puttanesca sauce.
In this sentence, and and but are the two conjunctions that link your ideas together.

1.7.1 Types of Conjunctions

1.7.1.1. Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical
rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.
I‘d like pizza or a salad for lunch.
We needed a place to concentrate, so we packed up our things and went to the library.
Jesse didn‘t have much money, but she got by.

20
Notice the use of the comma when a coordinating conjunction is joining two independent
clauses.

1.7.1.2 Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. The most common
correlative conjunctions are both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, whether/or.
Eg. Amina is not only clever, but also the most beautiful girl in the class.

1.7.1.3 Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A subordinating

conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of
relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions are because, since, as,
although, though, while, and whereas. Sometimes an adverb, such as until, after, or before can
function as a conjunction.
Eg. I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.
The independent clause could stand alone as a sentence; the dependent clause depends on the
main clause to make sense. It is part of the dependent clause. Moreover, If the dependent clause
comes first, use a comma before the independent clause.
Eg. Before you leave, make sure your room is clean.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty.
Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.
After although as as if as long as
as much as as soon as as though because before
by the time even if even though if
in order that in case in the event that lest
now that once only only if
provided that since so supposing,

Exersice-3
Choose the correct answer
1. I want ______ gummy bears _____ jelly beans for a snack.

21
 A. neither/or B. either/nor C. whether/or D. either/or
2. _______ save me a seat _____ I will leave my coat on that chair.
A. Either/or B. both/and C. not only/ but also D. whether/or
3. Mark earns a lot of money because he _____ works late, ___ has a second, part-time job.
A. whether/or B. not only/ but also C. either/or D. neither/nor
4. I knew it was going to be a bad day because I _____ over slept ____ missed the bus.
A. not only/ but also B. neither/nor C. both/and D. whether/or
5. We will go to the movies ______ tonight ____ tomorrow night.
A. whether/or B. not only/ but also C. either/or D. both/and
6. I will be your friend ______ you stay here_____ move away.
A. whether/or B. either/or C. not only/ but also D. neither/nor
7. ______ Mom ______ Dad insist that I practice an hour a day.
A. whether/or B. Both/and C. Either/or D. Neither/or
8. ______ oil was discovered in Alberta as early as 1914, the oil and gas industry really took off
in the late 1960s when large deposits were discovered.
A. By contrast B. As a result C. Therefore D. In spite of the fact that
9.______museums, libraries and archives are cultural institutions, they should ensure that their
collections are built up in accordance with universally recognized moral principles.
A. In view of B. In order to C. As if D. Considering that
10. Smallpox was eventually declared eradicated in 1980, ______a vigorous campaign of
immunization by the World Health Organization.
A. nevertheless B. thanks to C. in spite of D. except for
11. During the war of 1812, the Royal Navy had more ships than the U.S. Navy; ______, they
were able to maintain a tight blockade on American waters and transport British Army troops
to American shores.
A. nonetheless B. otherwise C. by contrast D. therefore
12. Telecare is a telephone support service in the US which provides contact with people who are
alone and isolated ______they are aged or have disabilities.
A. in contrast to B. because C. on the other hand D. on grounds of
13.Though Cholera is spread ______ directly or through flies and waste, water is the chief
medium for spread of this disease and hence it is termed as water-borne disease.

22
 A. either B. neither C. both D. not only
14. ______offering the most essential services to mankind, the coastal wetlands and marine life
of the Asian countries generate income for millions of people.
A. However B. Considering that C. Apart from D. No matter
15. Businesses are failing ______a lack of trained workers and people to buy products.
A. that's why B. in addition C. because of D. in spite of
16. The coconut palm is ______ highly valued by the Pacific Islanders as both a source of food
and medicine that it is called The Tree of Life.
A. such B. much C. too D. so
17. The research in biotechnology will provide ______ dramatic medical breakthroughs but also
millions of dollars in new investment, and new opportunities for many people.
A. both B. either C. whether D. not only
18. In Japan, the oyster seed is ______ being cultured in nets to market size but also released on
the bottom where good returns are being obtained two to three years later.
A. nevertheless B. no matter C. not only D. no sooner
19. Several years ago, a tobacco company attempted to sell a cigarette that made no smoke;
______, people who tested that product did not like the way it tasted.
A. however B. despite C. because D. on account of
20. The most common way of preserving genetic materials is to deposit seeds in gene banks;
______that, cultivating plants in their original environment is the most natural preservation
method.
A. provided B. apart from C. due to D. regardless
21. ______recycling of wastes material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills, and
saves resources, it entails large hidden costs in collecting, sorting and manufacturing.
A. Since B. As a consequence C. Nevertheless D. Therefore
22. The experts found that between forty million and eighty million people have been forced to
move from their homes ______ dams.
A. hence B. so long as C. because of D. but
23. Replacement cost coverage ensures that your home will be fully rebuilt ---- a total loss.
A. so that B. in case of C. provided that D. in spite of
24. While eating sweets, the brain instantly releases endorphins which make us feel happy and

23
 reduce pain; ______ many pediatricians give sweets to children while giving injections.
A. that's why B. nonetheless C. as long as D. so as to
25. Srirangam was an ancient place of pilgrimage for the Indians and was surrounded by a strong
fort but there was ______ the necessary army ______ the weapons to protect it.
A. both / and B. neither / nor C. hardly / when D. either/or
26. Employees need to continually expand their job skills ______ they can achieve their full
personal potential.
A. so that B. in case C. otherwise D. in addition to
27. A violation of the law, ______ how slight, is a crime and therefore punishable.
A. even though B. no matter C. however D. thereby
28. Food producers claim that adding fiber to foods is difficult ______ it changes the qualities of
the food.
A. in order that B. whereas C. since D. nevertheless
29. ______ much you sail, there will always be something new to learn about.
A. as B. though C. owing to D. however
30. ______ little space you have in your garden, it's always possible to grow something to eat.
A. hence B. no matter how C. although D. furthermore

Exercise 3 Answers with brief explanation

1. I want ______ gummy bears _____ jelly beans for a snack.

Answer: D (either/or)
Explanation: "Either/or" is used to indicate a choice between two options.
2. _______ save me a seat _____ I will leave my coat on that chair.
Correct Answer: A. Either/or
Explanation:
The phrase "Either/or" is used to present two alternatives, where one option will be chosen if the
other is not. In this sentence:
"Either save me a seat or I will leave my coat on that chair" means that if someone does not save
a seat for the speaker, they will take the action of leaving their coat on the chair as an alternative.
Other options do not fit logically:

24
Both/and implies both actions will happen simultaneously, which doesn't make sense in this
context.
Not only/but also emphasizes addition, which isn't appropriate here.
Whether/or suggests uncertainty or indifference between the two options, which doesn't match
the conditional tone of the sentence.
Thus, "Either/or" is the best choice.
3. Mark earns a lot of money because he _____ works late, ___ has a second, part-time job.
Answer: B (not only/ but also)
Explanation: "Not only/but also" emphasizes additional reasons for his high income.
4. I knew it was going to be a bad day because I _____ over slept ____ missed the bus.
Answer: A (not only/ but also)
Explanation: "Not only/but also" connects two related negative events.
5. We will go to the movies ______ tonight ____ tomorrow night.
Answer: C (either/or)
Explanation: "Either/or" indicates a choice between two specific times.
6. I will be your friend ______ you stay here_____ move away.
Answer: A (whether/or)
Explanation: "Whether/or" shows that the friendship remains regardless of location.
7. ______ Mom ______ Dad insist that I practice an hour a day.
Answer: B (Both/and)
Explanation: "Both/and" emphasizes that both parents share the same insistence.
8. ______ oil was discovered in Alberta as early as 1914, the oil and gas industry really took off
in the late 1960s when large deposits were discovered.
Correct Answer: B. As a result
Explanation:
The sentence describes a cause-and-effect relationship: oil was discovered in Alberta as early as
1914, and as a result , the oil and gas industry really took off in the late 1960s when larger
deposits were discovered.
A. By contrast : This is used to show a difference or opposition between two things, which does
not fit here because the sentence is about a progression, not a contrast.

25
B. As a result : This correctly indicates that the discovery of oil in 1914 led to the later
development of the oil and gas industry.
C. Therefore : While this could also indicate a cause-and-effect relationship, it is more
commonly used to introduce a conclusion rather than an event in history.
D. In spite of the fact that : This implies something happened despite another fact, which
contradicts the logical flow of the sentence.
Thus, "As a result" is the most appropriate choice.
9. ______ museums, libraries and archives are cultural institutions, they should ensure that their
collections are built up in accordance with universally recognized moral principles.
Answer: D (Considering that)
Explanation: "Considering that" introduces a reason or justification.
10. Smallpox was eventually declared eradicated in 1980, ______ a vigorous campaign of
immunization by the World Health Organization.
Answer: B (thanks to)
Explanation: "Thanks to" credits the success to the immunization campaign.
11. During the war of 1812, the Royal Navy had more ships than the U.S. Navy; ______, they
were able to maintain a tight blockade on American waters and transport British Army troops to
American shores.
Answer: D (therefore)
Explanation: "Therefore" links cause (more ships) to effect (blockade).
12. Telecare is a telephone support service in the US which provides contact with people who are
alone and isolated ______ they are aged or have disabilities.
Answer: B (because)
Explanation: "Because" explains why these individuals need support.
13. Though Cholera is spread ______ directly or through flies and waste, water is the chief
medium for spread of this disease and hence it is termed as water-borne disease.
Answer: A (either)
Explanation: "Either" indicates one of two possible ways cholera spreads.
14. ______ offering the most essential services to mankind, the coastal wetlands and marine life
of the Asian countries generate income for millions of people.
Answer: C (Apart from)

26
Explanation: "Apart from" adds another benefit of wetlands.
15. Businesses are failing ______ a lack of trained workers and people to buy products.
Answer: C (because of)
Explanation: "Because of" gives the reason for business failures.
16. The coconut palm is ______ highly valued by the Pacific Islanders as both a source of food
and medicine that it is called The Tree of Life.
Correct Answer: D. so
Explanation:
The sentence requires a word that connects the degree of valuation ("highly valued") to the result
("it is called The Tree of Life"). The correct structure here is "so...that" , which emphasizes the
extent of something leading to a specific outcome.
A. such : "Such" is used with nouns (e.g., "such a valuable tree"), but here we need an adverb to
modify "highly valued."
B. much : "Much" does not fit grammatically in this context and does not create the necessary
cause-and-effect relationship.
C. too : "Too" implies excess, which doesn't make sense in this positive context.
D. so : "So...that" is the correct construction to show the extent of the coconut palm's value,
leading to its nickname, "The Tree of Life."
Thus, the correct choice is "so" .
Final Sentence:
"The coconut palm is so highly valued by the Pacific Islanders as both a source of food and
medicine that it is called The Tree of Life."
17. The research in biotechnology will provide ______ dramatic medical breakthroughs but also
millions of dollars in new investment, and new opportunities for many people.
Correct Answer: D. not only
Explanation:
The phrase "not only...but also" is used to emphasize two related outcomes or benefits. In this
case, the research in biotechnology will provide not only dramatic medical breakthroughs but
also financial and opportunity-related benefits.
A. both : "Both" would require a different structure (e.g., "both dramatic medical breakthroughs
and millions of dollars"), which doesn't fit here.

27
B. either : "Either" is used for choices between two options, which isn't appropriate in this
context.
C. whether : "Whether" introduces uncertainty, which doesn't match the certainty of the
statement.
D. not only : This is the correct choice because it pairs with "but also" to highlight multiple
positive outcomes.
Final Sentence:
"The research in biotechnology will provide not only dramatic medical breakthroughs but also
millions of dollars in new investment, and new opportunities for many people."
18. In Japan, the oyster seed is ______ being cultured in nets to market size but also released on
the bottom where good returns are being obtained two to three years later.
Answer: C (not only)
Explanation: "Not only" introduces one of two related actions.
19. Several years ago, a tobacco company attempted to sell a cigarette that made no smoke;
______, people who tested that product did not like the way it tasted.
Answer: A (however)
Explanation: "However" contrasts the attempt with its failure.
20. The most common way of preserving genetic materials is to deposit seeds in gene banks;
______ that, cultivating plants in their original environment is the most natural preservation
method.
Answer: B (apart from)
Explanation: "Apart from" highlights an alternative method.
21. ______ recycling of wastes material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills, and
saves resources, it entails large hidden costs in collecting, sorting and manufacturing.
Correct Answer: C. Nevertheless
Explanation:
The sentence contrasts the positive effects of recycling (solving garbage disposal and saving
resources) with its negative aspect (hidden costs). The word "nevertheless" is used to introduce
this contrast.
A. Since : "Since" implies a reason or cause, which doesn't fit the contrasting tone of the
sentence.

28
B. As a consequence : This suggests a result, but the sentence is about a contrast, not a direct
consequence.
C. Nevertheless : This correctly introduces the contrast between the benefits and the drawbacks
of recycling.
D. Therefore : "Therefore" indicates a logical conclusion, which isn't appropriate here because
the sentence highlights a contradiction.
Final Sentence:
"Nevertheless, recycling of waste material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills,
and saves resources, it entails large hidden costs in collecting, sorting, and manufacturing."
(Note: The sentence could be slightly rephrased for better flow, but "nevertheless" is the most
suitable choice.)
22. The experts found that between forty million and eighty million people have been forced to
move from their homes ______ dams.
Answer: C (because of)
Explanation: "Because of" identifies the cause of displacement.
23. Replacement cost coverage ensures that your home will be fully rebuilt ---- a total loss.
Answer: B (in case of)
Explanation: "In case of" specifies the condition under which rebuilding occurs.
24. While eating sweets, the brain instantly releases endorphins which make us feel happy and
reduce pain; ______ many pediatricians give sweets to children while giving injections.
Answer: A (that's why)
Explanation: "That's why" connects the effect (happiness) to the action (giving sweets).
25. Srirangam was an ancient place of pilgrimage for the Indians and was surrounded by a strong
fort but there was ______ the necessary army ______ the weapons to protect it.
Answer: B (neither/nor)
Explanation: "Neither/nor" indicates the absence of both army and weapons.
26. Employees need to continually expand their job skills ______ they can achieve their full
personal potential.
Answer: A (so that)
Explanation: "So that" expresses purpose or intention.
27. A violation of the law, ______ how slight, is a crime and therefore punishable.

29
Answer: C (however)
Explanation: "However" emphasizes the severity regardless of minor details.
28. Food producers claim that adding fiber to foods is difficult ______ it changes the qualities of
the food.
Answer: C (since)
Explanation: "Since" provides the reason for the difficulty.
29. ______ much you sail, there will always be something new to learn about.
Answer: D (however)
Explanation: "However" emphasizes the extent of learning opportunities.
30. ______ little space you have in your garden, it's always possible to grow something to eat.
Answer: B (no matter how)
Explanation: "No matter how" indicates that the statement applies regardless of space
constraints.
CHAPTER-TWO: PHRASAL VERBS

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter you are expected to:
Identify types and functions of phrasal verbs.
Explain the major difference between phrasal verbs and other verbs
Add phrasal verbs in to your daily communication activities.

Student, can you define what phrasal verbs are?

____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2.1 Phrasal verb defined

A phrasal verb combines a normal verb with an adverb or a preposition, referred to as
the particle of the phrasal verb, to create an entirely new verbal phrase—the phrasal verb. The
meaning of a phrasal verb is usually unrelated to the meanings of the words that compose it, so
think of a phrasal verb as an entirely new and independent word.

When used in a sentence, phrasal verbs act the same as other verbs for conjugation and
placement purposes, although they do have special grammatical rules regarding word order,
30
which we talk about below. Phrasal verbs can be conjugated into every type of verb form, so you
can use them anywhere you could use a normal verb.

Let‘s see the phrasal verb get over as an example. The verb get alone means to acquire, and the
preposition over alone usually refers to being higher than or going above something. However,
put them together and the phrasal verb get over means to recover from or overcome something, a
completely new definition that‘s separate from the definitions of get and over.
You can use get over just like a normal verb, in any form or tense. Here are some quick
examples:
Simple past tense:
I had the flu last week but got over it.
Infinitive:
He wrote a song to get over his grandmother’s death.

2.2 How to conjugate phrasal verbs

When a phrasal verb is used as the main verb of a sentence, you conjugate the verb part and
leave the other word or words as they are. Simply use whatever form of the verb you would use
if it were alone.

Examples
I get up at noon during the summer.
However, this morning I got up at sunrise.
I have gotten up early too many times this month.
Notice how only the word get changes, while the word up remains the same. Also notice
how get, an irregular verb, uses its irregular forms to fit whichever tense it needs. In this way,
you can use phrasal verbs in all the verb tenses so that you‘re able to communicate anything you
want.

2.3 Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

2.3.1 Separable phrasal verbs

31
With transitive phrasal verbs, you can sometimes put the direct object between the verb and the
particle, as in ―pick you up,‖ for example. There are, however, a few rules to follow with
separable phrasal verbs, so pay attention to our next section, about word order.
He forgot to shut the lights off before he left.

2.3.2 Inseparable phrasal verbs

Inseparable phrasal verbs cannot be split up; the verb and the particle must stay together. All
intransitive phrasal verbs are inseparable.
The wayward son carried on without his father.
Some transitive phrasal verbs are also inseparable.
They went over the contract meticulously before signing it.

2.4 Word order with phrasal verbs

Most of the time, the words in a phrasal verb stay together. For intransitive and inseparable
transitive phrasal verbs, the verb and the particle must go next to each other and should never be
split up. Separable phrasal verbs follow different rules, however. For starters, separable phrasal
verbs are always transitive, so they always have a direct object. You can put the direct object
in the middle of separable phrasal verbs, between the verb and the particle:
Eg. You never let any of your friends down.
With some separable phrasal verbs, putting the direct object between the verb and the particle is
not just an option, it‘s required. For example, let‘s look at the phrasal verb get down.
Eg. The beginning of the movie up gets down everyone.
The beginning of the movie up gets everyone down.
With other separable phrasal verbs, it doesn‘t matter whether the direct object comes in the
middle or at the end. Both options are acceptable. Unfortunately, there‘s no method for
determining which phrasal verbs are separable and which are not; you just have to memorize
them and practice until they come naturally. Both of the following examples using the separable
phrasal verb pick up are correct:
Pick the box up and carry it to the kitchen.
Pick up the box and carry it to the kitchen.

32
However, pronouns do follow a special rule when it comes to separable phrasal verbs:
If the object is a pronoun, it must always be placed in the middle of a separable phrasal
verb. Pronoun direct objects cannot after the phrasal verb.
Pick up it and carry it to the kitchen.
Pick it up and carry it to the kitchen.

Exercise -4
Choose the phrasal verbs that can best complete the blank spaces.
1. A student may want to know how many stages insects __before they become butter-flies.
A) made up of B) become of C) go through D) put through
2. If you ________ yourself there is nothing in which you cannot succeed.
A) trust of B) black out C) bring in D) believe in E) get along with
3. I think he will not be able to ________ this difficult schedule.
A) get along with B) look forward to C) keep up with D) keep on E) break through
4. Because of storm and the heavy rain the flight was________ .
A) called out B) checked out C) carried out D) carried on E) called off
5. This encouraging explanation has given him the will to ________ with his duties with great
deal of enthusiasm.
A) call in B) catch up with C) carry on D) call up E) call down
6. After a long debate the problems were ________ and the main problem turned out to be
merely a misunderstanding at the end.
A) called for B) cared for C) cleared up D) cheered up E) carried for
7. When my parents were abroad, I my small sister.
A) took after B) kept in touch C) checked up D) looked upon E) cared for
8. We have to________ these mosquitoes in order to sleep without being interrupted.
A) count on B) cut down C) do without D) fall in with E) do away with
9. The company should ____ the price so as to sell more, otherwise the stocks will not be sold.
A) get along with B) back up C) bring in D) cut down E) come over
10. The old professor ____ last night because of a heart attack.
A) came up B) ran across C) put through D) passed away E) turned out
11. You have to ____ the things which you learn many times during a day in order not to forget
them.

33
 A) put aside B) try on C) do over D) come up with E) get along with
12. Can you ____ how to use these tools?
A) get around B) give up C) turn down D) set out E) figure out
13. Mussa: Let's go swimming.
Lata: Sorry but, I don't ____ it. We may go tomorrow. I want to stay at home
today.
A) get away B) hold on C) feel like D) get through E) get on
14. The doctor warned him to____ smoking as soon as possible if he did not want to die of
cancer.
A) get along B) feel like C) get over D) give up E) give off
15. Hello, can I speak to Mr. Kasu, please? - He has just entered his office, I can _____you sir.
A) put up with B) put away C) put through D) hang up E) hold on
16. I will put this watch here for five minutes as I am going to swim. Please_____ it so it doesn't
get lost.
A) look before B) take in C) keep on D) hand in E) keep an eye on

Exercise -4 Answers with brief explanation

1. A student may want to know how many stages insects __before they become butterflies.
Answer: C (go through)
Explanation: "Go through" means to experience or undergo a process or stages. Insects go
through several stages in their life cycle before becoming butterflies.
2. If you ________ yourself there is nothing in which you cannot succeed.
Answer: D (believe in)
Explanation: "Believe in" means to have confidence or trust in someone or something. Believing
in oneself is key to success.
3. I think he will not be able to ________ this difficult schedule.
Answer: C (keep up with)
Explanation: "Keep up with" means to maintain pace with something challenging. A difficult
schedule requires effort to keep up with.
4. Because of storm and the heavy rain the flight was________.
Answer: E (called off)

34
Explanation: "Called off" means canceled. Flights are often called off due to bad weather
conditions.
5. This encouraging explanation has given him the will to ________ with his duties with great
deal of enthusiasm.
Answer: C (carry on)
Explanation: "Carry on" means to continue doing something with determination. The
encouragement motivates him to carry on with his duties enthusiastically.
6. After a long debate the problems were ________ and the main problem turned out to be
merely a misunderstanding at the end.
Answer: C (cleared up)
Explanation: "Cleared up" means resolved or explained. After debating, the problems were
clarified, revealing the misunderstanding.
7. When my parents were abroad, I ______ my small sister.
Answer: E (cared for)
Explanation: "Cared for" means to look after or take responsibility for someone. While the
parents were away, the speaker cared for their younger sister.
8. We have to ______ these mosquitoes in order to sleep without being interrupted.
Answer: E (do away with)
Explanation: "Do away with" means to eliminate or get rid of something. To avoid mosquito
disturbances, they need to remove them.
9. The company should ______ the price so as to sell more, otherwise the stocks will not be sold.
Answer: D (cut down)
Explanation: "Cut down" means to reduce. Lowering the price can help increase sales.
10. The old professor ______ last night because of a heart attack.
Answer: D (passed away)
Explanation: "Passed away" is a polite way to say someone died. It fits the context of the
professor's death.
11. You have to ______ the things which you learn many times during a day in order not to
forget them.
Answer: C (do over)
Explanation: "Do over" means to repeat or review. Repeating what you learn helps retain it.

35
12. Can you ______ how to use these tools?
Answer: E (figure out)
Explanation: "Figure out" means to understand or solve something. It fits the context of
explaining tool usage.
13. Mussa: Let's go swimming. Lata: Sorry but, I don't ____ it. We may go tomorrow. I want to
stay at home today.
Answer: C (feel like)
Explanation: "Feel like" expresses desire or inclination. Lata doesn't feel like going swimming
today.
14. The doctor warned him to ___smoking as soon as possible if he did not want to die of cancer.
Answer: D (give up)
Explanation: "Give up" means to quit or stop doing something. The doctor advises quitting
smoking for health reasons.
15. Hello, can I speak to Mr. Kasu, please? - He has just entered his office, I can _____ you sir.
Answer: C (put through)
Explanation: "Put through" means to connect someone on a phone call. The assistant will
connect the caller to Mr. Kasu.
16. I will put this watch here for five minutes as I am going to swim. Please ______ it so it
doesn't get lost.
Answer: E (keep an eye on)
Explanation: "Keep an eye on" means to watch or guard something carefully. The speaker asks
for help in ensuring the watch isn't misplaced.

36
CHAPTER - 3: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter you are expected to:
Define active and passive voices.
Explain the major difference between active and passive voices.
Use active and passive voices properly.
Compare and contrast active and passive voices

Student, can you define what active and passive voices are?
a. Active voice:_________________________________________
eg.
b. passive voice:_________________________________________
eg.eeg

In English, the standard format where the subject performs the action is known as the active
voice. However, you can switch around your words to make the direct or indirect objects the
subject of the sentence, known as the passive voice.
Stricklen threw the ball to Williams. (active)
The ball was thrown to Williams by Stricklen. (passive)
Williams was thrown the ball by Stricklen. (passive)

3.1 Forming Passive Sentences

Object + a Form of 'Be' + V3
Eg. The letters were delivered.
3.2 Uses of Passive Voice
We use passive voices in the following cases.
 When you don't know the person who performed the action.
The bank was robbed.
 When it is not important who performed the action.
Harvard University was founded in 1636.
 When the performer is not a specific person.
English is spoken in many countries around the world.

37
  When you prefer not to mention the name of the performer.
I was told that you didn't go to work today.
 Used with a performer: by + performer
The cake was made by my cousin.

Exercise- 5
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the active or passive verb.
1. A lot of old songs ________________ on the radio last week. (Play)
2. The President ________ about the coup in Central America. (Just inform)
3. If I ________________ you I wouldn't go to the meeting. (Be)
4. The bank manager told me that the house _______________ for. (Not pay)
5. I __________________ the guitar since I was in nursery school. (Play)
6. Margie is very happy because she ____ an engagement ring from her boyfriend. (Just
Receive)
7. I ___________ after the children while the garage __________ . (Look , Repair)
8. When Jane came to the office, she found out that her boss __________. (Already Leave)
9. Please don't interrupt us. We ____________________ an important conversation. (Have)
10. I reported to the police that my stamp collection __________ the week before. (Steal)
11. A short time after the pedestrian ______by the car the ambulance ______ . (Hit, Arrive)
12.When Mr Kennel entered the room, emails ____________ by his assistants. (Type)
13. Dad ________________ for over three weeks. (Not Smoke)
14. He normally _____ up on his own but yesterday he ______by his mom. (Wake, Wake)
15. They usually ____________________ visitors at the hospital. (Not Allow)
16. All the houses in our street ________ every year during the Christmas season. (Decorate)
17. India __________________ independence in 1947. (Grant)
18. They __________________ in southern Italy since the end of the war. (Live)
19. I ___________________ a car by the garage so that I could drive home. (Give)
20. Tom's father is an excellent athlete. He _________ some sort of sport every day. (Do)
Choose the correct answer
21. In general, mice can't _____cats, in the same way, that cats can't with_____ dogs.
A) get after B) go about C) get along with D) find out E) get through

38
22. Our math class is tough. Even though I do the homework every night, I can't keep _______.
A) on B) over C) Up D) By
23. I can't believe he pointed _____ the manager's mistakes in front of the whole company!
A) down B) through C) over D) out
24. What are you doing tonight? Do you want to hang _____?
A) Over B) Out C) Through D) Across

Exercise 5 answers with brief explanation

1. A lot of old songs ________________ on the radio last week. (Play)

Answer: were played
Explanation: The subject "songs" is passive because they were played by someone else. The time
reference "last week" requires the past simple tense.
2. The President ________ about the coup in Central America. (Just inform)
Answer: has just been informed
Explanation: The use of "just" suggests a recent action, requiring the present perfect continuous
tense in the passive voice.
3. If I ________________ you I wouldn't go to the meeting. (Be)
Answer: were
Explanation: This is a hypothetical situation in the second conditional, so we use "were"
regardless of the subject.
4. The bank manager told me that the house _______________ for. (Not pay)
Answer: hadn't been paid
Why "had not been paid" is correct:
Active vs Passive Voice:
In English, verbs can be in the active voice or passive voice.
Active voice: The subject performs the action. Example: "The bank manager paid the house."
Passive voice: The subject receives the action. Example: "The house was paid by the bank
manager."
In this case, the house is not the one paying but is receiving the action (not being paid for).
Therefore, the sentence must be in passive voice.
Tense Choice:

39
The sentence refers to an action that happened before the bank manager told you something. The
reporting verb ("told") is in the past, so we need to show that the action of "not being paid for"
occurred before this moment.
To indicate this past action before another past action, we use the past perfect tense. The past
perfect tense is formed with had + past participle.
In this case, the verb "pay" is in the form "had not been paid", where:
Had is the auxiliary verb (helping verb) for the past perfect tense.
Not is the negation.
Been is the past participle of the verb "be" (indicating passive voice).
Paid is the past participle of "pay."
Structure of the Passive Voice:
The structure for passive voice in the past perfect tense is:
Subject + had + not + been + past participle (of the main verb)
In the given sentence:
"The house" is the subject.
"Had not been" is the past perfect auxiliary.
"Paid" is the past participle of the verb "pay."
Final Explanation:
The bank manager is informing you about a situation that happened before they spoke to you (the
house not being paid for).
Therefore, "had not been paid" is the correct tense and voice to show that the house was not paid
for prior to the point in time when the bank manager gave you the information.
5. I __________________ the guitar since I was in nursery school. (Play)
Answer: have been playing
Explanation: The present perfect continuous tense is used to show an action that started in the
past and continues to the present.
6. Margie is very happy because she ____ an engagement ring from her boyfriend. (Just Receive)
Answer: has just received
Explanation: The present perfect tense indicates a recently completed action with relevance to
the present.
7. I ___________ after the children while the garage __________ . (Look , Repair)

40
Answer: am looking, is being repaired
Explanation: The first part uses the present continuous tense ("am looking") to describe an
ongoing action, and the second part uses the passive voice in the present continuous tense ("is
being repaired").
8. When Jane came to the office, she found out that her boss __________. (Already Leave)
Answer: had already left
Explanation: The past perfect tense is used to indicate an action completed before another action
in the past.
9. Please don't interrupt us. We ____________________ an important conversation. (Have)
Answer: are having
Explanation: The present continuous tense is used to describe an action happening at the
moment.
10. I reported to the police that my stamp collection __________ the week before. (Steal)
Answer: had been stolen
Explanation: The past perfect continuous tense in passive form is used because the theft occurred
before the report.
11. A short time after the pedestrian ______by the car the ambulance ______ . (Hit, Arrive)
Answer: was hit, arrived
Explanation: The first part uses the passive voice in the past simple tense ("was hit"), and the
second part uses the active voice in the past simple tense ("arrived").
12. When Mr Kennel entered the room, emails ____________ by his assistants. (Type)
Answer: were being typed
Explanation: The past continuous tense in passive form is used to describe an ongoing action at a
specific time in the past.
13. Dad ________________ for over three weeks. (Not Smoke)
Answer: hasn't smoked
Explanation: The present perfect tense is used to show an action that started in the past and
continues to the present.
14. He normally _____ up on his own but yesterday he ______by his mom. (Wake, Wake)
Answer: wakes, was woken

41
Explanation: The first part uses the present simple tense ("wakes") for a habitual action, and the
second part uses the passive voice in the past simple tense ("was woken").
15. They usually ____________________ visitors at the hospital. (Not Allow)
Answer: don't allow
Explanation: The present simple tense is used to describe a habitual action.
16. All the houses in our street ________ every year during the Christmas season. (Decorate)
Answer: are decorated
Explanation: The passive voice in the present simple tense is used because the houses are
decorated by others.
17. India __________________ independence in 1947. (Grant)
Answer: was granted
Explanation: The passive voice in the past simple tense is used because India received
independence as an action done to it.
18. They __________________ in southern Italy since the end of the war. (Live)
Answer: have been living
Explanation:
The sentence indicates an action that started in the past (since the end of the war) and continues
up to the present. This requires the present perfect continuous tense .
The structure for the present perfect continuous tense is: have/has + been + verb-ing .
"Have been living" shows that their residence in southern Italy began after the war and is still
ongoing.
Final Sentence:
"They have been living in southern Italy since the end of the war."
19. I ___________________ a car by the garage so that I could drive home. (Give)
Answer: was given
Explanation: The passive voice in the past simple tense is used because the speaker received the
car from the garage.
20. Tom's father is an excellent athlete. He _________ some sort of sport every day. (Do)
Answer: does
Explanation: The present simple tense is used to describe a habitual action.

42
21. In general, mice can't _____ cats, in the same way, that cats can't with_____ dogs.
Answer: C (get along with)
Explanation: "Get along with" means to have a good relationship or interact peacefully with
someone or something. Mice generally cannot get along with cats, just as cats cannot get along
with dogs. The other options do not fit the context of relationships between animals.
22. Our math class is tough. Even though I do the homework every night, I can't keep _______.
Answer: C (up)
Explanation: "Keep up" means to stay at the same level or pace as others, especially in a
challenging situation like a tough math class. The phrase suggests the struggle to maintain
progress despite effort. Other options like "on," "over," or "by" do not convey this meaning.
23. I can't believe he pointed _____ the manager's mistakes in front of the whole company!
Answer: D (out)
Explanation: "Pointed out" means to draw attention to something, often by identifying or
highlighting it. In this case, the person highlighted the manager's mistakes publicly. Other
options like "down," "through," or "over" do not fit the context of calling attention to something.
24. What are you doing tonight? Do you want to hang _____?
Answer: B (out)
Explanation: "Hang out" is a common informal phrase meaning to spend time relaxing or
socializing with others. It fits the casual tone of the sentence. Other options like "over,"
"through," or "across" do not make sense in this context.

43
 CHAPTER FOUR: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter you are expected to:
Define infinitives and gerunds.
List verbs that can be followed by infinitive, gerund or ether.
Use the correct for of gerund and infinitive where necessary.

Student, what do you do when two main verbs appear together

in a sentence in English?
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Gerund and infinitive defined

In English, when two main verbs appeared together in a sentence the second verb must be
either in the infinitive (TO) form or gerund (ING) form. On the other hand, infinitive and
gerunds are noun forms of verbs.
Do you like to swim?
Do you enjoy learning?
4.1 Infinitive
An infinitive adds the preposition to in front of a verb‘s root form. Although technically two
words, an infinitive act as a single word, usually a noun, but sometimes also an adjective or
adverb.
To forgive is divine. (noun)
4.1.1 Examples Verbs that are commonly followed by infinitive

agree deserve appear determine

arrange ask attempt beg
decide demand elect endeavor
hurry incline learn manage
mean need neglect offer
pay plan prepare pretend

44
4.2 The Gerund
The gerund is the -ing form of verbs. A gerund is strictly used as a noun, and occasionally you
can use them to create gerund phrases, which act as a single unit to modify the gerund.
Eg. I don’t mind closing windows.

4.2.1 Example Verbs that are commonly followed by the gerund

Allow anticipate appreciate avoid

dread endure enjoy escape
evade explain fancy fear
feel like feign finish forgive
permit picture postpone practice
prevent put off recall recollect
recommend report resent resist
suggest support tolerate understand

4.2.2 Verbs that are Followed by Either with No meaning Change

There are certain verbs in English that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without
causing a change in meaning. These verbs include:
 Begin continue hate
 Intend like love
 Prefer start
When these verbs are used, both the gerund and infinitive forms are acceptable, and the choice
between them depends on personal preference or style rather than a difference in meaning.
For example:
1. She began singing / to sing when she was just a child.
2. I love dancing / to dance in my free time.
3. Do you prefer reading / to read fiction novels?
In these sentences, both the gerund and the infinitive forms can be used interchangeably without
altering the intended meaning of the sentence.

45
4.2.3 Verbs that are Followed by Either with Meaning Change

In English, some verbs can be followed by either a gerund (-ing form) or an infinitive (to + base
verb), and the choice of form can lead to a change in meaning. Here are some common verbs that
exhibit this pattern:
a. Forget
 Forget to Do: Indicates that someone did not do something.
Example: She often forgets to lock the door when she leaves the house.
 Forget Doing: Implies not remembering something done in the past.
Example: Mary forgets meeting Tim in Italy.
b. Regret
 Regret to Do: Expresses having to do something unpleasant.
Example: I regret to tell you the bad news.
 Regret Doing: Conveys not liking what was done in the past.
Example: Peter regrets moving to Chicago.
c. Stop
 Stop to Do: Denotes stopping one action to do another.
Example: Jason stopped to speak with his boss about the convention.
 Stop Doing: Indicates completely quitting an action, often a bad habit.
Example: I stopped smoking cigarettes.
These verbs illustrate how the choice between using a gerund or an infinitive can alter the
intended meaning of the sentence, highlighting nuances in language usage.

Exercise-6
Choose the correct answer
1. He wants _____ a cold drink.
A) drink B) to drink C) drinking D) drinks
2. He never _____ by plane.
A) travels B) to travel C) traveling D) travel
3. Will you _____ off the photocopier?
A) to turn B) turning C) turned D) turn
4. Would she like _____ to the moon?

46
 A) going B) go C) to go D) goes
5. Do you like_____ football on TV?
A) watch B) watched C) watches D) watching
6. We must_____ back the mixer back to the shop. It doesn‘t work.
A) taking B) take C) took D) to take
7. She can _____ German and Italian.
A) speak B) speaking C) to speak D) speaks
8. Could you _____ more slowly?
A) speaking B) spoke C) speak D) speaks
9. I hope _____ you soon.
A) to see B) seeing C) see D) saw
10. We‘d better _____ to the manager.
A) to talk B) talking C) talked D) talk
11. It takes him an hour _____ to the bank.
A) getting B) get C) gets D) to get
12. A: This problem is too difficult. I can‘t solve it.
B: Is it really too difficult for you _____?
A) solving B) solve C) to solve D) solved
13. A: He is a doctor. He looks very young.
B: Yes. He doesn‘t look old enough _____ a doctor.
A) being B) be C) been D) to be
14. A: Shall I buy meat or fish?
B: I‘ve already told you what _____.
A) to buy B) buying C) buy D) bought
15. A: What are you _____?
B: I‘m resting.
A) done B) do C) doing D) to do
16. I‘d rather not _____ late for my interview.
A) be B) to be C) been D) being
17. A farmer uses tractors _____ fields with.
A) ploughing B) to plough C) ploughed D) ploughs

47
18. She wants _____ a complaint about the waiter.
A) to make B) making C) makes D) made
19. My father does the _____ himself.
A) ironing B) irons C) to iron D) iron
20. My mother does all the _____.
A) cleaning B) to clean C) cleans D) clean
21. Shall I _____ you a glass of lemonade?
A) making B) made C) make D) to make
22. Do you lie in bed after _____?
A) to wake up B) waking up C) woken up D) wake up
23. Let him _____ that for you.
A) to do B) do C) doing D) does
24. How long has he _____ the manager?
A) been B) to be C) being D) be
25. She is _____ to school by her mother every morning.
A) takes B) taken C) to take D) taking

Exercise 6 Answers with brief explanation

1. He wants _____ a cold drink.
Answer: B (to drink)
Explanation: "Wants" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to drink") to express desire.
2. He never _____ by plane.
Answer: A (travels)
Explanation: The sentence requires the base form of the verb in the present simple tense
("travels") to describe a habitual action.
3. Will you _____ off the photocopier?
Answer: D (turn)
Explanation: "Will" is followed by the base form of the verb ("turn") in questions or statements
about future actions.
4. Would she like _____ to the moon?
Answer: C (to go)

48
Explanation: "Would like" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to go").
5. Do you like_____ football on TV?
Answer: D (watching)
Explanation: "Like" is often followed by the gerund form of the verb ("watching") when
referring to enjoying an activity.
6. We must_____ back the mixer back to the shop. It doesn‘t work.
Answer: B (take)
Explanation: "Must" is followed by the base form of the verb ("take") to indicate necessity.
7. She can _____ German and Italian.
Answer: A (speak)
Explanation: "Can" is followed by the base form of the verb ("speak") to describe ability.
8. Could you _____ more slowly?
Answer: C (speak)
Explanation: "Could you" is followed by the base form of the verb ("speak") in polite requests.
9. I hope _____ you soon.
Answer: A (to see)
Explanation: "Hope" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to see") to express
expectation.
10. We‘d better _____ to the manager.
Answer: D (talk)
Explanation: "We'd better" is followed by the base form of the verb ("talk") to give advice.
11. It takes him an hour _____ to the bank.
Answer: D (to get)
Explanation: "It takes" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to get") to describe time
required for an action.
12. Is it really too difficult for you _____?
Answer: C (to solve)
Explanation: "For you to solve" is the correct structure to express difficulty in performing an
action.
13. He doesn‘t look old enough _____ a doctor.
Answer: D (to be)

49
Explanation: "Old enough to be" is the correct structure to express suitability for a role.
14. I‘ve already told you what _____.
Answer: A (to buy)
Explanation: "What to buy" is the correct structure to refer to a previously mentioned decision.
15. What are you _____?
Answer: C (doing)
Explanation: "Are you doing" is the correct form in the present continuous tense to ask about
current actions.
16. I‘d rather not _____ late for my interview.
Answer: A (be)
Explanation: "I'd rather not be" is the correct structure to express preference about being
something.
17. A farmer uses tractors _____ fields with.
Answer: B (to plough)
Explanation: "To plough" indicates the purpose of using tractors.
18. She wants _____ a complaint about the waiter.
Answer: A (to make)
Explanation: "Wants" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to make") to express
intention.
19. My father does the _____ himself.
Answer: A (ironing)
Explanation: "Ironing" is a gerund used as a noun to describe the task.
20. My mother does all the _____.
Answer: A (cleaning)
Explanation: "Cleaning" is a gerund used as a noun to describe the task.
21. Shall I _____ you a glass of lemonade?
Answer: C (make)
Explanation: "Shall I" is followed by the base form of the verb ("make") to offer assistance.
22. Do you lie in bed after _____?
Answer: B (waking up)
Explanation: "After waking up" uses the gerund form to describe an action following another.

50
23. Let him _____ that for you.
Answer: B (do)
Explanation: "Let him" is followed by the base form of the verb ("do") to allow or permit an
action.
24. How long has he _____ the manager?
Answer: A (been)
Explanation: "Has he been" is the correct form in the present perfect continuous tense to describe
duration in a position.
25. She is _____ to school by her mother every morning.
Answer: B (taken)
Explanation: "Is taken" is the passive voice in the present simple tense to describe a repeated
action.

Exercise-7
Underline the correct form of the given verbs
1. Belinda is looking forward to have/ having (have) a reply from his friend.
2. Hey, you look tired! How about to take/ taking (take) a break from work for a bit?
3. I can't afford to have /having (have) my Master's degree at a private university.
4. The criminal avoided to confess/ confessing (confess) the truth.
5. The clients decided to cancel/ cancelling (cancel) the contract.
6. If you don't give up to talk/ talking (talk) too much, everybody will get bored.
7. My sister doesn't want to come with us because she hates to do/doing (do) windsurfing.
8. The baby keeps crying. Does his father mind to take care/taking care (take) care of him a bit.
9. Jenny has problems with her mother-in-law. As far as it seems, she is tired of to fight/fighting
(fight) with her.
10. Two students applied for the Doctorate program and they look forward to have/having
(have) a positive reply from the university.
11. After hearing a noise, Ken turned the lights on to see/seeing (see) everything clearly

51
Exercise-7 Answers with brief explanations

1. Belinda is looking forward to have/having (have) a reply from his friend.

Answer: having
Explanation: The phrase "look forward to" always takes the gerund form of the verb ("having").
2. Hey, you look tired! How about to take/taking (take) a break from work for a bit?
Answer: taking
Explanation: "How about" requires the gerund form of the verb ("taking") to suggest an idea or
action.
3. I can't afford to have/having (have) my Master's degree at a private university.
Answer: to have
Explanation: "Afford" is typically followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to have") when
referring to being able to do something.
4. The criminal avoided to confess/confessing (confess) the truth.
Answer: confessing
Explanation: "Avoid" is always followed by the gerund form of the verb ("confessing").
5. The clients decided to cancel/cancelling (cancel) the contract.
Answer: to cancel
Explanation: "Decided" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb ("to cancel") to express a
choice or plan.
6. If you don't give up to talk/talking (talk) too much, everybody will get bored.
Answer: talking
Explanation: "Give up" is always followed by the gerund form of the verb ("talking").
7. My sister doesn't want to come with us because she hates to do/doing (do) windsurfing.
Answer: doing
Explanation: "Hates" is often followed by the gerund form of the verb ("doing") to describe
disliking an activity.
8. The baby keeps crying. Does his father mind to take care/taking care (take) care of him a bit?
Answer: taking care
Explanation: "Mind" is followed by the gerund form of the verb ("taking care") to ask about
willingness or objection to an action.

52
9. Jenny has problems with her mother-in-law. As far as it seems, she is tired of to fight/fighting
(fight) with her.
Answer: fighting
Explanation: "Tired of" always takes the gerund form of the verb ("fighting").
10. Two students applied for the Doctorate program and they look forward to have/having (have)
a positive reply from the university.
Answer: having
Explanation: "Look forward to" always takes the gerund form of the verb ("having").
11. After hearing a noise, Ken turned the lights on to see/seeing (see) everything clearly.
Answer: to see
Explanation: The infinitive form of the verb ("to see") is used here to express purpose (why Ken
turned the lights on).

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 CHAPTER-FIVE: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Objectives: At the end of this unit, you’re expected to

Explain rules for subject-verb agreement
Make sentences with accurate subject verb agreement.
Apply subject verb agreement rules.
Revise sentences containing agreement problems.

Subject-verb agreement, also known as ―subject-verb concord,‖ extends to matching the subject
and verb in tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), which essentially translates to number, person, and
gender. English grammar does not heavily rely on gender distinctions except for pronouns;
however, verbs like ―be‖ change based on whether they refer to first, second, or third person. In
English, subject-verb agreement primarily revolves around ensuring that singular subjects are
paired with singular verbs and plural subjects with plural verbs. Here are some key rules to
remember:
1. Singular Subjects and Verbs: A singular subject requires a singular verb, and a plural
subject needs a plural verb.
For example, ―She writes every day.‖
2. Plural Subjects and Verbs: Similarly, plural subjects should be paired with plural verbs.
For instance, ―They write every day.‖
3. Compound Subjects: When the subject consists of two or more nouns or pronouns
connected by ―and,‖ use a plural verb.
Example, ―The doctoral student and the committee members write every day.‖
4. Phrases Between Subject and Verb: Even if there is a phrase between the subject and
the verb, the verb should still agree with the subject.
Eg., ―The student, as well as the committee members, is excited.‖
5. Singular Nouns Connected by “or” or “nor”: When two singular nouns are connected
by ―or‖ or ―nor,‖ use a singular verb.
Eg. ―The chairperson or the CEO approves the proposal before proceeding.‖
6. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns like ―group,‖ ―team,‖ or ―committee‖ are considered
singular and take a singular verb unless the focus is on individuals within the group.

54
 Eg. The committee has agreed on some issues about the new project.
7. Indefinite Pronouns: Words like ―each,‖ ―either,‖ ―neither,‖ etc., are singular and
require singular verbs.
Eg. Each student has been in the library till midnight.
8. Noncount Nouns: Noncount nouns take singular verbs.
Water is the most important thing for life.
9. Countable Nouns with Only Plural Form: Some countable nouns only have a plural
form and take plural verbs.
The scissors are sharp‖ or ―hand me those scissors.
Some goods were expired before they reached the customers.
10. “There is” vs. “There are”: In sentences starting with these phrases, the verb agrees
with what follows it.
Eg. There is a book on the shelf.
There are books on the shelf.
11. When we use correlative conjunctions like either…or, neither…nor, not only…but
also etc, then the verb must agree with its nearest subject.
Eg. Ether the student or the teachers are in the room.
Not only the teachers but also the director was complaining about salary.

Exercise-8
Choose the correct Answer

1. Everyone ________ finished reading the fairy tale.

A. has B. have C. is D. are
2. Some of the students ________ left the classroom for lunch.
A. has B. have C. is D. was
3. Nobody ________ come for the party yet. We're still waiting.
A. has B. have C. is D. was
4. Somebody ________ spilt tea on the table cloth.
A) has B) have C. is D. are
5. Each of the teachers ________ willing to attend the meeting at the weekend.
A) has B) have C. is D. are

55
6. Neither of the two students ________ in the library now.
A) has B) have C. is D. are
7. A pair of jeans ________ in the bathroom.
A) has B) have C. is D. are
8. My glasses ________ on the table this morning.
A. was B) were C. is D. has
9. Diabetes ________ very common among people who consume too much fast food.
A. are B) were C. is D. has
10. Five and seven ________ twelve.
A. was B) were C. is D. has
11. It's not the teachers but the director of the school who ________ on the course schedule.
a) decide B) decides C. are decided D. deciding
12. Forty percent of the milk ________ been sold since the morning.
A. has B) have C. are D. is
13. It is only Mike, not his classmates that ________ lunch in the classroom.
A) eat B) eats C. eaten D. was eaten
14. Either my uncle or my grandparents ________ going to buy me a laptop.
A) is B) are C. can D. may
15. ________ either your brothers or mother going to buy a new flat?
A) is B) are C. can D. may
16. Six times five divided by two ________ fifteen.
A) is B) are C. can D. may
17. Three fifths of all the money ________ already been spent.
A. has B) have C. are D. is
18. Some of the children in the playground________ playing hide and seek.
A) is B) are C. can D. may
19. One fifth of the corn field ________ destroyed by the grasshoppers.
A) was B) were C. been D. can

56
Exercise-8 Answers with brief explanations

1. Everyone ________ finished reading the fairy tale.

Answer: A (has)
Explanation: "Everyone" is a singular subject, so we use the singular verb "has."
2. Some of the students ________ left the classroom for lunch.
Answer: B (have)
Explanation: "Some of the students" is plural, so we use the plural verb "have."
3. Nobody ________ come for the party yet. We're still waiting.
Answer: A (has)
Explanation: "Nobody" is a singular subject, so we use the singular verb "has."
4. Somebody ________ spilt tea on the table cloth.
Answer: A (has)
Explanation: "Somebody" is a singular subject, so we use the singular verb "has."
5. Each of the teachers ________ willing to attend the meeting at the weekend.
Answer: C (is)
Explanation: "Each" is a singular subject, so we use the singular verb "is."
6. Neither of the two students ________ in the library now.
Answer: C (is)
Explanation: "Neither" is a singular subject, so we use the singular verb "is."
7. A pair of jeans ________ in the bathroom.
Answer: C (is)
Explanation: "A pair of jeans" is treated as a singular unit, so we use the singular verb "is."
8. My glasses ________ on the table this morning.
Answer: B (were)
Explanation: "Glasses" is plural, so we use the plural verb "were."
9. Diabetes ________ very common among people who consume too much fast food.
Answer: C (is)
Explanation: "Diabetes" is a singular noun, so we use the singular verb "is."
10. Five and seven ________ twelve.
Answer: C (is)

57
Explanation: The result of the sum ("twelve") is singular, so we use the singular verb "is."
11. It's not the teachers but the director of the school who ________ on the course schedule.
Answer: B (decides)
Explanation: The subject is "the director," which is singular, so we use the singular verb
"decides."
12. Forty percent of the milk ________ been sold since the morning.
Answer: A (has)
Explanation: "Forty percent of the milk" is treated as a singular unit, so we use the singular verb "has."
13. It is only Mike, not his classmates that ________ lunch in the classroom.
Answer: B (eats)
Explanation: The subject is "Mike," which is singular, so we use the singular verb "eats."
14. Either my uncle or my grandparents ________ going to buy me a laptop.
Answer: B (are)
Explanation: When "either...or" connects subjects of different numbers, the verb agrees with the
closer subject ("grandparents"), which is plural.
15. ________ either your brothers or mother going to buy a new flat?
Answer: A (is)
Explanation: The verb agrees with the closer subject ("mother"), which is singular.
16. Six times five divided by two ________ fifteen.
Answer: A (is)
Explanation: The result ("fifteen") is singular, so we use the singular verb "is."
17. Three fifths of all the money ________ already been spent.
Answer: A (has)
Explanation: "Three fifths of all the money" is treated as a singular unit, so we use the singular
verb "has."
18. Some of the children in the playground ________ playing hide and seek.
Answer: B (are)
Explanation: "Some of the children" is plural, so we use the plural verb "are."
19. One fifth of the corn field ________ destroyed by the grasshoppers.
Answer: A (was)
Explanation: "One fifth of the corn field" is treated as a singular unit, so we use the singular verb "was."

58
CHAPTER-6: TENSES

Learning outcomes: At the end of this unit, you’re expected to

Discuss what tenses are and their types
Explain how regular and irregular verbs can be used in different tense
Identify between different verb forms (action verbs, linking verbs, helping verbs).
Communicate a message using appropriate verb tenses

6.1 Tense Defined

A tense is a form of the verb that allows you to express time. The tense of the verb tells us when
an event or something existed or when a person did something. Past, present, and future are the
three main types of tenses.

6.2. Present tenses

6.2.1. The simple present tense

It‘s made with the root form, unless the subject is third-person singular (he, she and it), in which
case you use the third-person singular present form.
I/We/You/They+ V1 (base form) OR He/She/It + V1 (in simple present form
Eg. a. Kim feels lousy today.
b. I study every night before bed.

Uses of Simple Present

The simple present tense in English has the following key uses:
i. Happening Right Now: The simple present tense is used to describe actions that are happening
at the moment of speaking.
For example:
“Pauline loves pie.”
ii. Regular Actions: It is also used to talk about actions that happen regularly or habitually. For
instance:
a. “Ms. Jackson travels during the summer.”
b. “Hamsters run all night.”

59
iii. General Truths: The simple present is employed to express general truths or facts that are
always true:
a.“People need food.”
b.“Two and two make four.”
iv. Future Plans: When discussing fixed plans or timetables, the simple present can be used to
talk about the future:
a. “School begins at nine tomorrow.”
b. “What time does the film start?”
v. Conditions: The present simple is used in the first and zero conditionals to express real or
possible situations:
a. “If it rains, we won’t come.”
b. “If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.”

6.2.2 The present continuous tense

Form the present continuous by adding the conjugated simple present form of be before the
present participle of your main verb (the -ing form).
am / is / are + [PRESENT PARTICIPLE]
Examples
Tony is sleeping at the moment.
Later, we’re seeing the new zombie movie. Everyone is talking about it!
Uses of Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous tense, also known as the present progressive tense, is mainly used in the
following cases.
i. Events at the Time of Speaking: The present continuous is used to talk about events that are in
progress at the moment of speaking. For example:
a. ―I‘m cooking now so it‘ll be ready in about half an hour.‖
b. ―She‘s pressing the button but nothing is happening.‖
ii. Temporary States: Temporary states that are true around the moment of speaking are
described using the present continuous. For instance:
a. ―Her mother‘s living with her at the moment.‖
b. ―Who‘s looking after the children while you‘re here?‖

60
iii. Repeated Temporary Events: Actions that are repeated or regular but believed to be
temporary are expressed using the present continuous. For example:
a. ―I‘m not drinking much coffee these days. I‘m trying to cut down.‖
b. ―She‘s working a lot in London at the moment.‖
iv. Change: The present continuous is used to talk about gradual changes. For instance:
a. ―They‘re building a new stand at the football ground.‖
b. ―Maria, 37, is getting better and doctors are optimistic she will make a full recovery.‖
v. Regular Unplanned Events: Events that are regular but not planned can be described using
the present continuous with adverbs of indefinite frequency like always, constantly, continually,
and forever. For example:
a. ―My wife, she‘s always throwing things out.‖
b. ―I‘m constantly spilling things.‖
vi. Plans and Arrangements: Future plans and arrangements that have already been made are
referred to using the present continuous. For instance:
a. ―We‘re moving to Cambridge in July.‖
b. ―Sarah isn‘t taking Rory to football training later.‖

6.2.3 The present perfect tense

To form the present perfect tense, add the present conjugation of have before the verb‘s past
participle.
has/have + [PAST PARTICIPLE]
Examples
I’ve worked here since the beginning.
Macbeth has murdered the king!
Uses of Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is used in various contexts in English to indicate actions that started in
the past and have relevance to the present. Here are some common uses of the present perfect
tense:
i. Ongoing Actions: The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that started in the
past and are still ongoing or have just been completed. For example: ―I have lived in this city
for five years.‖

61
 ii. Experiences: It is used to talk about experiences in a person‘s life without specifying
when they occurred. For instance: ―She has visited Europe several times.‖
iii. Changes Over Time: The present perfect tense can indicate changes or developments that
have taken place over a period leading up to the present. For example: ―The company has
grown significantly since last year.‖
iv. Unfinished Actions: It is used for actions that started in the past but are not yet
completed. For instance: ―He has studied all night for the exam.‖
v. Multiple Actions: The present perfect tense can be used to talk about multiple actions that
have occurred at different times but are relevant to the present moment. For example: ―I have
read three books this month.‖
vi. Recent Events: It is also used to discuss recent events or actions that have an impact on
the current situation. For instance: ―The team has just won the championship.‖
vii. Actions with Indefinite Time: When the time of an action is not specified or is
considered indefinite, the present perfect tense is used. For example: ―They have already
eaten dinner.‖
viii. Repetitive Actions: It can be used to talk about actions that a person has repeated over a
period until now. For instance: ―She has always loved playing the piano.‖
ix. Achievements: The present perfect tense is often used to talk about achievements or
accomplishments in one‘s life. For example: ―He has graduated from university.‖
x. Actions with Present Relevance: It is used for actions that have a connection or relevance
to the present moment, emphasizing their importance now.
Example: ―I have lost my keys; I can‘t find them anywhere.‖

6.2.4 The present perfect continuous tense

The present perfect and the present perfect continuous can often be used interchangeably, but the
big difference is emphasis. The present perfect continuous emphasizes that the event is ongoing,
whereas the present perfect alone emphasizes completion or achievement.
has/have + been + [PRESENT PARTICIPLE]
Examples
The town has been mining gold since the 1800s.
I’ve been locked in my closet for hours!

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Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous tense is used in various contexts to convey specific meanings
related to actions that started in the past and are still ongoing or have recently stopped but have
a connection to the present moment. Here are some common uses of the present perfect
continuous tense:
i. Duration from the Past Until Now: One of the primary uses of the present perfect
continuous tense is to indicate that an action started in the past and has continued up to the
present moment. This emphasizes the duration or length of time the action has been taking
place.
Example: “They have been talking for the last hour.”
ii. Recent Past Activities: The present perfect continuous tense can be used to talk about
activities that were completed in the recent past. Even though the activity is finished, there is
a visible result or impact in the present.
Example: “I’ve just been cleaning the car.” (The car is wet and clean.)
iii. One Continuing Event: This tense is used to describe a single activity that began at a
specific point in the past and is still ongoing at the present time.
Example: “He’s been living in the village since 1995.”
iv. Repeated Continuing Events: Present perfect continuous can also be used for repeated
activities that started at a particular time in the past and are still happening up to now.
Example: “I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.”
v. Asking About Duration: The present perfect continuous tense is often used to ask and
answer questions about how long an activity has been taking place.
Example: “How long have you been waiting for me?”
vi. Actions with Visible Results: It is used for actions that have recently stopped but have a
visible result that can be observed, heard, or felt in the present.
Example: “It’s been raining, so the pavement is wet.”

Exercise-9

Choose the correct form of the present tenses to fill the gaps in the sentences.
1. I‘m taking my sister out as she __ any sun for a long time.
A) hasn‘t had B) haven‘t had C) hadn‘t been D) will have

63
2. He ___ ill for three months already.
A) was B) has been C) is D) have been
3. Who goes sight-seeing?
A) Nina does B) We shall. C) We did. D) I did.
4. I usually ___ a blouse and jeans at home, but today I ___ on a new dress.
A) wear/have put B) have worn/have put
C) wore/has put D) wears/has put
5. Aman: What ___ the president ___?
Mamo: He ___ a contract.
A) does/do/has signed B) is/doing/is signing
C) will/do/was signing D) is/ going to do/would sign
6. Look! The cat ___ your cutlet.
A) is eating B) was eating C) eats D) has been eating
7. You look pale. You ___ too hard these days.
A) have been working B) worked C) are working D) work
8. What ___ you ___ since I saw you last?
A) do/do B) are/doing C) have/been doing D) did/do
9. It is 8.30. Ben and Ann ___ breakfast.
A) have B) are having C) is having D) was having
10. She ___ a journalist nowadays.
A) are B) was C) is D) were E) am
11. You ___ always ___ your things. Put them into their bag.
A) are/losing B) -/lost C) have/lost D) shall/have been losing
12. What place ___ the youth of our country occupy in all branches now?
A) did B) shall C) is D) does E) will
13. I ___ home for lunch on Mondays. I have lunch in the canteen.
A) didn‘t go B) was going C) don‘t go D) doesn‘t go
14. Westminster Abbey is the ancient old church in which the coronation
ceremonies of almost all English kings and queens ___ place.
A) will take B) was taken C) was taking D) is taking
15. This is the most interesting film I ___ ever ___.

64
 A) didn‘t/see B) was/seen C) have /saw D) have/seen
16. ―Nobody ___ in that country,‖ said Pinocchio to his friend.
A) don‘t learn B) are learning C) learns D) doesn‘t learn
17. Paul ___ a student of Cambridge University.
A) were B) are C) am D) be E) is
18. ―Little boy‖, said a man, ―Why do you carry that umbrella over your head? It
__ and the sun __‖
A) rains/isn‘t shining B) doesn‘t rain/shines
C) isn‘t raining/isn‘t shining D) is raining/is shining
19. Who often has dinner at the canteen?
A) I did B) we do C) he had D) they have E) she will
20. I ___ never ___ him before.
A) - /met B) - /meet C) have/met D) has/met E) -/meets
21. The weather is awful, it ___ all day.
A) is raining C) rained D) has rained E) has been raining
22. It is 2 o‘clock. I ________ afraid I ______ late.
A) was/am B) shall be/am C) am/am D) was/was
23. Who usually answers these letters in your office?
A) My friend can. B) That man will. C) I do, of course. D) Mary is.
24. The milk is hot I ___ on it to make it cold.
A) am blowing B) blow C) is blowing D) blew
25. You don‘t like horror films, do you? _________. They are so terrifying.
A) Yes, I can. B) No, I can‘t. C) No, I don‘t. D) Yes, I do.
26. ___ this engineer work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
A) Do B) Does C) Has D) Had
27. He ___ never ___ him sing.
A) had/heard B) has/heard C) have/ heard D) was/ hearing
28. I think _______________________ .
A) if he is about fifty B) he is about fifty
C) her about fifty D) him about fifty
29. Look! There ___ a man sitting at the first table near the door. He ___ at us.

65
 A) was/looks B) had been/looked
C) were/had looked D) is/is looking
30. These engineers always ________ in the office and _________
A) stayed/learn B) stay/learn C) stays/learns D) have stayed/learned

Exercise 9 Answers with brief explanations

1. I‘m taking my sister out as she __ any sun for a long time.
Answer: A (hasn‘t had)
Explanation: The sentence requires the present perfect tense to indicate an action that started in
the past and continues to the present.
2. He ___ ill for three months already.
Answer: B (has been)
Explanation: "Has been" is used in the present perfect continuous tense to describe a state that
started in the past and continues into the present.
3. Who goes sight-seeing?
Answer: A (Nina does)
Explanation: "Does" is the auxiliary verb used in the present simple tense to answer the question
about who performs the action.
4. I usually ___ a blouse and jeans at home, but today I ___ on a new dress.
Answer: A (wear/have put)
Explanation: "Wear" is in the present simple tense for habitual actions, while "have put" is in the
present perfect tense for a recent action.
5. Aman: What ___ the president ___? Mamo: He ___ a contract.
Answer: B (is/doing/is signing)
Explanation: "Is doing" asks about an ongoing action, and "is signing" describes what the
president is currently doing.
6. Look! The cat ___ your cutlet.
Answer: A (is eating)
Explanation: The present continuous tense ("is eating") is used to describe an action happening
right now.
7. You look pale. You ___ too hard these days.

66
Answer: A (have been working)
Explanation: The present perfect continuous tense indicates an action that started in the past and
continues into the present.
8. What ___ you ___ since I saw you last?
Answer: C (have/been doing)
Explanation: The present perfect continuous tense is used to ask about ongoing actions since a
specific point in the past.
9. It is 8.30. Ben and Ann ___ breakfast.
Answer: B (are having)
Explanation: The present continuous tense is used to describe an action happening at the
moment.
10. She ___ a journalist nowadays.
Answer: C (is)
Explanation: The present simple tense ("is") describes her current profession.
11. You ___ always ___ your things. Put them into their bag.
Answer: A (are/losing)
Explanation: The present continuous tense emphasizes repeated or annoying behavior.
12. What place ___ the youth of our country occupy in all branches now?
Answer: D (does)
Explanation: "Does" is the auxiliary verb used in the present simple tense to form questions.
13. I ___ home for lunch on Mondays. I have lunch in the canteen.
Answer: C (don‘t go)
Explanation: The negative form of the present simple tense is used to describe a habitual action
that doesn't happen.
14. Westminster Abbey is the ancient old church in which the coronation ceremonies of almost
all English kings and queens ___ place.
Answer: A (will take)
Explanation: "Will take" is used to describe a future event that is certain to happen.
15. This is the most interesting film I ___ ever ___.
Answer: D (have/seen)

67
Explanation: The present perfect tense is used to describe the best or worst experience up to the
present.
16. ―Nobody ___ in that country,‖ said Pinocchio to his friend.
Answer: C (learns)
Explanation: The present simple tense is used to make a general statement.
17. Paul ___ a student of Cambridge University.
Answer: E (is)
Explanation: The present simple tense is used to describe a fact about someone's identity.
18. ―Little boy‖, said a man, ―Why do you carry that umbrella over your head? It __ and the sun
__‖
Answer: C (isn‘t raining/isn‘t shining)
Explanation: The present continuous tense is used to describe current weather conditions.
19. Who often has dinner at the canteen?
Answer: B (we do)
Explanation: "Do" is the auxiliary verb used in the present simple tense to confirm the action.
20. I ___ never ___ him before.
Answer: C (have/met)
Explanation: The present perfect tense is used to describe an experience that has not happened up
to the present.
21. The weather is awful, it ___ all day.
Answer: E (has been raining)
Explanation: The present perfect continuous tense is used to describe an ongoing action that
started earlier and continues into the present.
22. It is 2 o‘clock. I ________ afraid I ______ late.
Answer: B (shall be/am)
Explanation: "Shall be" predicts the future, while "am" describes the current situation.
23. Who usually answers these letters in your office?
Answer: C (I do, of course.)
Explanation: "Do" confirms the habitual action performed by the speaker.
24. The milk is hot I ___ on it to make it cold.
Answer: A (am blowing)

68
Explanation: The present continuous tense describes an action happening at the moment.
25. You don‘t like horror films, do you? _________. They are so terrifying.
Answer: C (No, I don‘t.)
Explanation: "No, I don‘t" agrees with the negative statement about disliking horror films.
26. ___ this engineer work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Answer: B (Does)
Explanation: "Does" is the auxiliary verb used in the present simple tense to form a question.
27. He ___ never ___ him sing.
Answer: B (has/heard)
Explanation: The present perfect tense is used to describe an experience that has not happened up
to the present.
28. I think _______________________.
Answer: B (he is about fifty)
Explanation: This is a direct statement expressing an opinion about someone's age.
29. Look! There ___ a man sitting at the first table near the door. He ___ at us.
Answer: D (is/is looking)
Explanation: "Is" introduces the subject, and "is looking" describes an ongoing action.
30. These engineers always ________ in the office and _________
Answer: B (stay/learn)
Explanation: The present simple tense is used to describe habitual actions.

6.3 Past Tenses

6.3.1 The simple past tense

The simple past tense is formed by S + V2 (with or without object)

Examples
When I was young, I played in the backyard every day.
They lost again, and no one was surprised.
Uses of Simple Past Tense
It is commonly used in various contexts to convey past events, states, or habits. Here are some
major uses of the simple past tense:

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i. Describing Past Actions: The primary function of the simple past tense is to narrate actions
that took place at a specific point in the past. For example:
―She finished her homework before dinner.‖
―They visited Paris last summer.‖
ii. Talking about Past Habits: The simple past tense can also be used to discuss habitual actions
or routines that were common in the past but may not continue into the present. For instance:
―He played basketball every Saturday morning.‖
―She read a book before bed each night.‖
iii. Narrating Past Events: When recounting stories or events that happened in the past, the
simple past tense is often employed to provide a chronological sequence of actions. For example:
―The sun set as they reached the summit.‖
―He realized his mistake after it was too late.‖
iv. Indicating Past States or Conditions: The simple past tense can also express states, feelings,
or conditions that existed in the past. This usage helps provide context or background
information about a situation:
―She was happy with her decision.‖
―The weather was perfect for a picnic.‖
v. Reporting Speech or Thoughts: In indirect speech or reported thoughts, the simple past tense
is used to convey what someone said or thought in the past:
She said she loved the movie

6.3.2 The past continuous tense

Form the past continuous by adding the conjugated simple past form of be before the present
participle. S + was/were + v-ing
Examples
They were eating dinner when the phone rang.
It was raining all day, but we still had fun indoors.
Uses of past continuous tense
The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, is used to describe ongoing
actions that were happening in the past at a specific point in time or over a period. It also used to:

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i. Describe Interrupted Actions: an action that was in progress when another action interrupted
it. For example:
―I was studying when my friend called.‖
ii. Setting the Scene: The past continuous tense can be used to set the scene or provide
background information in a narrative.
For instance: ―It was raining heavily while we were driving home.‖
iii. Expressing Politeness: It can be used to express politeness or soften statements when
making requests or asking for information.
Eg.: ―I was wondering if you could help me with this.‖
iv. Talking about Simultaneous Actions: This tense is used to talk about two or more actions
that were happening simultaneously in the past.
Eg. ―While she was cooking dinner, he was watching TV.‖
v. Expressing Duration: The past continuous tense can be used to indicate the duration of an
action that was ongoing in the past. For example: ―They were playing tennis for two hours.‖
vi. Expressing Annoyance or Complaints: It can be used to express annoyance or complaints
about repeated actions in the past. For instance: ―He was always interrupting me during
meetings.‖
vii. Narrating Past Events: The past continuous tense is commonly used in storytelling to
narrate events and actions that were happening at a specific time in the past. For example:
―The sun was setting as they were walking along the beach.‖
viii. Expressing Future in the Past: In reported speech, the past continuous tense can be
used to express future actions from a past perspective. For example: She said she was
meeting her friend later.
xi. Contrasting Actions: It can be used to contrast two actions happening at the same time in
the past. For instance: ―While he was sleeping, she was working on her project.‖
x. Expressing Regret or Unhappiness: Is used to express regret or unhappiness about a
situation that was ongoing in the past.
Example: ―I was hoping you would come to the party.‖

6.3.3 The past perfect tense

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When a sentence has two past events, use the past perfect tense, also known as the pluperfect, to
show which one happened first. It‘s typically used in compound or complex sentences with two
clauses to show the order in which they happened.
For the past perfect tense by adding had before the past participle.
had + [PAST PARTICIPLE]
Examples
I had forgotten about our date until she reminded me.
When our plane finally landed, they had already left the airport.
Uses of past perfect tense
The past perfect tense is used to indicate an action that occurred before another action in the
past. It is formed by using “had” followed by the past participle of the verb. Here are some key
uses of the past perfect tense:
i. Describing Past Events in Sequence: One common use of the past perfect tense is to describe
events that happened in a specific order in the past.
For example: “I had already finished my homework before my friends arrived.”
ii. Narrating Past Actions: When telling a story or recounting past events, the past perfect tense
helps establish a clear timeline of actions.
For instance: “She realized she had forgotten her keys after she had left the house.”
iii. Expressing Conditions and Results: The past perfect tense is also used to express
hypothetical situations or conditions in the past and their potential outcomes.
Example: “If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.”
iv. Reporting Past Speech: When reporting what someone said in the past, especially in indirect
speech, the past perfect tense can be used to indicate that the reported speech happened before
the current moment.
Example: She told me that she had already seen the movie.
v. Contrasting Past Events: The past perfect tense can be used to contrast two actions or events
that occurred at different times in the past. For example: “He had never traveled abroad before
he took that trip.”
vi. Emphasizing Duration of an Action: The past perfect can also be used to emphasize the
duration of an action that happened before another event in the past. For instance: “By the time
we arrived, they had been waiting for hours.”

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vii. Setting Up Flashbacks: In storytelling or writing, the past perfect tense is often used to set
up flashbacks or background information that precedes the main events.
For example: “Before she met him, she had lived in Paris for several years.”
viii. Discussing Unfulfilled Conditions: The past perfect tense is used to talk about unrealized
or unfulfilled conditions in the past.
Example: “If they had studied harder, they would have passed the exam.”

6.3.4 The past perfect continuous tense

Like the past perfect, the past perfect continuous tense is used in complex and compound
sentences to show which event happened first. While the past perfect tense describes an
individual action, the past perfect continuous shows an ongoing action that is already finished.
had been + [PRESENT PARTICIPLE]
Examples
Until the moment our picnic began, the sun had been shining all day.
She had been waiting for a sign before she finally asked him out.
Uses of Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous tense is used in English to indicate actions or events that started in
the past and continued up until another point in the past. Here are some key uses of the past
perfect continuous tense:
i. Duration Before Something in the Past: One common use of the past perfect continuous is to
show the duration of an action that started in the past and continued up to a specific time in the
past. This emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action.
For example:
 They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
 She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of
business.
ii. Cause of Something in the Past: Another use of the past perfect continuous is to indicate the
cause of a particular event or situation in the past. By using this tense, you can show that one
action was ongoing and led to another action. For instance:
 Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
 Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

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iii. Continuing Events in the Past: The past perfect continuous is also used to talk about events
or actions that started before a specific time in the past and were still ongoing up to that time.
Examples
a. It was so difficult to get up last Monday for school. I had been working on my essays the
night before and I was very tired.
b. Why did you decide to go traveling for a year? Well, I‘d been reading an amazing book
about a woman who rode a horse around South America.

Exercise-10
Choose the correct form of the past tenses to fill the gaps in the following questions.
1. She never _____________ to eat soup.
A) didn‘t like B) like C) had liked D) would not like E) liked
2. I‘ll drink tea from this tin mug. Where ___ you ___ it?
A) did/find B) do/find C) did/found D) were/found
3. It was dark and cold. At one moment he thought that he ___ his way.
A) lost B) will lose C) had lost D) was lost E) loses
4. I didn‘t know anyone in the city where I ___ to get.
A) did try B) was trying C) would try D) have tried
5.-Why ___ you go to the plant?-I ___ no time.
A) do/had B) will/have C) did/hadn‘t D) didn‘t/hadn‘t E) didn‘t/had
6. A policeman ___ me crossing the street yesterday.
A) seen B) saw C) has seen D) will see E) had seen
7. Arthur ___ all his exams by 5 o‘clock yesterday.
A) passed B) passes C) has passed D) has been passed E) had passed
8. He evidently ___ his shoes for a very long time. They were worn-out.
A) were wearing B) are wearing
C) had been wearing D) was wearing
E) had been worn
9. So, the invisible man ___ into the shop and ___ down.
A) comes/walked B) didn‘t come/walk C) came/walked
D) will come/walked E) comes/would walk

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10. One day the boys found a man in the forest. He ___
A) will die B) had been dying C) had died D) was dying E) die
11. Which of the following sentences uses the past perfect continuous tense?
A) He had been working on the project for two hours when I arrived.
B) He worked on the project when I arrived.
C) He was working on the project when I arrived.
D) He has worked on the project for two hours.
12. Identify the sentence that is in the past continuous tense.
A) They had been eating when I arrived.
B) They were eating when I arrived.
C) They eat when I arrive.
D) They had eaten when I arrived.
13. Which sentence correctly uses the past perfect tense?
A) I had studied for two hours before I went to bed.
B) I studied for two hours before I went to bed.
C) I was studying for two hours before I went to bed.
D) I have studied for two hours before I went to bed.
14. Choose the sentence that is in the past simple tense.
A) I had been playing soccer all afternoon.
B) I was playing soccer when you called.
C) I played soccer yesterday.
D) I have played soccer many times.
15. Identify the sentence that uses the past continuous tense correctly.
A) I was sleeping when the phone rang.
B) I sleep when the phone rang.
C) I will sleep when the phone rings.
D) I have slept when the phone rings.
16. Which of these sentences is in the past perfect continuous tense?
A) She had been running for an hour when it started to rain.
B) She ran for an hour when it started to rain.

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 C) She has run for an hour when it started to rain.
D) She was running for an hour when it started to rain.
17. Choose the correct sentence in the past perfect tense.
A) By the time I arrived, they had already left.
B) By the time I arrived, they already left.
C) By the time I arrived, they leave.
D) By the time I arrive, they had already left.
18. Which of the following sentences correctly differentiates between the past perfect
and past simple tenses?
A) By the time she finished her homework, the show had already started.
B) By the time she had finished her homework, the show started.
C) By the time she finished her homework, the show was starting.
D) By the time she had finished her homework, the show had already started.
19. Choose the sentence that correctly uses the past perfect continuous tense in a
complex structure.
A) He had been waiting for an hour when he realized the train was delayed.
B) He was waiting for an hour when he realized the train was delayed.
C) He waited for an hour when he realized the train was delayed.
D) He had waited for an hour when he realized the train was delayed.
20. Identify the sentence with the correct combination of past tenses for a logical
sequence of events.
A) As soon as they left, we had begun cleaning the house.
B) As soon as they had left, we began cleaning the house.
C) As soon as they were leaving, we began cleaning the house.
D) As soon as they left, we were beginning to clean the house.

Exercise 10 Answers with brief explanations

1. She never _____________ to eat soup.

Answer: A (didn‘t like)
Explanation: The past simple tense ("didn't like") is used to describe a habitual action or
preference in the past.

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2. I‘ll drink tea from this tin mug. Where ___ you ___ it?
Answer: A (did/find)
Explanation: "Did/find" is in the past simple tense, used to ask about a specific action in the past.
3. It was dark and cold. At one moment he thought that he ___ his way.
Answer: C (had lost)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had lost") indicates an action completed before another
action in the past.
4. I didn‘t know anyone in the city where I ___ to get.
Answer: B (was trying)
Explanation: The past continuous tense ("was trying") describes an ongoing effort in the past.
5. -Why ___ you go to the plant?-I ___ no time.
Answer: D (didn‘t/hadn‘t)
Explanation: "Didn't" asks about the reason for not going, and "hadn't" explains the lack of time
as a past condition.
6. A policeman ___ me crossing the street yesterday.
Answer: B (saw)
Explanation: The past simple tense ("saw") describes a completed action in the past.
7. Arthur ___ all his exams by 5 o‘clock yesterday.
Answer: E (had passed)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had passed") shows completion of exams before a specific
time in the past.
8. He evidently ___ his shoes for a very long time. They were worn-out.
Answer: C (had been wearing)
Explanation: The past perfect continuous tense ("had been wearing") emphasizes the duration of
an action leading to a result in the past.
9. So, the invisible man ___ into the shop and ___ down.
Answer: C (came/walked)
Explanation: Both verbs are in the past simple tense ("came" and "walked") to describe
sequential actions in the past.
10. One day the boys found a man in the forest. He ___
Answer: D (was dying)

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Explanation: The past continuous tense ("was dying") describes the state of the man at the time
of discovery.
11. Which of the following sentences uses the past perfect continuous tense?
Answer: A (He had been working on the project for two hours when I arrived.)
Explanation: The past perfect continuous tense ("had been working") emphasizes an ongoing
action before another event in the past.
12. Identify the sentence that is in the past continuous tense.
Answer: B (They were eating when I arrived.)
Explanation: The past continuous tense ("were eating") describes an ongoing action at a specific
time in the past.
13. Which sentence correctly uses the past perfect tense?
Answer: A (I had studied for two hours before I went to bed.)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had studied") indicates an action completed before another
action in the past.
14. Choose the sentence that is in the past simple tense.
Answer: C (I played soccer yesterday.)
Explanation: The past simple tense ("played") describes a single, completed action in the past.
15. Identify the sentence that uses the past continuous tense correctly.
Answer: A (I was sleeping when the phone rang.)
Explanation: The past continuous tense ("was sleeping") describes an ongoing action interrupted
by another event.
16. Which of these sentences is in the past perfect continuous tense?
Answer: A (She had been running for an hour when it started to rain.)
Explanation: The past perfect continuous tense ("had been running") emphasizes an ongoing
action before another event in the past.
17. Choose the correct sentence in the past perfect tense.
Answer: A (By the time I arrived, they had already left.)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had already left") shows an action completed before
another event in the past.
18. Which of the following sentences correctly differentiates between the past perfect and past
simple tenses?

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Answer: A (By the time she finished her homework, the show had already started.)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had already started") indicates an action completed before
another action in the past.
19. Choose the sentence that correctly uses the past perfect continuous tense in a complex
structure.
Answer: A (He had been waiting for an hour when he realized the train was delayed.)
Explanation: The past perfect continuous tense ("had been waiting") emphasizes the duration of
an action before another event in the past.
20. Identify the sentence with the correct combination of past tenses for a logical sequence of
events.
Answer: B (As soon as they had left, we began cleaning the house.)
Explanation: The past perfect tense ("had left") indicates an action completed before another
action ("began") in the past.

6.4 Future Tenses

6.4.1 The simple future tense

will + [ROOT]
Examples
You will study verbs until you understand them.
Once again, history will repeat itself.
Uses of Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense is used for various purposes to refer to actions or states that will occur in
the future. Here are the common uses of the simple future tense:
i. Making Predictions or Guesses: The simple future tense is used to make confident or
uncertain predictions about the future.
Example: ―He said it will rain tomorrow.‖
ii. Asking Questions about the Future: Questions about future events are formed using the
simple future tense.
Example: ―Will we find the pirate treasure?‖
iii. Expressing Factual Statements about the Future: The simple future tense is used to state

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 facts about future occurrences.
Example: ―It will be a leap year next year.‖
iv. Considering Future Possibilities or Conditions: Future possibilities or conditions are
discussed using the simple future tense.
Example: ―If I fail this test, my parents will take away my phone.‖
v. Issuing Commands: Commands or instructions for future actions are given using the simple
future tense.
Example: ―You will turn in your term paper on time, or else you will fail this class.‖

6.4.2 The future continuous tense

It‘s formed by adding the words will be before the present participle.
will be + [PRESENT PARTICIPLE]
Use
The future continuous tense describes ongoing events that will happen in the future, specifically
if they have a definitive beginning and end.
Examples
We will be skiing all day Saturday.
After I quit, you will be begging me to come back to work.
6.4.3 The future perfect tense
It‘s formed by adding the words will have before the past participle.
will have + [PAST PARTICIPLE]
Examples
By the time I can vote, I will have graduated already.
We will have stayed together for twenty-five years in August.
Uses of Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific point
in the future. Here are some common uses of the future perfect tense:
i. Completed Actions Before a Future Time: The future perfect is used to indicate that an
action will be finished before a certain time in the future.
Example: “By the time you arrive, I will have finished my work.”

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ii. Predicting Future Actions: It can be used to predict or speculate about actions that will have
been completed by a certain future time.
Example: “She will have graduated by the time the new school year starts.”
iii. Expressing Regret or Disappointment: The future perfect can also express regret or
disappointment about actions that will have been missed or not completed by a specific future
point.
Example: “I will have missed the bus if I don’t leave now.”
iv. Narrating Past Events from a Future Perspective: In storytelling or narratives, the future
perfect can be used to narrate past events from a future perspective.
Example: “In ten years, he will have become a renowned artist.”
v. Emphasizing Completion: It emphasizes the completion of an action before a particular
future time.
Example: “By next week, she will have read all the books on her list.”

6.4.4 The future perfect continuous tense

will have been + [PRESENT PARTICIPLE]

Examples
In a few weeks, she will have been studying English for a whole year.
By 6:00, we will have been stuck in this elevator for four hours.
Uses of Future Perfect Continuous Tense
The future perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions that will continue up until a
specific point in the future. It emphasizes the duration of an action that starts in the past, present,
or future and is expected to continue into the future. Here are some common uses of the future
perfect continuous tense:
i. Actions Continuing Up to a Future Point:
Example: “In November, I will have been working at my company for three years.”
ii. Duration of Waiting or Persistence:
Example: “At five o’clock, I will have been waiting for thirty minutes.”
iii. Emphasizing Long-Term Activities:
Example: “When I turn thirty, I will have been playing piano for twenty-one years.”

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Exercise-11
Choose the appropriate options that can complete the sentences.

1. Most of the patient visits _____ to physician assistants in the recent years all around the world.
A. have been made B. was m C. will have been made D. have made
2. These differences between two photographs ____ with the help of Photoshop should remove
A. must have removed C. could have been removed
B. have to remove D. were able to remove
3. No clinical studies _____ in this child disease research so far.
A. had completed B. will be completed C. have completed D. had to complete
4. The government_____ that the tasks _____ with great success.
A. is confirming / maintained C. was confirmed / have maintained
B. confirms / have been maintained D. will confirm / had been maintained
5. With this comprehensive international report, the country's position in the regional and global
arena _____ with measurable criteria.
A. is to identify B. identifies C. will be identified D. identified
6. The critics______ that the review ______ as a book in English and in many other languages.
A. are said / could be published C. will say / had been published
B. say / can be published D. said / may be published
7. New legislation ______ in congress but it ______ by many.
A. was introduced / wasn't accepted C. will be introduced / isn't accepted
B. introduced / didn't accept D. introduced / hadn't been accepted
8. If you would like to know what ___ in the project so far, you ___ the full report at our website.
A. has been completed / may be visited C. was completed / had been found
B. will be completed / should be found D. has been completed / can find
9. These clothes ______ for daily use so you ______ them wherever you want.
A. design / should be worn C. are designed / can wear
B. will be designed / must wear D. were designed / could be worn
10. A more developed model of this car______ in the showroom soon.
A. is going to show C. has been shown
B. will be shown D. had shown
11. I will see him when he _____________ here tomorrow

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 A. comes B. will come C. came D. come
12. The boys broke a window when they_____ football.
A. played B. were playing C. are playing D. had plyed
13. What __________ to you yesterday?
A. happened B. did happen C. had happened D. was happening
14. It was the most exciting film I_____________
A. never saw B. ever saw C. had ever seen D. have ever seen
15. He said that he ___________his work since 7 o'clock.
A. Did B. had been doing C. had done D. would do
16. I____________ about him when suddenly he came in.
A. talk B. talked C. am talking D. was talking
17. "When ________to London? In 1998
A. he moved B. was he moved C. did he move D. does he move
18. Do you know what ____________?
A. she is doing B. was doing C. did she do D. she did
19. At present, that author _________a historical novel.
A. is writing B. was writing C. has written D. had written
20. By next month, I _______________my first novel.
A. am going to finish B. will finish C. am finishing D. will have finished

Exercise 11 Answers with brief explanations

1. Most of the patient visits _____ to physician assistants in the recent years all around the world.
Answer: A (have been made)
Explanation: The present perfect continuous tense ("have been made") is used to indicate actions
that have occurred over a period of time up to the present.
2. These differences between two photographs ____ with the help of Photoshop should remove.
Answer: C (could have been removed)
Explanation: "Could have been removed" indicates that the differences had the potential to be
removed using Photoshop but may not have been.
3. No clinical studies _____ in this child disease research so far.
Answer: D (had to complete)

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Explanation: "Had to complete" implies necessity or obligation in the past, which fits the context
of no studies being completed yet.
4. The government_____ that the tasks _____ with great success.
Answer: B (confirms / have been maintained)
Explanation: "Confirms" is in the present simple tense, indicating a current statement, and "have
been maintained" shows the tasks were successfully maintained up to now.
5. With this comprehensive international report, the country's position in the regional and global
arena _____ with measurable criteria.
Answer: C (will be identified)
Explanation: "Will be identified" suggests a future action based on the new report.
6. The critics______ that the review ______ as a book in English and in many other languages.
Answer: D (said / may be published)
Explanation: "Said" indicates a past statement, and "may be published" suggests the possibility
of future publication.
7. New legislation ______ in congress but it ______ by many.
Answer: A (was introduced / wasn't accepted)
Explanation: "Was introduced" describes a past action, and "wasn't accepted" explains its
reception.
8. If you would like to know what ___ in the project so far, you ___ the full report at our website.
Answer: D (has been completed / can find)
Explanation: "Has been completed" refers to work done up to now, and "can find" indicates the
ability to access the report.
9. These clothes ______ for daily use so you ______ them wherever you want.
Answer: C (are designed / can wear)
Explanation: "Are designed" describes their purpose, and "can wear" emphasizes freedom of
choice.
10. A more developed model of this car______ in the showroom soon.
Answer: B (will be shown)
Explanation: "Will be shown" indicates a future action involving the car being displayed.
11. I will see him when he _____________ here tomorrow.
Answer: A (comes)

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Explanation: "Comes" is in the present simple tense, used for scheduled future events.
12. The boys broke a window when they_____ football.
Answer: B (were playing)
Explanation: "Were playing" describes an ongoing action during which another event occurred.
13. What __________ to you yesterday?
Answer: A (happened)
Explanation: "Happened" is in the past simple tense, asking about a specific event.
14. It was the most exciting film I_____________
Answer: C (had ever seen)
Explanation: "Had ever seen" emphasizes the superlative experience up to that point.
15. He said that he ___________his work since 7 o'clock.
Answer: B (had been doing)
Explanation: "Had been doing" indicates an ongoing action that started earlier and continued.
16. I____________ about him when suddenly he came in.
Answer: D (was talking)
Explanation: "Was talking" describes an ongoing action interrupted by another event.
17. "When ________to London? In 1998"
Answer: C (did he move)
Explanation: "Did he move" forms a question in the past simple tense.
18. Do you know what ____________?
Answer: A (she is doing)
Explanation: "She is doing" asks about a current or ongoing action.
19. At present, that author _________a historical novel.
Answer: A (is writing)
Explanation: "Is writing" indicates an ongoing action in the present.
20. By next month, I _______________my first novel.
Answer: D (will have finished)
Explanation: "Will have finished" expresses completion of an action by a future time.

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CHAPTER-7: ARTICLES

Objectives: At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

Define what articles are and their roles in English language.
Understand the definite and the indefinite articles.
Use articles correctly in written and oral languages.
Compare and contrast definite and indefinite articles.
What are articles?
Articles are words that identify a noun as being specific or unspecific. Consider the following
examples:
After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.
By using the article the, we‘ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific
cup of tea that tasted good.
After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.
By using the article a, we‘ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would
taste good after any long day.

7.1 The definite article ―the‖

 limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing.
For example, your friend might ask, ―Are you going to the party this weekend?‖ The
definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you
already know about.
 can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns. Below are some examples of the
definite article, the, used in context:
Please give me the hammer.
Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.
Please give me the nails.
Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold this painting

7.2 The indefinite article

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The indefinite article takes two forms. It‘s the word a when it precedes a word that begins with a
consonant sound. It‘s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel sound.
 The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea or category of a thing
rather than a specific thing.
For example, you might ask your friend, ―Should I bring a gift to the party?‖ Your friend will
understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item.
 The indefinite article appears only with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of
indefinite articles used in context:
 Please hand me a book; any book will do.
Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

7.3 Omission of articles

Occasionally, articles are omitted altogether before certain nouns. In these cases, the article is
implied but not actually present. This implied article is sometimes called a ―zero article.‖ Often,
the article is omitted:
 before a noun that refers to an abstract idea.
Incorrect: Let’s go out for a dinner tonight.
Correct: Let’s go out for dinner tonight.
Incorrect: The creativity is a valuable quality in children.
Correct: Creativity is a valuable quality in children.
 Words describing nationalities are not preceded by an article.
Incorrect: I studied the French in high school for four years.
Correct: I studied French in high school for four years.
 Sports and academic subjects do not require articles.
Incorrect: I like to play the baseball.
Correct: I like to play baseball.
Incorrect: My sister was always good at the math.
Correct: My sister was always good at math.

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Exercise-12
Choose the correct answer
1. On ___ bright January morning ___ telephone kept ringing in my office.
A) the/the B) a/the C) -/ D) -/the E) the/
2. On ___ first day they stopped at ___ river and decided to make ___ camp.
A) the/a/a B) the/-/a C) the/an/a D) -/the/- E) the/an/an

3. At ___ first they began to look for ___ dry place.

A) the/a B) -/a C) a/the D) an/a E) the/
4. To climb ___ tree is not to climb ___ mountain.
A) a/a B) a/the C) the/the D) -/- E) the/
5. Where there‘s ___ will, there‘s ___ way.
A) a/a B) -/- C) the/the D) a/the E) the/a
6. ___ man always went to ___ same bar at ___ same time every day and asked for two glasses
of ___ soda.
A) A/the/the/- B) A/the/the/a C) A/the/-/ D) -/the/the/- E) A/-/the/a
7. ___ weather was rainy and we made ___ bet whether you would come.
A) The/a B) -/the C) A/a D) -/a E) An/a
8.- Are you afraid of ___ him?- Not ___ bit.
A) the/a B) -/a C) -/D) the/- E) an/a
9. ___ USA is ___ country. It is in North America.
A) -/a B) the/a C) the/ D) the/the E) -/
10. If ___ guest has to leave ___ table during ___ meal he always asks his hostess, ―Will you
please excuse me for ___ minute‖.
A) a/the/a/a B) -/the/a/- C) the/the/-/the D) an/the/a/a E) -/-/-/a
11. ___ most favorite game is cricket, which is called by ___ English ―___ greatest game in ___
world‖.
A) the/the/the/the B) the/a/the/the C) -/the/-/the D) a/the/-/the E) the/an/-/the
12. In his childhood he lived with ___ grandfather, ___ poor tailor.
A) a/the B) -/the C) the/a D) a/a E) the/the
13. ___ night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from ___ foot to ___ head.

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 A) the/the/the B) the/-/- C) a/-/ D) -/a/a E) -/-/
14. My ___ friend likes to listen to ___ good story.
A) -/the B) a/a C) the/the D) -/a E) a/
15. ___ idea of helping ___ man was unpleasant in itself.
A) -/the B) the/the C) the/a D) -/- E) a/a
16. When I lived in Paris some years ago I used to buy ___ copy of Le Monde every evening at
___ same local newspaper kiosk.
A) -/a B) a/the C) a/a D) the/a E) the/the
17. ___ death of her husband resulted in ___ loss of her home also.
A) -/- B) -/the C) the/the D) a/- E) a/a
18. Peter is on ___ night duty. When I go to ___ bed, he goes to ___work.
A) the/-/a B) -/-/- C) a/a/a D) the/the/- E) -/the/a
19. Peary was ___ famous American polar traveler. He was ___first to reach ___ North Pole
in 1909.
A) a/the/the B) the/the/- C) a/the/a D) -/the/- E) an/the/a
20. He likes to have ___ rest in ___ country.
A) -/- B) -/the C) the/ D) a/- E) a/the
21. Don‘t stay outside in ___ cold; come in by ___ fire.
A) the/the B) the/a C) -/a D) the/- E) a/the
22. It‘s ___ pity that my birthday comes only once ___ year.
A) a/- B) the/a C) a/a D) an/the E) -/a
23. ___ boy was shy and always looked down when ___ grown-ups spoke to him.
A) a/the B) the/- C) an/ D) -/a E) the/a
24. There was ___ good restaurant near ___ cinema and Joan decided to have ___ dinner there.
A) the/a/- B) -/the/- C) an/-/the D) a/a/the E) a/the/a
25. Kate ate ___ meat with ___ vegetables for ___ second course.
A) -/-/the B) a/the/- C) the/a/the D) -/an/- E) an/-/a
26. I‘ll never forget ___ first time I saw ___ real American Christmas tree.
A) a/the B) an/- C) -/a D) the/a E) the/
27. ―___ English cannot make ___ good coffee‖, she thought leaving ___ restaurant.
A) the/a/an B) an/-/the C) -/the/the D) a/-/a E) the/-/the

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28. At ___ first it was difficult for her to drive ___ car in ___ London.
A) -/the/- B) the/the/- C) -/-/the D) a/-/the E) a/a/
29. ___ few days later I entered ___ reading room of ___ publiclibrary.
A) A/the/the B) The/the/the C) -/the/ D) A/a/- E) -/a/
30. ___ book is always ___ acceptable gift.
A) A/an B) The/ C) The/the D) An/the E) -/a
31. Sofia is ___ capital of ___ Bulgaria.
A) -/- B) the/the C) the/ D) the/a E) -/a
32. Many years ago ___ Tower Bridge of London was ___ fortress.
A) -/a B) the/the C) a/ D) the/- E) the/a
33. ___ youth of Great Britain wants to have ___ better life for ___ British people.
A) -/-/the B) the/a/the C) the/the/the D) the/-/the E) -/the/
34. ___ Moon has no ___ light. It is bright because ___ Sun shines on it.
A) The/-/the B) The/a/the C) -/-/the D) The/the/the E) A/an/the
35. ___ shortest man in ___ world and ___ tallest man in ___ world live in ___ Africa.
A) The/the/the/the/- B) The/the/-/an/an C) -/the/-/an/an D) The/a/-/-/an

Exercise 12 Answers with brief explanations

1. On ___ bright January morning ___ telephone kept ringing in my office.

Answer: A (the/the)
Explanation: "The" is used for specific nouns when the context makes them clear. Here, "the
bright January morning" refers to a specific day, and "the telephone" specifies the phone in the
speaker's office.
2. On ___ first day they stopped at ___ river and decided to make ___ camp.
Answer: B (the/-/a)
Explanation: "The" specifies "first day," as it refers to a particular day. "River" is indefinite here,
so no article is needed. "A camp" indicates an unspecified campsite.
3. At ___ first they began to look for ___ dry place.
Answer: B (-/a)
Explanation: "At first" is a fixed phrase that doesn't take an article. "A dry place" refers to any
suitable location, so "a" is used.

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4. To climb ___ tree is not to climb ___ mountain.
Answer: A (a/a)
Explanation: Both "tree" and "mountain" are general, nonspecific nouns, so "a" is used for both.
5. Where there‘s ___ will, there‘s ___ way.
Answer: B (-/-)
Explanation: This is a proverbial expression where articles are omitted for emphasis.
6. ___ man always went to ___ same bar at ___ same time every day and asked for two glasses
of ___ soda.
Answer: A (A/the/the/-)
Explanation: "A man" introduces an unspecified person. "The same bar" and "the same time"
specify particular places or moments. "Soda" is uncountable, so no article is needed.
7. ___ weather was rainy and we made ___ bet whether you would come.
Answer: A (The/a)
Explanation: "The weather" refers to the specific weather being discussed. "A bet" indicates an
unspecified wager.
8. - Are you afraid of ___ him? - Not ___ bit.
Answer: C (-/)
Explanation: "Him" does not require an article. "Not a bit" is a set phrase meaning "not at all."
9. ___ USA is ___ country. It is in North America.
Answer: D (the/the)
Explanation: "The USA" is a proper noun requiring "the." "The country" specifies which country
is being discussed.
10. If ___ guest has to leave ___ table during ___ meal he always asks his hostess, ―Will you
please excuse me for ___ minute‖.
Answer: A (a/the/a/a)
Explanation: "A guest" refers to any guest. "The table" and "a meal" specify particular objects or
events. "A minute" is nonspecific.
11. ___ most favorite game is cricket, which is called by ___ English ―___ greatest game in ___
world‖.
Answer: A (the/the/the/the)

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Explanation: "The most favorite" emphasizes preference. "The English" refers to the English
language. "The greatest game in the world" is a specific title.
12. In his childhood he lived with ___ grandfather, ___ poor tailor.
Answer: B (-/the)
Explanation: "Grandfather" is a unique relationship, so no article is needed. "The poor tailor"
specifies the grandfather's profession.
13. ___ night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from ___ foot to ___ head.
Answer: E (-/-/-)
Explanation: "Night" is nonspecific, so no article is used. "Foot to head" is a fixed phrase
without articles.
14. My ___ friend likes to listen to ___ good story.
Answer: B (a/a)
Explanation: "A friend" and "a good story" are both nonspecific.
15. ___ idea of helping ___ man was unpleasant in itself.
Answer: B (the/the)
Explanation: "The idea" specifies the concept being discussed. "The man" refers to a specific
person.
16. When I lived in Paris some years ago I used to buy ___ copy of Le Monde every evening at
___ same local newspaper kiosk.
Answer: B (a/the)
Explanation: "A copy" refers to any edition of the newspaper. "The same local newspaper kiosk"
specifies a particular place.
17. ___ death of her husband resulted in ___ loss of her home also.
Answer: C (the/the)
Explanation: Both "the death" and "the loss" refer to specific events or outcomes.
18. Peter is on ___ night duty. When I go to ___ bed, he goes to ___ work.
Answer: B (-/-/-)
Explanation: "Night duty," "bed," and "work" are general concepts and do not require articles.
19. Peary was ___ famous American polar traveler. He was ___ first to reach ___ North Pole in
1909.
Answer: A (a/the/the)

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Explanation: "A famous American polar traveler" introduces an unspecified person. "The first"
specifies his achievement. "The North Pole" is a unique location.
20. He likes to have ___ rest in ___ country.
Answer: B (-/the)
Explanation: "Rest" is uncountable and doesn't take an article. "The country" refers to rural areas
in general.
21. Don‘t stay outside in ___ cold; come in by ___ fire.
Answer: D (the/-)
Explanation: "The cold" refers to a specific instance of cold weather. "Fire" is a general concept
and doesn't require an article.
22. It‘s ___ pity that my birthday comes only once ___ year.
Answer: C (a/a)
Explanation: "A pity" expresses regret in general terms. "A year" refers to any year.
23. ___ boy was shy and always looked down when ___ grown-ups spoke to him.
Answer: B (the/-)
Explanation: "The boy" specifies a particular child. "Grown-ups" is a general term and doesn't
require an article.
24. There was ___ good restaurant near ___ cinema and Joan decided to have ___ dinner there.
Answer: E (a/the/a)
Explanation: "A good restaurant" is nonspecific. "The cinema" specifies a particular location. "A
dinner" refers to any meal.
25. Kate ate ___ meat with ___ vegetables for ___ second course.
Answer: A (-/-/the)
Explanation: "Meat" and "vegetables" are uncountable nouns and don't take articles. "The second
course" specifies which part of the meal.
26. I‘ll never forget ___ first time I saw ___ real American Christmas tree.
Answer: D (the/a)
Explanation: "The first time" specifies a particular occasion. "A real American Christmas tree"
refers to any such tree.
27. ―___ English cannot make ___ good coffee‖, she thought leaving ___ restaurant.
Answer: E (the/-/the)

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Explanation: "The English" refers to people of England. "Good coffee" is general and doesn't
need an article. "The restaurant" specifies where she left.
28. At ___ first it was difficult for her to drive ___ car in ___ London.
Answer: A (-/the/-)
Explanation: "At first" is a fixed phrase. "The car" specifies a particular vehicle. "London" is a
proper noun and doesn't take an article.
29. ___ few days later I entered ___ reading room of ___ public library.
Answer: B (The/the/the)
Explanation: "The few days later" specifies a particular period. "The reading room" and "the
public library" refer to specific places.
30. ___ book is always ___ acceptable gift.
Answer: A (A/an)
Explanation: "A book" and "an acceptable gift" are both nonspecific.
31. Sofia is ___ capital of ___ Bulgaria.
Answer: B (the/the)
Explanation: Both "the capital" and "the Bulgaria" specify unique entities.
32. Many years ago ___ Tower Bridge of London was ___ fortress.
Answer: B (the/the)
Explanation: "The Tower Bridge" is a specific landmark. "The fortress" specifies its past function.
33. ___ youth of Great Britain wants to have ___ better life for ___ British people.
Answer: C (the/a/the)
Explanation: "The youth" refers to young people collectively. "A better life" is nonspecific. "The
British people" specifies the population.
34. ___ Moon has no ___ light. It is bright because ___ Sun shines on it.
Answer: D (The/the/the)
Explanation: "The Moon" and "the Sun" are unique celestial bodies. "The light" specifies
sunlight.
35. ___ shortest man in ___ world and ___ tallest man in ___ world live in ___ Africa.
Answer: A (The/the/the/the/-)
Explanation: All instances specify unique individuals or locations except "Africa," which is a
proper noun.

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CHAPTER-EIGHT: PREPOSITIONS

Objectives: At the end of this unit, you’re expected to

Identify and different types of prepositions
Understand the functions of prepositions in English grammar.
Appreciate how different prepositions are combined with different words.
Use prepositions accurately to maintain a better both in verbal and written
communication.

Activity
Student, what are prepositions?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

8.1 Prepositions defined

 Prepositions are words that tell us where or when something is in relation to something
else.
When monsters are approaching, it‘s good to have these special words to tell us where those
monsters are.
Are they behind us or in front of us?
Will they be arriving in three seconds or at midnight?
The coffee is on the table beside you.

8.2 Types of prepositions

Prepositions indicate direction, time, location, and spatial relationships, as well as other abstract
types of relationships.
Direction: Look to the left and you’ll see our destination.
Time: We’ve been working since this morning.
Location: We saw a movie at the theater.
Space: The dog hid under the table.
Preposition examples
I should rewrite the introduction of my essay.

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Sam left his jacket in the car.
Did you send that letter to your mother?
We’re cooking for ten guests tonight.
Dani ate lunch with their boss.
There’s no one else to hide behind. (Correct and natural)
There’s no one else behind whom to hide. (Correct but unnatural)
Where did you come from? (Correct and natural)
From where did you come? (Correct but unnatural)
This is something we must meditate on.
This is something on which we must meditate.

Exercises-13
Choose the letter containing appropriate preposition for the blank space in the sentences.
1. Are you afraid ______ exams?
A) at B) from C) on D) of
2. My friend and I always go to school ______ the bus.
A) by B) on C) in D) at
3. He tried to open the tin ______ a knife.
A) with B) by C) from D) out of
4. His office is ______ the second floor of the building.
A) at B) in C) of D) on
5. Mike is sitting ______ the desk ______ front of the door.
A) at / in B) in / on C) on / on D) at / at
6. Listen! I think there is someone ______ the front door.
A) on B) at C) in D) with
7. There‘s a paper ______ the floor. Please put it ______ the wastebasket.
A) at / into B) on / at C) on / in D) over / at
8. There was a storm ____ the night, it rained ___ three or four hours.
A) at / in B) during / for C) in / since D) during / at
9. See you ______ Monday morning.
A) under B) at C) in D) on

96
10. We are giving him a surprise party ______ his birthday.
A) in B) at C) with D) on
11. What‘s the price ______ this tie?
A) of B) at C) in D) to
12. We are meeting ______ next Thursday.
A) on B) _ C) at D) in
13. They have lived in Spain ______ the second World War.
A) during B) for C) since D) at
14. How do the children get ______ school in the morning?
A) to B) at C) off D)_
15. A dictionary has information ______ words.
A) to B) about C) in D) at
16. The children wore boots to play ______ the snow.
A) at B) by C) of D) in
17. There‘s a good restaurant ______ the Bolu road.
A) between B) in C) on D) at
18. We stopped for three-quarters of an hour ______ Heathrow Airport.
A) at B) in C) over D) on
19. Where is your mother? Is she ______ the hairdresser‘s again?
A) in B) on C) at D) _
20. Who‘s the blonde girl ______ the first raw?
A) in B) on C) at D) over
21. You‘ll find the poem ______ page 16.
A) at B) on C) in D) _
22. He lived with Nomads ______ the Sahara desert for two days.
A) over B) on C) in D) of
23. I won‘t stay ____ bed; I‘ll just lie down ____ the bed for an hour.
A) in / in B) at / in C) at / on D) in / on
24. I last saw her______ the car park.
A) in B) at C) on D)___
25. He grows corn ______ his farm.

97
 A) over B) with C) at D) on
26. She opened her mouth so the doctor could look ______ her throat.
A) to B) on C) at D) for
27. He will stay here ______ Monday.
A) by B) till C) at D) to
28. You‘d better go to London ______ the next plane.
A) at B) in C) by D) on
29. She said hello ______ everyone except me.
A) to B)_ C) at D) of
30. She is worried ______ her exams.
A) of B) about C) with D)_
31. Tell us ______ your holiday.
A) _ B) of C) about D) with
32. Mr. Collins always talks ______ himself.
A) to B) with C) at D) in
33. Is it possible for me to keep it ______ Tuesday?
A) by B) at C) since D) until
34. Who‘s the man ______ the funny hat?
A) in B) from C) at D) to
35. Will you come ______ bus or ______ a late train?
A) by / by B) on / in C) by / on D) in / by
36. I saw an accident ______ my way home.
A) on B) at C) in D) to
37. The doctor gave me a prescription ______ my cough.
A) with B) to C) at D) for
38. I usually stay at home ______ night.
A) on B) at C) in D) over
39. Have you seen the new bridge they‘ve built ______ the river?
A) over B) under C) between D) at
40. I‘ll call you ______ seven o‘clock.
A) in B) on C) at D) of

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Exercises-13 Answers with brief explanations

1. Are you afraid ______ exams?

Answer: D (of)
Explanation: The preposition "of" is used to express fear or apprehension about something. For
example, "afraid of exams" means being worried or scared about taking exams.
2. My friend and I always go to school ______ the bus.
Answer: A (by)
Explanation: "By" is used when referring to the mode of transportation without specifying a
particular vehicle. "By the bus" implies using a bus as the means of transport, while "on the bus"
would refer to being inside a specific bus.
3. He tried to open the tin ______ a knife.
Answer: A (with)
Explanation: "With" is used to indicate the tool or instrument used to perform an action. In this
case, "with a knife" specifies that the knife was used to open the tin.
4. His office is ______ the second floor of the building.
Answer: D (on)
Explanation: "On" is used to describe the location of something on a specific level of a building.
"On the second floor" indicates the exact floor where the office is located.
5. Mike is sitting ______ the desk ______ front of the door.
Answer: A (at / in)
Explanation: "At the desk" indicates the position near or at a desk, while "in front of the door"
specifies the location relative to the door.
6. Listen! I think there is someone ______ the front door.
Answer: B (at)
Explanation: "At" is used to indicate the presence of someone near or close to a specific location,
such as "at the front door."
7. There‘s a paper ______ the floor. Please put it ______ the wastebasket.
Answer: C (on / in)
Explanation: "On the floor" describes the placement of the paper on the surface of the floor. "In
the wastebasket" specifies where the paper should be placed, inside the wastebasket.
8. There was a storm ____ the night, it rained ___ three or four hours.

99
Answer: B (during / for)
Explanation: "During the night" indicates the time period when the storm occurred. "For three or
four hours" specifies the duration of the rain.
9. See you ______ Monday morning.
Answer: D (on)
Explanation: "On" is used with specific days of the week or parts of a day, such as "on Monday
morning."
10. We are giving him a surprise party ______ his birthday.
Answer: D (on)
Explanation: "On his birthday" specifies the exact day when the surprise party will take place.
11. What‘s the price ______ this tie?
Answer: A (of)
Explanation: "The price of" is the correct phrase to ask about the cost of an item. It connects the
object (tie) to its price.
12. We are meeting ______ next Thursday.
Answer: A (on)
Explanation: "On next Thursday" specifies the exact day of the meeting. "Next Thursday" is
treated as a specific day, so "on" is appropriate.
13. They have lived in Spain ______ the second World War.
Answer: C (since)
Explanation: "Since" is used to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues up
to the present. "Since the second World War" means they started living in Spain after the war
and continue to do so.
14. How do the children get ______ school in the morning?
Answer: A (to)
Explanation: "Get to school" means reaching the destination (school). "To" is used to indicate
movement toward a place.
15. A dictionary has information ______ words.
Answer: B (about)
Explanation: "About" is used to show what the information relates to. "Information about words"
means the dictionary contains details concerning words.

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16. The children wore boots to play ______ the snow.
Answer: D (in)
Explanation: "In the snow" describes playing within the snow-covered area. "In" emphasizes
being surrounded by or immersed in something.
17. There‘s a good restaurant ______ the Bolu road.
Answer: C (on)
Explanation: "On the Bolu road" specifies the location of the restaurant along the road. "On" is
used for locations along streets or roads.
18. We stopped for three-quarters of an hour ______ Heathrow Airport.
Answer: A (at)
Explanation: "At Heathrow Airport" specifies the exact location where the stop occurred. "At" is
used for specific places.
19. Where is your mother? Is she ______ the hairdresser‘s again?
Answer: C (at)
Explanation: "At the hairdresser‘s" indicates the specific place where the mother is located. "At"
is used for specific locations.
20. Who‘s the blonde girl ______ the first raw?
Answer: A (in)
Explanation: "In the first row" specifies the position of the girl within a seating arrangement.
"In" is used for enclosed spaces or rows.
21. You‘ll find the poem ______ page 16.
Answer: B (on)
Explanation: "On page 16" refers to the exact page number where the poem is located. "On" is
used for surfaces or pages.
22. He lived with Nomads ______ the Sahara desert for two days.
Answer: C (in)
Explanation: "In the Sahara desert" specifies the general location within the desert. "In" is used
for large areas or regions.
23. I won‘t stay ____ bed; I‘ll just lie down ____ the bed for an hour.
Answer: D (in / on)

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Explanation: "In bed" means being under the covers, while "on the bed" means lying on top of
the bed without necessarily being under the covers.
24. I last saw her______ the car park.
Answer: B (at)
Explanation: "At the car park" specifies the exact location where you last saw her. "At" is used
for specific places.
25. He grows corn ______ his farm.
Answer: D (on)
Explanation: "On his farm" specifies the location where the corn is grown. "On" is used for
surfaces or areas where activities occur.
26. She opened her mouth so the doctor could look ______ her throat.
Answer: C (at)
Explanation: "Look at" is the correct phrase when examining something visually. The doctor
looks at her throat to check its condition.
27. He will stay here ______ Monday.
Answer: B (till)
Explanation: "Till Monday" specifies the duration until a specific day. "Till" is used to indicate
the endpoint of a period.
28. You‘d better go to London ______ the next plane.
Answer: C (by)
Explanation: "By the next plane" specifies the mode of transportation. "By" is used for modes of
transport like planes, trains, or buses.
29. She said hello ______ everyone except me.
Answer: A (to)
Explanation: "Said hello to" is the correct phrase for greeting people directly. "To" indicates the
recipient of the action.
30. She is worried ______ her exams.
Answer: B (about)
Explanation: "Worried about" is the correct phrase to express concern regarding something.
"About" connects the emotion to the cause.
31. Tell us ______ your holiday.

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Answer: C (about)
Explanation: "Tell us about" invites sharing details or information. "About" introduces the topic
of discussion.
32. Mr. Collins always talks ______ himself.
Answer: A (to)
Explanation: "Talks to himself" indicates self-directed conversation. "To" shows the recipient of
the speech, even if it's oneself.
33. Is it possible for me to keep it ______ Tuesday?
Answer: D (until)
Explanation: "Until Tuesday" specifies the time limit for keeping something. "Until" indicates
the endpoint of a period.
34. Who‘s the man ______ the funny hat?
Answer: A (in)
Explanation: "In the funny hat" describes the man wearing the hat. "In" is used to indicate what
someone is wearing.
35. Will you come ______ bus or ______ a late train?
Answer: C (by / on)
Explanation: "By bus" specifies the mode of transport, while "on a late train" specifies traveling
on a specific train.
36. I saw an accident ______ my way home.
Answer: A (on)
Explanation: "On my way home" describes the journey back. "On" is used for routes or paths
during travel.
37. The doctor gave me a prescription ______ my cough.
Answer: D (for)
Explanation: "For my cough" specifies the purpose of the prescription. "For" connects the reason
to the action.
38. I usually stay at home ______ night.
Answer: B (at)
Explanation: "At night" is a fixed phrase used to describe nighttime in general. "At" is used for
times or periods.

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39. Have you seen the new bridge they‘ve built ______ the river?
Answer: A (over)
Explanation: "Over the river" indicates the bridge's position above the river. "Over" is used for
structures spanning something below.
40. I‘ll call you ______ seven o‘clock.
Answer: C (at)
Explanation: "At seven o‘clock" specifies the exact time for the call. "At" is used for precise
points in time.

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CHAPTER-9: MODALS

Objectives: At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

Identify the roles of different types of modal verbs Understand the function of nouns in a
sentence (subject, object, possessive).
Understand how modal verbs are different from other main verbs.
Use appropriate modal verbs to maintain coherence in written and verbal communication.
Learn common modal verbs.
Answer questions containing modal verbs.

Activity
Student, can you define what modal verbs are and explain
their functions in a sentence?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

9.1 Modal verbs Defined

Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. Common examples of modal verbs
include can, should, and must. Because they‘re a type of auxiliary verb (helper verb), they‘re
used alongside the infinitive form of the main verb of a sentence. Modal verbs are used to
express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advisability, capability, or requests (there‘s a full
list in the next section). They‘re used alongside a main verb to inflect its meaning.
Consider the difference between these two examples:
I swim every Tuesday.
I can swim every Tuesday.

The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a swimming activity
every week on Tuesdays. The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning
changes slightly. The speaker does not necessarily swim every Tuesday; they‘re saying that they
are capable of swimming every Tuesday or that the possibility exists for them to swim every
Tuesday. It‘s hypothetical.

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Modal verbs are quite common in English; you‘ve seen them in action hundreds of times even if
you didn‘t know what they were called. The most frequently used ones are:
Can may might
Could should would
Will must mustn’t
Should ought to have to
Don’t have to dare

9.2 When to use modal verbs

What special conditions do modal verbs indicate? Here‘s a list, along with examples:

9.2.1 Likelihood

Some things seem likely to be true but can‘t be stated as definite facts. In these cases, you can
use the modal verbs should and must to show probability without certainty.
Her parents must be so proud.
My baby brother should be asleep by now.

9.2.2 Possibility

In a situation when something is possible but not certain, use the modal verb could, may,
or might.
Judging by the clouds, it might rain today.
She may become the youngest pro soccer player ever.

9.2.3 Ability
The modal verb can expresses whether the subject of a sentence is able to do something.
Likewise, the negative form, cannot or can’t, shows that the subject is unable to do something.
She can speak three languages but none of them well.
You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

9.2.4 Permission

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If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may, or could.
Traditionally, may is considered more formal and polite usage for permission; if you ask ―Can I
go to the bathroom?‖ it could be misinterpreted as ―Do I have the ability to go to the bathroom?‖
However, in modern informal usage, may and can are both perfectly acceptable options for
describing possibility or permission.
Students, you may leave early today.
Could I play too?
Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question
with will, would, can, or could.
Would you get that box off the top shelf?
Will you turn that music down?

9.2.5 Suggestion/advice
What if you want to recommend a course of action but not command it? If you‘re giving
suggestions or advice without ordering someone around, you can use the modal verb should.
You should try the lasagna.
That guy should wear less cologne.

9.2.6 Command
On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal verbs must, have, or need.
With the latter two, the main verb does not drop the word to from its infinitive form.
You must wash your hands before cooking.
You need to be here before 8:00.

9.2.7 Obligation or necessity

Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or requirement.
Likewise, the negative forms express that an action is not necessary. Use the same modal verbs
as with commands: must, have, and need.
We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.
You don’t need to come if you don‘t want to.

9.2.8 Habit

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To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—you can use the
modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and future. The phrase used to is also
acceptable when you‘re talking about a habit in the past.
When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.
I will arrive early to every meeting and leave late.

9.3 Rules to use modal verbs

Rule 1: Modal verbs come directly before the main verb except for in questions.
Eg. She might help you.
I will study my lessons.
Rule 2: With modal verbs, always use the infinitive form of the main verb. With most but not all
modal verbs, to is dropped from the infinitive.
Eg. You can do that. (correct)
You can to do that. (Incorrect)

Exercise-14
Choose the correct answer
1. Choose the sentence that expresses a strong obligation.
A) You must finish your assignment before leaving.
B) You should finish your assignment before leaving.
C) You might finish your assignment before leaving.
D) You can finish your assignment before leaving.
2. Which sentence correctly expresses a past possibility?
A) She might forgot about the meeting.
B) She might have forgotten about the meeting.
C) She must has forgotten about the meeting.
D) She may forget about the meeting yesterday.
3. Which of the following sentences expresses prohibition?
A) You must not smoke in this building.
B) You don‘t have to smoke in this building.

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 C) You should not smoke in this building.
D) You might not smoke in this building.
4. Select the sentence that expresses a logical deduction about the present.
A) He can be at home because his car is outside.
B) He must be at home because his car is outside.
C) He might be at home because his car is outside.
D) He should be at home because his car is outside.
5. Which sentence expresses a weak obligation?
A) You need to apologize for your mistake
B) You must apologize for your mistake.
C) You have to apologize for your mistake.
D) You should apologize for your mistake..
6. Choose the sentence that expresses permission in a formal way.
A) You can leave early today.
B) You may leave early today.
C) You might leave early today.
D) You must leave early today.
7. Which sentence expresses a past obligation that was NOT fulfilled?
A) You should have called me last night.
B) You must have called me last night.
C) You can have called me last night.
D) You shall have called me last night.
8. Which sentence correctly expresses lack of necessity?
A) You don‘t have to bring your own lunch; food will be provided.
B) You must not bring your own lunch; food will be provided.
C) You need not bring your own lunch; food will be provided.
D) You have to bring your own lunch; food will be provided.
9. Which sentence expresses a polite request?
A) You should help me with this task.

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 B) You must help me with this task.
C) Could you please help me with this task?
D) You can help me with this task.
10. Which sentence expresses advice in a strong way?
A) You had better see a doctor about that cough.
B) You should see a doctor about that cough.
C) You may see a doctor about that cough.
D) You might see a doctor about that cough.
11. Which of the following expresses a past certainty?
A) She must have left already.
B) She should have left already.
C) She can have left already.
D) She may have left already.
12. Choose the sentence that expresses an unlikely possibility.
A) He must win the competition.
B) He might win the competition.
C) He shall win the competition.
D) He has to win the competition.
13. Which sentence expresses a hypothetical situation?
A) If I be you, I would took the job.
B) If I was you, I take the job.
C) If I were you, I would take the job.
D) If I am you, I would take the job.
14. Choose the sentence that expresses an ability in the past.
A) When I was younger, I must run 10 kilometers without stopping.
B) When I was younger, I can run 10 kilometers without stopping.
C) When I was younger, I may run 10 kilometers without stopping.
D) When I was younger, I could run 10 kilometers without stopping.
15. Which sentence expresses a polite offer?
A) Ought I to carry that for you?

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 B) Must I carry that for you?
C) Shall I carry that for you?
D) Would I carry that for you?
16. Choose the sentence that expresses future certainty in a legal or formal context.
A) The contract may be signed by all parties.
B) The contract must be signed by all parties.
C) The contract shall be signed by all parties.
D) The contract should be signed by all parties.
17. Which sentence correctly uses "ought to" in a past perfect form?
A) You ought to have studied harder for the exam.
B) You ought have studied harder for the exam.
C) You ought studied harder for the exam.
D) You ought has studied harder for the exam.
18. Choose the sentence that expresses a strong possibility.
A) He might be the one who took the documents.
B) He must be the one who took the documents.
C) He could be the one who took the documents.
D) He may be the one who took the documents.
19. I can hear chats. There_____ be people in the room.
A. could B. can C. must D. will
20. Tomorrow is a holiday and the students_____ come to school.
A. don‘t have to B. could C. mustn‘t D. May

Exercise 14 Answers with brief explanations

1. A) You must finish your assignment before leaving.

o Explanation: "Must" expresses a strong obligation, meaning it is necessary to finish
the assignment before leaving.
2. B) She might have forgotten about the meeting.
o Explanation: "Might have" is used to express a past possibility, indicating something
that could have happened in the past.
3. A) You must not smoke in this building.

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 o Explanation: "Must not" expresses prohibition, meaning it's forbidden to smoke in
this building.
4. B) He must be at home because his car is outside.
o Explanation: "Must" is used for a logical deduction about the present, implying that
it's very likely or certain that he is at home because his car is outside.
5. D) You should apologize for your mistake.
o Explanation: "Should" expresses a weak obligation, suggesting that apologizing is a
good or advisable action, but not an absolute requirement.
6. B) You may leave early today.
o Explanation: "May" is a formal way of expressing permission, indicating that it's
allowed to leave early.
7. A) You should have called me last night.
o Explanation: "Should have" is used to express a past obligation that was not fulfilled,
indicating that it would have been the right thing to do.
8. A) You don‘t have to bring your own lunch; food will be provided.
o Explanation: "Don't have to" expresses lack of necessity, meaning it's not required to
bring lunch because food will be provided.
9. C) Could you please help me with this task?
o Explanation: "Could you please" is a polite way to make a request, showing respect
and politeness in asking for help.
10. A) You had better see a doctor about that cough.
o Explanation: "Had better" expresses strong advice, suggesting that seeing a doctor is
the best course of action.
11. A) She must have left already.
o Explanation: "Must have" is used to express a past certainty, indicating that it is
highly likely that she has already left.
12. B) He might win the competition.
o Explanation: "Might" expresses a possibility, but in this context, it implies that the
possibility of winning is not very strong, thus making it an unlikely possibility.
13. C) If I were you, I would take the job.

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 o Explanation: "If I were you" is a conditional sentence expressing a hypothetical
situation (something that is not true or may not happen), followed by "would."
14. D) When I was younger, I could run 10 kilometers without stopping.
o Explanation: "Could" expresses ability in the past, indicating that the speaker was
able to run 10 kilometers when they were younger.
15. C) Shall I carry that for you?
o Explanation: "Shall I" is used for polite offers or suggestions, indicating the speaker
is offering to carry something for the other person.
16. C) The contract shall be signed by all parties.
o Explanation: "Shall" is used in formal or legal contexts to express future certainty or
requirement, implying that all parties are required to sign the contract.
17. A) You ought to have studied harder for the exam.
o Explanation: "Ought to have" expresses a past action that was expected or advisable
but was not done, indicating regret or missed obligation.
18. B) He must be the one who took the documents.
o Explanation: "Must" is used to express a strong possibility or deduction based on
evidence or logic, suggesting it is very likely that he took the documents.
19. C) must
o Explanation: "Must" is used to make a logical deduction based on evidence, implying
that because you hear voices, it is certain that there are people in the room.
20. A) don‘t have to
o Explanation: "Don‘t have to" means there is no obligation or necessity to come to
school, as tomorrow is a holiday.

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CHAPTER-10: SYNTAX

Objectives: At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

Define what syntax is
Construct different types of sentences based on structure.
Understand how verbs agree with their antecedents.
Use pronouns accurately to maintain coherence in writing.
Compare and contrast simple, complex, compound and compound complex sentences.
Identify different types of sentences errors and revise them.

Activity
Dear learner, can you explain what a syntax is ?
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10.1 What is syntax in linguistics?

Syntax in linguistics refers to the arrangement of words and phrases. Syntax covers topics
like word order and grammar rules, such as subject-verb agreement or the correct placement of
direct and indirect objects.
Syntax is essential to understanding constituency, the term for multiple words acting as a single
unit. In long and complex sentences, constituency is necessary to determine the hierarchy within
the sentence, particularly with sentence diagramming.

10.2 How important is syntax in English?

Changing the placement of a word often changes the meaning of the sentence. Sometimes the
change is minor, useful for writers who like nuance and subtext, but sometimes the change is
more significant, giving the entire sentence a whole new interpretation.
Let‘s see how moving the word only changes the meaning of the entire sentence. Keep in mind
that only can be an adjective or an adverb; adjectives modify the nouns that come after them, and
adverbs modify the verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs that come after them.

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a. Only Batman fights crime.
Meaning: Batman is the only person who fights crime. No one except Batman fights crime, not
even Superman.
b. Batman only fights crime.
Meaning: Fighting crime is the only thing Batman does. He doesn‘t work, he doesn‘t shower—
fighting crime is all he does.
c. Batman fights only crime.
Meaning: Batman doesn‘t fight anything except crime. He doesn‘t fight Alfred or Robin; he
doesn‘t fight the dry cleaner if they accidentally stain Syntax in English is the arrangement of
words and phrases in a specific order. If you change the position of even one word, it‘s possible
to change the meaning of the entire sentence.
All languages have specific rules about which words go where, and skilled writers can
manipulate these rules to make sentences sound more poignant or poetic.

10.3 The basic rules of syntax in English

The five basic rules of syntax in English,
i. All sentences require a subject and a verb.
However, imperative sentences (commands) do not need to include their subject because it‘s
assumed to be the person the sentence is directed at.
ii. A single sentence should include one main idea.
If a sentence includes two or more ideas, it‘s best to break it up into multiple sentences.
iii. The subject comes first, and the verb comes second.
If the sentence has objects, they come third, after the verb.
iv. Subordinate clauses (dependent clauses) also require a subject and verb.
v. Adjectives and adverbs go in front of the words they describe.
If there are multiple adjectives describing the same noun, use the proper adjective order, known
as the ―Royal Order.‖

10.4 Types of Sentences based on Structure

There are only four types of sentence structures, which represent different combinations of
independent and subordinate clauses.

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10.4.1 Simple sentence
A simple sentence is sentence that contains a single independent clause, which is the minimum
requirements for a sentence.
We go to the beach in summer.

10.4.2 Complex sentence

An independent clause combined with one or more subordinate clauses is called complex
sentence.
Eg. We go to the beach in summer when school is finished.
In the above sentence, the underlined part is main clause while the remaining is dependant.

10.4.3 Compound sentence

Two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon is called compound
sentence.
We go to the beach in summer, but our cat stays home.

10.4.4 Compound-complex
When two independent clauses combined with one or more subordinate clauses, then it‘s called
compound complex sentence.
Consider the following Examples
a. Although she was tired, Sarah decided to go to the gym, but she ended up taking a nap
instead.
Independent Clauses: ―Sarah decided to go to the gym‖ and ―she ended up taking a nap.‖
Dependent Clause: ―Although she was tired.‖
b. When the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom, and the teacher reminded them
about their homework.
Independent Clauses: ―The students rushed out of the classroom” and “the teacher reminded
them about their homework.”
Dependent Clause: ―When the bell rang.‖
c. Since it was raining heavily, they canceled the picnic, but they still had a great time indoors
playing board games.
Independent Clauses: ―They canceled the picnic” and “they still had a great time indoors

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 playing board games.”
Dependent Clause: ―Since it was raining heavily.”
d. Even though he missed his flight, he managed to catch a later one, and he arrived at his
destination just in time for the meeting.
Independent Clauses: “He managed to catch a later one” and “he arrived at his destination
just in time for the meeting.”
Dependent Clause: ―Even though he missed his flight.”
e. While she studied for her exams, her friends went out partying, but she knew her hard work
would pay off in the end.
Independent Clauses: ―Her friends went out partying‖ and ―she knew her hard work would
pay off in the end.‖
Dependent Clause: ―While she studied for her exams.”
f. As soon as he finished his presentation, he received a round of applause, but he felt relieved
only after answering all questions from the audience.
Independent Clauses: ―He received a round of applause‖ and ―he felt relieved only after
answering all questions from the audience.‖
Dependent Clause: ―As soon as he finished his presentation.‖

10.5 Sentence fragment

10.5.1 What is a sentence fragment?
A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence used in place of a complete sentence. Sentence
fragments are common in casual speech conversations or informal writing like text
conversations, but they‘re a big no-no in formal writing like school papers or business reports.
Every complete sentence needs both a subject and a verb, so make sure your sentences have
both. Other common mistakes include using a subordinate clause without an independent clause
and using a transitive verb without a direct object.
Sentence fragments are common in informal conversations or writing, but when it comes to
formal communication, it‘s best to write in whole, complete sentences. Examples
Fragment: Was running down the lane and into the forest.
Revised: The moose was running down the lane and into the forest.

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Fragment: Discovered the cure for the disease.
Revised: The researcher discovered the cure for the disease.

10.5.2 How to fix a sentence fragment

i. Add what’s missing
The easiest way to fix a sentence fragment is to add what‘s missing, whether a subject, predicate,
direct object, independent clause, or any combination of those
In case you didn’t receive my first email.
I’m rewriting you in case you didn’t receive my first email.
Everyone please bring to the party.
Everyone please bring a dish to the party.
ii. Recast the sentence
This could mean scrapping the entire fragment and starting over from scratch, or it could involve
something minor such as adding a punctuation mark.
I love visiting my friend. Because he has the cutest puppy.
I love visiting my friend because he has the cutest puppy.
I love visiting my friend. He has the cutest puppy.

10.6 Run-On Sentences

10.6.1 What are run-on sentences?
To understand run-on sentences, you first have to understand independent and dependent clauses.
A clause is a basic unit of language that includes a subject and a predicate (which requires at
least one verb). A single clause alone, with proper punctuation, is a complete sentence.
I fell asleep.
The TV woke me up.
If you want to connect two or more clauses together in English, you need to use the right
grammar. Usually, you can connect clauses correctly by adding a comma with a conjunction or
adding a semicolon to the sentence.
I fell asleep, but the TV woke me up.
I fell asleep; the TV woke me up.
If you don‘t connect the clauses with a semicolon or comma with a conjunction, the sentence is
incorrect. These mistakes are called run-on sentences.
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I fell asleep the TV woke me up.
Likewise, if you use too many conjunctions or use them incorrectly (for example, without the
comma), that‘s also a run-on sentence.
I fell asleep but the TV woke me up and now I want to sleep again but I can’t.

10.6.2 Types of run-on sentences

A. Fused Sentence
A fused sentence joins two or more clauses without any punctuation.
We met for a date there was no chemistry we won’t meet again.
B. Comma Splice
Comma splices are when two or more clauses are separated with only a comma and are missing
a conjunction.
We met for a date, there was no chemistry, we won’t meet again.
C. polysyndeton
A polysyndeton is a sentence that uses too many conjunctions or more conjunctions than
necessary.
We met for a date and there was no chemistry and we won’t meet again.

10.6.3 Ways to Fix a Run-On Sentence

1. Divide the clauses into two sentences
Often in writing, the best way to fix a run-on sentence is to split it into two or more separate
sentences. Be sure to capitalize the first letter of each sentence and use a period, question mark,
or exclamation point between them.
Our training was successful we won our first game!
Our training was successful! We won our first game!
2. Insert a semicolon between the two clauses
Another way to write better sentences is by using a semicolon to connect two clauses in the same
sentence. This works great for comma splices because you can simply replace the comma with a
semicolon.
It hasn‘t rained in weeks, my flowers are turning brown.
It hasn‘t rained in weeks; my flowers are turning brown.

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 3. Use a comma and a conjunction
You can use either a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) or
a subordinating conjunction (because, if, while, etc.). If you use a coordinating conjunction,
place a comma before the conjunction. If you‘re using a subordinating conjunction, use a comma
only if the subordinate clause comes first.
This is a special trip we should get matching tattoos.
This is a special trip, so we should get matching tattoos.
Because this is a special trip, we should get matching tattoos.
We should get matching tattoos because this is a special trip.

Exercise-15
Choose the correct Answer
1. Which of the following sentences contains a fragment?
A) The dog barked loudly.
B) Because I was tired.
C) She enjoys reading books.
D) He went to the store.
2. Identify the sentence that has a run-on error. A) I love to swim, and I go every weekend.
B) She likes coffee he prefers tea.
C) They went to the park after lunch.
D) The sun is shining brightly today.
3. Which sentence contains a comma splice?
A) It was raining, we stayed inside.
B) We went for a walk in the park.
C) She studied hard for the exam, and she passed with flying colors.
D) He enjoys playing soccer on weekends.
4. Select the sentence that is correct.
A) Although it was late, we decided to continue our journey, we were determined to reach our
destination by morning.
B) The cake was delicious; everyone enjoyed it very much.
C) When she arrived home she found her cat missing, and she searched everywhere for it.

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D) He wanted to go out for dinner but he forgot his wallet at home.
5. Which of these sentences is an example of a fragment?
A) After the storm passed, we went outside to play.
B) Running through the fields.
C) She finished her homework before dinner.
D) They decided to take a vacation this summer.
6. Identify the run-on sentence.
A) The movie was fantastic; I want to see it again.
B) He loves hiking in the mountains he goes every summer.
C) We had pizza for dinner last night.
D) She plays piano beautifully and sings well too.
7. Which sentence contains a comma splice?
A) I enjoy reading novels; they are my favorite pastime.
B) The weather is nice today, let‘s go for a picnic.
C) He completed his project on time and received praise from his teacher.
D) They traveled across Europe last year; it was an amazing experience.
8. Choose the correct option that has no errors:
A) Neither of the answers are correct.
B) Each student must submit their assignment by Friday.
C) Everyone should bring their own lunch to the picnic.
D) Either John or his friends are going to help us move tomorrow.
9. Identify which of these sentences is incorrect due to a fragment:
A) While I was waiting for my friend at the café, I read a book.
B) Because I forgot my keys at home.
C) After finishing her homework, she watched TV for an hour.
D) When it started raining heavily, we took shelter under a tree.
10. Which sentence has a run-on error?
A) She loves painting; it‘s her favorite hobby.
B) The concert starts at 7 PM we should leave by 6 PM to get good seats.
C) He enjoys cooking Italian food and trying new recipes every week.
D) My brother plays basketball every Saturday morning with his friends.

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11. Select the option that contains a comma splice:
A) It was getting dark outside; we decided to head home soon after that
B). She wanted ice cream but there were none left in the freezer
C). We visited Paris last summer; it was beautiful there
D). I have always loved classical music, especially Beethoven‘s symphonies
12. Identify which sentence is grammatically correct:
A). Neither of them were able to attend the meeting
B). Each of the players have their own locker
C). Everyone needs to submit their report by Monday
D). Either Sarah or her friends are going with us
13. Which of these sentences contains an error due to being a fragment?
A). If you need any help with your homework,
B). We will meet at noon as planned,
C). After dinner, we watched a movie together,
D). The flowers in bloom are beautiful this spring,
14. Identify which option has run-on errors:
A). The team played well they won all their matches
B). She loves reading books and writing stories
C). It rained heavily yesterday but cleared up later in the day
D). My sister enjoys playing tennis on weekends
15. Choose which sentence contains no errors:
A). There are many reasons why people choose not to vote
B). Neither John nor his sister have seen that movie
C). Everyone should do their part in keeping our environment clean
D). Both options is equally valid
16. Which of these sentences has an error due to being a comma splice?
A). I wanted to go shopping; however, it started raining heavily
B). We can either go out for dinner or stay home
C). My parents love traveling abroad during summer vacations
D). She studied hard for her exams she still didn‘t pass
17. Identify which option contains an error due to being grammatically incorrect:

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 A.) Each student must bring their own pencil
B.) Neither of them were present during class
C.) Everyone should be responsible for their actions
D.) Either Tom or Jerry will take care of that task
18. Choose which sentence has no grammatical errors:
A.) Although he tried hard he couldn't finish on time
B.) If you see him tell him about our plans
C.) Running late isn't an excuse for being rude
D.) Neither option seems appealing right now
19. Identify which option contains an error due to being a run-on sentence:
A.) The sun sets in the west it rises in the east
B.) We had fun at the party last night
C.) Her favorite color is blue and mine is green
D.) They plan on visiting several countries next year
20: Select which sentence does not contain any errors:
A.) It's important that everyone brings their own lunch tomorrow
B.) Each person must submit their application before deadline arrives
C.) Neither of those choices seem appropriate right now
D.) Everyone needs their own space sometimes

Exercise 15 answers with brief explnations

1. Answer: B
Explanation: "Because I was tired" is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence. It needs an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
2. Answer: B
Explanation: "She likes coffee he prefers tea" is a run-on sentence because two independent
clauses are joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
3. Answer: A
Explanation: "It was raining, we stayed inside" contains a comma splice because two
independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a comma.
4. Answer: D

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Explanation: This sentence is grammatically correct. The other options contain errors: A has a
comma splice, B uses a semicolon correctly but could be improved for clarity, and C has a
misplaced comma.
5. Answer: B
Explanation: "Running through the fields" is a fragment because it lacks a subject and verb to
form a complete thought.
6. Answer: B
Explanation: "He loves hiking in the mountains he goes every summer" is a run-on sentence
because two independent clauses are joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
7. Answer: B
Explanation: "The weather is nice today, let‘s go for a picnic" contains a comma splice because
two independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a comma.
8. Answer: C
Explanation: "Everyone should bring their own lunch to the picnic" is correct. A uses "are"
instead of "is," B uses "their" incorrectly with "each," and D incorrectly uses "is" with
"either/or."
9. Answer: B
Explanation: "Because I forgot my keys at home" is a fragment because it is a dependent clause
and cannot stand alone.
10.Answer: B
Explanation: "The concert starts at 7 PM we should leave by 6 PM to get good seats" is a run-on
sentence because two independent clauses are joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
11.Answer: D
Explanation: "I have always loved classical music, especially Beethoven‘s symphonies" contains
a comma splice because two independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a comma.
12.Answer: C
Explanation: "Everyone needs to submit their report by Monday" is correct. A uses "were"
instead of "was," B uses "have" incorrectly with "each," and D incorrectly uses "is" with
"either/or."
13.Answer: A

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Explanation: "If you need any help with your homework," is a fragment because it is a dependent
clause and cannot stand alone.
14.Answer: A
Explanation: "The team played well they won all their matches" is a run-on sentence because two
independent clauses are joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
15.Answer: A
Explanation: "There are many reasons why people choose not to vote" is grammatically correct.
B incorrectly uses "have" with "neither," C uses "their" incorrectly with "everyone," and D
incorrectly uses "is" with "both."
16.Answer: D
Explanation: "She studied hard for her exams she still didn‘t pass" contains a comma splice
because two independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a comma.
17.Answer: B
Explanation: "Neither of them were present during class" is incorrect because "neither" is
singular and requires "was" instead of "were."
18.Answer: D
Explanation: "Neither option seems appealing right now" is grammatically correct. A has a
comma splice, B is a fragment, and C is a run-on sentence.
19.Answer: A
Explanation: "The sun sets in the west it rises in the east" is a run-on sentence because two
independent clauses are joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
20.Answer: D
Explanation: "Everyone needs their own space sometimes" is grammatically correct. A uses
"their" incorrectly with "everyone," B uses "their" incorrectly with "each," and C incorrectly uses
"seem" with "neither."

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MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES (1-100)

DIRECTION: The following questions are presented in the form of dialogue. The part said by
one of the speakers is given, and a blank space is left for other. Four alternative answers, A-D,
are given for each of the blank spaces. Choose the alternative that is most appropriate to
complete the dialogue.
1. Genet: I just love your hair that way! Did you do it yourself?
Senaet: _______. Yes, I did. Isn't yours a new style, too?
A. Oh, thanks B. Oh, you‘re welcome C. Never D. Quite well
2. A_______! You swam very well.
B: Thank you. You did, too
A. Good morning B. Congratulations C. How are you D. Wow poor me
3. Son: I bought a car today.
Father: _______ You have put the cart before the horse, I would say.
A. That will be silly thing to do. B. That can be silly thing to do.
C. That might be silly thing to do. D. That should be silly thing to do.
4. Martha: Will you call me back later, please?
Abel: _______. At what time?
A. Yes, of course I will B. Yes, of course I won‘t
C. No, I won‘t D. Yes, of course I do
5. Mathew: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me the way to the Addis Ababa University please?
Ayalew: No, sorry. _______.
A.I am a stranger here myself.
B. Take this road and go straight a head
C. Go past the park and turn to your left
D. Addis Ababa University is on your left
6. Abebe: I wondered if you‘d come to my graduation ceremony on Saturday.
Belay: _______, I‘d love to come.
A. That is very kind of you B. Let's have a coffee after class
C. I‘d like to invite you to dinner, Ato Akalu. D. Have you got any plans for the weekend?

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7. Abeba: Can you come to the cinema tomorrow?
Bontu: _______, I can't come tomorrow, because I have an assignment to finish for
Wednesday.
A. yes, of course B. I‘m afraid
C. Ok, I'll look forward to it D. Thanks, that sounds great.
8. Abebe: Do you mind if I sit here? You: _______
A. Of course, have a sit B. No, I am not
C. No matter, sit down D. No, of course
9. You: I think we are left with little time. Let‘s go in a hurry.
Your friend: _______.we had better take a taxi.
A.I couldn‘t agree less B. I can‘t agree C. I couldn‘t agree more D. I refuse to
10. Your friend : _________________! You beat your rival very well.
You : Thank you. You did, too
A. Good morning B. Congratulations C. How are you D. Wow poor me
11. Ali: Can you come to the cinema tomorrow?
Bontu: ________. I have an assignment to finish for tomorrow.
A. yes, of course B. I‘m afraid I can't
C. Ok, I'll look forward to it D. Thanks, that sounds great.
12. Student : Excuse me, could you tell me the time please?
Teacher : ____________
A. I‘m sorry. There is no time around here.
B. The third period isn‘t finished, yet.
C. Never mind. I don‘t have time.
D. Poor you!
13. Teller : May I help you?
Customer: ________________
A. Why do you ask? C. What kind of help?
C. what do you mean? D. Would you tell me the exchange rate, please?
14. Caller : _________________?
Operator : I am afraid Mr. Teka is not in.
A. I want Mr. Teka, please B. How are you, Mr. Teka

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 C. Is it Mr. Teka‘s office, please D. May I speak to Mr. Teka, please
15. Your friend : Would you like some more Pizzas?
You: _______________
A. No thanks. I have just had enough.
B. No thanks. I just had lunch.
C. No thanks. I had just had enough
D. Never mind, I hate Pizza.
16. Father :What are you going to do with that shovel?
Son: ________________
A. I am going to have some apple. B. I want to split the apple tree into two parts.
C. I am going to plant some apple trees. D. I want to cut down some apples.
17. Haile: How long have you been working as a manager in here?
Suzy:__________
A. it is about 20 years now. B. I am usually at work by 19 or 20.
C. I do all shopping myself. D. The salary is attractive.
18. Waiter: Coffee or tea?
Customer:______________
A. how much is coffee? B. Many people like coffee.
C. Coffee is a stronger stimulant. D. I would rather go for coffee.
19. Alambo: He is really handsome.
Awando: ___________________
A. He is Aster‘s boyfriend. Isn‘t he? C. How do you know that? Look at him.
B. Are you saying he is handsome? D. It is true. Many girls like him, don‘t they?
20. Shitu: ________________
Bosen: They also like doro wot.
A. I am making kitfo for them. C. How about vegetables
B. Do they eat injera D. Is it true they don‘t eat shiro?
21. Biftu: Gutu doesn‘t like the idea of flying there.
Haile: ___________________
A. Flying is what many people don‘t like
B. I also think taking a bus would be uncomfortable

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 C. How much money do we have to spend if we fly?
D. I don‘t like it either. We can hire a four-wheel drive
22. Tamiru: I think we‘ve met before. Haven‘t we?
Girum: _________________________
A. Glad meeting you. Of course, at Ayele‘s C. Have we? Alright, nice to meet you
B. At Ayele‘s party? You‘re right D. Yes we have. How do you do these
days?
23. Belay: My house has been broken into. I am thinking of hiring security.
Amare:___________________________
A. when does that happen? C. Why do they do such a nasty thing?
B. You may also report to the police. D. In fact, that happens to a number of people.
24. Lemlem: I won a DV lottery. I‘m leaving.
Ayantu:_____________________
A. I hear so many people did. C. We should have tried it ourselves.
B. You are lucky. All the best! D. Several people have benefitted from it.
25. Shito: we‘re going to Lalibela for a tour next week. Isn‘t that marvellous?
Aster:___________________
A. It might take a few days to get there.
B. Why do people spend money going around?
C. When are you planning to come back?
D. Brilliant. You may also consider seeing Bahir Dar.
26. Sosina:______________________
Nigisti: It may be good to see a doctor.
A. How about my back? C. My back seems to be improving a lot.
B. My back is aching. What shall I do? D. I have finished the tablets for my back
27. Aberash: Mr. husband doesn't come home in time.____________________
Nigist: Why not lock the gate and keep him out for a night?
A. what shall I do? B. What could be the reason?
C. Is he seeing another woman? D. Has this ever happened to you too?
28. Meseret : __________________________________ .
Sister: What good news How did you manage to?

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 A. I got all my money back. B. I wish they paid me today .
C. They were to steal my money. D. Someone has got my mobile phone.
29. Biniyam: I always oversleep. I don't know what to do about it this year.
Bisrat: ____________________________________________________.
A. What time do you get up? B. Why do not you try harder?
C. What time do you go to bed? D. Why do not you buy an alarm clock?
30. Son: ____________________
Dad: Nice to meet you, Mr. Alemu
A. Dad this is my teacher, Mr. Alemu C. Dad. Mr. Alemu is my teacher
B. This is my dad, Mr. Alemu D. Dad. That one is my teacher, Mr. Alemu
31. Sosina: Do you like that funky hairstyle?
Hirut:____________________
A. I see so many girls wearing it C. Gosh! It is so weird to me
B. Mom always making fun of such a style D. It is all over now! What fashion is that?
32. Mamo: Aren‘t those light trains so comfortable?
Friend: __________________
A. Right. They surely solved transportation problem C. How much do they charge to
use them?
B. You can say that again. They are air-conditioned D. Passengers complain that they
are too slow
33. Alemu: the report is not compressive
Ululu:_________________________
A. Sure. The language is really terrible C. That is true. It has no focus at all
B. I know, it is not easy to understand D. Certainly. Send it back to her
34. Kuma: They want us to buy the book. Let us go and get it.
Halefom: __________________________
A. Alright. It may not be useful as such C. Sure. The book, I think, is interesting
B. How much does the book cost around here? D. I think it is a book on modern
management
35. Shuru: He stole his friend‘s bag. How come that we have this kind of student?
Helen:________________________

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 A. Why does one steal a bag? C. No one in the class does that
B. Not only that! He also stole a book. D. He comes from Dodoo School
36. Kuku: Are you sure she is arriving this weekend?
Eleni: ______________________
A. No doubt! She has her seat confirmed C. I think she is taking a plane to change at
Dubai
B. The weekend going to be rainy D. They have prepared a lot of things to
welcome her
37. Student: Are we having an exam next week?
Teacher: ____________________
A. How many units have we done? C. Your result last time was so good
B. In fact, Exams are approaching D. I am not sure yet, but you might
38. Wife: __________________
Husband: Did I hear on the radio that he is already back?
A. Sorry! What did you say? C. They say the PM is out of country
B. The PM is planning to visit Arba Minch D. The PM will be leaving tomorrow
39. Ayantu: I want to buy that skirt
Sibilu: ______________________
A. Is it made of cotton or wool? C. Skirts are less expensive than trousers
B. Why not? Get the jumper as well D. Are skirts more comfortable than trousers
40. Molla: It is getting late. Let us go
Yoru: _________________
A. Sure, they like punctuality C. Is the chairman coming as well?
B. Yes , let us save our time D. It will be seven o‘clock very soon.
41. Aberash: She has a bad backache. _______________
Nigist: of course, you should. Give it no time.
A. What shall we do? C. Should we ignore it?
B. Shall we see a doctor? D. What is the cause of it?
42. Alene: The roof is leaking. What shall I do?
Nigusu: _________________________
A. I know. It will be raining soon.

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 B. May be, find someone who can fix it
C. No wonder.
D. D. This is very old house I thought it was also leaking last year
43. Elias: You should do your homework, son.
Ululu: ___________________
A. Doing homework takes a lot of times
B. My friend can answer all the questions
C. That is fine, but let me have a snack first
D. My friend doesn‘t like doing his homework
44. Yonas: shall we lend her some money, please?
Wife: ______________________
A. She can‘t be serious. She should be joking.
B. That is ridiculous! She didn‘t pay back the last one
C. How much did they pay her for painting?
D. A cooker would cost her no less than birr 10,000
45. Yodit: Would you like to join us? We‘re having a trip to Harar.
Fraol: __________________________
A. Is Harar so beautiful? C. I would rather go to Lalibela
B. Who proposed the idea? D. I am afraid, you are driving
46. Yodit: We‘re going out for lunch. Would you come?
Sara: _____________________
A. I would rather do it for dinner C. Who is going for lunch now?
B. I think. She will come? D. I am afraid, we have no money
47. Adam: _________________________
Mary: My pleasure. Just tell me what you want.
A. Shall I tell you a secret? C. Could you buy me a battery for my watch?
B. Can I use your camera, please? D. Could you do me a favor, please?
48.Yerom: May I give her my mobile phone?
Wirtu: __________________________________
A. No way! Are you crazy? C. She has lost everything
B. That is new. Isn‘t it? D. Does she buy a mobile phone?

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49. Girgiro: I won five million in a lottery.
Lomi: ____________________________
A. Lottery is for lucky people. C. Did you also win one last year?
B. Five million! Are you kidding? D. Girgiro! I also bought the ticket
50. Jembere: Sorry sir! We close at 5:00 pm.
Gashe: ____________________________
A. Come on! It is only two minutes after 5:00 C. What time did you close today?
B. My friend said you were open D. I need some money for my shopping
51. Muse: Have you heard that Belete was released?
Shoa: __________________________
A. I know. He severely criticizes the system C. What good news! When was that
B. Is Belete a businessman by profession? D. Everybody likes Belete, I suppose
52. Balemo: What would you do if you see friends eating junk?
Gedlu: __________________________________
A. Come on, they shouldn‘t do that? C. Why don‘t they eat what they can find?
B. Perhaps take them home and feed them. D. The government should feed such people
53.Yayo: How long does it take to Dire Dewa?
Yaya: ______________________________
A. It depends on your driving C. Not more than fifty birr
B. Dire Dawa is very far D. It is around 500 kilometers
54. Berhan: How come that you look older than your dad?
Mickey: ______________________________
A. I think my mom also very young C. Because he died when he was only 35
B. No, I don‘t look as old as you think D. You know he died only two years ago
55. You: How can I get to the ministry of education?
Driver: _____________________
A. You mean from here or….? C. Lots of people ask this question
B. Sorry, I am a stranger myself D. It could be in a walking distance
56. Rahel: I received my computer back.
Cheru: ______________________
A. Computers are very useful C. She has also taken my computer

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 B. You want it for assignment D. No! you know she wants it
57. Mamush: She hasn‘t written the report, yet.
Tigist: _______________________________
A. Why is the report important? C. Why didn‘t you write on time?
B. This is unacceptable. You should penalize her! D. It should be our duty to take orders
58. Receptionist: May I help you, sir?
Customer:__________________________
A. I am in Room 522 C. There is no water in my room
B. All the rooms are occupied D. My room is on the first floor
59. Teacher: ________________________
Student: Teacher. It is him talking.
A. Why do students disturb the class? C. Would you mind copying the notes?
B. Tell me, what is this boy doing? D. Why don‘t you listen? That is really rude!
60. Abebe: Let us contribute to the building of the Renaissance Dam.
You:___________________________
A. Splendid! I can‘t agree more. C. What is the position of Egypt now?
B. I was really proud when I visited it. D. How much of it has been completed?
61. Secretary: How do you do, sir?
Visitor:_____________________
A. How do you do? B. I am fine. How are you?
B. I am fine. How do you do? D. Very well, how do you do?
62. Customer: What can I help you?
Shop Assistant:_______________________
A. I am just looking. B. I don‘t need any help. C. You don‘t have to worry. D. Can
you give me a jacket?
63. Babi:___________________________
Helen: As a matter of fact, it is expensive.
A. Did you buy the jacket? B. Look at this! Only 300 birr.
B. You have a new shirt on! D. Clothes these days are fashionable..
64. Bulti: The enemy is approaching. We have to evacuate soon.
Gebrai:________________________

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 A. Who else is evacuating? C. Perhaps, we might need to do that.
B. This area is ideal for them. D. I think, they have soldiers in excess of us.
65. Sori: It has been wet all day. We just couldn‘t go out.
Hori: _________________________
A. Wet days can be freezing. B. I know. This is your holiday.
B. It was so boring, wasn‘t it? D. Did you want to go to work?
66. Biritu: The prime Minister passed away. The news was on the radio.
Gelane:_____________________________
A. Who said that he did? B. His supporters like him very much
B. It could be true. I know he was ill. D. He was so popular with his people.
67. Teacher: What time do you go to bed?
Student :__________________________________
A. Very late. B. Very early. C. After dinner. D. At ten o‘clock
68. Your Mom: whose are all these glasses?
You: They‘re ours ours. ___________________________
A. We‘re going for a walk soon. C. We‘re going on holiday tomorrow.
B. We‘re having a party tonight. D. We‘re playing tennis this afternoon.
69. Doctor: How would it matter if the patient do not turn up on time?
Nurse: _________________________________________.
A. well, I think this would oblige us to stay longer
B. there is no patient here
C. No patient do not arrive on time
D. on the contrary, patients is usually apprehensive
70. Kedija: we‘ve got loads of homework tonight, haven‘t we?
Fayine: ___________________________
A. Yes, in three subjects. C. Ok. Shall we start now?
B. No, they‘re all easy D. Ok, let‘s start with maths.
71. Ojulu:: would you join us for dinner? We are eating out.
Bereket:________________________
A. Why do you want that? C. Restaurants are mushrooming.
B. Of course, very happily. D. We went to the Hilton last time.

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72. Bontu: Inflation is still on the rise in this country. Don‘t you think so?
Chaltu:____________________________
A. I am afraid, it is not. C. What did you buy these days?
B. Is that still a double digit? D. How about demand- supply balance?
73. Ilu: We really enjoyed our stay with you. Good food, good hospitably!
Feven:__________________________________
A. I am happy you did. C. We also liked the food.
B. Thank you very much. D. We are so pleased to meet you.
74. Alemu: she has a bad headache. She always suffers.
Densamo:______________________________
A. I hate headaches. C. Has she been working for long?
B. Shall we give her pain killers? D. Headaches are sometimes so bad.
75. Stranger: How can I get to the nearest cash point?
Resident:____________________________
A. Why do you ask? C. There is a bank around Arat Kilo.
B. You will need to walk fast. D. Go straight and turn left before the light.
76. Teacher: How far is the school from your home?
Student:_________________________
A. 3kms B. 2 hours C. I often arrive late D. I always travel by bus
77. You:___________________________
Your friend: In Gambell?
A. Where did your parents go? C. Do your parents live in Gambella?
B. Where do your parents live? D. How often do you see your parents?
78. Guest: Time for a quick smoke.________________________
You: No, thanks.
A. Do you want any? B. Do you want one?
C. Do you have any? D. Do you want some?
79. Boss: when will you be able to get back to work?
Employee:____________________________
A. Of course, I will. B. In a week or two. C. I‘ m going abroad. D. Yeah, I will be back.
80. Olani: We are expected at the meeting . Let us go.

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 Hadush: _________________________________ .
A. Why do you like meetings? B. How long would a meeting take?
C. OK , but meeting are boring to me. D. I think it is a management meeting.
81. Bibi: She cheated in the exam . She just does not even seem to care.
Helen: ________________________________________.
A. She is not intelligent, is she? B. Why do people cheat in exam?
C. I know her teacher does not like her. D. Not only that  She also lied to the teacher.
82. Solomon: Gifti does not like the idea of taking a bus.
Abayineh: ______________________________ .
A. How much is a bus to that place?
B. How much money do we have to spend?
C. Travelling in a bus is what many don't like.
D. I don't like it either . We can hire a four -wheel drive.
83. Abeba: You know ,I am really broke. I don't know what to do
Nigat: ____________________________________________ .
A. How do you spend your money? B. I would sell my watch if I were you.
C. When are we going to be paid next? D. No wonder, You have saved your money.
84. Mulu: Let us contribute for Genet. She is in hospital.
You: _____________________________________ .
A. What happened to her? B. When was she admitted?
C. That is a good idea  D. Tilaye? Was not she here on Monday?
85. Agua: They say it doesn't work out. What do you think?
Birhan: ____________________________________ .
A. Birru also says the same thing.
B. It may not, but should not we try it first?
C. Is this about the new policy they designed?
D. Most of us were not in the making of policy?
86. Bontu: I decided to take this last one. Isn't it good?
You: __________________________________
A. Does it come in different colours?
B. They say this is the last one they have.

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 C. Is this the machine you are looking for?
D. Umm, why don't you wait for new arrivals?
87. Boru: Is he resigning ? He was appointed only two months ago.
Galgalo: ________________________________________
A. Rumors have it that his wife also left her position.
B. Resignation is becoming very common in this country.
C. He is one of the most important ministers , isn't he?
D. Looks like that . Apparently, he is not the type they wanted.
88. Stranger: What is the town before our destination?
You: _________________________________
A. If you drive or walk? B. I think , it is Aira Guliso.
C. It is about 35 kilometers away. D. Forget it . It is too far from here.
89. Shop assistant: How can I help you, Sir?
Customer: ____________________
A. I bought this camera last Thursday.
B. This camera is excellent. I got it two days ago.
C. This camera is as expensive and I bought it last week.
D. How on earth would you sell to me a broken camera?
90. SU: What should I do , Lee? I have put on weight these last six months.
Lee: ________________________________________________
A. I hardly eat at all. B. Good idea Keep it up.
C. I am not putting on weight myself. D. I think you really ought to eat less.
91. Bereketu: I was wondering if you wanted to come out with me tonight.
Beyhelihem: __________ , but I am afraid I have got to work late this evening.
A. I can B. Id love to C. Good idea D. Yes, I will
92. Mother: This television is very loud.
Daughter: ____________________
A. OK, I will turn it off. B. Sorry, I will turn it off.
C. Sorry, I will turn it down. D. Sorry. Shall I turn it up a bit?
93. Brook: I don't think a train is safer than a car for a long distance travel these days.
Mohammed: that could be right , but personally, _________________

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 A. trains are much faster B. I always prefer to travel by car
C. I always prefer to travel by train D. travelling by plane is the safest
94. Father: Do you think all your friends will pass exam?
Son: ________________________________.
A. Yes, absolutely , All can pass B. I am not sure but many may pass
C. Yes , absolutely. They may pass D. Yes, universities accept many students
95. Sofia: I failed the entrance exam.
Semait: _______________________
A. All the best 
B. I knew this could happen.
C. Oh dear  It is nothing serious. I hope.
D. Oh well, never mind. Better luck next time.
96. Stranger: Taxi 
Taxi driver:_____________________________
A. Where to. Miss?
B. Is this your first time here , Miss?
C. I hope you are not in a hurry , Miss?
D. Are you here on business or on holiday, Miss ?
97. Husband :______________________
Wife: You make a resolution every year, but you never keep it.
A. I will give up smoking , too. B. Give up smoking this year?
C. This year I am going to keep it. D. This year I am going to give up smoking.
98. Shigut: Genzebie was chosen the best athlete of the year.
Lomi: ____________________________
A. Did she win the last race? B. What ? I cannot believe that
C. She now has a lot of money. D. Do you know when she comes?
99. James: They said the plane is full. You are not flying today.
Kono: ______________________________________
A. How unlucky I am going to miss the interview.
B. Which flight is this one? Is it a peak season now?
C. Is there anything wrong with this particular flight?

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 D. When did they call? This has never happened to me.
100. Bubu: What would you do if you see someone starving?
Gedlu: ___________________________________
A. Come on, they should not starve? B. Perhaps give him my own lunch.
C. The government should feed them. D. Why don't they cat what they can find?
C. Naughtiness is common in schools. D. I can see she is as dumb as an ox too.

II. Writing(101-125)
Choose the correct Answer from the given alternatives A,B,C or D and write your answer
on the separate answer sheet
101.“Dressed purposely to confuse her friends in the first week of school, Samrawit wears
cloths she would normally never wear. With her new haircut, she really looks like a completely
different person.” These sentences are taken from a piece of writing that is most like.
A. Description B. narrative C. Expository D. argumentative
102. Which one of the following is taken from a formal letter of application?
a) Thank you for your letter dated 5th April which I received this morning.
b) I would be grateful if you could confirm your reservation in writing.
c) Sadly, I am not available on the date you suggested. May I suggest the 8th of April?
d) I am writing in response to the position of IT assistant advertised in the monitor.
103. Which of the following contains errors in capitalization, mechanics and punctuation?
a) The fire, although it had been burning for several hours, was still blazing fiercely.
b) You should indeed you must, report the matter to the police.
c) Peter, my elder brother received medals for his contributions Astronomy, chemistry and
Mathematics.
d) ―When the judge said, ‗Not guilty,‘ I could have hugged him‖
104. Which one of the following is taken from an informal letter?
a) Wish me good luck for my math exam. c. I am writing to complain about the
following damages.
b) I would like to apply for the position of assistant secretary. d. I enclose my curriculum
vitae for your attention.

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105. “…. He couldn’t understand where he had gone wrong. When he had set out that morning
the weather had been fine …” the preceding text is possibly taken from a (n) writing.
A. Expository B. descriptive C. Narrative D. argumentative
106. Which one of the following is correctly punctuated?
a) I have never been to England; in fact; I have never been outside this country.
b) I have never been to England; in fact I have never been outside this country.
c) I have never been to England; in fact, I have never been outside this country.
d) I have never been to England, in fact, I have never been outside this country.
107. Which one of the following has correct capitalization?
a) The language I wanted to learn was arabic, not French.
b) The language I wanted to learn was Arabic, not French.
c) The language I wanted to learn was arabic, not french
d) d. The language I wanted to learn was Arabic, not french
108. “Your response will be held confidentially” which of the following might be a good reason
for writing the preceding sentence in the first few lines of a survey questionnaire?
A. Appreciating respondents‘ participation C. Limiting sample size
B. Requesting for permission D. Increasing response rate
109. Which one of the following is correctly punctuated?
a) The meeting ended at dawn, nothing had been decided.
b) The meeting ended at dawn; nothing had been decided.
c) The meeting ended at dawn nothing had been decided.
d) The meeting ended at dawn. Nothing had been decided.
110. Which one of the following sentences has correct capitalization?
a) Sara and Hana first met at a school called learning to Learn.
b) Sara and Hana first met at a school called learning to Learn.
c) Sara and Hana first met at a School called Learning to Learn.
d) Sara and Hana first met at a school called Learning to Learn.
111. “In his eyes I could see his desire to redeem himself, and need to hit me more times than I
hit him, just for the sake of it.” This text is taken from a place of writing that is most____
A. Expository B. Narrative C. Description D. Argumentative
112. “My coat was on the seat next to me. I took my passport out of my pocket and put it in my

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 bag in the luggage rack.” These line are taken from a piece of writing that is most likely:
A. Argumentative B. Description C. Narrative D. Expository
113. She crosses the road, typing to figure out how to narrative the town she has been away from
for some fifteen years. This text taken from a piece of writing that is mostly likely__
A. Argumentative B. Narrative C. Expository D. Description
114. Which one of the following is correctly punctuated?
a) ―I have tried to sing dozens of times,‖ she says, ―but I can‘t.‖
b) I have tried to sing dozens of times, she says, ―but I can‘t.‖
c) ―I have tried to sing dozens of times,‖ she says ―but I can‘t.‖
d) ―I have tried to sing dozens of times‖ she says, ―but I can‘t.‖
115. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
A. last week: I think it was Monday, I sent them a complete report.
B. last week…I think it was Monday…I sent them a complete report
C. last week, I think was Monday …I sent them a complete report
D. last week …I think, it was monday, I sent them a complete report
116. He was a real miser. Giving out a penny even to his old man hurt like a knife in the body
…this is taken from piece of writing that is most likely:
A. Argumentative B. Descriptive C. Narrative D. Expository
117. Which one of the following sentences is wrongly punctuated?
A. we uttered ‗‘just calm down‘‘
B. sodere, I replied.‘‘ I was there for a year.
C. she said, ‗‘we‘ll be there in five minutes.
D. I asked, ‗‘why don‘t you pick her up?‘‘
118. Which one of the following could be an ending you would possibly use to letter you wrote
to your best friend in Nazareth?
A. sincerely B. Good bye! C. Bye! D. Best wishes.
119. Which one of the following words has a correct spelling?
A. Grafitti B. aquaintance C.arguement D. license
120. Which one of the following is an example of a sentence extracted from descriptive piece of
writing?
A. there was no point in getting together to discuss the issue

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 B. First, we met the deputy president right in front of his office
C. officials like ministers in many countries have their own schedule
D. we could hear from distance a huge crowd chanting and singing
121. Which one of the following sentences has correct punctuation?
A. ‗‘is that so? Bulli remarked politely. ‗‘just to save you!‘‘
B. ‗‘ is that so?‘‘ Bulli remarked politely. ‗‘just save you!‘‘
C. ‗‘is that so ‗‘ Bulli remarked politely? ‗‘ just to save you!‘‘
D. ‗‘is that so?‘‘ Bulli remarked politely; ‗‘just to save you!‘‘
122. Each morning, I went for a walk and come back to the hotel to have breakfast with her and
go out. Our plan for the day was to visit an old castle from the 17th century. As we finished
breakfast, we packed our stuff and called taxi… These lines are taken from a piece of writing
that is most likely;
A. narrative B. argumentative C. Descriptive D. Expository
123. Which one of the following sentences is most likely taken from narrative piece of writing?
A. women should enjoy the same opportunity as men, she believes.
B. Feminist is an outlook claiming equality of women with men.
C. Her life history shows that she was born in 1987
D. she radically changed and was overwhelmed by the idea of feminist
124. After graduation from a college, he went straight into the army and took training for three
years. Apparently, it was toward the end of the training that he decided to join the front, so
he established contact with the leaders, after that ….what kinds of writing are the above
lines most likely taken from?
A. Argumentative B. Narrative C. Expository D. Descriptive
125. Which one of the following could be an opening to letter a company manager is writing you
with regard to the job you applied for?
A. I‘m dropping you a few lines just to bring to your attention that you have not……
B. How are you doing? I am writing to let you know that you have not ………
C. I regret to inform you that you have not been chosen…..
D. Dear sir, remember you applied to our company for a job? Unfortunately you…

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PARAGRAPH COHERENCE (126-155)
Directions: From the alternatives given in each case, choose the letter (A-D) that represents the
best arrangement of the following sentences to get a coherent paragraph.
126. a. When he got home, dad found his keys.
b. Mum, dad and I planned to go for a weekend.
c. Then we went on a trip to the beach.
d. We spent hours looking for the keys, but finally we gave up.
e. While we were there, dad thought that he had lost his keys in the sand.
A. b c e d a B. c b e d a C. a d b e c D. b c e a d
127. a. While there, she worked as part time for a travel agent.
b. After seven months she went to work for Sudan.
c. At eighteen Shensi left the school.
d. She also worked at a local airport.
e. She then went to College.
A. a c d b e B. c e d b a C. a d b e c D. c a e b d
128. a. One, I have a problem with the lecturers.
b. I don‘t seem to succeed in my new course.
c. Apparently, my classmates are also uncooperative.
d. They speak quickly and not very clearly.
e. They are not willing to lend me the books want.
A. b a d e c B. b e d c a C. b a d c e D. c a e b d
129. a. The shape of each depends on its size, speed and purpose.
b. The Cloud Nine, for instance, is one particular type.
c. The Cloud Nine is one of the fastest airlines.
d. There are many types of Aircraft.
e. It has a nose that drops down on landing and takeoff.
A. a b d c e B. b e d c a C. c a e b d D. d a b c e
130. a. HIV/AIDS is a deadly disease.
b. If one is negative, then he/she should be careful in the future.
c. One has to be careful to avoid it.
d. And the best way to do so is to be tested for it.

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 e. However, if one is positive, he/she will learn how to live with the virus.
A. a c b d e B. b e d c a C. c a e b d D. a c d b e
131. a. Two months ago I bought this fridge.
b. I phoned to the company, but nobody came.
c. I set it at ‗medium‘ and it froze everything.
d. But I have had nothing but trouble from it.
e. For the start the ‗cold control‘ did not work.
A. a c e b d B. a e c d b C. e d a c b D. a d e c b
132. a. But some people think this is not so.
b. This is a blessing we should be proud of.
c. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural country.
d. These people must be told that their fear is unjustified.
e. They say the diversity may tear it apart.
A. c b a e d B. b a e c d C. c e d b a D. c b d e a
133. a. he has written a depressing record of destruction,
b. but against the life that shares it with him.
c. As man proceeds toward his announced goal of the conquest of nature,
d. directed not only against the earth he inhabits
A. c d a b B. a c d b C. c d b a D. c a d b
134. a. my eyes opened to shapeless world of gray
b. soon the entire room shone with a rosy glow
c. I woke up just before dawn this morning
d. suddenly pink rays stroke the walls
A. c a d b B. c d a b C. a d b c D. c a b d
135. a. A report is generally a formal document.
b. or it may evaluate a topic
c. It gives information on a specific topic.
d. may look at it, to decide how good, usefal or successful it is
e. it may be descriptive, simply describe the tropic
A. c e b a d B. a c b e d C. a c e b d D. d a c e b
136. a. The report should include the following

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 b. Each section should have an underlined heading.
c. the introduction, the middle sections and the closing section(s)
d. A report is organized in sections.
A. d e b a c B. b d e a c C. d e a b c D. d b e a c
137. a. he has written a depressing record of destruction,
b. but against the life that shares it with him.
c. As man proceeds toward his announced goal of the conquest of nature,
d. directed not only against the earth he inhabits
A. c d a b B. a c d b C. c d b a D. c a d b
138 .a. It‘s found that bats keep sending out noises inaudible to people and that they hear their
echoes.
b. Scientists noticed that bats rarely collided with anything in their erratic flight
c. This principle whereby they fly safely was found to be similar to the main principle of
radar.
d. We owe some of our notions of radar to scientific observation of bats.
e. keen eyesight could not be the reason for their flying the way they do, since bats are blind
A. b e d a c B. d b e a c C. d b a e c D. d e b a c
139.a. my eyes opened to shapeless world of gray
b. soon the entire room shone with a rosy glow
c. I woke up just before dawn this morning
d. suddenly pink rays stroke the walls
A. c a d b B. c d a b C. a d b c D. c a b d
140. a. A report is generally a formal document.
b. or it may evaluate a topic
c. It gives information on a specific topic.
d. may look at it, to decide how good, useful or successful it is
e. it may be descriptive, simply describe the tropic
A. c e b a d B. a c b e d C. a c e b d D. d a c e b
141. a. The most important of these is human creativity.
b. In fact, developing a workable technology requires resources.
c. Having a new technology makes life simple and comfortable.

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 d. Unfortunately, however, this is not something readily available.
e. People with such ability tremendously contribute to development.
A. cdbae B. c b e d a C. b d c b a D. c b d e a
142. a. Tourism in some countries has remained static.
b. This is because quality service is reportedly poor.
c. That left many things disorganized and unattractive.
d. What is more, the industry seems to lack effective leadership.
e. In others, however, it is growing whilst markets are in decline.
A. a b d e c B. a b c d e C. a c b d e D. a e b d c
143. a. Further, there aren‘t as such any places for recreation.
b. This means you will have to endure physical hardship.
c. Primary, it is often not easy to find a job that suits you.
d. Living in the countryside has a number of disadvantages.
e. You also have to walk to get somewhere, even long distances.
A. dbeca B. adebc C. d c a e b D. a d b c e
144. a. What do they really want to see as society continues to evolve?
b. According to the study , two -third of women strongly agree that physical attractiveness
is about how one looks.
c. How are women of the world defining beauty?
d. A recent research study yields some interesting views of women about beauty
e. Yet, they also agree that beauty involves much more.
A. c e d a b B. d e a c b C. c a d b e D. e d a b c
145. a. Other reasons include expectations of roles and structure of the family
b. There is uniqueness in each family problem solving style.
c. One reason for a familys decision style is learned behavior.
d. Families have distinct style of making decisions.
e There reasons for these differences vary from family to family.
A. c a c b d B. d b e c a C. a d c e b D. c b a d e
146. a. So, you do not need to own a car.
b. Primarily, it is often easier to find work.
c. Living in a city has a number of advantages.

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 d. There is also a good choice of public transport.
e. Further, there are a lot of interesting places to see.
A. c b d a e B. b d a e c C. e b d e a D. c e d a b
147. a. So, you don't need to own a car.
b. Primarily, it is often easier to find work.
c. Living in a city has a number of advantages
d. There is also a good choice of public transport.
e. Further, there are a lot of interesting places to see.
A. c b d a e B. b d a e c C. c b d e a D. c e d a b
148. a Some of them, however, have a feasible solutions.
b. Finding renewable energy source is highly desirable.
c. Unfortunately, however, the technology is still at its infancy.
d. Even then, depending entirely on such energy source would be a mistake.
e. Every potential source of renewable energy seems to have some problems.
A. b d c a e B. b c e a d C. b e a c d D. b c d e a
149. a. One is the image others have of you.
b. Another cause of self- concept comes from social comparisons.
c. There are several reasons for your self-concept.
d. Comparing your test scores is a good example of a social comparison.
e. If those you love and respect think highly of you, you will see a positive self-image
reflected in their behaviors.
A. c e a d b B. c b d e a C. b d a e c D. c a e b d
150. a. From words do not always have meaning in themselves.
b. When you study, you often need to make short notes.
c. Here are some useful suggestions to improve your study skill.
d. Such words are called form words.
e. To do this efficiently, you need to omit all unimportant words
A. b c a e d
B. c e d a b
C. c b e d a
D. d e a c b

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151. a, Unfortunately, space is being polluted by debris from these space flights.
b. on 4 October 1957 the first satellite, sputnik, was launched.
c. more than 70.000 objects have been left in space.
d. since then, thousands of spacecraft have been sent into space.
e. every few weeks new satellites are put into orbit.
A. c e a d b C. a d c b e
B. b d e a c D. d a e c b
152. a. the country with the highest life expectancy is Japan.
b. hence nuns and philosophers often lived to great ages.
c. historically, women died in childbirth and men in wars
d. now, childbearing is less risky and there are fewer wars,
e. there are average age for men is 76 and for women is 72.
A. a e c d b C. c d a b e
B. c b d a e D. a c d b e
153. a. All of us are prone to the same fundamental human principles that cause these cases of
scientific dental
b. because it is not ignorance
c. but if we really want to change how they think, we need to take an honest look at what is
driving those beliefs
d. it is easy to dismiss people who believe things that are factually incorrect.
e. it is psychology.
f. research has proven that humans are distinctly uncomfortable with events or phenomena
without
clear causes, and when we do not know something, we tend to fill in the gaps ourselves.
A. a d b f c e C. f e b a c d
B. b a e f d c D. d c b e a f
154. a. hundreds of millions of people can recognize a coke bottle by its shape
b. and the famous coca cola-logo is the most famous logo in the world
c. do you know the most recognizable object in the world?
d. unlike any other famous commercial logos, it has not changed in 100 years
e. the coca-cola bottle is the most recognized object in the world

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 A. d b a c e C. c d b e a
B. C e a b d E. e a c d b
155. a. I knew the journey could be tough but not as bitter.
b. something more unbearable! My visa application was denied.
c. I migrated to Egypt in December 2005 dreaming to travel to Australia.
d. In fact, you have to experience it yourself to see how severe things could be.
e. The water was indescribably harsh and the police were brutally unfriendly.
(A) c e a b d (C) c a e d b
(B) c e d b a (D) c a b e d

Grammar
Questions (156-255) are incomplete sentences. There are four alternative words/phrases, A-D,
given below each Questions. Choose the word /phrase that best completes the sentences.
156. Sabah's literary work has obtained ______ from among many scholars both inside and
outside the country.
A. awareness B. dominant C. entertainment D. recognition
157. Such local and research based stories are believed to have a very vast historical ______ for
the country as well as for the continent of Africa.
A. awareness B. significance C. originated D. confined
158. The ______ of poverty on the spread of HIV AIDS is clearly seen in the third world
countries.
A. vulnerable B. impact C. coerced D. immune
159. The ______ from the sun is bad for our eyes.
A. glare B. rays C. heat D. light
160. Pride is to lion as school is to______.
A. teacher B. student C. self-respect D. fish
161. Hoping to ______ the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would
be_______ to both opposition party and government.
A. enforce /useful B. end /divisive
C. overcome /unattractive D. resolve /acceptable
162. ―Less government spending‖ is _______ of this political party, a belief shared by most party

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 members.
A. a prospectus B. a retraction C. a tenet D. a plight
163. Conditions in the mine were _____, so the mine workers refused to return to their jobs until
the dangers were _______.
A. filthy/disbanded B. hazardous /eliminated
C. deplorable /collated D. illegal .. enhanced
164. We all know how wonderful you are. There is no need to --------------.
A. drop out B. get away C. show off D. fill in
165. The United Nations was ______ to settle conflicts peacefully.
A. set up B. set out C. set by D. set off
166. Most of the audience had left in the interval, but the actors decided to _________the show.
A. go along with B. go on with C. go in with D. go off with
167. In view of the extenuating circumstances and the defendant‘s youth, the judge
recommended_____.
A. conviction B. a defense C. life imprisonment D. leniency
168. Gregory‘s face was ______ when he reported the loss of his ship.
A. vivid B. somber C. animated D. pusillanimous
169. I am planning to---------my vocabulary book after class and test myself.
A. get over B. get on with C. go through D. pull out
170. We do not---------------hope. We will make it nice.
A. loose B. lose C. lost D. loss
171. You have to buy Intermediate English grammar. It is ____ for your further language study.
A. invaluable B. inaccurate C. inconsistent D. invisible
172. People destroy forest for agriculture. This ______________ leads to global warming.
A. destructive B. destruction C. destructible D. distracter
173. As a child I remember being __________by my father‘s appearance.
A. riveted B. bored C. fascinating D. exciting
174. Don‘t be selfish. I will ___________ up your relationship with your boyfriend.
A. look B. mess C. give D. stay
175.How do you___________ a person who boasts a lot.
A. describe B. prescribe C. proscribe D. inscribe

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176. Eden's research work has obtained ____from among many scholars both inside and outside the
country.
A. recognition B. dominant C. entertainment D. awareness
177. The performance of the business enterprises entrepreneurship is _____magnificent.
A. quite B. quit C. quiet D. kite
178. I have______sugar, I must go and buy some.
A. run with B. run into C. run out of D. run over
179. look at that man! He knocks out his rival easily. Isn‘t he as __________________?
A. gentle as a lamb B. tall as a palm tree
C. strong as a bull D. cunning as a fox
180. These days, there is a sharp____________ in the cost of living all over the world.
A. raise B. rice C. arise D. rise
181. We fight all the time. We just don‘t_______with each other.
A. go on B. get across C. get down D. get on
182. We are ______ that we will score excellent grade in our exam. We have already
accomplished our preparation.
A. confidence B. confidential C. confident D. punctual
183. I don‘t really have______________. I often overlook things and make silly mistakes.
A. level headedness B. an eye to see a bigger picture
C. an eye for detail D. trustworthiness
184. The gangsters_____________ down their arms and surrendered.
A. lay B. lied C. laid D. laying
185. The former prime minister was ______________ about the Grand Millennium Dam project.
A. passion B. passionately C. patient D. passionate
186. Lap top computers are so portable. They allow work to be done everywhere and have been
working______for years.
A. reliably B. reliability C. reliable D. reliant
187. Selam, who is always intoxicated, drinks like __________
A. a fish B. a bird C. a pig D. an elephant
188. We cannot_______AIDS by eating spice and garlic.
A. shield B. protect C. prevent D. project

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189. Students are supposed to_____ their school rules and regulations.
A. obey B. abide C. obligate D. oblige
190. The Ethiopian annual beauty _____ which hold every year seems to be very stiff. It is hard to
predict the winner.
A. rivalry B. contest C. contention D. competition
191. They didn‘t accept her _______________ to marry her boyfriend.
A. question B. interest C. proposal D. letter
192. My sister stayed behind to___________ our ailing grandmother.
A. take after B. come after C. run after D. look after
193. The terrorist was accused of launching a coward______ attack on civilians.
A. -ity B.-able C. -less D. –ly
194. Our new manager is boring, he puts me ______ every time he chairs the meeting.
A. off B. down C. away D. up
195. I am sorry. I couldn‘t come I was ______ marking the papers.
A. put down B. caught up C. tied up D. unable
196. She stayed behind to______ her ailing mother.
A. run after B. come after C. look after D. take after
197. We _____ the manager as he is efficient and treats everyone equally.
A. look up B. look up to C. look upon D. look down on
198. They couldn‘t _________ with each other, so they had to go their own ways.
A. get up B. get along C. get away D. get round
199. You really seem tired. Let me _______
A. take up B. take off C. take over D. take away
200. I find it difficult to __________ with my boss these days. He really is not approachable.
A. get on B. get of C. get across D. go on
201. He completely_______ after a day‘s hard labor.
A. wore off B. wore out C. wore away D. wore down
202. Can you go to the________ and ask her if they have a pen? I lost mine this morning.
A. stationer B. station C. stationary D. stationery
203. It is true that your friend was _______ from hospital? That is really good news.
A. relieved B. released C. sent out D. discharged

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204. Writing a formal letter in English is not difficult, but you should follow certain_______.
A. conviction B. conversations C. conversions D. conventions
205. Newton was a great English scientist. He _______ the law of gravitation.
A. invented B. created C. discovered D. declared
206. Ato Bisrat has been _______ chairman of the new committee.
A. apologized B. appreciated C. applauded D. appointed
207. I _______ them that there had been financial problems earlier in the year.
A. told B. explained C. revealed D. requested
208. It is a sad sight to see a child _______ with polio.
A. affected B. afflicted C. affiliated D. affectionate
209. I was _______ when I heard the news of her mother‘s death.
A . ashamed B. impressed C. surprised D. shocked
210. Please _______ yourself from spitting in public places.
A. consign B. restrain C. restore D. contradict
211. You can‘t go out after mid-night in this town. A state of emergency has been ________
over the last few days.
A. declined B. dropped C. declared D. released
212. Many students in my class were ________ for poor attendance.
A. praised B. legalized C. penalized D. fined
213. A witness was able to ________ my story that the accident was not my fault.
A. sustain B. suspect C. supplement D. substantiate
214. My parents will be ________ if I get into trouble with the head teacher again.
A. serious B. anxious C. furious D. curious
215. I passed all my exams. This made my mother________.
A. upset B. proud C. annoyed D. anxious
216. He is a very kind person. He gets satisfaction by________ others‘ burden.
A. lighting B. slighting C. lightening D. enlightening
217. Do not think we are completely safe. Dangers are still ________.
A. eminent B. imminent C. apparent D. evident
218. Let us ________ the decision until next week. There could be unexpected changes.
A. pass B. bypass C. defer D. differ

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219.It is _____________for children to talk to adults the way that little girl did. She is rude.
A. inproper B. ill-proper C. improper D. inproper
220.You did not show him any_____________. Don‘t forget he is the boss.
A. respectance B. respection C. respectfulness D. respect
221.They were engaged in the _______________of the city these days. Everything looks very
great now.
A. beauty B. beautification C. beautifying D. beautifulness
222.Haven‘t you _______________anything yet? I guess that one is wonderful.
A. picked out B. picked down C. picked in D. picked up
223.I heard Shibiru________________ an elderly gentleman and he is now under the police
custody.
A. ran into B. ran along C. ran over D. ran behind
224.We _______________all our complaints to the person in charge, but he doesn‘t seem to care.
We don‘t understand what good governance means.
A. put out B. down C. put up D/ put over
225.Everyone was so nervous and we had to leave hurriedly. There was no
one________________ and calm.
A.gracious B. relaxed C. pleasant D. friendly
226.It was all tiring, but we had no other option. I really hate such_______________ tasks.
A. exhausting B. uninspiring C. boring D. demanding
227.There is a lot of ___________ in the document she typed yesterday. You will need to
proofread it.
A. unaccuracy B. misaccuracy C. inaccuracy D. unaccurateness
228.Some students develop a problem of____________to the university environment. They
should be properly counseled.
A.maladjustment B. unadjustment C. inadjustment D. misadjustment
229. Do not _________ my talents in the kitchen; I have a diploma in cooking.
A. undertake B. underpin C. underlie D. under8rate
230. Although language is the main means of communication between peoples, the fact that so
many languages have developed these days has often made language to act more as a
barrier than a/an ________ to understanding among peoples.

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 A. alarm B. aid C. key D. obstacle
231. What a surprise  I just ___________ an old fried I have not met for ages.
A. ran into B. ran over C. ran along D. ran towards
232. The Japanese love eating ______ fish: that is why dishes of uncooked fish called sushi or
sashimi are available at most Japanase restaurants.
A. clean B. fresh C. raw D. tropical
233. I have recently joined a campaign to _______ smoking in most public places in my town.
A. fight B banish C. ban D. abstain
234. Your hand writing is _______ . I could not read it at all .
A. illegal B. irregular C. illegible D. eligible
235. They tell me the whole family is illiterate which would mean it is ____________.
A. unteachable B. ignorant C. unskilled D. uneducated
236. The party this round was not as lavish as it had been in the previous years. Drinks were
particularly____.
A. mean B. unavailable C. scanty D. minimum
237. He is one of the exemplary elders in our kebele . He deserves due____________.
A. respect B. respect ion C. respecting D. respectfulness
238. We were all ________ for the end of this misunderstanding; after all, they were intimate
friends.
A. nervous B. ambitious C. anxious D. jealous
239. The residents _______- all details of the problem to the mayor and he promised to seek
solutions.
A. put out B. put over C. put up D. put forward
240. Visiting a new country can be an exciting , even _____ experience.
A. heralding B. exhilarating C. distinguishing D. exacerbating
241. There _________ on their notes , instead of their memory, may cause many students a great
deal of trouble when they take this exam.
A. reliance B. confidence C. brilliance D. relevance
242. We are not sure of the number of casualties, but we heard there was a----------- on the way
to Gojam.
A. danger B. collision C. calamity D. coalition

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243. Didn‘t I tell you to_____________ up the meaning of this word in the dictionary?
A. see B. look C. refer D. check
244. You shouldn‘t have_________ such a nice offer.
A. denied B. rejected C. requested D. doubted
245. I don‘t think I am very _____ but I‘m not all that bad-looking either.
A. plain B. pretty C. serious D. modest
246. I saw the accident and phoned the police______.
A. sadly B. suddenly C. immediately D. unfortunately
247. What did you do about your aching tooth? Did you get it_____?
A. pulled up B. pulled out C. pulled down D. pulled round
248. I didn‘t find it fascinating. To me it was rather a bit_____.
A. boring B. soothing C. bouncing D. compelling
249. There appears to be an amendment made to the investment policy. However, we are not
sure of who major._______.
A. benefit B. beneficent C. beneficial D. beneficiary
250. Her____ to climb mount Batu surprised everyone. In fact, she used to get the top of Dashen
very easily.
A. inability B. unability C. disability D. non-ability
251. Have you visited Billi? She is just_____an illness.
A. going over B. getting over C. getting under D. getting out of
252. I`m meeting Sara at three o`clock to discuss our class schedule. After that, I`m playing
chess. Oh, , I may want something to eat when I get home.
A) besides B) after all C) whereas D. by the way
253. No translation; students need to learn to what words mean from the way they are used.
A) Deduce B) Introduce C) Induce D) Reduce
254. Physical labor can exhaust the body ; , excessive regarding can reduce mental power.
A) Regrettably B) Equally C) Incidentally D) Sadly
255. The ceremony did not take long; I ___ the statue soon after the coordinator`s brief speech.
A) Unwrapped B) Unsealed C) Unveiled D) Unrevealed

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ANSWERS FOR MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES WITH BRIEF EXPLANATIONS

1. Answer: A (Oh, thanks)

Explanation: The response "Oh, thanks" acknowledges the compliment about the hairstyle
and sets up a natural follow-up question about the other person's new style.
2. Answer: B (Congratulations)
Explanation: "Congratulations" is the most appropriate response to acknowledge someone
swimming well, as it expresses praise and admiration.
3. Answer: A (That will be a silly thing to do)
Explanation: The father‘s response implies that buying a car without proper planning is
unwise. "That will be a silly thing to do" aligns with his cautionary tone.
4. Answer: A (Yes, of course I will)
Explanation: Abel asks Martha when she wants him to call back. The correct response
confirms his willingness to call later.
5. Answer: A (I am a stranger here myself)
Explanation: Ayalew politely declines Mathew's request by explaining he cannot help
because he is unfamiliar with the area.
6. Answer: A (That is very kind of you)
Explanation: Belay responds positively to Abebe's invitation, expressing gratitude and
accepting the invitation to attend the graduation ceremony.
7. Answer: B (I‘m afraid)
Explanation: Bontu uses "I‘m afraid" to politely decline Abeba's invitation due to her prior
commitment to finish an assignment.
8. Answer: D (No, of course)
Explanation: When someone asks if you mind something, "No, of course" indicates that you
do not mind and are welcoming the action.
9. Answer: C (I couldn‘t agree more)
Explanation: The friend agrees strongly with the idea of taking a taxi due to time constraints,
making "I couldn‘t agree more" the most fitting response.
10. Answer: B (Congratulations)

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 Explanation: "Congratulations" is the appropriate response to celebrate someone beating their
rival.
11. Answer: B (I‘m afraid I can't)
Explanation: Bontu explains her inability to join Ali at the cinema due to her assignment,
using "I‘m afraid" to soften the refusal.
12. Answer: B (The third period isn‘t finished, yet.)
Explanation: The teacher provides a logical reason why they cannot tell the time, implying
that classes are still in session.
13. Answer: D (Would you tell me the exchange rate, please?)
Explanation: This response logically follows the teller‘s offer to help, requesting specific
information about the exchange rate.
14. Answer: D (May I speak to Mr. Teka, please?)
Explanation: The caller requests to speak to Mr. Teka, which leads to the operator's response
that Mr. Teka is unavailable.
15. Answer: A (No thanks. I have just had enough)
Explanation: The response politely declines the offer of more pizza, indicating satisfaction
with the current amount.
16. Answer: C (I am going to plant some apple trees.)
Explanation: The son explains his intention to use the shovel for planting apple trees,
matching the context of the dialogue.
17. Answer: A (It is about 20 years now.)
Explanation: Suzy directly answers Haile's question about how long she has been working as
a manager.
18. Answer: D (I would rather go for coffee.)
Explanation: The customer makes a clear choice between coffee and tea, indicating their
preference.
19. Answer: D (It is true. Many girls like him, don‘t they?)
Explanation: Awando agrees with Alambo‘s statement about the person being handsome and
adds a relevant observation.
20. Answer: C (Do they eat injera)

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Explanation: Shitu‘s question logically leads to Bosen‘s response about another Ethiopian dish,
doro wot, creating a conversational flow about food preferences.
21. Answer: D (I don‘t like it either. We can hire a four-wheel drive.)
Explanation: Haile agrees with Biftu‘s dislike of flying and suggests an alternative mode of
transportation.
22. Answer: B (At Ayele‘s party? You‘re right.)
Explanation: Girum recognizes Tamiru‘s claim of having met before and confirms the location
where they might have encountered each other.
23. Answer: B (You may also report to the police.)
Explanation: Amare offers practical advice to Belay after hearing about the house break-in,
suggesting reporting the incident to the police.
24. Answer: B (You are lucky. All the best!)
Explanation: Ayantu congratulates Lemlem on winning the lottery and wishes her well for her
upcoming departure.
25. Answer: D (Brilliant. You may also consider seeing Bahir Dar.)
Explanation: Aster enthusiastically responds to Shito‘s travel plans and suggests adding another
destination to their itinerary.
26. Answer: B (My back is aching. What shall I do?)
Explanation: Sosina describes her physical discomfort, prompting Nigisti to suggest seeing a
doctor.
27. Answer: A (What shall I do?)
Explanation: Aberash seeks advice from Nigist regarding her husband‘s behavior, leading to a
humorous suggestion.
28. Answer: A (I got all my money back)
Explanation: Meseret shares good news, prompting excitement and curiosity from her sister
about how she managed it.
29. Answer: D (Why don‘t you buy an alarm clock?)
Explanation: Bisrat provides a practical solution to Biniyam‘s problem of oversleeping.
30. Answer: A (Dad, this is my teacher, Mr. Alemu)
Explanation: The son introduces his teacher to his father, leading to a polite greeting from the
father.

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31. Answer: C (Gosh! It is so weird to me)
Explanation: Hirut expresses surprise and disapproval of the funky hairstyle, aligning with the
tone of the dialogue.
32. Answer: B (You can say that again. They are air-conditioned)
Explanation: The friend agrees with Mamo‘s positive opinion about the light trains and
highlights an additional benefit.
33. Answer: C (That is true. It has no focus at all)
Explanation: Ululu agrees with Alemu‘s criticism of the report and elaborates on its lack of
clarity.
34. Answer: C (Sure. The book, I think, is interesting)
Explanation: Halefom agrees to buy the book and adds a positive comment about its potential
interest.
35. Answer: B (Not only that! He also stole a book.)
Explanation: Helen amplifies Shuru‘s complaint by adding another wrongdoing by the same
student.
36. Answer: A (No doubt! She has her seat confirmed)
Explanation: Eleni confidently confirms Kuku‘s inquiry about the arrival of the person,
emphasizing certainty.
37. Answer: B (In fact, exams are approaching)
Explanation: The teacher acknowledges the student‘s query about exams and hints at their
nearness.
38. Answer: A (Sorry! What did you say?)
Explanation: The wife seeks clarification after hearing her husband mention the Prime Minister,
ensuring she understands the context.
39. Answer: B (Why not? Get the jumper as well)
Explanation: Sibilu supports Ayantu‘s desire to buy the skirt and encourages her to purchase
another item.
40. Answer: D (It will be seven o‘clock very soon)
Explanation: Yoru emphasizes the urgency of leaving by pointing out the approaching time.
41. Answer: B (Shall we see a doctor?)

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Explanation: Nigist suggests seeking medical attention for the person with a bad backache,
offering a solution.
42. Answer: B (Maybe, find someone who can fix it)
Explanation: Nigusu advises Alene to address the leaking roof issue by finding someone
qualified to repair it.
43. Answer: C (That is fine, but let me have a snack first)
Explanation: Ululu agrees to do homework but requests a short break for a snack before starting.
44. Answer: B (That is ridiculous! She didn‘t pay back the last one)
Explanation: The wife objects to lending money again, citing the borrower‘s failure to repay
previously.
45. Answer: D (I am afraid, you are driving)
Explanation: Fraol politely declines Yodit‘s invitation, expressing concern about the driving
arrangement.
46. Answer: A (I would rather do it for dinner)
Explanation: Sara prefers joining for dinner instead of lunch, providing a clear alternative.
47. Answer: D (Could you do me a favor, please?)
Explanation: Mary‘s response indicates willingness to assist Adam, inviting him to specify the
favor.
48. Answer: A (No way! Are you crazy?)
Explanation: Wirtu strongly objects to Yerom‘s idea of giving away a valuable item like a
mobile phone.
49. Answer: B (Five million! Are you kidding?)
Explanation: Lomi expresses disbelief and excitement upon hearing Girgiro‘s claim of winning a
large sum in a lottery.
50. Answer: A (Come on! It is only two minutes after 5:00)
Explanation: Gashe pleads with Jembere to make an exception, highlighting that the store has
just closed.
51. Answer: C (What good news! When was that?)
Explanation: Shoa responds enthusiastically to Muse‘s news about Belete‘s release, showing
interest in when it happened.
52. Answer: A (Come on, they shouldn‘t do that?)

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Explanation: Gedlu expresses disapproval of friends eating junk food, aligning with Balemo‘s
concern.
53. Answer: A (It depends on your driving)
Explanation: Yaya explains that the travel time to Dire Dawa varies depending on how someone
drives.
54. Answer: C (Because he died when he was only 35)
Explanation: Mickey provides a logical reason for looking older than his dad, explaining his
father‘s early death.
55. Answer: B (Sorry, I am a stranger myself)
Explanation: The driver admits they don‘t know the way to the Ministry of Education, as they
are unfamiliar with the area.
56. Answer: A (Computers are very useful)
Explanation: Cheru acknowledges Rahel‘s receipt of the computer by highlighting its utility.
57. Answer: B (This is unacceptable. You should penalize her!)
Explanation: Tigist reacts strongly to Mamush‘s statement about the unfinished report,
suggesting punishment for the delay.
58. Answer: C (There is no water in my room)
Explanation: The customer explains their issue to the receptionist, requesting assistance with the
lack of water.
59. Answer: B (Tell me, what is this boy doing?)
Explanation: The teacher asks the student to identify the disruptive behavior of another student.
60. Answer: A (Splendid! I can‘t agree more)
Explanation: The response shows strong agreement with Abebe‘s suggestion to contribute to the
Renaissance Dam project.
61. Answer: A (How do you do?)
Explanation: The visitor politely reciprocates the secretary‘s greeting with a standard response.
62. Answer: A (I am just looking)
Explanation: The shop assistant responds to the customer‘s inquiry by indicating they are
browsing without needing help.
63. Answer: A (Did you buy the jacket?)

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Explanation: Helen‘s response indicates she finds the jacket expensive, prompting Babi to ask if
it was purchased.
64. Answer: C (Perhaps, we might need to do that)
Explanation: Gebrai acknowledges Bulti‘s warning about the approaching enemy and suggests
evacuation may be necessary.
65. Answer: B (I know. This is your holiday.)
Explanation: Hori empathizes with Sori‘s frustration about being unable to go out during the wet
day, recognizing it as a holiday.
66. Answer: C (It could be true. I know he was ill)
Explanation: Gelane expresses skepticism but acknowledges the possibility of the Prime
Minister‘s passing due to illness.
67. Answer: D (At ten o‘clock)
Explanation: The student provides a specific time for going to bed, answering the teacher‘s
question clearly.
68. Answer: B (We‘re having a party tonight)
Explanation: The response explains why there are many glasses, suggesting a social gathering.
69. Answer: A (Well, I think this would oblige us to stay longer)
Explanation: The nurse explains the potential impact of patients not arriving on time,
emphasizing additional waiting.
70. Answer: A (Yes, in three subjects)
Explanation: Fayine confirms Kedija‘s observation about the heavy homework load, specifying
the number of subjects involved.
71. Answer: B (Of course, very happily)
Explanation: Bereket accepts Ojulu‘s invitation to dinner with enthusiasm.
72. Answer: D (How about demand-supply balance?)
Explanation: Chaltu shifts the conversation from inflation to a related economic concept,
maintaining relevance.
73. Answer: B (Thank you very much)
Explanation: Feven thanks Ilu for their kind words about the enjoyable stay.
74. Answer: C (Has she been working for long?)

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Explanation: Densamo inquires about the possible cause of the headache, linking it to prolonged
work.
75. Answer: D (Go straight and turn left before the light)
Explanation: The resident gives clear directions to the nearest cash point.
76. Answer: A (3kms)
Explanation: The student provides a precise distance between their home and school.
77. Answer: B (Where do your parents live?)
Explanation: The friend seeks clarification about the location of the speaker‘s parents.
78. Answer: B (Do you want one?)
Explanation: The guest offers a cigarette, and the host declines politely.
79. Answer: B (In a week or two)
Explanation: The employee provides an estimated timeline for returning to work.
80. Answer: D (I think it is a management meeting)
Explanation: Hadush clarifies the nature of the meeting, addressing Olani‘s expectation.
81. Answer: D (Not only that! She also lied to the teacher)
Explanation: Helen amplifies Bibi‘s complaint by adding another wrongdoing by the same
person.
82. Answer: D (I don‘t like it either. We can hire a four-wheel drive)
Explanation: Abayineh agrees with Solomon‘s dislike of taking a bus and suggests an alternative
mode of transport.
83. Answer: B (I would sell my watch if I were you)
Explanation: Nigat offers practical advice to Abeba regarding financial difficulties.
84. Answer: C (That is a good idea!)
Explanation: The speaker supports Mulu‘s suggestion to contribute for Genet, showing
solidarity.
85. Answer: B (It may not, but should not we try it first?)
Explanation: Birhan suggests giving the idea a chance despite rumors of its ineffectiveness.
86. Answer: A (Does it come in different colours?)
Explanation: The response shows interest in the product‘s variety, aligning with Bontu‘s
decision.
87. Answer: D (Looks like that. Apparently, he is not the type they wanted)

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Explanation: Galgalo confirms Boru‘s speculation about the minister‘s resignation, citing
reasons.
88. Answer: B (I think, it is Aira Guliso)
Explanation: The speaker provides the name of the town before the destination, answering the
stranger‘s query.
89. Answer: D (How on earth would you sell to me a broken camera?)
Explanation: The customer questions the shop assistant‘s attempt to sell a faulty item.
90. Answer: D (I think you really ought to eat less)
Explanation: Lee advises SU to reduce food intake after hearing about weight gain.
91. Answer: B (I‘d love to)
Explanation: Beyhelihem expresses willingness to join Bereketu but mentions a conflicting
commitment.
92. Answer: C (Sorry, I will turn it down)
Explanation: The daughter apologizes and promises to lower the television volume to address her
mother‘s complaint.
93. Answer: C (I always prefer to travel by train)
Explanation: Mohammed disagrees with Brook‘s opinion, stating their personal preference for
trains.
94. Answer: B (I am not sure but many may pass)
Explanation: The son cautiously speculates about his friends‘ chances of passing the exam.
95. Answer: D (Oh well, never mind. Better luck next time)
Explanation: Semait consoles Sofia after hearing about her failure in the entrance exam.
96. Answer: A (Where to, Miss?)
Explanation: The taxi driver asks the stranger‘s destination after being hailed.
97. Answer: D (This year I am going to give up smoking)
Explanation: The husband makes a resolution to quit smoking, prompting the wife‘s comment
about unkept resolutions.
98. Answer: A (Did she win the last race?)
Explanation: Lomi seeks confirmation about Genzebie‘s recent achievements following Shigut‘s
news.
99. Answer: A (How unlucky! I am going to miss the interview)

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Explanation: Kono expresses disappointment about missing the flight and its consequences.
100. Answer: B (Perhaps give him my own lunch)
Explanation: Gedlu proposes a compassionate solution to Bubu‘s hypothetical scenario of
encountering someone starving.
101. Which type of writing is the passage most like?
Answer: B. Narrative
Explanation:
The sentences describe an event where Samrawit dresses unusually and gets a new haircut,
making her look different. This suggests a story or narrative about her actions and appearance
changes, rather than purely descriptive, expository, or argumentative writing.
102. Which one is taken from a formal letter of application?
Answer: D. I am writing in response to the position of IT assistant advertised in the monitor.
Explanation:
Formal letters of application typically begin by referencing the job being applied for, often
mentioning where the advertisement was seen. Option D fits this structure perfectly. The other
options are either too conversational (A), polite but not specific enough (B), or irrelevant (C).
103. Which contains errors in capitalization, mechanics, and punctuation?
Answer: C. Peter, my elder brother received medals for his contributions Astronomy, chemistry
and Mathematics.
Explanation:
In option C, "Astronomy," "chemistry," and "Mathematics" should all be capitalized because
they refer to specific subjects.
Additionally, there should be commas after "brother" and before listing the subjects for clarity.
Correct version:
Peter, my elder brother, received medals for his contributions to Astronomy, Chemistry, and
Mathematics.
104. Which one is taken from an informal letter?
Answer: A. Wish me good luck for my math exam.
Explanation:
Informal letters often include casual phrases such as wishing someone luck or expressing
personal feelings. Options B, C, and D are more formal in tone and context.

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105. What type of writing does the text belong to?
Answer: C. Narrative
Explanation:
The text describes a sequence of events ("he couldn't understand," "when he had set out that
morning"), indicating a narrative style. It tells a story rather than explaining, describing, or
arguing.
106. Which one is correctly punctuated?
Answer: C. I have never been to England; in fact, I have never been outside this country.
Explanation:
A semicolon is used correctly here to join two closely related independent clauses.
Commas are appropriately placed around "in fact."
Other options either misuse colons (A), omit necessary commas (B), or incorrectly place
commas (D).
107. Which has correct capitalization?
Answer: B. The language I wanted to learn was Arabic, not French.
Explanation:
Proper nouns (names of languages) should always be capitalized. Only option B capitalizes both
"Arabic" and "French" correctly.
108. Why might the sentence be included in a survey questionnaire?
Answer: D. Increasing response rate
Explanation:
Assuring respondents that their answers will remain confidential encourages participation and
increases the likelihood of receiving responses. This is crucial for improving the response rate.
109. Which one is correctly punctuated?
Answer: B. The meeting ended at dawn; nothing had been decided.
Explanation:
A semicolon connects two independent clauses without needing separate sentences. Other
options either lack proper punctuation (A and C) or unnecessarily split the thought into two
sentences (D).
110. Which sentence has correct capitalization?
Answer: D. Sara and Hana first met at a school called Learning to Learn.

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Explanation:
"Learning to Learn" is a proper noun (name of a school) and should be capitalized. All other
options fail to capitalize it correctly.
111. What type of writing is the text most likely from?
Answer: B. Narrative
Explanation:
The text conveys emotions ("desire to redeem himself") and actions ("need to hit me"),
suggesting a narrative style focused on storytelling.
112. What type of writing are the lines most likely from?
Answer: C. Narrative
Explanation:
The lines describe sequential actions ("I took my passport out...put it in my bag"), which aligns
with narrative writing.
113. What type of writing is the text most likely from?
Answer: B. Narrative
Explanation:
The text involves a character reflecting on returning to a town after years away, indicating a
narrative style.
114. Which one is correctly punctuated?
Answer: A. ―I have tried to sing dozens of times,‖ she says, ―but I can‘t.‖
Explanation:
Quotation marks enclose direct speech, and commas properly separate dialogue tags. Other
options either omit necessary punctuation or misplace quotation marks.
115. Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
Answer: B. Last week... I think it was Monday... I sent them a complete report.
Explanation:
Ellipses (...) indicate pauses or uncertainty, fitting the context. Other options misuse punctuation
or create awkward phrasing.
116. What type of writing is the text most likely from?
Answer: B. Descriptive
Explanation:

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The text paints a vivid picture of someone's stinginess ("Giving out a penny... hurt like a knife"),
characteristic of descriptive writing.
117. Which sentence is wrongly punctuated?
Answer: B. Sodere, I replied. ‗‘I was there for a year.‘‘
Explanation:
In option B, the placement of the period before the closing quotation mark is incorrect. Proper
punctuation would place the period inside the quotes.
118. What ending could you use in a letter to your best friend?
Answer: C. Bye!
Explanation:
An informal farewell like "Bye!" suits a friendly tone. Formal endings like "Sincerely" or "Best
wishes" are less appropriate for close friends.
119. Which word has correct spelling?
Answer: D. license
Explanation:
"Licence" is British English, while "license" is American English. Given the context, "license" is
correct. Other options contain common misspellings.
120. Which sentence is descriptive?
Answer: D. We could hear from a distance a huge crowd chanting and singing.
Explanation:
This sentence creates a sensory image ("chanting and singing"), characteristic of descriptive
writing.
121. Which sentence has correct punctuation?
Answer: B. ‗‘Is that so?‘‘ Bulli remarked politely. ‗‘Just save you!‘‘
Explanation:
Each piece of dialogue is enclosed in quotation marks, and punctuation is correctly placed
outside the quotes when needed.
122. What type of writing are the lines most likely from?
Answer: A. Narrative
Explanation:

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The lines describe a series of events ("went for a walk," "had breakfast," "visited an old castle"),
typical of narrative writing.
123. Which sentence is most likely from a narrative?
Answer: D. She radically changed and was overwhelmed by the idea of feminist.
Explanation:
This sentence describes personal transformation, a hallmark of narrative writing.
124. What type of writing are the lines most likely from?
Answer: B. Narrative
Explanation:
The lines outline a timeline of events ("after graduation," "took training," "decided to join the
front"), consistent with narrative writing.
125. Which could be an opening to a letter from a company manager?
Answer: C. I regret to inform you that you have not been chosen…
Explanation:
Option C is professional and formal, suitable for informing someone about not getting a job.
Other options are either too casual (A and B) or overly indirect (D).
126. Answer: A (b c e d a)
Explanation: The logical sequence starts with planning the weekend (b), then going to the beach
(c). Next, dad loses his keys at the beach (e), they search but give up (d), and finally, dad finds
the keys at home (a).
127. Answer: D (c a e b d)
Explanation: Shensi leaves school at 18 (c), works part-time while there (a), attends college
afterward (e), works in Sudan later (b), and ends with her travel agency job (d).
128. Answer: A (b a d e c)
Explanation: The speaker expresses trouble with their course (b), identifies the problem with
lecturers (a), elaborates on their unclear speech (d), mentions uncooperative classmates (e), and
concludes with the lack of book lending (c).
129. Answer: D (d a b c e)
Explanation: The paragraph begins by introducing aircraft types (d), transitions to their shapes
depending on size, speed, and purpose (a), highlights Cloud Nine as an example (b), describes its
features (c), and ends with a specific detail about its nose (e).

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130. Answer: D (a c d b e)
Explanation: It starts with HIV/AIDS being deadly (a), emphasizes caution to avoid it (c),
suggests testing as the best method (d), discusses outcomes for positives (b), and ends with
advice for negatives (e).
131. Answer: B (a e c d b)
Explanation: The sequence begins with buying the fridge (a), notes initial issues like freezing
everything (e), mentions further troubles (c), explains no help from the company (d), and
concludes with unresolved problems (b).
132. Answer: A (c b a e d)
Explanation: It starts with Ethiopia's diversity (c), calls it a blessing (b), acknowledges opposing
views (a), addresses fears of division (e), and advises against unjustified concerns (d).
133. Answer: A (c d a b)
Explanation: The flow begins with man‘s goal of conquering nature (c), explains destruction
directed against Earth and life (d), describes the record of this destruction (a), and concludes with
the impact on shared life (b).
134. Answer: A (c a d b)
Explanation: The sequence starts with waking up just before dawn (c), describes opening eyes to
grayness (a), introduces pink rays striking walls (d), and ends with the room glowing rosy (b).
135. Answer: C (a c e b d)
Explanation: A report is introduced as formal (a), describes giving information (c), adds
descriptive or evaluative possibilities (e), connects evaluation to deciding success (b), and ends
with potential readers assessing it (d).
136. Answer: C (d e a b c)
Explanation: The structure starts with organizing a report into sections (d), assigns headings to
each section (e), lists required components (a), specifies parts like introduction and middle (b),
and concludes with closing sections (c).
137. Answer: A (c d a b)
Explanation: This matches the earlier explanation for 133 , where the sequence aligns logically:
man‘s goal (c), destruction direction (d), record of destruction (a), and impact on life (b).
138. Answer: C (d b a e c)

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Explanation: Radar notions owe to bat observations (d), scientists notice bats‘ safe flight (b),
explain inaudible noise and echoes (a), address reasons unrelated to eyesight (e), and conclude
with radar similarity (c).
139. Answer: A (c a d b)
Explanation: The sequence begins with waking up before dawn (c), describes opening eyes to
grayness (a), introduces pink rays striking walls (d), and ends with the room glowing rosy (b).
140. Answer: C (a c e b d)
Explanation: This mirrors the earlier explanation for 135 : introducing reports as formal (a),
providing information (c), discussing descriptive vs. evaluative roles (e), connecting evaluation
to decision-making (b), and concluding with potential assessment (d).
141. Answer: B (c b e d a)
Explanation: Technology simplifies life (c), highlights resource requirements (b), acknowledges
availability challenges (e), contrasts difficulty in development (d), and ends with human
creativity‘s importance (a).
142. Answer: D (a e b d c)
Explanation: Tourism trends are introduced (a), contrasts static vs. growing markets (e),
elaborates on poor service causing stagnation (b), adds leadership issues (d), and concludes with
disorganization effects (c).
143. Answer: C (d c a e b)
Explanation: Disadvantages of countryside living are outlined (d), begins with job scarcity (c),
recreation limitations follow (a), physical hardship is discussed (e), and walking long distances
concludes (b).
144. Answer: C (c a d b e)
Explanation: Beauty definition inquiry opens (c), explores societal evolution views (a),
highlights research findings (d), contrasts physical attractiveness (b), and concludes with beauty
encompassing more (e).
145. Answer: B (d b e c a)
Explanation: Decision-making styles vary among families (d), introduces learned behavior as
one cause (b), expands on family differences (e), connects role expectations (c), and concludes
with social comparison examples (a).
146. Answer: A (c b d a e)

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Explanation: City living advantages are introduced (c), starts with work opportunities (b), adds
public transport convenience (d), car ownership redundancy follows (a), and concludes with
interesting places (e).
147. Answer: A (c b d a e)
Explanation: This mirrors the earlier explanation for 146 , maintaining the same logical order.
148. Answer: B (b c e a d)
Explanation: Renewable energy desirability opens (b), notes technology infancy (c), highlights
problems with sources (e), acknowledges feasible solutions exist (a), and concludes with caution
against full dependency (d).
149. Answer: B (c b d e a)
Explanation: Self-concept reasons begin (c), introduces social comparison (b), provides test
score example (d), connects loved ones' behaviors (e), and concludes with positive self-image
reflection (a).
150. Answer: C (c b e d a)
Explanation: Study skills improvement is introduced (c), notes note-taking necessity (b), advises
omitting unimportant words (e), defines form words (d), and concludes with word meaning
context (a).
151. Answer: B (b d e a c)
Explanation: The timeline starts with Sputnik‘s launch (b), continues with numerous space
missions since (d), highlights new satellites regularly (e), introduces space debris pollution (a),
and concludes with object count (c).
152. Answer: D (a c d b e)
Explanation: Life expectancy averages open (a), contrasts historical causes of death (c), notes
modern changes reducing risks (d), highlights Japan‘s lead (b), and concludes with age specifics
(e).
153. Answer: B (b a e f d c)
Explanation: Starts by dismissing ignorance-based beliefs (b), introduces universal psychological
principles (a), explains human discomfort with unknowns (e), supports this with research (f),
contrasts belief drivers (d), and concludes with addressing those beliefs (c).
154. Answer: E (e a c d b)

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Explanation: Coca-Cola bottle recognition leads (e), mentions shape recognition (a), asks if
readers know the most recognizable object (c), highlights logo longevity (d), and concludes with
global fame (b).
155. Answer: C (c a e d b)
Explanation: Migration dreams start (c), contrasts imagined vs. actual journey hardships (a),
elaborates on water and police issues (e), emphasizes severity through experience (d), and
concludes with visa denial (b).
156. D. recognition
Explanation:
The sentence implies that Sabah's literary work has been acknowledged or appreciated by
scholars both domestically and internationally. "Recognition" best fits the context as it conveys
acknowledgment or approval.
157. B. significance
Explanation:
The sentence suggests that local and research-based stories hold great importance for the country
and Africa's history. "Significance" is the most appropriate choice, as it means having notable
importance or meaning.
158. B. impact
Explanation:
The relationship between poverty and the spread of HIV/AIDS is described here. "Impact" refers
to the effect or influence one factor has on another, making it the correct choice.
159. A. glare
Explanation:
"Glare" refers to a harsh, bright light that can be uncomfortable or harmful to the eyes. It fits the
context better than "rays," "heat," or "light," which are less specific in this scenario.
160. D. fish
Explanation:
A "school" refers to a group of fish. The analogy compares "pride" (a group of lions) to "school"
(a group of fish), making "fish" the correct answer.
161. D. resolve / acceptable
Explanation:

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To "resolve" means to settle or solve a dispute, and the compromise proposed should be
"acceptable" to both parties. These words align with the context of negotiation and agreement.
162. C. a tenet
Explanation:
A "tenet" is a principle or belief held by a group or individual. In this case, "less government
spending" is a core belief of the political party mentioned.
163. B. hazardous / eliminated
Explanation:
"Mine conditions" being "hazardous" accurately describes dangerous situations. Workers
refusing to return until dangers are "eliminated" logically follows, as "eliminated" means
removed or eradicated.
164. C. show off
Explanation:
The sentence implies there's no need to display one's qualities excessively, as they are already
known. "Show off" fits perfectly here.
165. A. set up
Explanation:
The United Nations was "set up" (established) to promote peaceful conflict resolution. Other
options like "set out" or "set off" do not convey the idea of establishment.
166. B. go on with
Explanation:
Despite the audience leaving, the actors decided to continue ("go on with") the show. This phrase
indicates persistence despite challenges.
167. D. leniency
Explanation:
Given the defendant‘s youth and extenuating circumstances, the judge recommended "leniency,"
meaning mercy or mildness in punishment.
168. B. somber
Explanation:
Gregory's face being "somber" reflects his serious and gloomy reaction to reporting the loss of
his ship, fitting the emotional tone of the situation.

176
169. C. go through
Explanation:
"Go through" means to review or study something systematically. Planning to "go through" a
vocabulary book implies reviewing its contents.
170. B. lose
Explanation:
"We will make it nice" contrasts with "lose hope," indicating that the speaker intends to maintain
optimism rather than giving up.
171. A. invaluable
Explanation:
The book "Intermediate English Grammar" is described as essential ("invaluable") for further
language study, emphasizing its importance.
172. B. destruction
Explanation:
People destroying forests leads to global warming. "Destruction" directly refers to the act of
damaging or destroying, fitting the context.
173. A. riveted
Explanation:
Being "riveted" means being intensely fascinated or captivated. As a child, the narrator was
deeply captivated by their father‘s appearance.
174. B. mess
Explanation:
"Don‘t be selfish. I will mess up your relationship with your boyfriend" implies causing disorder
or trouble in the relationship.
175. A. describe
Explanation:
To "describe" means to give an account of someone's characteristics. The question asks how one
would characterize a person who boasts a lot.
176. A. recognition
Explanation:

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Eden's research work has gained acknowledgment ("recognition") among scholars both locally
and internationally.
177. A. quite
Explanation:
The performance of business enterprises in entrepreneurship is described as "quite magnificent,"
indicating a high level of excellence.
178. C. run out of
Explanation:
"I have run out of sugar" means the speaker has used up all their sugar and needs to buy more.
179. C. strong as a bull
Explanation:
The man knocking out his rival easily suggests immense strength, best described by "strong as a
bull."
180. D. rise
Explanation:
A "sharp rise" refers to a significant increase, fitting the context of rising living costs worldwide.
181. D. get on
Explanation:
The phrase "get on" means to have a good relationship or agree with someone. Here, the
speakers fight all the time because they don't "get on."
182. C. confident
Explanation:
The sentence expresses assurance about scoring excellent grades. "Confident" reflects this belief
in success.
183. C. an eye for detail
Explanation:
Lacking "an eye for detail" explains why the speaker often overlooks things and makes mistakes,
focusing on attention to specifics.
184. C. laid
Explanation:

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"Gangsters laid down their arms" means they placed their weapons on the ground and
surrendered. "Laid" is the correct past participle form.
185. D. passionate
Explanation:
The former prime minister was deeply enthusiastic ("passionate") about the Grand Millennium
Dam project.
186. A. reliably
Explanation:
Laptop computers working "reliably" means they function consistently and dependably over
years.
187. A. a fish
Explanation:
The idiom "drinks like a fish" describes excessive drinking, fitting the context of Selam being
always intoxicated.
188. C. prevent
Explanation:
While "shield," "protect," and "project" imply safeguarding, "prevent" specifically means
stopping something from happening, such as AIDS.
189. B. abide
Explanation:
Students are expected to "abide" by school rules, meaning they must adhere to or follow them
strictly.
190. B. contest
Explanation:
The annual beauty "contest" refers to a competition where participants are judged based on
specific criteria.
191. C. proposal
Explanation:
The word "proposal" refers to a formal suggestion or plan, such as a marriage proposal, which
fits the context.
192. D. look after

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Explanation:
She stayed behind to "look after" her ailing mother, meaning she cared for or attended to her
needs.
193. D. –ly
Explanation:
"Cowardly" is formed by adding the suffix "-ly" to "coward," creating an adjective describing
cowardice.
194. A. off
Explanation:
The manager being boring "puts me off" during meetings, meaning he causes disinterest or
annoyance.
195. C. tied up
Explanation:
"I couldn't come because I was tied up marking papers" implies being occupied or busy with a
task.
196. D. look after
Explanation:
She stayed behind to "look after" her ailing mother, meaning she cared for or attended to her
needs.
197. B. look up to
Explanation:
"We look up to the manager" indicates admiration or respect for someone due to their efficiency
and fairness.
198. D. get along
Explanation:
"They couldn't get along with each other" means they couldn't establish a harmonious
relationship, leading to separation.
199. C. take over
Explanation:
"You really seem tired. Let me take over" implies taking responsibility or control to relieve
someone of their burden.

180
200. A. get on
Explanation:
"Get on with my boss" refers to having a good working relationship, which the speaker finds
difficult.
201. B. wore out
Explanation:
"He completely wore out" after a day‘s hard labor suggests exhaustion from physical effort.
202. A. stationer
Explanation:
A "stationer" is a person or shop selling writing materials. Asking a stationer if they have a pen
makes sense.
203. B. released
Explanation:
"Released from hospital" means being discharged or allowed to leave after treatment.
204. D. conventions
Explanation:
Writing formal letters involves following certain "conventions," such as structure, tone, and
format.
205. C. discovered
Explanation:
Newton "discovered" the law of gravitation, meaning he identified or found something
previously unknown.
206. D. appointed
Explanation:
"Ato Bisrat has been appointed chairman" indicates official designation to the position.
207. A. told
Explanation:
"I told them" means communicating information directly, fitting the context of informing others
about financial problems.
208. B. afflicted
Explanation:

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"A child afflicted with polio" describes someone suffering from or affected by the disease.
209. D. shocked
Explanation:
Being "shocked" reflects intense surprise or disbelief upon hearing unexpected news, such as a
death.
210. B. restrain
Explanation:
"Restrain yourself from spitting in public places" means controlling or preventing oneself from
doing so.
211. C. declared
Explanation:
"A state of emergency has been declared" indicates an official announcement of a critical
situation.
212. C. penalized
Explanation:
Many students were "penalized" for poor attendance, meaning they faced punishment or
consequences.
213. D. substantiate
Explanation:
A witness "substantiates" a story by providing evidence or support to confirm its truth.
214. C. furious
Explanation:
"My parents will be furious" expresses extreme anger if the speaker gets into trouble again.
215. B. proud
Explanation:
Passing exams made the mother "proud," reflecting joy and satisfaction in her child's
achievement.
216. C. lightening
Explanation:
"Lightening others' burden" means reducing their load or responsibility, aligning with kindness.
217. B. imminent

182
Explanation:
"Dangers are still imminent" suggests that threats are impending or likely to occur soon.
218. C. defer
Explanation:
"Let us defer the decision until next week" means postponing or delaying the decision to a later
time.
219. C. improper
Explanation:
"It is improper for children to talk to adults that way" highlights behavior that does not conform
to social norms.
220. D. respect
Explanation:
"Respect" refers to showing admiration or regard for someone, especially in a professional
context.
221. B. beautification
Explanation:
"The beautification of the city" describes the process of enhancing its appearance, fitting the
context.
222. A. picked out
Explanation:
"Haven't you picked out anything yet?" means selecting or choosing something, such as an item.
223. C. ran over
Explanation:
"Ran over an elderly gentleman" implies accidentally hitting someone with a vehicle, leading to
police custody.
224. B. put down
Explanation:
"Put down our complaints" means expressing grievances or issues to someone in authority.
225. B. relaxed
Explanation:
"No one was relaxed and calm" emphasizes tension and lack of ease in the situation.

183
226. A. exhausting
Explanation:
"Tiring but no other option" suggests tasks that are physically or mentally draining
("exhausting").
227. C. inaccuracy
Explanation:
"Inaccuracy" refers to errors or mistakes in the document, requiring proofreading.
228. A. maladjustment
Explanation:
"Maladjustment" describes difficulty adapting to a new environment, requiring proper
counseling.
229. D. underestimate
Explanation:
"Do not underestimate my talents" warns against undervaluing or dismissing someone's abilities.
230. B. aid
Explanation:
Language acts as a barrier rather than an "aid" to understanding among peoples, highlighting its
role in communication.
231. A. ran into
Explanation:
"Ran into an old friend" means encountering someone unexpectedly after a long time.
232. C. raw
Explanation:
The Japanese love eating "raw" fish, such as sushi or sashimi, which are uncooked dishes.
233. C. ban
Explanation:
"Ban smoking in public places" means prohibiting or restricting the act.
234. C. illegible
Explanation:
"Illegible handwriting" refers to writing that cannot be read or understood.
235. D. uneducated

184
Explanation:
"The whole family is illiterate" implies they are "uneducated," lacking formal schooling or
literacy skills.
236. C. scanty
Explanation:
"Drinks were particularly scanty" means they were limited or insufficient in quantity.
237. A. respect
Explanation:
He deserves "respect" as one of the exemplary elders, indicating admiration or esteem.
238. C. anxious
Explanation:
Everyone was "anxious" for the misunderstanding to end, reflecting concern or eagerness for
resolution.
239. D. put forward
Explanation:
"The residents put forward all details" means presenting or submitting information to the mayor.
240. B. exhilarating
Explanation:
Visiting a new country can be an exciting and "exhilarating" experience, emphasizing thrill or
invigoration.
241. A. reliance
Explanation:
"Reliance on notes instead of memory" highlights dependence on written material during exams.
242. B. collision
Explanation:
"There was a collision on the way to Gojam" refers to an accident or crash involving vehicles.
243. B. look
Explanation:
"Look up the meaning of this word" instructs checking its definition in a dictionary.
244. B. rejected
Explanation:

185
"You shouldn't have rejected such a nice offer" criticizes dismissing or turning down a favorable
opportunity.
245. B. pretty
Explanation:
"I'm not all that bad-looking either" contrasts with "pretty," indicating moderate attractiveness.
246. C. immediately
Explanation:
"I saw the accident and phoned the police immediately" emphasizes prompt action after
witnessing an event.
247. B. pulled out
Explanation:
"Get it pulled out" refers to extracting or removing a tooth, typically by a dentist.
248. A. boring
Explanation:
"I didn't find it fascinating. To me, it was rather a bit boring" contrasts enjoyment with dullness.
249. D. beneficiary
Explanation:
"Who major beneficiary" refers to those who gain advantages or benefits from the amendment.
250. A. inability
Explanation:
Her "inability to climb Mount Batu" contrasts with her previous capability, indicating a change
in physical condition.
251. B. getting over
Explanation:
"Getting over an illness" means recovering or overcoming sickness.
252. D. by the way
Explanation:
"By the way" introduces additional information casually, fitting the context of mentioning
hunger after discussing schedules.
253. A. Deduce
Explanation:

186
"Deduce what words mean" involves inferring meaning from context clues, aligning with
learning without direct translation.
254. B. Equally
Explanation:
"Equally," physical labor affects the body as mental exertion impacts the mind, maintaining
parallelism in comparison.
255. C. Unveiled
Explanation:
"I unveiled the statue" means revealing it publicly, typically after a ceremony or speech.

187
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